On designing any structure ,wind effect is calculated for the following elements.

1- The structure as a whole 2- Structural members as ceilings, walls etc... 3- Coverings, windows and interfaces. The calculated wind load is The algebraic sum of compression or tension on the first side and compression or tension on the second side Wind loads: the forces the wind affects in a perpendicular direction to the surface of structures .it is positive in case of compression(Pe) and negative in case of tension(Pi) . Compression or tension of wind(q): wind loads per unit area measured in kN/m2 . Total wind force (F): the total wind force on structure measured in KN . Coefficient of external wind compression (Ce): it is the coefficient determining distribution of wind compression on external surfaces of the structure. Coefficient of internal wind compression(Ci): it is the coefficient determining distribution of wind compression on internal surfaces of the structure Coefficient of exposure (k) : it is the coefficient determining the distribution of wind loads with respect to height from ground level. Area of structure interface facing the direction of wind (A). Wind loads calculation: Pe= Ce k q Pi=Ci k q In case of structures that does not require calculating the distribution of wind loads on its surface specially those with relatively large heights in comparison to its other dimensions,its preferred to calculate the total wind force on the structure as a whole. F=Cf k q A Q=0.5 * 10^-3F=Cf k q A Q=0.5 * 10^-35yey ku rbku6 V: main wind speed wind velocity equivalent to wind blast lasts for 3 seconds at high of 10 m above ground surface P: air density Ct: coefficient of earth topography

Cs: coefficient of structure it takes into consideration the effect of wind loads in case of unsuccessive wind load compression on the structure in addition to the effect of structure vibration during turbulence Exposure coefficient k: There are three regions where k is calculated according to the ground roughness length (Zo) A- Open exposure: B- Suburban exposure C- City center exposure Table 1 On calculating the external wind compression ,The height Z (upon which the coefficient k is calculated) is the height at which external wind compression is required, where Z is measured from ground surface On calculating internal wind compression at any place inside the structure the height Z (upon which the coefficient k is calculated) is: A- For buildings with separate floors, the height(at which internal wind compression is required ) is measured from ground surface to mean level of the floor. B- For other buildings the height, (at which the internal wind compression is required) is measured from ground surface to mean level of openings in external structure walls. Jhfjhgdhfshgshgfhjgdh page 89 Rectangular structures Picture 2 Structures with rectangular interfaces and inclined ceilings Picture 3 Ceilings of single floor structures with multiple spans Picture 4