A Level Paper 3 M.

Nichols SCIE 2010

THE GLOBALISATION OF THE COLD WAR (c.1950-1985)

Theme 2: The Globalisation of the Cold War

A Level Paper 3 M. Nichols SCIE 2010

Introduction The Cold War had definitely begun by 1950. Initially, it had been largely confined to Europe, especially Germany (or even more specifically Berlin) and Eastern Europe and the Balkans (Greece). However, from 1950, it spread worldwide. So much so that Walker believes the Cold War was a more truly global conflict than either WWI or WWII had ever been. For the next four decades, superpower confrontation would encompass nearly all the continents and regions of the world. Here is a brief selection: In Latin America: Cuba, Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salavdor, Chile, Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina; even tiny Caribbean islands like Grenada; Africa saw Angola, Mozambique, Somalia, Sudan, South Africa, Zimbabwe, the Congo and Egypt all affected; Oceania saw Australia, New Zealand and various Pacific nations embroiled; Asia saw the Korean and Vietnam Wars; the rise of red China, the Arab-Israeli conflict;. Europe continued to see Berlin as a battleground, as well as anti-communist uprisings in Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia;

Using Maps I-III in Painter fill in some details on the map boxes below
2.

1.

3.

4.

10.

5.

8. 6. 7. 9.

A Level Paper 3 M. Nichols SCIE 2010

The Korean War

(Use pages 64-79 in Edwards and 43-47 in Lundestad; and the Wikipedia internet site on the War)

Often called the Forgotten War, Korea was the first hot war of the Cold War, fought as a proxy war by the allies of the two ___________. It was fought between June _____ and July _____ and was triggered by the ______s invasion of the ______. Korea had been arbitrarily divided along the ___ parallel by the occupying US and Soviet troops. Failure to hold elections by the leader of the South, the anti-communist ______ ____ and the ambitions of the Communist leader _____ _____, resulted in the latter invading to try and unify the country. As with Vietnam, the Americans never would accept that the struggle in Korea was essentially a ___ ____ and not a Democratic/Communist struggle. Prior to their superpower occupation, Korea had been occupied and ruthlessly exploited by the ________. In the division of the country the Korean people themselves were not consulted. However, in ______ the Soviets had left and then the following year the Americans. The two Koreas, were not to be left to slug it out between them though. When the PRK attacked though in June 1950, the UN quickly passed a resolution (Resolution 83) condemning the attack. They were able to do this because the _______ was boycotting the Security Council at the time. The Soviets pointed out that the measure was illegitimate for a number of reasons: i. ii. iii. The ___ had no right to interfere in a civil war; The ___ was providing the intelligence on the war a rather biased source! N. Korea had not been invited into the ___ to state its case;

The US was determined though to resist the Communists on the basis of the infamous NSC Report -____; the Americans were also concerned to avoid the 1930s policy of ___________. The president at the time was the Cold War warrior ________. Korea was a highly dangerous Cold War event in lots of ways: The North or _______ (as it was formally known) was supported by the ______ and ______; The South or _______ (as it was formally known) was supported by the ____, though the bulk of the troops were _________; To the Americans it was a ______ action; to the Soviets and Chinese, an overt act of Western aggression; At one stage (1951) the commander of the US forces, General Douglas _________ contemplated the use of ______ weapons against _______ cities! The radioactive _________ would then disrupt enemy supply lines; Chinese and American troops clashed directly, first in November 1950 at

A Level Paper 3 M. Nichols SCIE 2010

Battle of _______; The War was a large scale affair involving tanks, _________, jets (Korea was the first supersonic air war) and hundreds of thousands of troops; Both sides committed atrocities with the _____ forces being especially notorious for torturing and shooting prisoners; this made the War especially bitter and prolonged; The _______ casualties suffered were enormous; the UN forces and the South saw nearly 800 000 casualties; the North and its allies perhaps as high as 1.5m casualties; The __________ losses were even worse. Killed and wounded numbered up to 2.5 million!

The War also saw co-operation between the two great Communist dictators _____ and ____. The Chinese leader perhaps always intended to intervene to support the Communist regime of ____ ______ in the North; to meet a request from the USSRs leader,________; because China was annoyed at the US support and protection of Nationalist ________; but perhaps mostly because it was a question of national security given Korea was Chinas __________. The excuse was McArthurs approach to the ____ River border boundary. But it had been decided to intervene the moment his UN troops had pushed back the North over the _____ parallel. McArthur had advised the US President the Chinese would never attack! It would help cost him his job. Mao sent volunteers (the PVA) to fight. Many in fact were ex-_____ and Mao was using his former enemies as cannon fodder. However, Chinese tactics were excellent and historians like Bevin Alexander and R.E. Appleman describe how well the PVA fought. The latter describes how: the Chinese were well-trained, disciplined fire-fighters, and particularly adept at night-fighting. They were masters of the art of _____________. Eventually, though, the Chinese were driven back hampered by their lack of ___ and artillery support. The ________ had done little practical to help. They had no intention of directly clashing with the Americans. The Chinese were effectively another of their proxies! President _____ sacked MacArthur because of his extreme stance on China. This was a little disingenuous, as the President himself had first contemplated the use of ____, something he let slip in a November 1950 press conference, as Bruce Cummings has pointed out. The USAF also practised with dummy bombs. Why was the A-Bomb not used? The Chinese were unimpressed (they used the threat to motivate their own people). The US allies were afraid that if the USA fought China they would be left defenceless against an attack by the _____ in Europe. Some doubted the efficacy of using the weapons, given the lack of massed troop targets. In the end, the War petered out in a ___________. An armistice was signed in 1953 and a ___ established between the two Koreas. The ________, however, refused to sign an agreement. Technically the two Koreas are still at war.

A Level Paper 3 M. Nichols SCIE 2010

The Cold War Implications of The Korean War Korea was pivotal for Cold War relations, according to Edwards. It showed the US commitment, once again, to a policy of containment exemplified in its April 1950 NSC Report-68 (which was ratified because of Korea); the US was also just beginning its domestic paranoia about the Communist threat. The House on Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) under the notorious Communist-baiter Joe McCarthy would soon begin a witch-hunt for not only Communists, but their sympathizers and fellow travellers; presidents like Truman and Eisenhower had to constantly prove their anti-communist credentials; others, like Richard Nixon, would make their political fortunes in the Cold War climate of the 1950s; Connected with this, the US in the 1950s saw an enormous increase in defence spending and the growth of what even Eisenhower would call an out of control military-industrial complex; the US was now committed to using military might to contain communism by fighting small wars around the globe; Edwards claims Korea marked the start of the militarization and globilization of the Cold War; Truman asked Congress for $10 billion for the armed forces, $4 bn. for the US allies and $260m to develop an H-Bomb; US military spending quadrupled in the 1950s; NATO was strengthened and enlarged to include Greece and Turkey; the Americans also granted aid - based on their European allies increasing their defence spending! The West Germans in exchange for their support demanded the end to occupation controls and full statehood; the anti-communist Japan also gained enormously and moved closer to the US, as did Australia and New Zealand (ANZUS agreement, 1951), who promised to help contain the spread of communism in the region; It was the first direct conflict between the West and the Communist East; while Stalin had been careful not to become directly involved, he had supplied the North and encouraged the Chinese, but he had not encouraged Kim Il-Sung to invade, according to Edwards; others would disagree! It led to a contemplation by Truman of the use of nuclear weapons; something not contemplated again until the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis; The United Nations both suffered and gained as a result of its Uniting For Peace resolution; it had taken an active and effective stance against an aggressor. However, it also shown a bias and its Secretary General was forced to resign in 1952; never again would the USSR boycott the Security Council; the UN would now become another pawn in the Cold War game; It resulted in a permanent division of Korea, which remains to this day. The presence of the North has helped to de-stabilize the region, while providing a new ally for the USSR and PRC; while the South has maintained rigidly right-wing governments, which have remained close to the USA. The USA maintains a sizeable military presence in the country, and the Korean peninsula remains unstable; war between them again is always possible; The Americans learnt little from the conflict and would, once again, become embroiled in another Asian civil war, this time in Vietnam. They had become involved in Vietnam in 1950 by supplying the French -worried about the spreading of Communism in Asia, after seeing what occurred in Korea;

A Level Paper 3 M. Nichols SCIE 2010

The Role of Truman and Stalin in the Origins of the Cold War
Use your text, notes and the internet to summarise their roles It was all that Commies fault! Nyet! It was all his fault!

Truman

Stalin

Background & Character

Dates in Power Aggressive Actions/Guilt

Conciliatory Actions/Innocence

Conclusions

A Level Paper 3 M. Nichols SCIE 2010

The Vietnam War Why did the US become bogged down in another bloody conflict in Asia, so soon after Korea? The reasons are again connected with the Cold War and particularly Americas political and strategic concerns. Remember what the US thought; how it functioned and how nation-states always ultimately act in their own calculated self-interests. This will help you categorise their true motives. The Causes Of US Involvement In The Vietnam War

a. VIETNAM HAD RESOURCES THE US WANTED CONTINUED ACCESS TO SUCH AS RUBBER, COAL, RICE. MOREOVER, S-E ASIA WAS SEEN AS A POTENTIAL MARKET FOR US GOODS

MOST IMPORTANT

b. THE US WANTED TO HELP ORDINARY VIETNAMESE PEOPLE AND SAVE THEM FROM THE PERILS OF COMMUNISM

c. KENNEDY WAS ASSASSINATED IN 1963 AND REPLACED BY THE EVEN MORE DETERMINED L.B JOHNSON

d. US POLICY OF CONTAINMENT AND DETERMINATION TO STOP THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM, KNOWN AS THE DOMINO THEORY SINCE THE 1940S, DOMINATED US POLICY THINKING

e. THE US REGARDED THE PACIFIC RIM AS ITS SPHERE OF INFLUENCE AND DID NOT WANT ANOTHER COMMUNIST NATION THERE LIKE CHINA

f. THE US WAS DETERMINED TO SUPPORT ITS MAN: DIEM, EVEN THOUGH HE WAS CORRUPT AND UNPOPULAR

h. THE AMERICANS WANTED TO FILL THE g. THE AMERICANS NEVER REALLY UNDERSTOOD THAT THE VIETNAM WAR WAS A CIVIL WAR WITH STRONG NATIONALIST ELEMENTS THEY SAW IT IN TOO SIMPLISTIC TERMS VACUUM LEFT BY THE EVACUATION OF THE FRENCH IN 1954, ESPECIALLY AFTER WHAT HAD JUST HAPPENED IN KOREA

i. EISENHOWER AND HIS SECRETARY OF STATE, J.F. DULLES, WERE FANATICAL ANTI-COMMUNISTS AND DETERMINED TO STOP VIETNAM GOING COMMUNIST AND THE USSR & PRC INCREASING THEIR INFLUENCE IN THE AREA

LESS IMPORTANT

Eisenhower & John Foster Dulles. Architects of the Vietnam War

A Level Paper 3 M. Nichols SCIE 2010

The Causes Of US Involvement In The Vietnam War

1st

MOST IMPORTANT

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

8th 7th

9th

LESS IMPORTANT

Political/Strategic

Economic

Social

LBJ in his office who shall I bomb next?

A Level Paper 3 M. Nichols SCIE 2010

Presidential Timeline On The Vietnam War

Fill in the names of the presidents, cut them out and stick them into the relevant chronological order and then put the policy with the correct president. Look through your texts for the information.

POLICY a. Introduced a policy of Vietnamisation: South Vietnamese troops would replace Americans. He also increased the air bombardment of the North to both drive them to the negotiating table and to save face. But he also forged better relations with China in order to try and isolate the North Vietnamese. He withdrew the last US personnel in 1973, after falsely claiming to have achieved peace with honour. In 1974, he was forced to resign after the Watergate scandal.

POLICY b. Escalated US involvement in Vietnam enormously and is the president most associated with the War. After exaggerating the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident to get Congressional support he eventually sent hundreds of thousands of troops to Vietnam. Under him Operation Rolling Thunder began involving the heavy bombing of North Vietnam and later Cambodia and Laos. In the end though, his failure to seek re-election was a tacit acknowledgement that his policy of containment had failed in Vietnam.

POLICY c. Wanted to shore up S. Vietnam and stop the final victory of the North, but Congress was tired of Vietnam and refused to vote any more funds. He oversaw the final pullout of the USA from Vietnam, in April 1975, when the US embassy in Saigon was abandoned.

POLICY d. Began direct US involvement in Vietnam by supplying economic and military aid to first the French and later the South Vietnamese. Believed in the domino theory and was determined to stop the whole of Vietnam going communist.

POLICY e. Alarmed by Korea; like his successors he saw Vietnam as a place where Communism could be contained by helping the French. POLICY

f. Really began the military commitment to Vietnam by sending a few thousand military advisers (Green Berets) to train and assist the South Vietnamese army and to protect villages from the VC. He was also a supporter of the unpopular President Diem. Like his predecessor, he was also determined to contain the spread of communism in south-east Asia, but using counter-insurgency measures rather than just aid and a few hundred advisers as Ike had done.

A Level Paper 3 M. Nichols SCIE 2010

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Why Did The USA Lose The War?

My buddy, just before he We lost in Nam, my general said because We had weak allies (ARVN) A lack of public support Poor morale and quality of stepped on a mine, said we were going to lose because We were sending 19 year old kids to do a mans job The enemy were adapted to the environment - and we were not

recruits - who even killed their

own officers (fragging) Too few troops, too late!

They were using the right weapons and tactics

The folks back home Protested and demonstrated against the war Saw what was happening on TV and were appalled Put pressure on the politicians to withdraw in marches & demos

The politicians said we lost the war because of a Lack of international support - even GB refused to help! Incompetence of military leaders like General Westmoreland

Lack of public support - the hippies

and liberal media The interference of China and the USSR

We peasants did things like

The

foreigners

made

many

Supplying the VC with food and intelligence Hiding them and their weapons Refusing to help the Americans in any way

mistakes like

Supporting the corrupt Southern regime of Diem Using terrible weapons like napalm & Agent Orange

Committing atrocities like My

Lai in 1968 alienated people

Corrupting our women

The Americans never understood that

We were in a civil war, a nationalist not a communism v. democracy struggle Our soldiers drove the Yankees out by

The use of guerrilla tactics: ambushes, booby traps, tunnels, even the clever use of bamboo and wasps nests! And also ruthlessness

They could not win a drawn out guerrilla campaign

Chinese & Soviet heavy weapons like artillery, tanks & planes made ultimate victory possible

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The Consequences Of The Vietnam War

SOCIAL MILITARY

FOR THE USA

ECONOMIC POLITICAL

ECONOMIC MILITARY

FOR THE VIETNAMESE

POLITICAL

SOCIAL

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Historians Views On Vietnam Unlike Korea, the Forgotten War, Vietnam still obsesses the American people. Films, songs, plays, even comedy continue to remind Americans of the first war they ever lost. The historiography on the War is also extensive. In the context of the Cold War, Vietnam was a failure of containment. Historians like Stephen E. Ambrose and Douglas G. Brinkley in their book Rise To GlobalismAmerican Foreign Policy Since 1938 stress a number of points about the War. To them, it was the result of Kennedys counter-insurgency plans: to show how elite forces (the Green Berets) could win the hearts and minds of local peasants and defeat Communism, providing an alternative to both colonialism and Marxism; Kennedy was not a fan of Eisenhowers reliance on nuclear weapons and wished for a more proactive approach towards containment; they stress JFK was responsible for US involvement and was not pressured into doing so by the military or corporations; Johnson was just continuing Kennedys policies, they claim. They criticize JFK also for only wanting a democracy - if it suited US interests, otherwise an anti-Communist dictatorship was acceptable. But they also blame Dean Rusk the US Secretary of State for US involvement and stress his hard-line stance, especially on China: America fought in Vietnam as a direct result of a world view from which no one in power dissented and as a logical culmination of the policy of containment. Vietnam was the liberals war in that it was a Democratic governments war; it was also a testing ground for anti-Communist policies. They point out that Johnson never explained how the fall of Diem could drive the US from its other major Asian bases! The strategic hamlets programme they describe as concentration camps. The US commitment to Diem just made him more despotic; though the US ambassador did try and encourage him to reform, he was ignored; the CIA then approved an ARVN assassination of Diem in November 1963. The Americans were also guilty of ignoring their own supreme tenet: never become involved in a land war in Asia; they had failed to learn the lessons of Korea: why had the Americans not heeded their own warnings? Because they were cocky, over-confident, sure of themselves, certain that they could win at a bearable cost, and in that process they would turn back the Communist tide in Asia. They expected to accomplish in Vietnam, in short, what Johnson had pulled off in the Dominican Republic [Johnson, ignoring the wishes of the Dominican people and the OAS had successfully sent troops into the DR in 1965 to shore up a friendly government]. Vietnam showed Americans the true cost of the containment policy; even politicians began to realise that containment was destroying not saving the US; but LBJs policies were a logical outgrowth of those pursued by his predecessors, suggesting the other three presidents before him are also to blame, and they see him as a truly tragic figure destroyed by the War . Ambrose and Brinkley also point out some of the differences with Korea e.g. US never attempted to liberate N. Vietnam. Discussion Think of a list of similarities and differences between the Korean and Vietnam Wars - and a way of structuring a response to this type of question.

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Other Historiography on the Vietnam War There has been a lot of literature about and histories of the Vietnam War. The causes have resulted in an unending debate (Hess); Ruane refers not to one Vietnam War, to the Vietnam wars. Herring suggests the US policy of Containment played a pivotal reason in US involvement. Ruane claims the US wanted a war, rather more than the South Vietnamese and had to manoeuvre a military dictatorship into power in Saigon (under Generals Ky and Thieu) to get what it wanted. Ambrose is very critical of Nixons role, pointing out that he prolonged the war, ruined the US economy (double digit inflation) and undermined the Constitution by waging a secret war on Cambodia and Laos. LBJ has also been criticized as a man who pursued a disastrous compromise in Vietnam (Berman); but is given some credit by Divine for facing a genuine dilemma. The Secretary of State Robert McNamara, in his memoirs, admitted the US overestimated the importance of South Vietnam and made serious errors. Marilyn Young though accuses him of dodging his moral responsibility. Ruane comments pithily that more than twenty years after the fall of Saigon, McNamara and perhaps many Americans have yet to decide whether the war was wrong, or wrong because America lost. Ruane gives credit to the nationalist Communism ethos of the Vietminh for the success of the North in the conflict and emphasizes the role of Hi Chi Minh and his Communism. Duiker even claims the Communist Partys idea of a Peoples War was a stroke of genius. He refers to Ho Chi Minh as an unusual composite of moral leader and organizational genius, half Gandhi, half Lenin. Ruane also stresses that the French and Americans lost the war, as much as the Vietnamese won it. Divine stresses the US only wanted to avoid defeat and ensure a stalemate, after the traumatic impact of the loss of China, in 1949 to Communism. Ruane sums up the War as a tragedy for all concerned

Stephen E. Ambrose

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Cuba An even earlier misadventure of containment prior to Vietnam, had been US policy towards the island of Cuba. Their antipathy had long traditions. Causes Cuba is a large island in the _________ Sea only ___ miles or a 150 Km from the USA. The USA had dominated Cuba from as early as ____ and Americans owned most of the ______ plantations upon which the Cuban economy was heavily dependent. Mafia-run ______ and the ____ industry were also US owned. Cuba was a ___________ - where Americans went for a good time. Cubans themselves often lived in dire ______. Cuba was a dictatorship under the rule of the cruel and vicious US-puppet, ______________________. The regime was deeply unpopular and after a ___________ campaign was overthrown by a bearded lawyer called ___________________ in January ___. Initially not a _______________ (he allowed the US to keep its military base at _____________ Bay and visited the USA; he even allowed the casinos to re-open), he was pushed into the Soviet fold by US pressure on a country it regarded as within its _______________________. The Cuban leader then antagonised the US further by _____________ American - owned business and oil assets. The US then decided that it would rid Cuba of its popular new government, especially given its increasing ties to the _____. The US policy of _________________ was once again in evidence. 1961 In January, the US broke off ________ relations with Cuba. The new US president ________________ supplied ______ Cuban exiles with arms and equipment, but no ______ support. They landed in the ______________ in ________ 1961, but were easily slaughtered by the ________ men of the better armed and equipped Cuban army, which had access to some old warplanes, tanks and artillery. Results of 1961 The ______________________fiasco made the Cubans think their island would be ________ by the _______________ and so sent them further into the arms of the delighted _______________ The Soviet leader, ________________, was determined to place _______ on Cuba for a number of reasons, to do with the Cold War & the ______ race The US president had been ___________ and wanted to prove the Soviet premier wrong about him. He was also under pressure from the US itself for seeming to be ________ on communism The world was moving closest it ever came to ________war (or____________).
sphere of influence Communist - Fidel Castro-USSR-April-humiliated-1400-Caribbean-oil- GuantanamoBay of Pigs-diplomatic-1898-air-invaded-Nikita Khruschev- nuclear - poverty-90-Fulgencio Batista1959-nationalising-casinos-playground-soft-armageddon-containment-sugarguerrilla-Kennedy-Americans-missiles-arms-20 000

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The Cuban Missile Crisis

The capital city Guantanamo Bay US base Isle of Pines

Bay of Pigs

John Fitzgerald Kennedy (JFK) the moment he became President in 1961 was faced with two huge crises: Berlin and Cuba. He failed to prevent the Soviets building a wall around their sectors of East Berlin. He was determined not to look weak in Americas own backyard as well. Why was JFK (and America) so obsessed with this Caribbean island? Cuba had been instrumental to US strategic thinking since 1898, when they had effectively wrested it from the Spanish, and then controlled it with a string of pro-US, right-wing puppets; the Americans had not hesitated to send in troops when it suited them to do so; this was because Cuba was not only very close to the US, but also guarded the entrance, in effect, to the vital Panama Canal; the Canal linked the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, and was essential for US trade; The 1823 Monroe Doctrine was still instrumental to US thinking, as J.M. Roberts has pointed out; it stated that the US would never allow a European power to interfere in the affairs of the Americas; The US had a lot of interests and assets on Cuba; JFK was under pressure to protect their investments; JFK had inherited the CIA-backed plan to oust Castro; and when it went wrong at the Bay of Pigs, he felt personally humiliated; Khruschev had also taken note and decided he could push the boy president, as he called him, around (JFK was 43; Khrushev was 67); JFK was concerned not to appear an appeaser; he had written a Pulitzer prize winning book about the Munich Crisis and did not want to seem like another Chamberlain; JFK, as Ambrose and Brinkley emphasise, was determined to continue the policy of containment begun by Truman and Eisenhower; the presence of a Communist in Cuba, supported by red China and the USSR could simply not be tolerated; JFK had to prove to his OAS allies in the region that the US would halt Communist expansion, even if those allies were often vicious (right-wing) dictatorships themselves; JFK also knew the US had a huge advantage in nuclear weapons and that the missile gap he had worried (and deceived) voters about in 1960 was actually in the US favour!

Why then did the Soviets still go ahead and place SS-4 Sandal IRBMs on Cuba?

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WHY DID THE USSR PROVOCATIVELY PLACE MISSILES ON CUBA?

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US Actions Against Cuba American actions in Cuba were in many ways typical of their whole Cold War strategy, involving covert operations, economic and diplomatic sanctions. To this end they did a number of things: In March, 1960 a Belgian ship (Le Coubre) carrying arms to Cuba was blown up in Havanna harbour; many suspected the Americans were behind it; September 1960 saw the CIA drop supplies by air to anti-Castro rebels; Eisenhower broke off diplomatic relations in January, 1961; Operation Zapata (the Bay of Pigs fiasco) saw a CIA-sponsored landing of anti-Castro forces; Operation Mongoose, November, 1961, saw the US launch sabotage operations, even sinking Cuban ships in the Caribbean; Various assassination plots against Castro were implemented (Op. Condor); A trade embargo remained in place, and in February 1962 Cuba was expelled from the OAS; the US continues to embargo Cuba, even today; The US conducted military manoeuvres near Puerto Rico (Operation Ortsac) to intimidate the Cubans; The placing of Soviet missiles on Cuba though called for a more overt response. The 13 days of October 1962 were perhaps the closest the world ever came to nuclear war. Kennedys reasons and the Soviets motives have already been outlined. Castros were obvious. It is the consequences of the crisis that perhaps matter most. Edwards says the crisis resembled a terrifying game of poker, with each side guilty of brinkmanship. Both sides gained; both lost. Mankind was perhaps the ultimate beneficiary. But the Cold War continued.
Categorise the effect with the right nation using pages 134-135 in Edwards

USA

USSR

Both

1. Removed its missiles from Cuba

2. Removed its missiles from Turkey

3. A partial test ban treaty (PTBT) negotiated in 1963

4. Their leader saw his popularity rise

5. The Democratic Party won votes and seats

6. Promised not to invade Cuba

7. Hotline established between the Kremlin and Washington D.C.

8. Partly as a result of the Crisis, a new leader was installed in 1964

9. A thawing of relations began which would bring about a period of dtente

10. Realised the dangers of nuclear brinkmanship and that it was too dangerous a game to play again

11. Agreed space would not be militarised

12. Continued to try and overthrow Castro in Operation Condor

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Other Latin American & Caribbean Ventures The US had always had a proprietary attitude towards its neighbours in Latin America. It had a history of interference in their affairs and the Cold War would see renewed interest in maintaining friendly governments in power. Even if those governments were vicious right-wing despotisms so long as they were anti-Communist. Commercial and strategic interests were foremost in mind.
(Using your text books match up the nation the US became involved in, with the correct date it occurred and the correct nature and effects of the action. This is your chance to get used to looking up words in the index! And using maps).

Nation Guatemala

Date 1970s/80s

US Policy and Impact a. US backed a right-wing military coup in a country, which seemed to be veering left; and had a history of military governments and social & political unrest, as well as periods of leftist demagogues. The US had also supported an earlier military coup in 1964. b. Intervened against the countrys drug-smuggling dictator Manuel Noriega, a former US ally. This nation had the vital Canal that was integral to the US strategic and commercial interests. The nation needed a reliable ruler in American eyes. c. LBJ sent in troops to forestall the election of a left-wing government, ignoring the wishes of both its people and the objections of the OAS. The US had along history of interfering in the internal political and economic affairs of this island dating back to presidents like Woodrow Wilson. d. US gave military aid to this tiny Central American nations vicious right-wing paramilitaries in their struggle against leftist guerrillas. Many thousands of innocent civilians were murdered by death squads and US interference prolonged the war. e. Helped destabilize the democratically elected leftist President, Salvador Allende, in a bloody coup, and the installation of a military dictatorship under General Agusto Pinochet, after Allendes suicide. Pinochets regime would go on to murder and torture thousands. f. Even though it was technically a British island, its leader was seen as moving too close to the USSR and Cuba, so US troops were sent in by President Ronald Reagan - and the islandss PM killed in the brief, but bitter fighting that followed. g. CIA black ops team intervened by assassinating the leftist president and installing a pro-US government after Colonel Arbenz had moved towards closer ties with Moscow. The US had strong commercial (fruit-growing) interests in the area. h. The US-backed Contras were engaged in a vicious civil war with leftist Sandanistas; the US, by its own Congressional standards, illegally supplied weapons to the former, diverting money from elsewhere (the Iran-Contra scandal).

Nicaragua

1973

Brazil

1965

Panama

1983

Dominican Republic

1954

El Salvador

1984

Chile

1989-90

Grenada

1982-90

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The Correct Matches Nation Guatemala Date US Policy and Impact

Nicaragua

Brazil

Panama

Dominican Republic

El Salvador

Chile

Grenada

The USA encouraged the creation of the OAS in May, 1948 in order to promote anti-communist ideals of liberty, justice, etc. claims McConnell. In the same year (November), democratic governments were overthrown in Peru and Venezuela - and the OAS did nothing. Then democratic, but left-wing Guatemala saw a CIA-sponsored coup, in 1954. Kennedys 1961 Alliance for Progress was meant to provide $20 billion for right-wing governments; in fact only $5 billion got through, and its distribution stimulated a civil war in El Salvador. Nixon and Carter supported the vicious regime of Agusto Pinochet in Chile in the 1970s. Reagan in the 1980s would give support to right-wing dictators and rebels in Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Honduras.

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US Cold War Presidents 1953-69

Edwards pages: 109-110 and 135-7 Painter 42-55 Etc.

Name Party Dates Background & Character

Lyndon Baines Johnson Democrat 1963-1969 Foul mouthed Texan; regarded as something of a bully, and unpopular with many US politicians and people

Cold War Actions

1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution took US into Vietnam War; Sent troops to the D.R. (1965); Failed to stop Israel attacking Egypt (1967); French withdrew effectively from NATO (1966); Began negotiations for a crucial ABMT;

Cold War Impact

LBJ made the Cold War more dangerous. He antagonised the USSR & the PRC over Vietnam. He also alienated a lot of his own people over it. However, Walker sees him as foreshadowing dtente with a 1966 speech he gave on Europe, where he spoke of the need to improve the East-West environment and promoted ideas of German re-unification.

Policy Similarities Policy Differences Overall Conclusions

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The Arab Israeli Conflict & The Superpowers The Middle East saw Cold War influenced conflicts fought by proxies of the superpowers. However, the combatants motives were often more related to the age-old Arabic-Jewish conflict than Communism or capitalism. The various Arab states and the dispossessed Palestinian people would clash with the Israelis over land and resources more than ideology. The superpowers had their own interests.
(Use Kirsten E. Schultze, Gier Lundestad and David S. Painter to find the answers)

The 1948 War & the 1950s Originally Stalin had been pro-________ and had recognized the new _______ state. The Soviets had even sided with Israel in its initial clashes with the ______. However, all this changed once it was realised Israel was pro-_________. Plus the USSR had always persecuted its ______ and Stalin was an ____-_________. The Soviets though were not keen on the ____ states either, who they saw as reactionary. However, the increasing __________ of states like Iraq, Syria and especially ______ moved them closer to Moscow, as did their shared anti-_________ and anti- _________ attitudes. The USSR used its ____ in the UN in 1955 to support the Arab states; in Egypt, the accession of the radical ______ _____ _____ to power saw the Soviets supply him with $200m of ________. However, Lundestad emphasizes the Soviet role was still _______ in comparison with the influence of the Western powers. They could do nothing about Anglo-American actions in _______ for example. The 1956 Suez Crisis The USSR had no real intention of intervening in the Crisis. It issued threats only after the allies had withdrawn! They were too busy themselves dealing with the _________ Revolt. But they were still very concerned to be seen siding with the ______ states against the West and its ally the Israelis _________. The 1967 Six Day War The Soviets had always been closest to ______ in the Middle East, helping them build the ____ Dam, e.g. The Soviets were also close to Syria and the oil-producing _____. The USSR had done little to help their allies in the War. It had even helped to cause the War by spreading rumours Israel was going to attack Syria! It contributed few _________ nor was its ________ fleet involved; It had to accept a cease-fire without an ______ withdrawal It even accepted UN Resolution ____ on the War to stop it

SOVIET MOTIVES AND ACTIONS

The 1973 Yom Kippur War Soviet policy was more active in 1973 than it had been in 1967. The Soviets supported the ______ when they had the initiative and even threatened direct intervention in the War when _____ did not respect the US-Soviet brokered cease-fire. Lundestad is convinced the Soviets were always _________. The US, though, did place its own forces on alert and a possible superpower clash was averted only after ______ halted its advance into _______. After 1973, a disappointed ______ moved away from the USSR and towards the West.

The 1982 Lebanon War The policy of ________ had already suffered a strain in 1973. When Israel then invaded Lebanon, the US sent a strong peace-keeping force. Davis says they had no real reason or justification for being there. The Soviets meanwhile had ____ military advisers in Syria. The Middle East remained a flashpoint.

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The 1948 War President __________ had been politically black-mailed by the Israelis into supporting a new ______ state. The Jewish vote in the US was always a factor in US-Israel relations. The Americans preferred, at first, to work through the ___s ______-______ to get peace in the area. However, they quickly realised that despite its socialist _______ policies, Israel was always going to be pro -_________ and a firm ally in a crucial region. The 1956 Suez Crisis The Anglo-French-______ invasion of the Egyptian canal was opposed by the US for a number of reasons: They were not _________; They were concerned to keep peace in the volatile ______ ______; The US did not rely on the Canal for much of its _____ They were worried about possible ____ intervention on ________s side; President _________s reaction has been called his finest foreign policy moment, as he demanded allied withdrawal, threatening _______ sanctions if the allies did not comply by blocking ___ loans & ___ sales. The 1973 Yom Kippur War This War helped to undermine the improved relations between the two superpowers. It threatened to drag them into a conflict begun by Egypts aggression against Israel. US Secretary of State ___ ______, helped broker a peace to win the favour of the Egyptian leader, ____ ____, and so increase US influence in the region - and shut out the Soviets. The Egyptians did indeed move away from Moscow.

The 1958 Lebanon Intervention In 1957, President ____________ had declared the ____________ Doctrine proclaiming the US intention to prevent the further spread of communism in the Middle East. Lundestad comments that the new Doctrine did for the area what Trumans had for ________ and Turkey. GB and the US then sent troops into Lebanon and _________, not so much to counter Communism as to stop pro-______ groups emerging. The 1967 Six Day War The War showed that the Israelis did not always obey their ____ sponsors. Their advance into Egypt was de-stabilising, but the Americans increasingly saw Israel as a _______ bulwark against both Communism and the USSRs influence in the region. But the USA also forged closer and closer links with oil-rich Arab nations like Iran and ____ ______. There may have been an emotional, political attachment to Israel but practicalities still mattered! The 1982 Lebanon War The US would send troops to keep the peace in Lebanon as part of the United Nations ____ force. But the US presence was resented, as they were clearly biased in favour of the Christian-Falangist, pro-Israeli paramilitaries. The US was determined to oppose the (pro-Soviet) Syrian backed forces. In response, 241 US soldiers were killed in a terrorist attack on the city of _____.

USAS MOTIVES AND ACTIONS

The Camp David Summit In ____ President ______ brokered a lasting peace agreement between Egypt and Israel. It meant Egypt received back the _____ and cemented its alliance with the USA. The Soviets had lost their closest ally in a region of crucial _______ importance. The US had gained the upper hand in the Middle East and excluded the Soviets.

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Overall Conclusions on the Arab-Israeli Conflicts Answer TRUE or FALSE to the following statements about the Arab-Israeli conflicts 1. The USSR had been anti-Israel from the moment of its creation ________ 2. The United States had more influence in the Middle East than the USSR _________ 3. Israel was always more pro-American than pro-Soviet _________ 4. The Arab states tended to be more pro-USSR __________ 5. The USSR often had to sit and watch while Middle East states suffered outside intervention from GB and the USA ___________ 6. The Middle East conflict was a threat to the policy of dtente __________ 7. The Soviets risked WWIII a number of times over the Middle East _______ 8. The superpowers helped to stabilize the Middle East region __________ 9. The USs primary interest in the Middle East was oil _________ 10. The US had nothing to do with the Arab states, only Israel _________

What had each superpower gained and lost in the Middle East? Who was the overall winner/loser? US Gains Soviet Gains

US Losses

Soviet Losses

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Dtente - A Thaw in the Cold War? After the Cuban Crisis the superpowers seemed to realise they had been on the brink of the abyss and needed to take a step back. The period of improved relations that lasted roughly a decade (c1963-1975) was called dtente. However, I would argue that dtente was in reality only ever a relative improvement in relations; it was certainly short-lived and, as Lundestad comments, confined largely to Europe. The Soviets had felt humiliated by events in Cuba and had massively increased their military spending after 1963 (by 40%). The Chinese and Soviets also had no qualms about supporting Americas enemies in Vietnam. While clashes and subterfuge continued in the Third World. Still, there were a number of improvements. Action Partial Test Ban Treaty Date 1971 Positives Designed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons beyond the major powers. It would be a case of do as I say, not as I do! Aimed to limit nuclear weapons, especially Anti Ballistic Missiles, (ABMs) which were particularly de-stabilising - they created a spurious sense of protection China and the US improved relations, so US does not object to China taking up its seat on the UN Security-Council Limits testing to underground and agree not to extend the arms race to space Efforts to increase co-operation on trade, environmental and border issues were agreed. Even human rights measures were included. Notification of military manoeuvres were included also to reduce tensions Again, limited the number of strategic nuclear weapons, particularly launchers and nuclear bombers The West and USSR accept the situation in Berlin as part of the FRGs Willy Brandts Ostpolitik policies Limitations The US maintained a lead because of its development of MIRVs; while the nuclear forces of France, GB and the PRC were not included Reduces atmospheric fallout, but has little other effect, as the arms race continues; testing underground and developments in weapons continues It did not reduce the superpowers massive nuclear arsenals at all Criticised as reinforcing the status quo in Berlin and Eastern Europe established after WWII Arguments ensued over the fact that Soviet missiles were heavier and larger; and the US Congress ultimately refused to ratify it, as the Cold War resumed in the late 1970s Essentially an anti-Soviet accord, relations remained tense over issues like the USs 1970 attack on Cambodia The Soviets still deployed new SS-20 IRBMs in Europe; the West responded with Pershing II and Tomahawks

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

1971

Quadripartite Agreement

1963

SALT I

1968

Sino-American Rapprochement

1979

Helsinki Accords (CSCE)

1972

SALT II

1975

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Action Partial Test Ban Treaty

Date

Positives

Limitations

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

Quadripartite Agreement

SALT I

Sino-American Rapprochement

Helsinki Accords (CSCE)

SALT II

Nixonmain proponent of dtente

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Why Did Dtente End? The reasons why dtente failed are numerous. I think it best to arrange a selection of them in order of relative importance. The Reasons President Carter (1976-80), though a moderate, was already preparing to deploy new missiles in Europe, even before Reagan; he was also more concerned about criticising Soviet human rights abuses which went down badly in Moscow Both sides had expected too much of dtente, especially in terms of nuclear dis-armament and trade (one of their main motives) The superpowers continued to clash, especially in areas like the Middle East, and Africa, in places like Somalia, Angola, & Ethiopia, but also in Latin America The USSR became more aggressive & confident, supplying more military than economic assistance to its allies. By the early 1980s, the USSR was exporting more weapons than even the USA (just over 30% of the global demand) The USSR invaded Afghanistan in 1979 to support the Communist regime there, afraid its ruler might become pro-American Fundamental ideological differences and antagonisms never really went away - even during the height of dtente
MOST IMPORT ANT

The arms race continued, and even intensified, as both sides deployed new nuclear missiles in Europe

The USA was undergoing a crisis of confidence after Vietnam and its insecurity bred renewed aggression and assertiveness, after the initial timidity Vietnam had created

Republican President Ronald Reagan from 1980 took a much harder line towards what he called the evil empire (USSR) than his successors; he sited new IRBMs in Europe, for example, and engaged in containment actions around the globe. His Republican administration was full of hawks and hard-liners like Alexander Haig. Discussion Questions Who do you think was more to blame for the collapse of dtentethe USSR or the USA? Can you think of any other reasons dtente failed to last? How might dtente have been saved? Was dtente important?

LESS IMPORT ANT

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The Reasons

1st

MOST IMPORTANT

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

8th 7th

9th

LESS IMPORTANT

Cartoon lampooning Nixon and Brezhnev

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The Second Cold War 1979-1985 After 1979, the World was embroiled in another dangerous escalation of the Cold War. Why? Ronald Reagan came to power in 1980. A hard-line Republican, he hated Communism and the USSR; after Carters ineffectual and divided administration, when there had been no clear consensus on what to do about the USSR (Lundestad claims there were three approaches within the Carter cabinet: moderate, hawkish and pragmatic!) Reagan gave a clear lead. After Carters failure to rescue the US hostages in Iran, Americans felt weak and powerless. The charismatic Reagan made them feel good about themselves again. He massively increased defence spending and took direct action. He invaded Grenada in 1983; he supplied weapons to the Contras in Nicaragua and the Mujahedeen in Afghanistan; and he installed new missiles in Europe. He even broke the ABM treaties, planning a space-based weapons system (Strategic Defence Initiative or Star Wars). The Soviets became more aggressive too. Keen to assert their superpower status and to flex their muscles in various parts of the Third World, they helped to cause and sustain numerous wars and revolutions in places like South Yemen. Their proxies, like Cuba, also became increasingly involved in Africa. Soviet influence in Africa and Latin America grew considerably in the early 1980s, and this alarmed Washington. When China invaded Vietnam in 1979, the USSR warned the Chinese of a possible retaliation. As with the Middle East though, most historians think this was bluff. Still, it demonstrated Soviet readiness to side with their regional allies. Sino-American rapprochement had alarmed the Soviets. The Americans seemed to want better relations with the PRC than they did with the other Communist giant; the former received more beneficial trade and economic terms than the latter, for example; there was even some military co-operation. The USA was essentially playing a divide and conquer game; Other nations like GB. In certain Western European countries, new leaders like Margaret Thatcher in Britain pursued more hawkish policies. She was also personally close to Reagan and the two shared a similar economic and political philosophy. She fully supported his intention of stationing cruise missiles in NATO countries, despite Soviet objections; Instability in Eastern Europe. The corrupt Brezhnev was in his last years. The USSR was an increasingly dysfunctional society, and as such even more oppressive and dangerous. When Polands Solidarity movement sprang up demanding reforms, Moscow ordered Polands leader, General Jaruzelski, to crush it and impose martial law. The West was outraged, with especial condemnation coming from the new Polish pope, John Paul II. Perhaps, these terms thaw dtente, escalation are all ultimately misleading The Cold War and the threat of nuclear Armageddon never really went away in the period 1945-1991. There were temporary ups and downs, but the threat always remained, as long as the USSR and the USA were engaged in a life and death struggle for the soul (and resources) of the planet.

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The Consequences of the Cold War Find the labels, memorise them and write them in the relevant boxes
MILITARY SOCIAL

FOR THE USA & ITS ALLIES

ECONOMIC

POLITICAL

ECONOMIC

MILITARY

FOR THE USSR & ITS ALLIES

POLITICAL

SOCIAL

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Past Questions 1. The USSR was more responsible than the USA for the development of the Cold War outside Europe in the period from 1950 to 1985. How far do you agree? [N. 2009] 2. To what extent was the outbreak of the Korean War due to the involvement of the USSR? [N. 2009] 3. The US policy of containment was a failure in the years from 1950 to 1975. How far do you agree? [M. 2009] 4. Neither the USSR nor the USA gained anything from involvement in the Arab-Israeli Conflict from 1948 to the Camp David Accords How far do you agree? [M. 2009] Plans Q1. Introduction

Conclusion Q2. Introduction

Conclusion

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Q3. Introduction

Conclusion

Q4. Introduction

Conclusion