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Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
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For today
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For today
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Recall:
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Recall: f (x0 )
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Recall: f (x0 ) =
xx0
lim
f (x) f (x0 ) x x0
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If x is small enough,
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= y f (x0 )x
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Q R f (x) f (x0 ) P
dx=x
y S
dy
x0 y = f (x)
x = x0 + dx
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Denitions
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Denitions
Let the function y = f (x) be dierentiable at x.
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Denitions
Let the function y = f (x) be dierentiable at x.
1
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Denitions
Let the function y = f (x) be dierentiable at x.
1
The dierential dx of the independent variable x denotes an arbitrary increment of x. The dierential dy of the dependent variable y associated with x is given by dy = f (x)dx.
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Denitions
Let the function y = f (x) be dierentiable at x.
1
The dierential dx of the independent variable x denotes an arbitrary increment of x. The dierential dy of the dependent variable y associated with x is given by dy = f (x)dx.
If dx = 0,
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Denitions
Let the function y = f (x) be dierentiable at x.
1
The dierential dx of the independent variable x denotes an arbitrary increment of x. The dierential dy of the dependent variable y associated with x is given by dy = f (x)dx.
If dx = 0, then dy = f (x)dx
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Denitions
Let the function y = f (x) be dierentiable at x.
1
The dierential dx of the independent variable x denotes an arbitrary increment of x. The dierential dy of the dependent variable y associated with x is given by dy = f (x)dx.
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Remark
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Remark
The symbol dy may be interpreted as: dx
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Remark
The symbol dy may be interpreted as: dx
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Remark
The symbol dy may be interpreted as: dx
the derivative of y = f (x) with respect to x the quotient of the dierential of y by the dierential of x
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Theorem
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Theorem
Let u and v be dierentiable functions of x and c a constant.
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Theorem
Let u and v be dierentiable functions of x and c a constant.
1
d(un ) = nun1 du
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Example
Find dy if y = x5 x3 + 2 x.
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Example
Find dy if y = x5 x3 + 2 x. Solution.
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Example
Find dy if y = x5 x3 + 2 x. Solution. dy
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Example
Find dy if y = x5 x3 + 2 x. Solution. dy = (5x4 3x2 + 2)
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Example
Find dy if y = x5 x3 + 2 x. Solution. dy = (5x4 3x2 + 2) dx
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Example
Find dy if y= x3 + 3 x2 .
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Example
Find dy if y= Solution. x3 + 3 x2 .
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Example
Find dy if y= Solution. dy x3 + 3 x2 .
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Example
Find dy if y= Solution. 1 dy = 2 x3 + 3 x2 x3 + 3 x2 .
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Example
Find dy if y= Solution. 1 dy = (3x2 + 6x) 2 x3 + 3 x2 x3 + 3 x2 .
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Example
Find dy if y= Solution. 1 dy = (3x2 + 6x) dx 2 x3 + 3 x2 x3 + 3 x2 .
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Example
Find dy if xy 2 = y + x.
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Example
Find dy if xy 2 = y + x. Solution.
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Example
Find dy if xy 2 = y + x. Solution. x
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Example
Find dy if xy 2 = y + x. Solution. x(2ydy )
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Example
Find dy if xy 2 = y + x. Solution. x(2ydy ) + y 2
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Example
Find dy if xy 2 = y + x. Solution. x(2ydy ) + y 2 dx
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Example
Find dy if xy 2 = y + x. Solution. x(2ydy ) + y 2 dx = dy
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Example
Find dy if xy 2 = y + x. Solution. x(2ydy ) + y 2 dx = dy + dx
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Example
Find dy if xy 2 = y + x. Solution. x(2ydy ) + y 2 dx = dy + dx = dy =
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Example
Find dy if xy 2 = y + x. Solution. x(2ydy ) + y 2 dx = dy + dx = dy = 1 y2 dx 2xy 1
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x0
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It can be shown that the local linear approximation is the best linear approximation of f near x0 .
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It can be shown that the local linear approximation is the best linear approximation of f near x0 . If dx = x = x x0 ,
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It can be shown that the local linear approximation is the best linear approximation of f near x0 . If dx = x = x x0 , then x = x0 + dx.
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It can be shown that the local linear approximation is the best linear approximation of f near x0 . If dx = x = x x0 , then x = x0 + dx. Since f (x) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ), we have
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It can be shown that the local linear approximation is the best linear approximation of f near x0 . If dx = x = x x0 , then x = x0 + dx. Since f (x) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ), we have f (x0 + dx) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )dx
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Remarks
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Remarks
dx = x 0
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Remarks
dx = x 0 =
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Remarks
dx = x 0 = dy = f (x)dx
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Remarks
dx = x 0 = dy = f (x)dx = f (x)x
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Remarks
dx = x 0 = dy = f (x)dx = f (x)x y
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Remarks
dx = x 0 = dy = f (x)dx = f (x)x y dy y
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Remarks
dx = x 0 = dy = f (x)dx = f (x)x y dy y
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Remarks
dx = x 0 = dy = f (x)dx = f (x)x y dy y
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Remarks
dx = x 0 = dy = f (x)dx = f (x)x y dy y
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x at x0 = 8.
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x at x0 = 8.
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x at x0 = 8.
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x at x0 = 8.
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x at x0 = 8.
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x at x0 = 8.
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x at x0 = 8.
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x at x0 = 8.
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x at x0 = 8.
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x at x0 = 8.
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x at x0 = 8.
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x at x0 = 8.
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27.027.
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27.027.
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27.027.
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27.027.
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27.027.
Solution. 1 . Let f (x) = 3 x. Then f (x) = 3 3 x2 f (x0 + dx) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )dx
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27.027.
Solution. 1 . Let f (x) = 3 x. Then f (x) = 3 3 x2 f (x0 + dx) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )dx Thus, 3 27.027
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27.027.
Solution. 1 . Let f (x) = 3 x. Then f (x) = 3 3 x2 f (x0 + dx) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )dx Thus, 3 27.027 = f (27 + 0.027)
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27.027.
Solution. 1 . Let f (x) = 3 x. Then f (x) = 3 3 x2 f (x0 + dx) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )dx Thus, 3 27.027 = f (27 + 0.027) f (27) + f (27) (0.027)
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27.027.
Solution. 1 . Let f (x) = 3 x. Then f (x) = 3 3 x2 f (x0 + dx) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )dx Thus, 3 27.027 = f (27 + 0.027) f (27) + f (27) (0.027) = 3
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27.027.
Solution. 1 . Let f (x) = 3 x. Then f (x) = 3 3 x2 f (x0 + dx) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )dx Thus, 3 27.027 = f (27 + 0.027) f (27) + f (27) (0.027) 1 = 3+ 39
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27.027.
Solution. 1 . Let f (x) = 3 x. Then f (x) = 3 3 x2 f (x0 + dx) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )dx Thus, 3 27.027 = f (27 + 0.027) f (27) + f (27) (0.027) 1 = 3+ (0.027) 39
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27.027.
Solution. 1 . Let f (x) = 3 x. Then f (x) = 3 3 x2 f (x0 + dx) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )dx Thus, 3 27.027 = f (27 + 0.027) f (27) + f (27) (0.027) 1 = 3+ (0.027) 39 = 3.01.
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15.96.
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15.96.
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15.96.
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15.96.
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15.96.
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15.96.
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15.96.
Solution. 1 Let f (x) = x. Then f (x) = . 2 x Thus, 15.96 = f (16 0.04) f (16) + f (16) (0.04)
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15.96.
Solution. 1 Let f (x) = x. Then f (x) = . 2 x Thus, 15.96 = f (16 0.04) f (16) + f (16) (0.04) = 4
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15.96.
Solution. 1 Let f (x) = x. Then f (x) = . 2 x Thus, 15.96 = f (16 0.04) f (16) + f (16) (0.04) 1 = 4+ 24
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15.96.
Solution. 1 Let f (x) = x. Then f (x) = . 2 x Thus, 15.96 = f (16 0.04) f (16) + f (16) (0.04) 1 = 4+ (0.04) 24
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15.96.
Solution. 1 Let f (x) = x. Then f (x) = . 2 x Thus, 15.96 = f (16 0.04) f (16) + f (16) (0.04) 1 = 4+ (0.04) 24 = 4 0.005
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15.96.
Solution. 1 Let f (x) = x. Then f (x) = . 2 x Thus, 15.96 = f (16 0.04) f (16) + f (16) (0.04) 1 = 4+ (0.04) 24 = 4 0.005 = 3.995.
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Solution.
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= dV
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= dV = 4r2 dr
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Solution. 4 Volume of the ball with radius r: V (r) = r3 3 Volume of rubber material
= dV = 4r2 dr
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Solution. 4 Volume of the ball with radius r: V (r) = r3 = dV = 4r2 dr 3 5 1 Volume of rubber material = V ( 2 + 16 ) V ( 5 2)
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Solution. 4 Volume of the ball with radius r: V (r) = r3 = dV = 4r2 dr 3 5 1 Volume of rubber material = V ( 2 + 16 ) V ( 5 2) = V
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Solution. 4 Volume of the ball with radius r: V (r) = r3 = dV = 4r2 dr 3 5 1 Volume of rubber material = V ( 2 + 16 ) V ( 5 2) 1 = V dr = 16
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Solution. 4 Volume of the ball with radius r: V (r) = r3 = dV = 4r2 dr 3 5 1 Volume of rubber material = V ( 2 + 16 ) V ( 5 2) 1 = V dr = 16 dV
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Solution. 4 Volume of the ball with radius r: V (r) = r3 = dV = 4r2 dr 3 5 1 Volume of rubber material = V ( 2 + 16 ) V ( 5 2) 1 = V dr = 16 dV 1 = V (5 2 ) ( 16 )
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Solution. 4 Volume of the ball with radius r: V (r) = r3 = dV = 4r2 dr 3 5 1 Volume of rubber material = V ( 2 + 16 ) V ( 5 2) 1 = V dr = 16 dV 1 = V (5 2 ) ( 16 ) 1 2 = 4 ( 5 2 ) ( 16 )
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Solution. 4 Volume of the ball with radius r: V (r) = r3 = dV = 4r2 dr 3 5 1 Volume of rubber material = V ( 2 + 16 ) V ( 5 2) 1 = V dr = 16 dV 1 = V (5 2 ) ( 16 ) 1 2 = 4 ( 5 2 ) ( 16 ) 25 3 = 16 in
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Volume of the insulation = V (4 + 0.001) V (4) = V dV = V (4) (0.001) = 30 (4) (0.001) dr = 0.001
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Volume of the insulation = V (4 + 0.001) V (4) = V dV = V (4) (0.001) = 30 (4) (0.001) = 0.12 cm3 . dr = 0.001
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Exercise
1
Find
dy if dx
sin(xy ) = xy 2 2x3 .
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* * * The End * * *
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