PDHonline Course S184 (2 PDH)

Flexible Metal Deck Roof Diaphragms

Instructor: D. Matthew Stuart, P.E., S.E., F.ASCE, F.SEI, SECB, MgtEng

2013

PDH Online | PDH Center

5272 Meadow Estates Drive Fairfax, VA 22030-6658 Phone & Fax: 703-988-0088 www.PDHonline.org www.PDHcenter.com

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Sheardiaphragmsareessentiallyplanarstructuralsystemsfoundinroofs,floors,andwallsof buildings.Theyarecomprisedofinterconnectedunits,attachedtosupportingmembers,such thattheentireassemblypossessesbothinplaneshearstrengthandstiffness.Themajor componentsofadiaphragmincludetheindividualdeckpanels,thestructuralmemberstowhich theyareconnectedandtheconnectingdevicesorfasteners.Fastenertypesincludewelds, screws,powerdrivenpins,orothermechanicaldevicesthathaveapredictablecapacity.The strengthandstiffnessofadiaphragmdependsonthepanelproperties,thespanarrangements, andthequalityoftheconnections.

Figure1illustratesthebasicconceptforaroofandwalldiaphragm.InFigure1windpressureon thewallsparalleltolengthLactonthebuilding.Alineloadreactionofthispressureis distributedtothetopofthewallattheroofplaneviatheverticalspanningcapacityofthe claddingoverheightH.Theroof,actingasasimplespanhorizontalgirderofdepthB,distributes thewindlineloadasashearreactionalongthetopoftheendwallsperpendiculartoL.Theend wallsinturnactasdiaphragmsbetweentheroofandfoundationlevels.

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Fortheroofinthisexample,thetotaluniformloadonthediaphragmequalsthecombined effectsofthewindwardandleewardcladdingreactions(ww +wL).The maximumendreaction(R) oftheroofdiaphragmtherefore is((ww +wL)xL)/2.RdividedbylengthBequalsthecollector loadormaximumuniformshearforceinthediaphragm.Themaximumroofdiaphragmmoment (M)equals((ww +wL)xL2)/8.Thecorrespondingdiaphragmchordforcesarethereforeequalto MdividedbythediaphragmdepthB.Themaximumunitshearonthewalldiaphragmisalso equaltotheroofreaction,R,dividedbyB.However,thewalldiaphragmmomentequalsRxH. Itshouldalsobenotedthat: a. Adiaphragmactslikeashortdeepbeam. b. Themaximumaverageshear(R/B)occursattheendsoftheroofdiaphragm. c. Zonesnearthemidspanoftheroofaresubjectedtolessunitshearthereforeless diaphragmstrengthisrequired. d. Thelargerdesignshearsmayberesistedbyusingbothheaviergagepanelsandfewer connectionsorby ymorefrequently q yconnectedlighter g g gage g p panels.Thereforethemost efficientuseofmaterialsmaynotbemetbyusingasinglediaphragmdesignforthe entireroofarea.However,fromapracticalconstructabilitystandpointitismore commontouseasingledeckandconnectortypeoveranentireroofandincreasethe frequencyoftheconnectorsinordertoresistgreaterinplaneshearforces.

Roofdiaphragmsmaybeassembledfrom awidevarietyofpanelprofilesincluding NarrowRib(NR),IntermediateRib(IR)and WideRib(WR).Eachofthesedifferent decktypesaredescribedintheSteelDeck Institute(SDI)PublicationNo.31,Design ManualforCompositeDecks,FormDecks andRoofDecks.Roofdiaphragmpanels typicallyvaryfrom0.0295inchesto0.064 inchesinthicknessandcomeinwidthsof 18inchesto36inchesormore.

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Adiaphragmshouldbedesignedandassembledtocoveraspecifiedareainsuchawaythatin planeshearstrengthandstiffnessispredictable.Theprincipalelementsdeterminingthese factorsincludespacingofthesupportframing,thesizeandthicknessoftheindividualdeck panelsandtheinterconnectingfasteners.Ametalroofdeckdiaphragmisafairlyflexiblesystem somewhatanalogoustoatrussasshowninFigure2.Priortoinstallingthetrussdiagonalor attachingthediaphragmtothesupports(andeachadjacentsheetviasidelapconnectors), neitheroftheframespossessmuchstrengthorstiffness.Theshearstrengthofadiaphragm systemislimitedbythestrengthofconnections,localpanelbucklingandthegeneralplatelike bucklingcharacteristicsoftheentirediaphragmarea.

Inadditiontoneedingtoresistplanarshearforces,inorderforadiaphragmtofunctionproperly itisalsonecessarytoprovidemembersalongtheextremeedgesofthedeckasrequiredtoresist theflexuraltensionandcompressioncomponentsofthedeepbeammember.Thisisanalogous tothetopandbottomchordsofatrussresistingthecompressionandtensionforcesofthe member.

Source: CSI

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Thestrengthofadiaphragmcanalsobelimitedbyproperattentiontotheedgeandend terminationconditions.Inaddition,atinteriorpositions,panelsmustbesufficientlyoverlapped toprovideadequateenddistancesfortheconnectorused.Ifpanelsarebuttedattheirends ratherthanendlapped,asiscommonwithfloordecks,theneachpanelmustbeindividually connectedatitsendswiththespecifiedpattern. Theoverlappingedgesofpanelsshouldbeinclosecontactinordertominimizetheeccentricity onfastenersatthelap. lap Thisisalsoacriticalfactoratsidelapconditions conditions.Inaddition, addition fasteners usedattheoverlapconditionshouldalsobeinstalledontheedgepanelatthediaphragm perimeterwherethesidelapconnectorwouldnormallyoccuriftherewereanotheradjacent panel.Otherwisetheshearstrengthalongthefirstinteriorsidelapmayexceedthatalongthe perimetermemberthusdiminishingthecontributionofthedeckendconnectionatthe supportingshearwallorverticalXbracedframe.

Source: TataSteel

Fasteners
Establishingwhattypeoffasteneristobeusedisacriticalcomponentofdesigninganddetailing adiaphragm.Fastenerscommonlyincludewelds,screwsandpowderdrivennaillikepins. Structuralconnectionsincludefastenersthatconnectoneormoresheetstoheavierorthicker frameorstructuralmembers.Sidelapconnectionsincludefastenersthatconnectadjacentpanels toeachotherandnottothesupportingframemembers.Stitchconnectionsareanothername forsidelapconnections.

Source: Hilti;MetalDeckSupply;HobartBrothers

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WeldedConnections:
Arcspotwelds,orpuddlewelds,areproducedbystrikinganarcontheuppersheet,thereby causingaholetoform,whilethelowersheetisbeingraisedtofusiontemperature.Withthe attainmentofthepropertemperature,theelectrodeismovedinacircularpatternuntilthehole isfilledandfusionattainedonthearcpuddleperimeter.Therelativestrengthinaseriesofwelds canvarysignificantlybymodestchangesinweldingtimes. Arcspotwelds A ld tostructural lmembers b (i.e. (i welding ldi of fthinner hi sheets h tothicker hi k structural l members)requiredirectcontactbetweentheunitsforproperheattransfer.Inaddition,aproper balancebetweentheweldingtimeandtheelectrodeburnoffrateisessentialtogoodquality welding.Weldingmachinepowersettingsrequiredusuallyarewellbelowthoseneededfor weldinginhotrolledsteels.Thetimerequiredperweldmayvarybetween3and6secondsor moredependingofthepropertiesofpartsbeingconnected.

Source: PalmBeachCountySchools

Weldwashersfunctionasaheatsinkallowingholeformationinthinnerpanelswithoutexcessive growthofthehole,asthetemperatureoftheunderlyingpanelisincreased.Thewasheris subsequentlyfilledwiththeweldstemgrowingintothelowerpanelwhichbecomesanchoredon thewashersholeperimeter.Uponcooling,thewasherisclampeddownontheattachedsheet. Weldwashersarerecommendedforpanelsthinnerthan0.0280inches.

Source: MetalDeckSupply

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AllweldsshouldbemadebyqualifiedoperatorsfollowingAWSD1.3Specifications.Asindicated previously,weldingthinmaterialusuallyrequiresamuchlowerpowersettingandlowerburnoff ratethanwithheavysteelunits.Particularcareisalsorequiredwhenweldingdecktojoistsin ordertoavoiddamagetothejoistchords.Preliminaryfieldqualitycontrolcheckscanbemadeby placingapairofweldsinadjacentvalleysatoneendofapanel.Avisualinspectionwillshowif theweldmaterialisfusedproperlyandincontactwiththeunderlyingpanel.Intermittent contactmayindicateexcessivepowersettings.Separationbetweenthepanelsmayindicate insufficientweldingtimeandpoorfusion.Theterminationoftheweldingoperationmaynot permitcompletefusionaroundtheentireperimeter perimeter.Weldfusionshouldbevisibleovernoless thanthreequartersoftheweldperimeter. Inadjacentdiaphragmpanelswithnestableorflatoverlappingedges,sheettosheetorstitch connectionsaretypicallyrequiredawayfromthesupportingmembers.Theplacementofarc spotweldsatsuchsidelapsisdifficult.Inaddition,thethinnerthematerial,themoredifficultthe weldingoperationbecomes.Weldingofsidelapsisnotrecommendedformaterialof0.0295inch orthinner.Theamountofslipormovementexperiencedasweldsareloadedinshearinthin steelelementsisverysmallrelativetothatformostothermechanicalconnectors.The movementisessentiallylimitedtopaneldistortionaroundtheweld.

SidelapScrewConnector Source: Bondek

ScrewConnections:
Screwsmustbeinstalledusingproperlycalibratedtoolsinordertoavoidoverdrivingwhichcan stripthethreadsatsidelapsorseverthescrewwhenitisplacedintoathickersupporting member.Thequalityofscrewconnectorsingeneralistypicallynotamajorproblemalthough thesetypesofconnectorscansometimesfracturewhenbeingdrivenintoathickersupporting material.Themostcommonproblemwithscrewconnectorsinvolvesallowingthescrewto threadupontheuppersheetbeforebecomingengagedinthelowersheetthusleavingmajor gapsbetweentheseparatepanels.Suchscrewsshouldberemovedandredrivennearbywhile forcingsheetlayerstoremainindirectcontact.

Source: Simpson

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PowderDrivenFasteners:
Powderdrivenfastenersmustbeinstalledfollowingthemanufacturersrecommendations.Care mustbeexercisedinsettingthedrivingforcetoobtaintheproperdepthofpenetration.Once drivenproperly,thesenaillikefastenersareveryresistanttoextractionbyupliftforces.Inuplift testsonsheetmaterial,theusualmodeoffailureinvolvestearingthesheetaroundtheheador washerleavingthefastenerinplace.

Source: Hilti

ButtonPunchedSidelaps:
Thequalityofbuttonpunchingisdifficulttomaintainbecausetheattachmentdependsonthe careandtheenergyusedbytheinstallerandthetoolthatisused.

Source: Metaldeck.com

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Miscellaneous:
1. Strengthvs.Cost:Itistypicallybettertoachievetherequireddiaphragmstrengthwitha greaternumberofweakerbutlessexpensivefasteners.Howeveritisrecommendedthatthe designershouldcheckthedeflectionofthediaphragm. 2. Theinsurancefireratingorwindupliftrequirementsofabuildingmaynotallowa substitutionoffastenersorchangeinspacingasgovernedbydesign. design 3. Thecommonavailabilityofanygivendeckattachmenttool,equipmentorpowersourcemay dictatethechoiceoffastenerforanygivenproject. 4. Theexposedundersideappearanceofthedeckmaybeimportant.Ifappearanceiscritical sidelapscrewsorevenveryweakbuttonpunchesmayberequiredeventhoughanincreased numberoftheseconnectorswouldbeneededoverthatprovidedbywelding. 5. Atthistimetherearenostandardtestsforupliftloadingsonfasteners.However,uplift failureofadeckpanelunderserviceloadingisveryuncommon.Thisisbecausethespacing offastenersasdictatedbydiaphragmdesignorinsurancerequirements(FactoryMutualor UnderwritersLaboratories)typicallyexceedsanynetupliftforces.

HowtoFastenSteelDeck
Fasteningofmetaldecktothesupportsatonetimewasonlydonebyweldinguntilselfdrilling screwsbecameavailable.Inaddition,weldingofdeckhasalsobeenreplacedtosomedegreeby fastenersthatareshotin(eitherairorpowderactuated).Allthreeofthesemethodsof attachmentperformthesamefunctionofholdingthedeckinplaceandthusallowingshear strengthandstiffness(thatcanbepredicted)tobedeveloped. Becausetheconnectionofthedeck(bothsidelapsandtothesupports)isaveryimportant componentofthediaphragmcapacity,forbothstructuralstabilityandinsuranceandfirerating approvals,itisuptothedesignertochoosethecorrectfastenerstobespecifiedandbeableto judgethemeritsofsubstitutionsrequestedbythecontractor.

Source: BarsinProducts

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WeldedConnections:
Welding,whenproperlyexecuted,providesthestrongestandstiffestdeckconnections.Welding alsorequiresthemostskillandthereforeshouldbeinspectedthoroughly.Becausemostvisible welddiametersusedwithsteeldeckarebetweeninchesandinchesneitherAISInorAWS capacityformulasshouldbeused.However,testingperformedbytheSDIhasestablished strengthsforwelddiametersbetweeninchandinches.Theultimatestrengthformulawas determinedtobethatshownonthisslide.ThecorrespondingAISIformulaindicatesthatgreater weldstrengthscanresultwithmultiplemetalthickness(suchasatoverlaps),however theSDI testssuggeststhatformetaldeckthiseffectshouldbeignored.TheSDIalsorecommends,based onthedistributionofthetestresults,thatasafetyfactorof2.75beusedfortheseweldsrather thanasafetyfactorof2.56assuggestedbytheAISISpecifications. Qf =2.2*t*Fu *(dt)[inkips] Where: d=averagevisiblediameter[inches] Fu =steelstrength[ksi] t=basemetalthickness[inches]

Itisgoodpracticetouseweldwashersfordeckswithametalthicknesslessthan0.0280inches.It isalsorecommendedtouse5/8inchpuddleweldswithoutwashersformaterialthicknesses greaterthan0.0280inches.Innocaseshouldwashersbeusedoninteriorsidelaps. Inadjacentdeckpanelswithnestableorflatoverlappingedges,sheettosheet(stitch) connectionsarerequired.Theinstallationofarcspotweldsatsidelapscanbeproblematic.In addition,thethinnerthematerial,themoredifficulttheweldingoperation.Weldingofsidelaps isnotrecommendedformaterialthicknessesof0.0295 0 0295inchesorthinner. thinner

Source: Cordeck

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ScrewConnections:
Screwconnections,suchasBuildexTEKSscrews,maybeeitherselfdrillingortheselftapping typethatrequiresapredrilledholepriortoinstallation.Themostcommonlyusedscrewsizeto attachdecktobarjoistsorstructuralsteelareNo.12andNo.14.SmallerNo.8andNo.10 screwsaremorecommonlyusedforsidelapconnections. Wh connecting When ti thi thinmetal t ldeck d kt tothi thicker k structural t t lmembers b such hasb barj joists i t orb beam flanges,littledifferenceexistsintheshearstrengthforNo.12andNo.14screws.Thisisbecause thefailuremodeofthedecktendstoinvolvearolluporcrushingofthedeckonthebearing sideofthescrewwithfracturelinessubsequentlydevelopinginthedecking. Forstitchconnectionsbetweensheets(atthesidelaps)adifferenttypeoffailureoccurs.The screw,whennotanchoredintoathickermorerigidelement,tipsovermoreeasilyandismore flexible.Althoughtheresultingstrengthmaybelimitedbybearingandtearinginthemetaldeck, withsufficientrotationofthesidelap,acombinedtearingandpulloutfailuremayalsooccur. TheSDIscrewstudiesindicatethatstitchscrewshearcapacityisindependentoftheyield strengthofsteeldeckthatiscommonlyusedforflexiblediaphragms.Themostcommon prematurefailureproblemwithsidelapattachmentsoccurswhenthescrewisallowedtothread upontheuppersheetbeforebecomingfullyengagedinthelower,thuscreatingmajorgaps betweentheadjacentunits.Suchimproperlyinstalledscrewsshouldberemovedandredriven whileforcingtheoverlappingsheetstoremainincontact.

PowderDrivenFasteners:
Metaldecktostructuralsupportconnectionscanalsobemadebyusingnaillikefasteners,driven eitherpneumaticallyorwithpowderactuatedtools.Suchfastenersaremadefromhardened steelandusuallyhaveaheattreatedshafttoenhanceanchorage.Theshaft,whichmayhavea slighttaper,canbefittedwithwashers,concavetothedrivingdirectiontoabsorbthefinaldriving energyandclampthesheetinposition. Sincetherearenopredrilledholesrequiredwiththesetypesofconnectors,theinstallation processdisplacesmaterialandleavesitlockedunderthewasher,resultinginverystiff connections.Thedrivingdepthiscontrolledbythepowerselectionforthetoolused.Fastener strengthisinfluencedbythedrivingdepth.TestsconductedbyWestVirginiaUniversityalso indicatethatthethicknessoftheunderlyingmaterialhasnoeffectonshearstrengthsincethe thinnersheetmaterialwillcontrolperformance. Adrivenfastenershouldbeinstalledsotheheadprojectsoutward,fromtheattachedpart,to limits li it set tby b th themanufacturer. f t Th Theaxis i of fthe th fastener f t must tbe b perpendicular di l to t the th sheet h tprior i todriving,usuallywithinplusorminus10degreesofvertical.Inaddition,itisrecommendedthat edgeandendfastenershaveaminimumsidelapedgedistanceof3/8inchandaminimumend andendlapdistanceof1inch.

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ButtonPunchedSidelaps:
Incertainpanels,oneedgehasanupstandingsingleelement,whiletheoppositesidehasa foldedoverdoubleelement.Aspanelsareplaced,thesingleelementisinsertedintothedouble element,producinganupstandingsidelapthatcanbebuttonpunchedtoprovideinterlockingof thetwoadjacentsheets. Ahand h doperated t dpunching hi tool t lforms f ath threelayer l nest tof fsmall llconesth that ti isl left fti inaslightly li htl loosestate,becauseofelasticrebound,astheformingforceisremoved.Manualbuttonpunched sidelapsdostabilizepaneledgesbutcontributelittlediaphragmstrengthastheycanvarygreatly inshapeandeffectiveness.Thequalityofhandinstalledbuttonpunchesisdifficulttomaintain. Theattachmentdependsonthecareandtheenergyusedbytheinstallerandthetoolused.A safetyfactorofthreeisrecommended.

Miscellaneous:
Atconditionswherejoistsspanperpendiculartoandterminateatashearwall,theedge mostdiaphragmpanelmaynotbeindirectcontactwiththewall.Attheseconditionsthe requiredperimeterdiaphragmconnectionscanbeaccomplishedbyinstallingablockspacer orcollectoralongthetopofthewallbetweenthejoiststhatmatchesthedepthofthe bearingassembly.Acontinuousangleattacheddirectlytothetopofandperpendicularto thejoistmayalsobeusedaslongasthebearingassemblyofthejoistsiscapableof transferringthecollectorforcetothetopofthewallbelow. below AllowableloadtablesareavailablefromtheSDIandanumberofdifferentdeck manufacturers.Loadtablesaretypicallycategorizedbythemeansofconnection,thepanel widthandthickness,spanlengths,thefasteningpatternandthetypeoffastenerandsidelab connector. Thestiffnessofadiaphragmisadirectindicationofhowsusceptiblethedeckistodistortions undertheinfluenceofinplaneshearforces.Theneedtoknowthemagnitudeofmovement isparticularlyimportantwhenassessingthetransferofforces,throughadiaphragm, betweenadjacentframesorshearwalls.Inaddition,thehorizontaldeflectionofthe diaphragmcanhaveanimpactontheswayofexteriorcladdingmembers,suchasprecastor tiltuppanels,inadditionaltothelocalizedflexuraldeflectionofthesameasaresultofwind loadsperpendiculartothespanofthediaphragm. Steeldeckdiaphragmsmaybereinforcedwithoverlaymentssuchas insulatingconcrete, structuralconcrete,orbydirectlyattachingflatpanelssuchasplywoodtoproduceaflat surface.Thesupplementalmaterialprovidesadditionalpathsthroughwhichshearforces maytraversethediaphragm. Itisalsopossibletoinstallhorizontaldiagonalsteelbracingorstrapsbeneaththedeckin ordertosupplementorsupplanttheshearcapacityofthedeck.

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DesignExample
Thefollowingdesignexampleisforasimpleonestoryrectangularbuildingexposedtoatotalwindward andleewardpressureof35PSF.Itshouldbenotedthatinthisexamplethewindwardandleeward pressurereactionsatthetopofthecladdingandalongtheedgeofthediaphragmareshownasa combinedlineloadof245PLF. Asindicatedintheexample,thediaphragmreactionof16.54kipsisdividedbythelengthoftheend walltoarriveattheunitcollectordiaphragmshearforceof367.5PLF.Atthesametimeashear diagramisdevelopedfortheentirediaphragmspaninordertoassistintheestablishmentofdifferent fastenerzonesasrequiredtosatisfythevaryingmagnitudesofplanarshearresistanceresultingfrom theimposedloads. AnAllowableDiaphragmShearStrengthTable(availablefrommostoftheroofdeckmanufacturesas wellastheSDI)isthenreferredtoinordertoassessthemostappropriatefastenerspacingforthe appliedloads.Inthisexample,36inchwide,1inch,TypeB,22Gagemetalroofdeckusing5/8inch puddleweldsand#10TEKscrewsidelapfastenershavebeenpreselectedasthetypeofdeckand fastenerstobeused.ItshouldbenotedthatthecapacitiesintheShearStrengthTablealreadyincludea 1/3increaseforwind. Forajoistspacingof6feetandapreselectedweldpatternof4uniformlyspacedpuddleweldsacross the h 36inch i hwide id panel, l ashear h capacity i of f374 3 PLFcanb beobtained b i dusing i 8uniformly if l spaced dsidelap id l screwsalongthe6feetspanofthedeck.Thisvalueisgreaterthanthe367.5PLFendshearreaction calculatedintheexample. Nextatanarbitrarylocationapproximatelyofthediaphragmspanfromtheendsupportwallis analyzedinordertoallowforareductioninthenumberoffastenersoverthemiddlehalfoftheroof. Theequivalentuniformshearloadatthislocationonthediaphragmis193PLF.Referringagaintothe AllowableShearStrengthTableindicatesthatusingaweldpatternof3uniformlyspacedpuddlewelds acrossthe36inchwidepanel,ashearcapacityof193PLFcanbeobtainedusing2uniformlyspaced sidelapscrewsalongthe6feetspanofthedeck.

Detailingoftheconnectionofthemetalroofdecktotheendshearwallsisnotcoveredinthisexample, howevertypicallyacontinuousembeddedsteelplateinthetopofthewallwouldbeprovidedinorder forthedecktobesecuredtothetopofthewall. Shearinthedeckdiaphragmisalsocheckedforwindloadsagainsttheshortsideofthebuildingin whichthediaphragmonlyhastospan45feet betweenthe135feet longCMUshearwalls.The calculatedmaximumunitcollectordiaphragmshearforceof41PLFislessthantheminimum193PLF shearcapacityofthedeckintheotherorthogonaldirection,thereforethefastenerpatterndeveloped inthefirstpartoftheexampleisadequateforwindloadsintheoppositedirection.However,asthe joistbearingassemblyseparatesthetopedgeofthedeckfromtheCMUshearwallitisnecessaryfor the h collector ll force f tob betransmitted i dfrom f the h diaphragm di h tothe h topof fthe h wall llthrough h hthe h j joist i bearing b i assemblies.Amaximumrolloverforceof246poundsiscalculatedateachjoist,whichislessthanthe typicalindustrystandardjoistbearingassemblycapacityof1,650pounds,thereforenocollectorblockis requiredbetweeneachjoisttotransfertheshearforcestothetopofthewall. Inorderforthediaphragmtofunctionproperly,inadditiontoananalysisoftheplanarshearforces,itis necessarytoprovidechordmembersalongtheextremeedgesofthedecktoprovideresistancetothe extremeflexuraltensionandcompressioncomponentsofthedeepbeamdiaphragmanalogy.Forthis examplethemaximumchordforceiscalculatedasfollows: Mmax=((245PLF)*(135FT)2)/8=558.14KipFeet;ChordForce=558.14KF/45FT=12.4Kips Assumingthatcompressioncontrols,themaximumallowablecompressivestressof10.14ksiis calculatedfora36ksi,continuousL3x3xbracedat6feetoncenterwereitisconnectedtothetopof thejoistbearingassemblies.Theactualcalculatedcompressivestressof8.61ksiintheL3x3islessthan theallowable.Itisimportanttounderstandthatthischordmembermustbeprovidedalongboth135 feetlongedgesofthedeckwithbuttweldsprovidedatalljointsoftheL3x3.Thechordmemberfor windforcesintheoppositedirectionisprovidedbythecontinuousembeddedsteelplatelocatedinthe topofthe45feetlongendshearwallsasdescribedinthepreviousslide.

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Source:SDI

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Thefollowingareillustrationsofroofdeckattachmentdiagramsandschedulesfromanexample project.Thisinformationshouldbeprovidedonallprojectsinordertoprovideclearinstructions tothedeckinstallerconcerningtherequiredfastenertype,spacingandextent.

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