1. The normal ejection fraction is? a. <50 % b. 55-70% c. >70% d. 80-90% 2.

The main compensatory mechanism of left ventricle when there is congestion is to? a. Increase the pumping mechanism b. Increase muscle size c. Decrease pumping capacity

d. Decrease muscle size 3. The main pathophysiologic event in myocardial infarction is? a. Thrombus formation in the myocardial wall b. Atherosclerosis in the coronary vessels c. Decrease oxygenation of the myocardium d. Obstruction of coronary blood flow 4. The difference between pain in angina versus myocardial infarction is a. It is relieved by rest b. It required higher pain killer to stop the pain c. Pain is not relieved by nitrates d. All of the above 5. Which of the following risk factors for coronary artery disease cannot be modified? a. Cigarette smoking b. Diabetes c. hypertension d. family history of heart disease

6. Atherosclerosis impedes coronary blood flow by which of the following mechanisms? a. Plaques obstruct the vein b. Plaques obstruct the artery c. Blood clots form outside the vessel wall d. Hardened vessels dilate to allow the blood to flow through 7. Which of the following is not included in the defect of Tetralogy of Fallot? a. Aortic Stenosis b. Pulmonic Stenosis c. Right Ventricular Hypertrophy d. Overriding of Aorta 8. The nurse noted that the infants femoral pulse is absent upon palpation. This manifestation commonly is found in? a. Patent ductus arteriosus b. Truncus arteriosus c. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome d. Coarctation of aorta 9. The main manifestation of client with Patent ductus arteriosus is a. Cyanosis b. Machinery like murmur c. Frequent nose bleed d. Jaundice 10.Which of the following signs is commonly seen among client with right sided heart failure a. Dyspnea b. Leg edema c. Cough

d. Left ventricular hypertrophy 11.The main pathophysiologic defect occurring in Type 2 DM is? a. Pancreas is not producing insulin b. Insulin is not binding with the cell receptor site c. There is over production of insulin d. Glucose is not properly metabolized by the cells 12.Which of the following is not true regarding Diabetic Ketoacisosis a. Hyperglycemia promotes severe diuresis and dehydration b. Because there is little insulin produced, the cell do not breakdown fats as source of glucose c. Ketones are produced because of lipolysis d. Client usually has sweet or fruity breath odor. 13.Normal level of hormones is marinated by which mechanism a. Positive feedback b. Negative feedback c. Neutral control d. All of the above 14.Which of the following may be a complication if diabetes is not controlled a. Renal damage b. Heart attack c. Stroke d. All of the above 15.Which of the following is the main function of insulin? a. Serve as a receptor or binding site for glucose b. Digestion and metabolism of glucose c. Synthesis of fats for glucose conversion d. Allows the glucose to enter the cell

16.The main stimulus for the secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland is? a. TSH b. ADH c. T3 d. ACTH 17.Which of the following best describe the difference between primary and secondary hypothyroidism? a. In primary the pituitary gland is producing TSH but the thyroid gland is not responding to the stimulation. b. In secondary, the pituitary gland is under producing TSH and the thyroid gland is responding to the stimulation. c. In primary, pituitary gland is not producing TSH but the thyroid gland is not responding to the stimulation. d. In secondary, pituitary gland is not producing TSH but the thyroid gland is still producing the hormone. 18.Goiter or thyroid enlargement is a common manifestation among? a. Hypothyroidism b. Hyperthyroidism c. Both A and B d. None of the above 19.Which of the following is an etiologic factor for hypothyroidism? a. Large consumption of cabbage and broccoli b. Surgical removal of the thyroid gland c. Radiation treatment of the thyroid gland d. All of the above 20.If the person is on chronic use of steroids and suddenly stop taking it, this condition may lead to? a. Cushing Syndrome b. Diabetes Mellitus

c. Addisons Disease d. Diabetes Insipidus 21.The main defense of the stomach to prevent itself from auto digestion is? a. The pepsin secreted by the parietal cell b. The presence of food every 4-5 hours c. The mucous secreted by the goblet cells d. The neutralization of hydrochloric acid 22.Which of the following mechanism is occurring for client suffering from gastritis? a. The cardiac sphincter if allowing the HCl to back flow in the esophagus b. The goblet cells is active in the production of mucous c. There is decrease secretion of pepsin d. The mucous is not sufficient to coat the gastric lining 23.For the goblet cells to produce mucous, it primarily requires? a. Progesterone b. Prostaglandin c. Pepsin d. Protease 24.If the lower esophageal sphincter is incompetent and acid from the stomach is back flowing in the esophagus, this condition leads to a. Gastritis b. Gastro esophageal reflux disease c. Peptic ulcer disease d. Liver cirrhosis 25.Which of the following is implicated as the cause of peptic ulcer a. Helicobacter pylori b. Stress

c. Pain killers d. All of the above 26.Which of the following mechanisms explain the presence of Ascites in liver cirrhosis a. The liver is unable to convert ammonia to urea. b. Sodium is highly secreted c. d. Lack of albumin production 27.What is your priority nursing diagnosis for client who developed portal hypertension due to liver cirrhosis a. Acute pain b. Risk for infection c. Risk for bleeding d. Altered thermoregulation 28.Which of the following will worsen the bleeding possibility of client with liver cirrhosis? a. Immature RBC b. Inability to convert ammonia to urea c. Inability to synthesize Vit. K d. Lack of albumin production 29.Brain damage is a potential complication of liver cirrhosis due to? a. Accumulation of bilirubin in the blood b. Accumulation of ammonia in the blood c. Accumulation of urea in the blood d. Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity 30.If ascites is not managed, ity can cause respiratory distress by which mechanisms a. Fluid in the peritoneal space will infiltrate the lungs

b. The absence of albumin caused the paralysis of diaphragm c. Portal hypertension leads may lead to bleeding of pulmonary arteries and veins. d. The abdominal organs will crowd the thoracic cavity limiting lung expansion 31.Which of the following is not true among adults skull a. It is capable of expanding b. Pressure may built up due to brain edema c. Brain may herniated in the foramen magnum d. All of the above 32.According to Monroe-Kellie Hypothesis, intracranial pressure is maintained by a. Increases the pressure when the other components are decreased b. Decreases the pressure when all pressure are increased c. Maintaining the pressure in the cranium by decreasing one of the components when one component is increased. d. 33. a. b. c. d. 34. a. b. c. d. 35. All of the above

a. b. c. d. 36. a. b. c. d. 37. a. b. c. d.