LIFTINGACCESSORIES... 1.1. Wire Ropes 1.2. Chains 1.3. SyntheticWeb SLings 1.4. Hooks 1.5.ShackLes.... ......:. 1.6.EyeBol.ts. 1.7.

Lifting and SpreaderBeams

1.

.,.,.......4
..... '...4 .......9
.......14 ......16 ......20

.........25
"......29
......31 ......31 ......31 ......31

prtprrrd ly
Tekfen Construction & lnetcllalien Totat 0uatity Management

eo,

lne

gr.phlc drrlgn
Hasan Ozer Uzunboy

BfuetYapman

2.ryPESOFSL|NG|NG.... 2.l.SingLeVerticatHitch. 2.2.ChokerHitch. 2.3.BasketHitch. 2.4.Legs Bridl.e Hitches.... 2.5. Endtess Hitch . 2.6.EyeandEyeHitch. 2.7. Doubl"eWrap Basket Hitch 2.8. Examplesof Stinging 3.APPENDICIES.
Appendix-1 Examptes for Safe Working Load Catcutation Appendix-2 TypicaL Web and Round SLings With SWL and

...........31
.

"..

.32

........32 ........32 .........33

......45
.

. .45

2007

Appendix-3 Appendix-4 Recommended Hand Signats For Crane Operations . . . . . .53 .......54 Appendix-S Lifting/Rigging

ModeMarkings.. Densityof Materials

..........51 .......52

Dictionary

x 12 means that each rope has B strands and each strand has 12 wires. The way of manufacturing wire ropes is based on this principte. The etasticity of a strand increases with increased number of wires.
B

The Lifting accessories are as foltowr,

. Wire Ropes

. Chains . Synthetic Web SLings . Hooks . Shackles . Eye bolts . Lifting and Spreader Beams
1.1. Wire Ropes

.2. 8eas,er-s*l9rlryss-[erltggtUge R gleg . Setection of wrong size retative to construction or qua[ity . Handting rope in contact with the load when use. . Faiture to timeLy lubricate the rope, causing wear to occur in rope wires during Lifting and lowering the [oad.
-1

. Twisting

.
.

of rope. moisture and acids. of temperature, Effect

.
.
Wltt, llllrtf i .1le
tt,,t,ri rtr
jt
t

Stretchrng ropes on one another or in reverse direction. Kinking.

Overtoading.

slsffi s$ffi
's$ffi

llrr

1,1,-3, $"g!qg-!ig be considered:

ttrrlrt,,lt y rrr,,rrr lr
lt' , i t' , wr'tt ;l tl

tt-gllA/ile 33p99 ln seLecting and using a steelwire rope, the fotlowing properties shouLd

lrrrilirrr;,rnrl lo,rrl lillttrr; I lrt,

rn;t,,tttt,, wl ty

Rope Core

'$Fffi *iiiW
rFrSffi

the wire ropes are preferred ratlrcr llrirrr lrrrrrr ropes are as fotlows: . They are stronger, though atthc r';rnrl wr,tr;lrl and diameter, . Their strength is constant everr irrwr,l ,rrrtl rlry conditions, . Their [ength does not changc in v;rtiott', ctimatic conditions, . They have longer lrfe and durability.

(The tength along the rope in which one strand makes a comptete revolution around the ropel

Wire Rope

. Way of manufacturrng of wire,

materialand rope core used, . Number of wires per strand, . Way of winding strands of
rope,

1.1.1. Structures of Wire Fgp-gs A rope is composed of 6 or 8 strand:, wotttrrl around a [inen core. Each webbing is bririrltrrl with thin metaL[ic wires among themsctvc',.

$it}ffi

Maximum load of rope and its carrying the load with a certain safety coefficient,

Standards timit visibte broken wire to 1 0% of totat wires in a tength of eight rope diameters

o Ftexibi[ity and fatigue resistance,

1.1.6 Rope End Attachment

1.1.6.1. Wedge Socket Connection

Resistance to krnkings, Resistance to impacts, deformations and crushings.

Rope is Inserted into the socket by bending it in U

1.1.4. lnspection of Wire Ropes

Frequent lnspection:
ALl.

form.

. Awedge rs pl.aced
figure on side.

in rope bend as shown in the

sLings shal,L be inspected by the person handting

the sting each day they are used. These visual checks shoutd be concerned wlth discovering gross damage, which may be an immediate hazard: Distortion of rope in the sLing such as kinking, crushing, unstranding, bird caging, main strand displacement, or short rope lengths or unevenness of outer strands shouLd provide evidence that the sting or

slings shoutd be replaced. Genera[ corrosion condition, number, distribution, and type of visibte broken wires shoutd atso be considered in the inspection, Periodic lnspection: A periodic inspection shatl. be performed by designated person at least annuatly and shatl be recorded.
a

The rope end is pulLed so as to ensure that the wedge enters into the socket and tightens the rope. . U clamp is mounted such that it wi[[ be at a distance of 4 rope diameters to the socket and 5 rope diameters to the roPe end. . Rope socket is mounted by placing the U bolts of the cLamp in a manner that they wit[ not be at the rope end. U boLt ctamps must never face to the rope end.
Correct Method

1.1.5. Removat Criteria for Wire Rope Sling

No precise rutes can be given for determination of the exact time for reptacement of a wire rope sting since many variabte factors are
invotved.

Conditions such as the foLLowings shoutd be sufficient reason for rep[acement. . Flve broken wires in one strand in one lay or ten randomty distributed broken wires in one [ay. . Regulations [imit visible broken wire 10 % of totatwires in a tength of

1.1.6.2. Cabl.e Cl.iP Connection

.
.

Rope is bent in U form

eight rope diameters,

and ctamped at a Ptace ctoser to the roPe end. The eye piece of the rope is ctamped. Other ctamps are mounted such that there witl be a distance of 6 rope diameters between both end ctamps.

. Severe Locatized abrasion or scraping. . Kinking, crushing, bird caging or any other damage
distortion of the roPe structure.

resutting in

. Evldence of heat damage. . End attachment are cracked,

.

deformed, or worn to the extent that the strength of the sling is substantiaLLy affected. Severe corrosion of the rope or end attachments.

U bolts of at[ ctips shouLd be on dead end of rope. Live ends rest in ctip saddte.

1.1.7. Maintenance and Lubrication of Steet Wire Ropes

The first point to be noticed in maintaining steeL wire ropes is that the r opes are correctly unwound from sheaves.

As mentioned above, U boLts of the ctamps shoutd be at the rope end. Ctamps must never be offset mounted.

Since breaks and kinks reduce the life-cycte of a wire rope, such breaks irnd kinks shoutd be prevented. lf there is no possibiLity of fixing a sheave
Do not stagger clips

lFis

e)

ln the fotlowing tab[e, the number of clips, distance between ctips and ctip
size to be used according to rope diameter are provided.
U bolts on live end

with steelwire rope wound on it in a manner to altow it to rotate freety, one end of the wrre rope shoutd be fixed at a proper ptace and the :;heave shoutd be rotated as much as required.
Wrre rope sheaves should not be unwound by puLling from wire rope. Otherwise, breaks occur in the rope. When winding a newwire rope overa wire rope sheave ordrum, the rnrtiatwinding is very rmportant. lf the windings of a rope are wound closer to one another regutarly and tightty, the subsequent rows properl"y follow depending on the initiaIwinding rows. A properLy wound rope wiLl have less wear and [onger life compared to an improperLy wound rope. several parts and wires of a rope have relative movements. The strands ,

Rope

of mm inch ctips 8-16 5116-518 4

Diameter
Number

Distance

1? 314
7/B
1

between Clip ctips lmml size lmmt 80 9,5_14

110------T

5
L

130 150
180

18 16 18

28 31 34
38

25

11/8
1 1/4

5 6
7
B

2A0
230

22 22 22

1318
1 1t2

250

1.1.6.3. lnterconnecting Two Ropes

Never use any kind of cl.ip to directLy connect two straight lenqths ol rope. lf this is necessary, use the cLips to form on eye fwith thimbte) irr each length and connt-.r;l

formed by thin wires as wel[ as the wires of such strands rub against one another during Lifting and lowering of the load since they move continuousty. As a resutt of such rubbing, they abrade one another. ln order to prevent wear of steel ropes, entend their tife and avoid their rusting, the steel ropes shoutd be [ubricated . Lubrication should be done with a hard brush appl,ied on steel ropes. Before [ubrication, the steel rope should be cteaned with a hard brush.
1.2. Chains Due to their structure, chains
aTe more stronger and easier-

the eyes
together.

IFis
Correct

to-use lifting components. Chains have a wider range of

fietds of use since they are used as a sting, resistant to impacts, suitabte to use for sharp-edge loads and they are safe.

10)

Hardened chains are durabte. Furthermore, depending on the characteristics of a job, the high strength steel chains are atso used. When chains are not used property, rustings, crackings, wears, stretchings and bendings may occur.

Like hooks, chains can atso be X-rayed to detect some defects. Conditions such as the above shoutd be sufficient reason for reptacement.

1.2.1. Points to be Noticed in Handling thains Chains shoutd be setected depending on the characterlstics of a job for which they are to be used and the weight of load to be lifted. Chain setection should be done by the competent technical staff quatified in this
fiel.d.

J.,2.f,_tlgalDamggg
Do not expose a chain to temperatures greater than 260'C. Safe working

loads need to be reduced when chains have been exposed to such temperatures. When exposed to 480'C or greater, chain must be condemned.
1' ?r.9
s

qge

1.2.2. The Grades of Chain

The grade number of a chain is stamped on approximately every twentieth [ink or every meter. lf there is any doubt as to the grade making or if there is no load tag attached to the chain, it must be regarded as the [owest grade ; that is , Grade 30.

1.2.3. lnspection of Chains

At[ chains used for lifting purposes shoutd be inspected before and after use. lt shou[d atso be inspected very ctosety for the defects every month. The fotlowing defects shoutd be looked for in each inspection: . Stretching or bending in any [ink of more than 10 percent, . Damaged [inks from sharp edges, . Deep rust, . Nicks, cut or gouges that reduce the Link diameter by 10 percent, . Cracks in any [ink I by soaking the chain in oit, cleaning the oiI off, then dusting it with powder, cracks witlappear as a discotoration; a powder mixed with magnetic particles and dust onto the chain witl atso reveal
cracksJ,

Never exceed a chain's safe working load. Do not use a damaged chain. . Avoid shock-toading chain ; that is, loading chain suddenty. r Do not cross , twist, kink or knot chain. . Do not drop chain from a height. . Use packing on loads with sharp edges. . Use onty the correct size and grade of chain. . Do not wetd or oxycut. . Hammerlocks and pin lock fitting may be used to atter or repair chains. . Ensure that chain fittings have a safe working load equatto or more than the chain attached. . Do not use mild steel chain of less than 8mm diameter or attoy steel chain of less than 6mm diameter. . Do not place the [inks of a chain on the load hook, but use a ring or an attachment I for exampte, a chain shortenedJ. . Onty use chains with a safe working load tag.

. .

=""-clet-o-U

1.2.6. Storage and Maintenance

of smatl dents like peen hammer marks lthis is an indication

. A number

of fatigue or work hardeningl,

. Wear in Link seat in more than 10 percent of [ink diameter, . Wetd defects and any other [ink deformation,

lnspect every chain regutarty, and remove damaged sections or reptace the whote chain.
Do not repair or hammer chain, and do not heat-treat it.

Knotted chains.

10

11

Chains shoutd atways be inspected before being stored. They should be stored under cover in a dry area. Where possible, chains shoutd be hung off racks or pegs. Chains that are not to be used for long periods shoutd
be LightLy oiLed.

ldentification ol ofAttoysteet chain

The depth of al[ chips, cuts etc. must not exceed that a[[owed.

Extreme Wear at Bearing Surfaces

Measure the remaining material and discard if it is less than altowed

R.Maarura tha trma srctlon

aftrr

&
@
Look for chain stretch During lnspections

ur

lnspect Atl Links for wear at the Bearing Surfaces

to

d?trrmlna
Nmount ot

str!tch

(
Twisted Link

oon'txnot

ffi(o'n'lrws,
@
lnspect Att Links for Bends, Twlsts and Damrgc

Never Twist or Knot a chain

1.3. Synthetic Web Stings

'

synthetic web slings offer a number of advantages for rigging purpose: ' Their retative softness and width means that they have much less tendency to mar or scratch finety machined, highty potished or painted surfaces and have tess tendency to deformation, crush fragiLe objects compared to fibre rope, wire rope or chain sLings. Because of their ftexibil.ity ,they tend to mol,d themsetves to the shape
of load.

o They

. They

are not affected by moisture and certain chemicats. do not rust and thus do not stain ornamental precast concrete or

stone.

svnthetic web stings do not Damage or Crush Like Wire Ropes or Chain

Pipe handting ltlustrates the tendency of webbing slings to mold themselves to [oad, This allows handling irregu[arly shaped loads securely.

r They are non-sparking and can be used safety in explosive

atmosphere.

. Their light weight

minimat.

r They minimize twisting and spinning during

Lifting,

permits ease of rigging, their softness prectudes hand cuts ,and the danger of harm from a bump by a free swinging is

o They are etastic and

stretch under load more than either wire rope or chain and are thus abte to absorb heavy shocks and cushion the toad,

synthetic web stings are avaitable in a number of configurations find application in the industry: Endtess or Grommet Sting - both ends of one piece of webbing are Lapped and sewn to form a continuous piece. They can be used as verticat hitches, bridte hitches, in choker arrangements or as basket stings .Because load contact points can be shifted with every [ift, wear is eventy distributed and sting life is extended. Standard Eye and Eye - webbing assembted and sewn to form a flat body sLing with an eye openings in the same ptane as the sr.ing body. The eyes may either be futtweb width or may be tapered by being fol.ded and sewn to a width narrower than the webbing width. Twisted Eye - an eye and eye type with twisted terminations at both ends, The eye openings are at 90oto the plane of the sting body. This configuration is atso avaitabte with either ful.twidth or tapered eyes.

Endless or grommet stings.

st"ndard

Eye and Eye stings.

@r*isted

Eye stings.

1.3.1. lnspectio_n of Synthetic Web Stings

Synthetic web sLings must be vrsualty inspected before each use' sting shaLL be removed from service if inspections reveal any one of the fottowing defects.
1. lf sLings rated capacity

t.A.t. Correct

when the incl.uded angLe is greater than 90", use shacktes to attach the sLing Legs to the hook. Using a shackLe prevents the slings from coming out of the hook and the rated capacity of the hook from being reduced' when using two sLings pLaced in a hook ensure that the inctuded angte between the sl.ings is not greater than 90 Degrees. This prevent the stings from coming out of the hook and prevents point loading which
reduces hook capacity. [Fig. 25)

tag is missing or not

readabte,
2. Acid or caustlc burns,
ACID CAUSTIC DAMAGE AND/OR BURNS

3. Mel.ting or charring of any part of sLings surface, 4. Snags, punctures, tears or cuts, 5. Broken or worn stitches,
6. GeneraI wear, stretch,

E_
H
ABRASION

EET

or tensite damage exceeding the

CFI
TENSILE DAMAGE

manufacturer's
standards, 7. Expose " Core Warning" threads.

H TI

EXPOSED

.,CORE

WARNING" THREADS

1.4. Hooks

tr EET Er
Hl GN EN

Never side Load, back Load, or point load a hook. ALL reduce hook strength and create an unsafe condition. Point Loading can reduce hook capacity as much as 60 %. tFig. 26)

Hooks are one of the mostty used type of rigging hardware. They are made in many different sizes and shapes to meet a wide range of appl,ications. They can be attached to load btocks, slings, and other lifting devices such as Lifting beams. PreferabLy, hooks shoutd be embossed with the size, rated capacity and equipped with latcheslcatches).

ru

rFn EFI F{

Side Load

Back Load

Point Load

't6

17

The sting or lifting device must

always be seated property in the bowl of the hook. lFig.271

1.4.2. lnspection of Hooks

Before use, hooks must be inspected by a competent person and removed

from service when any of ihe

fottowi ng conditions exists:

Correct

fl
I
I

. Cracks, nicks or gouges. . Twist exceeding 10 degrees from ptane of unbent

Latch engagement, damage or matfunction.

hook. [Fig. 28]

. Throat opening exceeding 15 %. IFig. 28) . Wear exceeding 10% of original dimension. (Fig. 281

.
r

Damage from heat. Unauthorized repairs

Never repair, atter, or reshape a hook byweLding, heating burning or bending, untess approved by the hook manufacturer.

EI EI ET ET HT
Ell

cr cr

Hl Hl

rrl
Check for cracks & twisting

Check for wear and deformation

Check for signs of oPening uP

Check for wear and cracks

@sl@

HooK lnspecrton Areas

Batanced
Load

1t,.

0fl Center

1tz 0ff Center

3t.

Point
Loading

ofl Center

l0olo maxlmum

twist
10% maximum

allowable wear

J. dA

-t -b

cb

GT

LOAD Can Carry 100 % of rated toad

LOAD Can Carry

APProx.86% of rated load

LOAD Can Carry Approx.80% of rated toad

LOAD Can Carry Approx. 70% of rated toad

LOAD Can Carry Approx' 40% of rated toad

|!ll!@@

Elfect of Eccentric Loads on Hook capacity

d. dd.

st"ndard choker Hook

@aaiustabte

sling choker Hook

1.5. Shacktes

H
in a mannerthat attows the shackle

1.5.1. Correct Use of Shacktes

t^*-,.ffid

body to take load in a true Line atong its centertine. Not in such a way that

bending loads are induced, other than those forwhich the shackie has been designed. [Fig. 34)

Never reptace shackle pin with a bolt

cr
tl

FI FT EI H ET ET

rn

The correct way to use a shackte with a hook is with the shackte pin positioned across the hook. IFig. 36)

Correct

GT
When the used hook is smatt, some packing is required to stabilize the

The toad witt bend the bolt

lncorrect reptacement of shackle pin

lncorrect

20

dt J;r dt

ddr d-

A g

ry Hl

shackte [Fig.

37)

Avoid using a shackte with the sting riding across the pin. This movement coutd cause it to unscrew. IFig. 38)

&$
Correct
lncorrect

Shackte pin must be in the hook and the stings should be instatted into

Y
l--l ,n.o..".,

'A
U

the shackte body.

IFis.3el

Screw pin anchor

Round pin anchor

Safety type anchor

shackle

shackle

shackle

1.5.2. lnspection of Shacktes

Shacktes shoutd be inspected before use to ensure that:

Screw pin chain

Round pin chain

shackle

shackle

Safety type chain shackIe

. The body of the shackte . . . . .

'

and the pin are both identifiabl.e as being of the same quatity grade, A[[ markings are readabte speciatty the Safe Working Load. ISWLI, The pin is of the correct type, The threads of the pin and the body are undamaged and seated wett, The shackte and pin are not distorted and must be aLigned, The shackte and pin are not undutyworn [in case of more than 10% reduction in diameter, they must be reptaced), The shackle and pin are free from nicks, gouges, cracks and corrosion,

@rvpicat

shacktes

Never replace a shackle pin with a bott Check for wear Check for wear and

straightness

Never Exceed 120 Degrees inctuded angte. Because the capacity of the shackte wiLl" be tremendousty reduced.

Check that pin is atways seated

Check that shackte is not "opening up"

The load witt bend the bott

Reptacing shackte Pins

sn"ckte lnspection Area3

22

23

1.5. Eye Botts

Eye Bol.ts are often al.ready instalted in etectric motors, etc, but stitLthey

have to be checked atways for a safe working load stamp before using them to tift a Load. lf there is no safe working load stamped on the bo[t, do not use it and find atternative means of slinging the [oad.

There are two types of eye botts used: Ptain or shoutderl.ess eye botts: onty to be used for lifting at an ang[e, as with two or more stings. Cottared or fLanged eye botts: can be used for Lifting at an angte, as with two or more stings.
1-.6.1.

Poor Practice Never allow shackle to be putted at an angle -the tegs wi[[ open up

Good Practice Pack in the pin with

washers to centralize the

shackle--

Correct Use of Eye Botts

Eccentric shackte Loads

lf using a singl.e eye boLt to Lift a load, use some means to prevent the load from turning and the bol.t from undoing. Attach a fibre rope ltagl,ine)

to controtthe [oad.
Do not Lift the load any higher than is absotutely necessary'

The correct method of attaching a sling to an eye bolt is to use a shackte. Never pass the sLings through the eye and back to the hook. Before using an eye bolt to lift a load: o lt must be checked for defects, o lt must be packed so that the eye bott is screwed down ftush with packing or surface,
o lt must be turned to the direction of the putt, . The Safe Working Load ISWLJ shoutd be checked.
lf the toad shifts the sting witt unscrew the shackte pin

Do not use Screw Pin Shacktes if the Pin can Rol[ Under Load end Unscrcw

CORRECT INCORRECT CORRECT

INCORRECT

Shoulderless eye and ring bolts are

designed for vertical toads

lf shoulderless and ring bolts are pulled at an angle as shown they witl either bend of break.

Load is in the ptane of

the eye.

When the toad is apptied to the eye in this direction it will bend.

only

w
CORRECT -use a

shackle

Shoulderless ring bott Shoulderless eye bott

eye bott

shoutdertess

Shouldertess ring bott

INCORRECT

@o.i"ntation

of Eye Botts

Neverlnsertthe Point

of a Hook in an Eye Bolt

@ur"of

EyeBotts

Never run a sling through a pair of eye as shown. The loads in this tifting resutt in an effective load at much more severe

Correct for Shoulder Type Eye & Ring Botts Providing loads are reduced to account for angular loading

INCORRECT

-z

Nut must
be property

torqued.

Ensure that that tapped hote is deep tightened enough.

Ensure

Pack with washers to ensure that shoutder

is

The load angle is reduced from P to 0 and the loads A and B combine to give C.

Use a pair of shackles instead.

@Lifting
must be in

with Eye Bott

bott is

firmly futl contact

with surface.

in contacl with surface

into
place.

When the eye botts cannot be

aligned
Eye Bott

Use a shim or washer

use of Shoutder Type Eye and Ring Botts

@nrisnmentof

1.5.2. lnspection of Eye Botts

Before use, eye botts must be inspected visuatty by a competent person. lf any of the fottowing conditions exists, the eye bott must be removed off service: . Bent or distorted eye or shank, . Nicks and gouges, . Obvious wear, . Worn, corroded and/or distorted threads, o Heat damage, . Absence of Safe Working Load [SWL) marking.

f,n

1.7. Lifting and Spreader Beams

ln addition, tapped receiving hotes must be cleaned and inspected for thread wear and deterioration. Any atteration or repair to eye botts, such as grinding, machining, wetding, notching, stamping, etc. is not

permissibte. Eye bolts which have visibte signs that alterations or repairs have been made must be removed from service and shouLd be
destroyed.

dt
* * *

-b d*
Lifting Beam Spreader Beam

A d.

dr

+ dr # + H

H G[

Grr

Inr

FT

Lifting beams support a load during a Lift. They are designed for bending, and have a top-centered lug or hole at each end on the bottom side. Spreader Beams help to maintain the distance of a rigging device [sling, [ink, shackte) so that side-toading on a load or Lifting lug does not occur. Lifting and Spreader Beams hetp to eliminate the possibility of a load tipping, siiding, bending or being crushed by a sting.
A Lifting Beam, Spreader or Equatizer Beam should be designed by a quatified engineer. For questions or concerns retated to any beam used in tifting on a project, contact your safety representative. A Lift or Spreader Beam shoutd be: . lnspected frequentty by a quatified engineer, . Stamped with a maximum capacity, . ldentified by some recordable marking/number, . Load tested to design specifications.

28

C{

Irl H
2.1. Singte Verticat Hitch
Spreader Beams

l-l ill HW
v
Loads in A & B do not change when beam angle changes Loads in C & D wltt chrngr beam angle chrngu

AB

ln this type of sLinging, it is very difficul't to control the [oad. A srngle vertrcal sling may turn when the Load is hung' As a resutt of such turning, the rope may be broken or scraped. Since the whole load is on a single
sLing, Lifting and carrying

wi[[not

be

performed safelY. [Fig.

*fu

54)

{x
is '

2.2. Choker Hitch

ll

# ffi
2.3. Basket Hitch

W&

The choker hitch is used for b[ock loads with baLanced center of gravity' The loads are choke-hitched exactty at their center of gravity. The weight of load equal.l,y distributed over both [egs'

IFis

55)

ln this type of sl.inging, either a singl.e sling atone or two stings are used together in form of a basket. ln a basket hitch, the load is this type equalLy drstributed over both Legs' ln of sl.inging, care shoutd be taken to avoid

crushing of the sLing under

etsewhere. [Fig. 56)

Load

or jamming

ffiW
itches

2.1. Legs Bridl'e

spreader and Equatlzer Bcrm!

ffiffi

are ln this type of hitches, the I'egs of the sling downward. The sLing ends are instalted on

the [oad, whil.e its center is instat[ed on the

hook. [Fig. 57)

2.5. Endtess Hitch

2.8. Examptes of Stinging

AAA
2.5.Eye and Eye Hitch
IFig. 5e)

&Ae

This type of hitch is mostty used in chain stings. The load is equatty distributed over both tegs. The center of gravity of the [oad shoutd be taken into account in rigging, Special.ty for cytindricattoads, care should be taken to avoid sLiding of the load through the sting. IFig. 58)

Leg length can be adiusted with turnbuckles

Leg Bridte Hitches

12

tegsl

Eye and Eye hitches have two types: wire rope or chaln, varying according to the name of use. Singte eye sling

Ij\A/fu

Noter Load may

be supported

shoutd never be used atone. Othen,uise, It causes the load to turn and retease.

AA&
bLr&
@
Leg Bridte Hitch 13 tegsl

on onty 2 legs while 3rd leg batances it.

2.7. Double Wrap Basket Hitch A doubte wrap basket hitch is used for tifting

UA

ptain cylindrical loads. Since the load is kept within sting wrapping, the sting keeps contact with the Load by 360o. Care shoutd be taken for slinging cytindrica[ [oads at their center of gravity. IFig. 601

Note: The capacity of basket hitches are affected by their sting angles.

<-all+ e
@sinste
Basket Hitch

33

Choker hitches are not suited to long loose bundtes

Not recommended r when loads are

long

RrcHr

// \\ a-4------!Where a large load is to be tifted, a four-leg bridte sling can be made into a targe double basket sling.

// \

['rli;:'J'
stipprns

Doubted Choker Use a Doubled Choker to

#
w
turn loads
RIGHT WRONG

*tttl\

-+/-rtl-

,:"nn"',Hl'"0'

60 degree or more

q\t

,/\ \ ^ .rf{</ \ I /---Y

ro prrvrnt
stlPP.9.

k..p

W
o
Chokers do not full support for toose loads-materiaI can fall out

,,]'angtc60dogrm

ormorr

/n t-w
r.-1r

E@

ooubte Basket Hitches

sinsle choker Hitches

The hitch
e

Wrap itch

compresses the load and prevents it from stipping out of the slings.

Doubtewrap Basket Hltch

Doubte choker Hitches

The hitch

compresses the toad and prevents it from stipping out of the slings. Sting Doubte Wrap Basket Hitch
When sting legs are not of equal length use smattest H/L ratio

Weight = SWL lof single verticat hitchl

Pair of Doubte Wrap Baskct Hltchm

xH/Lx2

Determination of capacity of 2-Leg Bridte Hitches

@l

Doubte Wrap choker Hitches

@fl
Note: Ensure that the sptice is atways clear of the hooks and load
When tegs of equal length use sma[lest H/ L ratio

Determination of

Capacity of 3- Leg Bridte Hitches

Endlcrr rtlng ln
doubtc
Endless or

bukrt

hltch Note: Load may be supported on onty 2 legs white 3rd [eg balances it. Therefore the recommended safe weight to load is

conllgur.tlon
9rommet sting in verticaI hitch configuration

Weight = SWL. I of singte verticat hitchl x H/L x 2 Determination of

L When tegs are not of equa[ length use

2 Grommct

or.ndlart

Capacity of 4- Leg Bridte

slings ln doubh b.rkal hltch conflgumtlon

Hitches

smallest H/L ratio

Endless sting in Choker Hitch Configuration

Note: Load may be carried bY onty 2 legs while other legs onty batance it. Therefore tho recommended safe weight to load is:
Endtess Stings or orommet sllngg

Weight = SWL [of singte verticat hitchl

xHlLx2

1A

37

ril
When this angle is

Determination of Capacity of Single Choker Hitch

H
lnclined Legs Weight = SWL lof single vertical hitch I x H/Lx2 Vertical Legs Weight = SWL (of singte vertical hitch

ElI

lx2

+ q.
-I Eh
Ell
When this angle is less than 450 Weight =SWL I of singte verticat hitch I x A/B

dr

greater than 45o

Weight = SWL I of single vertical hitch I x 3/4

Determination of Capacity of Singte Basket Hitch

ooo oo lr-, o .o
Weight = SWL lof single verticat hitch I x H/Lx4

+ H s + Ef
*

-L dr dr

Determination of Capacity of Doubte choker Hitch

d. Eb
*

When the choker angle is greater than 450 Weight =SWL (of singte

verticat hitchl x 314 x Hll x2

When the choker ang[e is tess than 45o

Determination of Capacity of Double Basket Hitch and lnclined Logs

Weight =SWL lof singte vertical hitchl x A/B x H/L x

H
Everything below the boom point is

Hook in Master Llnk

nO

Rapid swinging causes load to drift

@ntr

Rigging Equipment Must be Counted as Part of the Load

reduction

out- increasing radius and load on

@@

Keep the Load under Control at All Times

@arr

stings shoutd carry identification Tags

Rrdlus of contect should

@O'.instings

bs equal to rope lay

@
40

Ensure that stings are protected at Att sharp corners on Heavy

ltrmr.

l+1

The tension

Carrying Fut[ Load

@@

Never wrap a Rope Around a Hook

on a Rigid object the Load Coutd Be Carried 0n Onty 2 Legs or Sting White Other Legs Onty Serve to Batance

@lf!

Know what the Load in Each Sting Leg witt be Betore the Lift is Made

Severe bending

t_:_l
@@
Do not Permit Bending Near Any sptice or Attached Fitting Get severe toading in stings

Ll
more

[:

Let the eye ride higher and keep this angte approximatety 45 degrees or

because of low sling angles

lf L is greater than

then stlng rngh lr 0K

@cn"ck

on sting Angte

L1,

Appendix-l Examples for Safe Working Load Calculation

A way to find the capacity of the required sling: SWL = UH x Weight/No of Sl"ings

@wn"never2or

more ropes are to be Ptaced Over a Hook- Use a Shackle

@![

ut"

Tag Lines to Controt Ail Loads

No No No No

of Slings = 1 [For 1-teg sLings] of Stings = 2[For 2-Leg sl.ings) of Stings = 2lFor 3-l,eg sl,ings) of Stings =2lFor 4-Leg sLings)

Note: For 3-[eg and 4-teg stings, 2 legs shoutd be considered to carry the load whereas the others to balance it. 0ne-teg Stings:
SWL = VH x WeighVNo of SLings

Two-leg Stings:
SWL = VH x Weight/No of SLings SWL=1/1x100012 SWL = 500 kg Each sting capacity must be at

a"rore Being Unhooked Att

Loads Must Be Safely Landed and Properly Locked

@f,

Load and Secure Att Materiltr so as to Prevent Any Movement or

SWL=1/1x100011
SWL = 1000 ks

Possibitity of Distodgement

Sting capacity must be at least 1000 kg. (Fis. 9a)

Min. SWL = 1000 k9

least 500 kg. [Fig.

951

sa"y Away From Me when They are Being pulled out From Under Loadg.

For-teg Stings

H = 0.866 m

L=1m&H=0.866m
Weight = 1500 kg
SWL = UH x WeighVNo. of stings = 110.866 x 1500/2

= 1.15 x 750
= 962 kg

Each sting capacity must be at

The required sting safe working load at angte [2

SWL = UH x WeighVNo. of stings SWL = 1/0.866x1000/2 SWL = 577 kg

Leg sl.ings)

l"east 862 kg. [Fig. 98)

Sting Angte Factors "Angte Factors" that appLy to Two-Legged Stings, are the factors used to catculate the tension according to the ang[e between slingsSling angLe factors Factor Sting angte
30o and

Each sting capacity must be at least 577 kg. [Fig. 96)

Three-Leg Sl.ings
SWL = VH x Weight/No. of stings

beltow load x 0.5

load x 0.6 load x 0.7 [oad x 1

31o to

L=1m&H=0.866m
Weight = 1500 kg
SWL = 110.866x1500/2 = 1.15 x 750

60o 61o to 90o 91o to 120o

Therefore, if you sling a load using two stings at an angte of 60" muttipty the weight of the Load by 0.6 to find out how much tension is in each sling. The answer witL give you required safe working load of each sting. Finding Sting AngLe lthe angl'e between stings, which is in this case AJ Sting Length = L Tle distance between the Lifting Lugs = A = 60 Degrees lfL=L1 A = 90 Degrees lf L = 3/4 of lf L = Hal.f of L1 A= 120 Degrees

=862k9
Each sting capacity must be at least

862k9. [Fis eTl

Note: Atways consider number of stings are 2 for both three and four leg stings. The other legs onty balances the load.
LA
L1

/;\
t-l
LI

L1

L7

Appendix-3 Density of MateriaLs

Appendix-4 Recommended Hand Signats For Crane Operations Density

M4prigl .
Aluminium Brass

kg/m'

Density

tb/ft'

Emergency Stop Ctench and Unctench Fingers to Signat 'Take The Strain' 0r 'lnch The Load'

Qqppq{ ,' , lrqn, , l*ead Mabne5iurn ' 0i[ ,' , ,

,

B'ronze

Steel Water fSaft]

Water
Note:

Paper:

8650 rBB2o 7690 1350 , 1770 gx0 130

1 1

540 550

480
708

1i0
50
7A
S[ew ln Direction lndicated

l,Average)

7850 102{

490
64

8CI0

b0

1- ln some cases the above figures average on[y and the actualwcir;lrt may vary according to particu[ar composition / water content, otr 2 A[tfigures have been rounded for conveinence of use. 3- when dea[ing with hollow body, check for any contents and wht:tlr.r such contents are Liabte to move. 4- For ca[culation purposes: Weight 1 kg = 2.2lbs lpound) Density
To convert tbs/ft3 to kglm3, muLtipty by 16.02.

T
Tetescoping on

Jib

jk.'#;,ffi
head
Retract Jib

ffi

Jib Up

/fo^':ilHli"dfu

'Y
Travel To Me

Travel From Me

0perations Cease

t52

Inctuded angle less than or equaL to 120o

To catcutate each sling size for the above toad of 2000 kg and sting angte of 120" the fottowing procedure appties:

Appendix-2 Typicat Web and Round Stings With SWL and Mode Markings
THE S.W.L ARE IN TONNES A safe working Load [swL) and working Load Limit IwLLJ r.abet is sewn into the sting, the capacity can atso be designated by colour coding the entire fabric of the sling.

Tension=Loadxl
Tension = 2000 x 1 = 2000 kg

|[llltE

EI
2000 kg

Slngte Lcg Stlng

Assemb[y Mode

Straight

Choke

Basket

Parattel

Basket 90o

or
2 tonnees

Endtess Web Sting & Round Sling

Mode Factor

0.8

1.1

W,L,L,

Cotor

SWL - Mode of Assembly - S.W.L.

0.5
1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0

0.5

0.t, 0.8
1.2 1.6 2.4 3.2

1.0 2.0 3.0

11.0

0.7
1.4
2.1

Violel
White Green

1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0

14.O

2.8 4.2 5.6

7.O

Yellow 0range
Red

5.0

8.0
10.0 12.0 16.0
20_o

5.0 6.0

4.0 lt-8
5.4 8.0

Brown
Blue

8.4 11.2 14.0 16.8

8.0
10.0 12.0

9.6

24.0

50
51

Appendix-S Lifting

/ Rigging Dictionary
lki ycinLLi emniyet svicteri Asrnma
Aqr

Doubte wrap basket hitch

CiftLisepet baQtama

A2B lAntiTwo Btockingl Abrasion Angte Back up atarm

Drum
Excava!ion

Tambur
Kazt Uzatma Vidatr askr mapasr Emniyet katsaysr

Extension
Eye bott

Gerivites atarmr
isaretci Sepet tipi sapantama
EQitme

Banksman Basket Hitch

Bend

Bott Boom Boom angLe Boom angte indicator Brake Broken wire
Cab

Civata

Bom Bom acrsr Bom aqr gcistergesi Fren

Krrrk tel Kabin
AQrrl.rk

Center of gravity Certificate

Chain

merkezi

Sertifika

Chain grade Choker hitch Cotour code Corrosion

Counteruueight

Zincir Zincir atasrm degeri

Bo$ma sapanlama Renk kodu Korozyon/Pastanma Denge aQrrlrQr
Catl.ak Vinq

Factor of safety Futty extended outrigger Gantry crane Gross load Ground Ground condition Hand signats Hardhat Heat damage Hook Hook btock Horn Housekeeping ldentification tag lnspection Jib Kinked Knot Lattice boom
Lay

Tamamen acr[mrs vinq ayaQr

Ayakl.r kdprLitri vinc

Gros yrik

Zemin

Zemin durumu

E[isaretleri Baret lsrdeformasyohu

Kanca

Kanca bloku Korna Temiztik/Drlzen Etiket Denetteme Jib

BtikriLmLis DriQrim

Cracked Crane Crane levelting Crawler Crane Crushing Cut Damage Defect Deformed Density

Kafes Bom Hatat adrmr

Vinci duzteme

Length
Levetting

Uzunluk
Duzteme Katdrrma Katdrrma aksesuvarlarr Ka[drrma ekipmantarr Katdrrma noktasr Katdrrma planr Katdrrma noktasr Ka[drrma takrmr Limit akrm kesicisi Askr halkasr Yuk moment gtistergesi

Patettivinc
Ezitme

Lifting

Kesi[me Hasar

Kusur
Defotu

Malzeme yoQunLugu

Diamater
DispLay

cap
Gosterge Deformasyon

Lifting accessories Lifting equipment Lifting tug Lifting ptan Lifting point Lifting tackte Limit switch
Link LMI lLoad Moment lndicator)

Distortion Double

cift

Load Load chart

Ytik
Yrik diagramr

Load radius Log book Lubrication Maintenance Manbasket

Yrik katdrrma yanqapr

Spreader beem Storage

StraBd

JurnaI
Yagtama

Swinging
SwiveI

Ka[dtrma traversi Depotama Kordon Saltanma

Frrdcindu GUventi Katdrrma Yuku Bez sapan Bez sapan Krtavuz hatat Cift vincle katdrrma Teleskopik bom

Master [ink
Mobite crane

Bakrm/onarrm insan katdrrma sepeti Ana askl hatkasr

Moment 0ir

Mobitvinq
Dcindurme kuweti
Yag

SWL lSafe Working Load] Synthetic potyester sting Syfthetie web sting Tcg tine Tcndem tifts Teteseoping boom Tensi[e Thread damage

0utrigger
Over heat

Vinc ayagr

Overhead power [ines

Overtoad indicator Pad

Hararet
Acrk havai hattar
Agrrr yuk gdstergesi fayakJ takozu Rlhtrm vinci

Geritme
Vida disi hasan

Throetopcning Tcwer gene

Turnbuekte Twiet
Tyre

Kanca aQrz aqtktrQr

Kute vinc Vidatr gerdirme

PedestaI crane

Permit
PersonaI Protective Equipment IppE)
Pin

izin
KisiseI koruyucu matzeme MandaI
Gezer vinc Basrnc Yarrqap Sapancr

Burkutma
Lastik

Tyre preseure

Lastik basrncr
Al.tyapr hizmetteri

Portat crane Pressure Radius Rigger

Rope Route

Undcrground utititics Weietcort

Wedge Eokt

Yetek

Kamatr bas[rk
AQrrLrk

Urgan hatat
Rota
GLiventi yrik kaLdrrma gostergesi

Wdght Whectehok
Wind Wind speed WFe rope Wire r"ope elips Wire rope sling

Safe load indicator Safety [atch Screen wiper Shackte Shackte pin
Shave Singte Singte vertical, hitch Sting

Giiventik mandatr Sitecek

Mapa

Takoz Rrizgar Rrizgar hrzr Qel.ik hatat

Ketepce

Te[halat
Ca[rsma aQrrLrQr [imiti Catrsma yanqapr

Mapa mandair Makara

Tek

WLL lWorking Load Limit] Working radius

Wern

Asrnmrs

Tek hatattrsapantama
Sapan

Sting angLe
Sptice

Sapantama aqlsl Ekteme

56

57

lnctuded angte less than or equal

to 60o

,,oo',.,4,,00*n
7/ /\
2000 k9

rrttnernrrr coo

At a sting angte of 60o, the stings wit[ have the same lenght as the distance between their anchorage
points.
To catcutate each stings size for the

or

above load of 2000 kg and sLing angte of 60o, the fottowing procedure appties:

T=Lr0.5

T=Lx0.6

2 ton

Tension=Loadx0.6
Tension = 2000 x 0.6 = 1200 kg lnctuded angle less than or equal to 90o To catcutate each sLing size for the above load of 2000 kg and sling angte of 90o, the fotlowing procedure appties.

Tension=Loadx0.70
T=Lx0.70
Tr Tension

T=Lxl
lfor each slingl

Tension = 2000 x 0.7 = 1400 kg

L: Load

lncluded angte less than or equal to 30o

OOr
1400 kg 1400 k9

Tension=Loadx0.5
TensioN = 1000 x 0.5 =
500 [kg)

\_/
sting angte 90o

Thus the tension on each

1000 kg

2000 kg

or

Leg is 500 kg

or
2 tonnees

I tonnes