GSM Radio Network Features

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GPRS/EGPRS
Introduction

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GPRS Logical Architecture

Abis A

BTS

BSC
Gb

MSC/VLR
Gs

Gd SMS-IWMSC (MAP) (MAP)

HLR IP Network

SMS-GMSC

Gr (MAP)

Gi (IP)

SGSN
Gb - Interface between SGSN and BSC (Frame Relay) Gi - Reference point between GPRS and external packet data network Gs - Interface between SGSN and MSC Gr - Interface between SGSN and HLR Gn - Interface between two GSN within the same PLMN Gp - Interface between two GSN in different PLMN Gf - Interface between SGSN and EIR

GGSN
Gn Gn Gp (IP)
Other PLMN

Backbone Network

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GPRS Protocols
Application IP / X.25
Relay

IP / X.25 SNDCP LLC

Relay

SNDCP LLC RLC MAC GSM RF RLC MAC GSM RF Um BSSGP Network Service L1bis Gb

GTP UDP / TCP IP L2 L1 Gn

GTP UDP / TCP IP L2 L1

BSSGP Network Service L1bis

MS

BSS

SGSN

GGSN

Gi

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GSM Radio Network Features

Throughputs measured on application layer means lower throughput than theoretical maximum on RLC/MAC layer since other layers protocols OH like error detectionand correction, re-transmissions etc. are included. The RLC functionality provides a radio-reliable link while MAC handles the access signaling for the radio channel as well as mapping of frames onto the physical radio channel. The theoretical maximum data rate per TS is defined over the RLC/MAC interface (in the air) and is dependent on the coding scheme used. This is equal to the throughput as can be seen in measurement tools like TEMS Investigation by which the air interface can be recorded.

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GPRS Radio Packet Segmentation

Application (server) down to SGSN
PH
segment

User data
segment

Application IP SNDCP

SGSN
FH Info FSC
segment segment segment

LLC

BSS down to MS

FH

data

BCS

RLC/MAC

456bits Encoding and puncture 114bits

Burst Burst Burst

Burst

Physical

20 m sec

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GPRS Logical Channels

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Mapping of GPRS Logical to Physical Channels

TS0 TS1 ... TS7

f1 f2 fn

Downlink: BCCH info about PBCCH Downlink: PBCCH, Packet Broadcast Control Channel PAGCH, Packet Access Grant Channel PPCH, Packet Paging Channel PNCH, Packet Notification Channel PACCH, Packet Associated Control Channel PDTCH, Packet Data Traffic Channel PTCCH, Packet TA Control Channel DL Uplink: PRACH, Packet Random Access Channel PACCH, Packet Associated Control Channel PDTCH, Packet Data Traffic Channel PTCCH, Packet TA Control Channel UL Downlink/Uplink: PDTCH, Packet Data Traffic Channel PACCH, Packet Associated Control Channel PTCCH, Packet TA Control Channel DL/UL

BCCH (1 per cell) Packet Control/Traffic Channel Packet Traffic Channels

Note: PCCCH printed in green

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GPRS Radio terminology (I)

PDCH: PSET: TBF: Packet Data Channel, there are ondemand and dedicated PDCH:s Up to 8 PDCH (dedicated or on-demand) Temporary Block Flow (DL and/or UL) - A transmission of packets to or from an MS. Each TBF is identified by the NW by a TFI, Temporary Flow Identity One RLC/MAC block is send on four consecutive bursts

Radio Block:

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GPRS Radio terminology (II)

MPDCH: The PDCH carrying the PBCCH MM: Mobility Management, MS state seen by the SGSN. The SGSN knows the location of MS when in stand-by or ready state

GPRSNWMODE: The network works in different modes depending on the presence of dedicated PDCH:s and Gs-interface PCU: Packet Control Unit, responsible to PS Radio Resource management in the BSC

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GPRS Radio terminology (III)

MS Classes
Class A: PS and CS connections at the same time Class B: PS or CS connections but attached to both services Class C: Attached to one service at the time

GPRS Network Modes

1: A Master PDCH is allocated, when there are dedicated PDCHs and MPDCH = YES 2: No MPDCH and no Gs interface 3: An MPDCH allocated if dedicated PDCH:s in the cell, no Gs int.

GPRS Mobility Management States (seen by SGSN)

Idle: not GPRS attached Stand-by: GPRS attached and sends RA updates at change of RA Ready: Ongoing or recently ended packet transfer. Cell update at cell change
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GPRS Radio terminology (IV) Radio resource MS states (seen by BSC)

Packet Idle Mode: no packet transfer Packet Transfer Mode: ongoing packet transfer. Radio resources assigned

GPRS Multislot Class

Each GPRS multislot class give information about how many time slots can be assigned in UL and DL and how they can be assigned.

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GPRS Mobility Management State Model

IDLE IDLE

GPRS Attach

GPRS Detach

GPRS Detach GPRS Attach

or

Cancel Location

READY

Implicit Detach or Cancel Location

or or

READY

READY timer expiry

or

READY timer expiry LLC PDU transmission Force to STANDBY Abnormal RLC condition LLC PDU reception

Force to STANDBY

STANDBY
MM State Model of MS
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STANDBY
MM State Model of SGSN
GSM Radio Network Features

Idle state The MS is turned on but not GPRS attached. The MS is invisible to GPRS. MS invisible in SGSN. The MS is not attached to GPRS MM. To enter the Standby State, it has to perform GPRS attach procedure. Used when outside of GPRS coverage area or for class C mobiles when used for CS. No TBF exists, only in packet transfer mode. Standby state The MS is GPRS attached and sends Routing Area Updates to the SGSN every time it changes Routing Area. The MS has performed GPRS Attached procedure. The location of the MS is known (Routing Area Identity = Location Area in R8). The MS may receive paging (CS and PS) Ready state A packet transfer is ongoing or has recently ended. A READY timer defines how long time the MS shall remain in the ready state after a transfer. The time is decided by the SGSN and can take values from zero to infinity, i.e. the MS shall never go back to the Standby state. The MS sends cell update to SGSN every time it changes cell. In ready state there is no need to send a page to the MS. SGSN sends the LLC frames to the PCU and the PCU sends an assignment immediately to the MS since the location is known on cell level.

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Overview of Downlink transfer to GPRS MS

MS nurses a TBF MS camps on on 1-4 PDTCHs CCCH

MS

BSS

Establishment of a TBF Assignment of resources etc.

Release of the TBF.

MS camps on CCCH

Establishment of a TBF Assignment of resources etc.

MS on PDTCH

Etc.
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Downlink management
User Address (TFI) A 07 B 01 C 13

DL

TFI=07

TFI=07

TFI=07

TFI=01

TFI=01

TFI=01

TFI=07

TFI..

Each TBF is identified by a Temporary Flow Identity, TFI

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GSM Radio Network Features

The transmission of packets to or from a certain MS is called a TBF. The correspondence to a CS call setup is an assignment of an uplink or a downlink TBF for a packet transfer. An MS can have a TBF in one direction or one in each direction. Each TBF is identified by a Temporary Flow Identity (TFI) assigned by the network. At assignment of a TBF, the MS is informed of which timeslot(s) to use and its TFI.

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Uplink management
Uplink timeslot allocation: 1. Dynamic allocation 2. Extended dynamic allocation 3. Fixed allocation

User Address (TFI) A 07 B 01 C 13

USF 2 6 3

DL UL

USF=6 TFI=01

USF=6 TFI=01

USF=free USF=2 TFI=07

USF=free USF=3 TFI=13

USF=free USF=6 TFI=01

USF.. TFI..

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GSM Radio Network Features

For each timeslot of the uplink TBF, the MS is assigned a USF (Uplink State Flag) value. A number of MSs can be assigned resources on the same timeslot(s). The header of every downlink RLC block contains the TFI that shows which MS the RLC block is addressed to and the USF. The USF is used to inform a specific MS that it is allowed to send an uplink RLC block in the next group of four bursts. When an MS only has a single RLC block to send, for example an acknowledgement or a Packet Resource Request, the PCU can assign a timeslot at a certain time to the MS. Then no USF is assigned to the MS. In the header of the corresponding downlink RLC block, the USF is then given a value that is not assigned to any MS, in order to avoid collision.

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Radio Block Structure

Each RLC-block is interleaved over 4 bursts/frames Each Radio Block takes 20 ms to transmit 456 bits in one GMSK-RLC block 1392 gross bits in one 8PSK-RLC block (3 bits per symbol)

Header Data
M bits in block RLC/MAC block

Coding bits

Radio Block

456-M bits of coding

456 bits in each radio

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GSM Radio Network Features

456 bits in an GMSK-RLC block and 8 tail & flag bits

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Kbps 60 50 40

Coding Schemes
59.2 54.4

User data rate per timeslot

44.8

30 20 10 0
CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4 12.0 8.0 8.4 20.0 14.4 11.2 14.8 16.8 22.4

29.6

MCS1

MCS2

MCS3

MCS4

MCS5

MCS6

MCS7

MCS8

GPRS
GMSK modulation
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EGPRS
8PSK modulation
GSM Radio Network Features

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Modulation principle of EDGE

GMSK
Q
di=di-1

EDGE
8-PSK modulation
(0,1,0)

Q
(0,1,1)

I
di di-1

(0,0,0)

I
(0,0,1) (1,0,1) (1,1,1) (1,1,0) (1,0,0)

one bit per symbol

(plus 90 deg. if the bit is the same as before, else minus 90 deg.)

three bits per symbol

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GSM Radio Network Features

The modulation type that is used in GSM is called Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK), which is a kind of phase modulation. This can be visualised in a so-called I/Q-diagram that shows the real (I) and imaginary (Q) components of the transmitted signal. Transmitting a 0-bit or a 1-bit is then represented by incrementing the phase with + . Every symbol that is transmitted represents one bit, i.e each shift in the phase represents one bit. To be able to have higher bit rates per time slot, it is needed to change the modulation method and that is what EDGE is all about. EDGE is specified as shown in previous slide to reuse channel structure, channel width, channel coding and the already existing mechanisms and functionality for GPRS and HSCSD. The chosen modulation standard for EDGE, 8 Phase Shift Keying (8PSK), fulfils all those requirements. 8PSK modulation has the same qualities in terms of generating interference on adjacent channels as GMSK. This makes it possible to totally integrate EDGE channels into an existing frequency plan and to assign new EDGE channels in the same way as standard GSM channels. The chosen modulation method, 8PSK, is a linear modulation, where three consecutive bits are mapped onto one symbol in the I/Q-plain. Since the symbol rate , i.e. the number of symbols sent within a certain time, is kept the same as for GMSK, but each symbol now represents three bits instead of one, the total data rate is increased with a factor three.

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EGPRS contains enhanced GPRS radio protocol !

GPRS Protocol
EDGE TRU

Internet Internet SGSN SGSN GGSN

GPRS

MS

BTS

BSC/PCU

EGPRS
MS

EGPRS Protocol

GPRS = EGPRS

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Coding throughput CS-1 to CS-4, TU 50, ideal FH

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Incremental Redundancy and Link Adaptation

60 MCS9

LA curve
50

MCS8

IR curve
Throughput [kb/s per TS]

MCS7

40

8PSK
MCS6

30

MCS5 20 MCS4 MCS3 10 MCS2 MCS1

GMSK

10

15

20 C/I [dB]

25

30

35

40

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52 Multi-frame Structure

RLC/MAC blocks

Radio blocks

continuous timing advance (PTCCH) 52 TDMA frames

idle bursts

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PSET
A PSET can consist of up to 8 time slots The PSET can be a mix of dedicated and on-demand PDCH:s Only PDCH in the same PSET can be used for the same PS connection

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GPRS/EGPRS 64 (4x16) kbit/s Abis allocation

The bit rates for EGPRS outperforms GPRS CS2 about 3 times.
EDGE MS using EGPRS 1TS DL E64
TS0 TS7

EDGE TRX

The two examples gives the same end-user performance.

EDGE MS using GPRS CS2 3TS DL G16 G16 G16 G16 G16 G16 G16 G16
TS0 TS7

Non-EDGE TRX G16 E64

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16 kbit/s Transmission 64 kbit/s Transmission

GSM Radio Network Features

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