INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Approved by CSIR-NISCAIR ISSN NO: 2277-7318

COMPACT PATCH ANTENNA PARAMETERS ENHANCEMENT USING LEFT-HANDED METAMATERIAL IN L-BAND

Bimal Garg1, Ranjeet Pratap Singh Bhadoriya2
1,2Dept.

of Electronics Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology & Science, Gwalior, India

2

bimalgarg@yahoo.com r.pratap7872@gmail.com

Abstract- In this paper, the authors reduces the return loss to a great extent by using triangular shaped metamaterial structure in L-Band. First, the authors formulate a general theory for inhomogeneously loaded subwavelength rectangular patch antennas. The system is firstly modelled by Computer Simulation Technology Software (CST-2010). With the help of CST-2010, the return loss, directivity, radiation pattern & efficiency of compact rectangular Patch Antenna operating at 2GHz frequency and rectangular Patch Antenna along with designed Metamaterial shape have been evaluated in this work. After evaluation, the Double Negative Metamaterial properties of the proposed Structures are verified by using NRW (NicolsonRoss-Weir) approach. Basically metamaterial neither exists in nature nor are they found in naturally occurring media. Metamaterial itself has no property instead it achieve properties from structural design rather than composition. In this designing process CST-MWS software is used for the simulation process and later on for the NRW approach Microsoft Excel is used. Keywords: Metamaterial, Nicolson Ross Weir (NRW), Permittivity, Rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA), Return loss.

structure is introduced as the cover of the antenna. The radiation pattern, bandwidth, and directivity of the new patch antenna are studied by full-wave simulations, combined with boundary Conditions. The effects of the cover layer on the performance of the antenna are also analysed. After comparison with the RMPA alone and post metamaterial introduction it has been seen that there are lots of parameter improvement took place such as; directivity, return loss, bandwidth and gain. Computer Simulation Technologymicrowave studio (CST-MWS) Software has used for the imitation. MS Excel has been used to justify the Double Negative properties of the proposed design. II. DESIGNING METHOD AND SIMULATED RESULTS For design purpose first of all, length and width of the patch antenna for 2GHz has been calculated. The microstrip patch antenna (Rectangular) parameters were calculated by these formulas. A. Desired Parametric Analysis [3][4]: Calculation of Width (W): . (1)

I. INTRODUCTION The peremptory for small, compact, low cost antennas has grown tremendously over the past years, due to the desire for reduced antenna size in both military and commercial areas. There has been a lot of analysis published on the improvement of the performances of patch antennas. Most of the solutions proposed were to use an array of several antennas. The main disadvantage of this method is the feeding of each antenna and also from the coupling between each element. Many different arousing curiositic solutions have been suggested. The first was to make use of a superstrate of either high permittivity or permeability above the patch antenna [2] and later proposed recently was to sandwich the antenna by dielectric layers of the same permittivity [3], [11]. Now in this new study it is going to be revealed as improvement in performances of a rectangular patch antenna when a left-handed medium (LHM) [1], [12] metamaterial is placed above it. In this paper it is going to be present a new design of patch antenna system, in which a metamaterial

Where, c = velocity of light in free space, r = Substrates Dielectric constant Effective dielectric constant will be calculated by:

. (2)

Actual length of the Patch (L)

ISSUE 3 VOL 1, JAN-FEB, 2013 PAPER ID 11537-42836-1

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Approved by CSIR-NISCAIR ISSN NO: 2277-7318

L = Leff - 2L Where, Leff

. (3)

. (4)

Length Extension will be Calculate by

( ( )( )( ) )

. (5)
Fig. 2: After Simulation Result of Patch antenna showing Return Loss of -13 dB.

After parameter calculation designing has been done on the CST-MWS. The Patch Antenna (in fig. 1) is designed using the calculated parameters shown below in Table 1. Table 1: RMPA Specifications: Parameter Dielectric Constant (r) Thickness (h) Operating Frequency Length (L) Width (W) Cut Width Cut Depth Path Length Width Of Feed Dimensions 4.3 1.6 2 35.0462 45.2721 5.0 10.0 33.03605 3.009 Unit mm GHz mm mm mm mm mm mm

Fig. 3: Radiation Pattern of Rectangular microstrip patch antenna showing directivity of 5.321dBi.

III. (NICOLSON-ROSS-WEIR) APPROACH AND RESPECTED RESULTS The considered metamaterial structured design is placed between the two waveguide ports[6] at the left & right of the X-Axis as in fig. 5, in respect to calculate the S11 and S21 parameters[7][8]. The signals excitation has been done from left side to right side of the structure assuming that there is air in surrounding. The Y-Plane defined as Perfect Electric Boundary (PEB) and Z-Plane defined as the Perfect Magnetic Boundary (PMB). Following after, the wave was excited from the negative X-axis (Port 1) towards the positive X-axis (Port 2).

Fig. 1: Rectangular microstrip patch antenna at 2 GHz (all dimensions in mm).

Designed RMPA was simulated in CST-MWS software at the operating frequency (2 Mhz). Simulated results are in fig. 2 & fig. 3 as follows. Figure 2 shows the return loss verses frequency graph and figure 3 shows the radiation pattern of patch and its other parameters.

Fig. 5: Proposed metamaterial structure between the two Waveguide Ports at the left & right of the X-axis.

Through this arrangement, the S11 and S21 parameters were exported to Microsoft Excel program for verifying the doublenegative metamaterial properties of the proposed metamaterial structure by using the NRW approach.

ISSUE 3 VOL 1, JAN-FEB, 2013 PAPER ID 11537-42836-1

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Approved by CSIR-NISCAIR ISSN NO: 2277-7318
Formulas for calculating the value of permittivity & permeability using NRW approach [9], [13]:. (6) . (7) Where, V2 = S21 - S11 = Frequency in Radian, d = Thickness of the Substrate, c = Speed of Light, V2 = Voltage Minima. The calculated values of permittivity () and permeability () were calculated by using above equations (6) & (7) in the simulated frequency range. Graph in fig. 6 & 7 shows that the resultant metamaterial structure possesses negative values of permittivity & permeability at the resonating frequency
Fig. 9: Simulated result of proposed metamaterial structure showing Return Loss of -33dB.

The simulated results of the resultant antenna shown below, by the calculation and simulation it has been found that the potential parameters like [10] (gain, total efficiency, & directivity) of the resultant antenna increases significantly in comparison to basic patch antenna alone. Return loss of the resultant metamaterial structure is reduced by 20dB as shown in figure 2 & 9 and directivity has been improved by 0.946dBi (figure 3 & 10).

Fig. 6: Permittivity versus Frequency Graph obtained from Microsoft Excel formulation.

Radiation pattern defined as the power emitted (transmitted) or accepted (received) by an antenna in a function of the leaned position and radial distance from the antenna. It describes how an antenna directs the energy it radiates and it is resoluted in the farfield region. The fig. 10 below shows the radiation pattern of the proposed metamatrial structure.

Fig. 7: Permeability versus Frequency Graph obtained from Microsoft Excel formulation.

Fig. 10: Radiation Pattern of proposed metamaterial structure and directivity of 6.267dBi.

RMPA integrated proposed metamaterial structure at a height 3.276mm from the base plane as shown below in fig. 8.

Smith Charts [7] in fig. 11 of the proposed metamaterial cover antenna shows the impedance matching in the simulated frequency range.

Fig. 8: Rectangular microstrip patch antennas cover using metamaterial structure at a height of 3.276mm from the base plane.

Fig. 11: Smith chart of proposed metamaterial structure at 2 GHz.

ISSUE 3 VOL 1, JAN-FEB, 2013 PAPER ID 11537-42836-1

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Approved by CSIR-NISCAIR ISSN NO: 2277-7318
Figure 12 & 13 are showing the hardware of the proposed antenna, and Experimental Testing of RMPA along with designed metamaterial structure respectively, it is being cleared from figure that the practical result is quite same as the simulated result from the CST software in operating frequency range and return loss is significantly reduced after the implementation of the proposed design of the metamaterial. IV. CONCLUSION The designed antenna could be used in lots of microwave applications in L-band (1-2GHz) frequency range that requires narrow bandwidth, reduced return loss, high directivity & improved total efficiency at the operating frequency. In fig. 11 the shown smith chart proved that it is matched at the 1.953 GHz frequency, which is matched at the impedance of 50 Ohm. The designed metamaterial covered structure improves the antennas characteristics significantly. The Double Negative properties of the proposed metamaterial structure have also been verified using NRW approach. Result achieved by authors in this letter is tremendous like never before [10], [16]. Return loss and directivity was improvised to a great extent, it may improve much better but design got complicated and will be hard to fabricate. This proposed structure was simple enough to design, simulate and fabricate and by using this structured design good result could be achieved. REFERENCES
Fig. 12: Fabricated hardware of RMPA superimposed with LHM metamaterial structure 1.6mm above from the patch.
[1] V.G. VESELAGO THE ELECTRODYNAMICS OF SUBSTANCES WITH SIMULTANEOUSLY NEGATIVE VALUE AND SOV. PHYS. USPEKEKHY.10 (4), 509-514, 1968. [2] D. R. Jackson and N. G. Alex6poulos, "Gain enhancement methods for Printed circuit antennas," IEEE Trans, Antennas Propag, vol. AP-33, no. 9, Sep, 1985. [3] H. Nakano, M. Ikeda, K. Hitosugi, and 1. Yamauchi, "A spiral antenna Sandwiched by dielectric layers," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vo1.52, no. 6, Jun. 2004 [4] Constantine A.Balanis, Antenna Theory and Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997. [5] W.L. Stutzman, G.A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and design, John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Ed., New York, 1998 [6] Zhu, C., Ma, J.J., Li, L., and Liang, C.H.: Multiresonant metamaterial based on asymmetric triangular electromagnetic resonators, IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett., 2010, 9, pp. 99102. [7] G. Lovat, P. Burghignoli, F. Capolino, and D. R. Jackson, R. W. Ziolkowski, Combinations of low/high permittivity and/or permeability substrates for highly directive planar metamaterial antennas, IET Microw. Antennas Propag. 1,177 (2007). [8] C. M. Krowne, Low loss guide wave propagation in a left -handed microstrip structure using dispersive split ring-rod combination metamaterial, IET Microw. Antennas Propag. 1, 887 (2007). [9].H.A. Majid, M.K.A. Rahim and T. Marsi, Microstrip Antenna gain enhancement using left-handed metamaterial structure, progress in Electromagnetic Research M. Vol.8, 235-247, 2009. [10]. Bimal Garg, Rahul Tiwari, Ashish Kumar and Tilak Chitransh, Design of factored X shaped metamaterial structure for enhancement of patch antenna gain SMVDU, IEEE, CSNT-2011. [11]. D.R. Smith, W.J. Padilla, D.C. Vier, et al, Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity, Phys Rev Lett 84, 41844187,May 2000. [12] J.B. Pendry, A.J. Holden, D.J. Robbins, W.J. Stewart, magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena IEEE Trans. Micro Tech. vol.47 no.11, pp.2075-2081, Nov.1999. [13] H.A. Majid, M.K.A. Rahim and T. Marsi, Microstrip Antenna gain enhancement using left-handed metamaterial structure, progress in Electromagnetic Research M. Vol.8, 235-247, 2009. [14] P.K. Singhal, Bimal Garg Design and Characterization of Compact Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Split Ring Shaped Metamaterial Structure published in international journal of electrical and computer engineering, Vol.2, No.5, October 2012, pp. 655~662, IJECE. [15] P K Singhal, Bimal Garg, Nitin Agrawal A High Gain Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Different C Patterns Metamaterial Design In L-Band, published in Advanced Computational Technique in Electromagnetics Volume 2012, Article ID acte-00115, 5 pages, ISPACS. [16] Bimal Garg, Ankita Tomar, Prashant Dubey, Nitin Agrawal, Vijay Sharma, Enhancement of Microstrip Patch Antenna Parameters for Wi-MAX Applications Loaded with SYMMETRICAL C SLOTTED SRR Double Negative Metamaterial, ICECI (e-Manthan), 2012.

Fig. 13: Experimental Testing has been done on spectrum analyser of designed RMPA loaded with metamaterial structure.

Fig. 13: Practically measured result of the proposed RMPA with the implementation of metamaterial structure showing Return Loss of 23.1dB.

ISSUE 3 VOL 1, JAN-FEB, 2013 PAPER ID 11537-42836-1