SPE 54280 Marginal Field Development strategy, Kartini Field, Offshore Southeast Sumatra

Budiyento Thomas, Miguel M Galuccio, Wira Dharma, Sudharmono Mitrodihardjo, Jonny Pasaribu, YPF - Maxus Southeast Sumatra

Copyright 1999, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc. This paper was prepared for presentation at the 1999 SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition held in Jakarta, Indonesia, 2022 April 1999. This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper, as presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Papers presented at SPE meetings are subject to publication review by Editorial Committees of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper for commercial purposes without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper was presented. Write Librarian, SPE, P.O. Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435.

Based on new seismic and geological interpretations, installation of a low cost Guardian structure, and utilization of horizontal wells, Kartini field was developed as an economic field with production beginning in October 1998.

Introduction
Kartini field is located in the northeastern flank of the Sunda Basin along the boundary of the Southeast Sumatra and Northwest Java Production Sharing Contract areas, approximately 80 mile north of Jakarta ( Fig.1). The field was discovered in October 1977 when Kartini-1 was drilled to a total depth of 12,000 ft and penetrated 61 feet of net oil pay in multiple sandstones of the Gita Member of Talang Akar Formation. The oil has a high pour point ( 90o F) and relatively high viscosity ( 6.4 cp at reservoir condition ) with a gravity of 22 degree API. Average porosity and permeability of the reservoirs are high, averaging 30 percent and 700 - 4000 md, respectively. The field was initially planned to be developed in 1992, and because the first two development wells were uncommercial, the development of the field was postponed for further geological and geophysical study. In 1998 the Kartini field was re-evaluated by a Central Business Unit multidisciplinary team in order to put the field on production. Based on new seismic and geological interpretations, cost reductions in facilities and increased in recovery of reserves by utilization of horizontal wells, Kartini field has been brought on stream and the first production commenced in October 1998 with the initial production rate of 4,000 BOPD. The primary aim of this paper is to show how the team effort in integrating 3-D seismic and geologic models, utilization of new technology with a low cost structure and optimum reserves recovery using the horizontal drilling was effective in commercializing a 20-year old undeveloped discovery.

Abstract
Kartini field was discovered in 1977 and was followed by the drilling of three delineation wells. The reservoirs are fluvial sandstones of the Gita member, Talang Akar Formation that contain gas, oil and water. Kartini-1 and -2 tested at 4,485 BOPD and 2,944 BOPD, respectively. Trapping is created by combination structure and stratigraphic pinch out along the channel edges. In 1992 the initial plans were to develop the field by installing a 9-slot platform and drilling 8 development wells. The well locations were based on 2-D seismic and un-migrated 3-D seismic data. The first two wells were drilled in the field and resulted in uncommercial wells. Maxus ascertained that the development risk was high and put the field's development on hold. Subsequently the seismic data was migrated which allowed Maxus to utilize the seismic attributes in conjunction with a new geological interpretation to remap the main productive reservoirs. During this hiatus period, Maxus's experience with caissons progressed from a simple design with a maximum three wells without workover capability to the current technology allowing up to eight wells with workover capability. This improved technology results in significant cost savings and allowed the Kartini field to be developed economically. In addition to the deviated wellbores, three horizontal wells will be drilled and are designed to drain reserves from thin oil-bearing sandstones that would be uneconomic otherwise.

Geology Overview
The Kartini field is a three-way-dip faulted closure with a small four-way-dip closure in the middle of the field, to the east bounded by a north-northeast-south trending normal fault, down to the west (Fig. 2 ). The Kartini structure was formed in late Miocene.

SPE 54280

[Marginal Field Development Strategy, Kartini Field, Offshore Southeast Sumatra]

The regional stratigraphy of Sunda Basin is summarized in Fig. 3. The sedimentary sequences ranges in age from Eocene to Holocene. The oldest deposit is the Eocene to early Oligocene Banuwati Formation which unconformably overlies the Cretaceous basement. The overlying Zelda Member of the Talang Akar Formation is predominantly fluvial, although lacustrine shale are encountered in the lower Zelda in parts of the basin. This member is capped by Gita Member of the top Talang Akar, a transgressive fluvial-deltaic sequences of interbeded sandtones, shales and coals. The overlying Batu Raja Carbonate/shale member reflects the onset of marine conditions across the entire basin. The regional seals of the Sunda Basin are claystones of overlying the Gumai Formation. The remainder of the succession consists of Miocene, shallowmarine shale, limestones, which are overlain by predominantly alluvial sediments and volcanics of the Plio-Pleistocene. Figure 4 is the type log of the Kartini field and illustrates the various productive Gita sandstone reservoirs. The oil and gas were trapped in six different sandstones, from base to top, the C, B-3, B-2, A-3, A-2, and A-1 over a vertical interval of approximately 400 ft. These reservoirs have the different oil-water and gas-oil contacts with a maximum oil column approximately 60 ft.

distribution. This new seismic interpretation combined with a revised geologic model, has allowed to improve mapping of the C sand distribution ( Fig. 7). The C sandstone consists of two channels which trend north-south and just north of Kartini1, they converge to the east. The width of the channel ranges from 1,000 to 2,000 feet and the thickness ranges 6 - 37ft (Fig. 8). Average porosity and DST permeability for the C sandstone are 24% and 700 md, respectively. Since approval of the 1998 POD, three wells have been drilled and two encountered commercial pay with thickness ranging from 14 to 34 feet. The wells were completed and were put on production at the initial production rate of 4,000 BOPD. B - Sandstone The second set of reservoirs are the B-3 and B-2 sandstone reservoirs. These sandstones are separated from the C sand by the regional coal marker -3. The sandstones have been mapped using well data and a fluvial channel geologic model and they have a north-south trend with width approximately 5000 ft and maximum thickness about 60 feet (Fig. 9). The oil/water contact was encountered in the B-3 sand at - 5566 ft and gas/oil contact was encountered in the B-2 sand at -5549 ft. The average porosity and DST permeability of these reservoir are 29% and 4900 md, respectively. A - Sandstone The uppermost reservoirs in the Kartini field are the A-1. A-2, and A-3 sandstone reservoirs. These reservoirs are relatively thin with thickness ranging from 5 to 24 feet. An average porosity and DST permeability are 32 percent and 3,750 md, respectively. Because of its thickness and lateral extent, the A-2 sandstone is the main drilling target for A series sandstone reservoirs. The A-2 interval was cored in the A-4, but there was not reservoir facies in this core. The sandstone consists of mostly very fine grained, well sorted, and has horizontal and vertical burrows with tube up to 3 cm., interbedded with siltstone. Electro facies analysis over sandstones interval indicate that A-2 sand tend to have a decreasing-gamma-shaling upward signature which suggests a mouth bar origin with a tidal influenced . The isopach map of the A-2 sandstone ( Fig. 10 ) and geological cross section (Fig. 11 ) indicate a mouth bar complex prograding from south to north

Reservoir Distribution Mapping

C Sandstone The C sandstone reservoir is the main target that contains the largest volume of reserves within the Kartini field development. Kartini-1 well penetrated 34 feet of net oil pay full to base of C sand and tested 1,212 BOPD with no water. The oil/water contact was encountered in this sand at -5830feet in Kartini -3 but the gas/oil contact has not seen yet in the field. Based upon logs facies analysis of C interval in Kartini-1 indicate that it consists of a coarsening upward delta front sandstone overlain by fining upward distributary channel sandstone succession, and it is interpreted to be deposited as fluvio-deltaic depositional environment. In the initial Plan Of Development ( P.O.D.), Kartini A-8 located 1500 feet north of Kartini-1 and Kartini A-8 S/T located 300 feet. west of Kartini-1 attempted to develop the C sandstone reserves but failed to encounter the reservoir and caused the Kartini field development to be delayed. Subsequently, the 3-D seismic data over Kartini area was reprocessed and the analysis of seismic amplitudes shows the presence of a strong seismic anomaly at the C sand interval slightly below the coal-3 marker. The strong amplitude anomaly correlates to the presence of the sandstone within the C sand interval (Fig. 5) Additionally, the isochron of the C sand interval was mapped and it corresponds to the amplitude anomaly map, showing a thick over the sandstone anomaly (Fig. 6). Another attribute, the instantaneous phase also supports the presence of an anomaly related to the C sand

Implication of Low Cost Facilities

Reducing the capital cost of facilities is a key factor that allows economic development of marginal fields. An innovative low cost structure has been designed and constructed by the Maxus engineering team. In 1997 Maxus installed 4 Monopods to develop four marginal fields with reserves ranging from 1 to 1.2 MMBO in water depth of approximately 70 feet. Maxus' experience with Monopod has

SPE 54280

[Marginal Field Development Strategy, Kartini Field, Offshore Southeast Sumatra]

progressed from a simple design with a maximum of three wells without workover capability to the current technology allowing up to eight wells with workover barge capability (Fig. 12). This enhanced design accommodate eight development wells from one braced caisson structure rather than requiring a large, expensive, 4-pile platform. Kartini field utilized the 7well braced caisson structure with a deck to accommodate workover barge and the cost saving in facilities is substantial, approximately $ 3.4 MM.

an oil leg between water and gas column, and recovery of only 15% of OOIP is expected. Kartini field is classified by Pertamina as a new field, therefore this project entitles for the new field incentives of 60 months DMO holiday and 17% investment credit. Total cost of Kartini field development is estimated to be $ 17 MM which includes facilities and wells cost. A team effort to increase reserves and reduce costs has successfully developed a marginal field in period of low oil price.

Horizontal Drilling
The objective of a horizontal well is to drain hydrocarbons from a reservoir in more cost-efficient manner than a conventional vertical or deviated well ( Ranney, 1939 in D.C Carter). The most practical application of horizontal drilling is to place a well below a gas or above water zone in order to avoid gas and water coning, and to optimize the production rate and reserves recovery. In Kartini field, thin oil reservoirs such as B-2 and A-2 reservoirs are good candidates for horizontal well drilling . With a relatively high water-oil mobility ratio, a vertical well could not effectively drain reserves from thin oil reservoirs. Gas is present within the A-2 sandstone in the structurally high area. A gas/oil contact in Kartini-5, oil in the A-8 S/T and Kartini-1, and the highest known water Kartini-4 indicate a maximum oil column of approximately 60 feet covering a very large area with potential thicker pay/ sweet spot at Kartini -1 and AV-2 in Northwest Java PSC and just North of Kartini-5. Two horizontal wells are designed to drain A-2 reserves in the sweet spot. The A-2 sand was tested in Kartini at a rate of 3,200 BOPD, 200 GOR with no water. A simulation study indicates that a 500 to 600 ft horizontal length will optimize the net cash flow ( Fig. 13) The third horizontal well is designed to drain B-2 oil reserves that were discovered by Kartini-2 delineation well. The well encountered 30 ft net oil pay underlying 28 feet net gas pay, and tested 2,944 BOPD with no water at the oil pay interval. Based on the new structure and net sand maps, the maximum oil column is approximately 34 feet covering an area of 150 acres ( Fig. 9B)

Conclusions
1. Integrated 3-D seismic attributes and geologic models are powerful tools to aid mapping the distribution of a reservoir. 2. An innovative braced caisson structure has a significantly reduced costs and has allowed the development of the Kartini field. 3. Horizontal drilling is expected to optimize production rates and increase reserves recovery in the thin oil column reservoirs, and will enhance the rate of return on the project. 4. The aggressive of Multidisciplinary Central Business Unit is the key factor for successfully Kartini field development.

Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Pertamina-BPPKA, YPF-MAXUS SES Indonesia and all partners for permission to publish this paper. The manuscript has benefited from critical reviews by Chris Oglesby, Jorge Burgos and Mark Schneider.

References
1. Carter D.C. et al.: An Integrated Approach to Horizontal Well Design and Planning in Widuri field, Offshore Southeast Sumatra, Indonesia," IPA , May 1998. Girgis, John et al. : Multi-disciplinary Teams -What is the "right" structure ? Based on Ten Years of MDTs in Indonesia, IPA, October 1995. Maxus S.E.S June 1988 : Kartini Field Development Proposal" unpublished. Prayitno, Wicaksono et al. : The Implication Of Basin Modeling for Exploration - Sunda Basin Case Study, Offshore Southeast Sumatra, " IPA October 1992 Wight A, et al. : Stratigraphic response to structural evolution in a tensional Back-arc setting and its Exploratory significance Sunda Basin, West Java Sea, IPA, October 1986

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Reserves and Economic

Based on the new geophysical and geological interpretation, and horizontal drilling technology for the reservoirs that contain thin oil columns, a total recoverable reserves for Kartini field is 4 MMBO. The C sandstone is the primary reservoir target and expected to have a partial water drive. A 30 % recovery factor is expected from this reservoir. The A-1 and A-2 sandstone reservoirs are thinner than the C sand and both have gas/oil contacts and oil/water contacts. These reservoirs will recover 20% of OOIP. The oil pay in B series sandstone reservoirs are

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Fig. 12 : Low cost Caisson structure