Sei sulla pagina 1di 158

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

1 / 21

For today

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

2 / 21

For today

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

3 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Recall:

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

4 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Recall: f (x0 )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

4 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Recall: f (x0 ) =
xx0

lim

f (x) f (x0 ) x x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

4 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Recall: f (x0 ) = f (x) f (x0 ) xx0 x x0 y = lim . x0 x lim

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

4 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Recall: f (x0 ) = f (x) f (x0 ) xx0 x x0 y = lim . x0 x lim

If x is small enough,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

4 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Recall: f (x0 ) = f (x) f (x0 ) xx0 x x0 y = lim . x0 x lim

If x is small enough, = y f (x0 ) x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

4 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Recall: f (x0 ) = f (x) f (x0 ) xx0 x x0 y = lim . x0 x lim

If x is small enough, = y f (x0 ) x

= y f (x0 )x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

4 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Recall: f (x0 ) = f (x) f (x0 ) xx0 x x0 y = lim . x0 x lim

Q R f (x) f (x0 ) P
dx=x

y S

dy

If x is small enough, y = f (x0 ) x = y f (x0 )x

x0 y = f (x)

x = x0 + dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

4 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Denitions

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

5 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Denitions
Let the function y = f (x) be dierentiable at x.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

5 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Denitions
Let the function y = f (x) be dierentiable at x.
1

The dierential dx of the independent variable x denotes an arbitrary increment of x.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

5 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Denitions
Let the function y = f (x) be dierentiable at x.
1

The dierential dx of the independent variable x denotes an arbitrary increment of x. The dierential dy of the dependent variable y associated with x is given by dy = f (x)dx.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

5 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Denitions
Let the function y = f (x) be dierentiable at x.
1

The dierential dx of the independent variable x denotes an arbitrary increment of x. The dierential dy of the dependent variable y associated with x is given by dy = f (x)dx.

If dx = 0,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

5 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Denitions
Let the function y = f (x) be dierentiable at x.
1

The dierential dx of the independent variable x denotes an arbitrary increment of x. The dierential dy of the dependent variable y associated with x is given by dy = f (x)dx.

If dx = 0, then dy = f (x)dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

5 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Denitions
Let the function y = f (x) be dierentiable at x.
1

The dierential dx of the independent variable x denotes an arbitrary increment of x. The dierential dy of the dependent variable y associated with x is given by dy = f (x)dx.

If dx = 0, then dy = f (x)dx = dy = f (x). dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

5 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Remark

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

6 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Remark
The symbol dy may be interpreted as: dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

6 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Remark
The symbol dy may be interpreted as: dx

the derivative of y = f (x) with respect to x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

6 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Remark
The symbol dy may be interpreted as: dx

the derivative of y = f (x) with respect to x the quotient of the dierential of y by the dierential of x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

6 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Theorem

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

7 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Theorem
Let u and v be dierentiable functions of x and c a constant.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

7 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Theorem
Let u and v be dierentiable functions of x and c a constant.
1

d(c) = 0 d(xn ) = nxn1 dx d(cu) = cdu

d(uv ) = udv vdu d( u v) =


vduudv v2

d(un ) = nun1 du

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

7 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Example
Find dy if y = x5 x3 + 2 x.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

8 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Example
Find dy if y = x5 x3 + 2 x. Solution.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

8 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Example
Find dy if y = x5 x3 + 2 x. Solution. dy

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

8 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Example
Find dy if y = x5 x3 + 2 x. Solution. dy = (5x4 3x2 + 2)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

8 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Example
Find dy if y = x5 x3 + 2 x. Solution. dy = (5x4 3x2 + 2) dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

8 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Example
Find dy if y= x3 + 3 x2 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

9 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Example
Find dy if y= Solution. x3 + 3 x2 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

9 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Example
Find dy if y= Solution. dy x3 + 3 x2 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

9 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Example
Find dy if y= Solution. 1 dy = 2 x3 + 3 x2 x3 + 3 x2 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

9 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Example
Find dy if y= Solution. 1 dy = (3x2 + 6x) 2 x3 + 3 x2 x3 + 3 x2 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

9 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Example
Find dy if y= Solution. 1 dy = (3x2 + 6x) dx 2 x3 + 3 x2 x3 + 3 x2 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

9 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Example
Find dy if xy 2 = y + x.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

10 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Example
Find dy if xy 2 = y + x. Solution.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

10 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Example
Find dy if xy 2 = y + x. Solution. x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

10 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Example
Find dy if xy 2 = y + x. Solution. x(2ydy )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

10 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Example
Find dy if xy 2 = y + x. Solution. x(2ydy ) + y 2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

10 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Example
Find dy if xy 2 = y + x. Solution. x(2ydy ) + y 2 dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

10 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Example
Find dy if xy 2 = y + x. Solution. x(2ydy ) + y 2 dx = dy

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

10 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Example
Find dy if xy 2 = y + x. Solution. x(2ydy ) + y 2 dx = dy + dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

10 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Example
Find dy if xy 2 = y + x. Solution. x(2ydy ) + y 2 dx = dy + dx = dy =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

10 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Example
Find dy if xy 2 = y + x. Solution. x(2ydy ) + y 2 dx = dy + dx = dy = 1 y2 dx 2xy 1

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

10 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

11 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


x 0 =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

11 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


x 0 = y f (x0 )x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

11 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


x 0 = y f (x0 )x = f (x) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

11 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


x 0 = y f (x0 )x = f (x) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ) Equation of the tangent line to the graph of y = f (x) at the point (x0 , f (x0 )):

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

11 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


x 0 = y f (x0 )x = f (x) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ) Equation of the tangent line to the graph of y = f (x) at the point (x0 , f (x0 )): y f (x0 ) = f (x0 )(x x0 )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

11 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


x 0 = y f (x0 )x = f (x) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ) Equation of the tangent line to the graph of y = f (x) at the point (x0 , f (x0 )): y f (x0 ) = f (x0 )(x x0 )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

11 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


x 0 = y f (x0 )x = f (x) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ) Equation of the tangent line to the graph of y = f (x) at the point (x0 , f (x0 )): y f (x0 ) = f (x0 )(x x0 ) y = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

11 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


x 0 = y f (x0 )x = f (x) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ) Equation of the tangent line to the graph of y = f (x) at the point (x0 , f (x0 )): y = f (x)
f (x) f (x) + f (x0 )(x x0 )

y f (x0 ) = f (x0 )(x x0 ) y = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 )

x0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

11 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Remarks

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

12 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Remarks
L(x) = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ) is the local linear approximation of f (x) at x0 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

12 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Remarks
L(x) = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ) is the local linear approximation of f (x) at x0 .
(The tangent line to the graph of f at x0 approximates the graph of f when x is near x0 .)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

12 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Remarks
L(x) = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ) is the local linear approximation of f (x) at x0 .
(The tangent line to the graph of f at x0 approximates the graph of f when x is near x0 .)

It can be shown that the local linear approximation is the best linear approximation of f near x0 .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

12 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Remarks
L(x) = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ) is the local linear approximation of f (x) at x0 .
(The tangent line to the graph of f at x0 approximates the graph of f when x is near x0 .)

It can be shown that the local linear approximation is the best linear approximation of f near x0 . If dx = x = x x0 ,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

12 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Remarks
L(x) = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ) is the local linear approximation of f (x) at x0 .
(The tangent line to the graph of f at x0 approximates the graph of f when x is near x0 .)

It can be shown that the local linear approximation is the best linear approximation of f near x0 . If dx = x = x x0 , then x = x0 + dx.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

12 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Remarks
L(x) = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ) is the local linear approximation of f (x) at x0 .
(The tangent line to the graph of f at x0 approximates the graph of f when x is near x0 .)

It can be shown that the local linear approximation is the best linear approximation of f near x0 . If dx = x = x x0 , then x = x0 + dx. Since f (x) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ), we have

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

12 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Remarks
L(x) = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ) is the local linear approximation of f (x) at x0 .
(The tangent line to the graph of f at x0 approximates the graph of f when x is near x0 .)

It can be shown that the local linear approximation is the best linear approximation of f near x0 . If dx = x = x x0 , then x = x0 + dx. Since f (x) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ), we have f (x0 + dx) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

12 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Remarks

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

13 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Remarks
dx = x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

13 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Remarks
dx = x 0 =

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

13 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Remarks
dx = x 0 = dy = f (x)dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

13 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Remarks
dx = x 0 = dy = f (x)dx = f (x)x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

13 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Remarks
dx = x 0 = dy = f (x)dx = f (x)x y

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

13 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Remarks
dx = x 0 = dy = f (x)dx = f (x)x y dy y

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

13 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Remarks
dx = x 0 = dy = f (x)dx = f (x)x y dy y

dy is easier to compute than y

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

13 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Remarks
dx = x 0 = dy = f (x)dx = f (x)x y dy y

dy is easier to compute than y dy is used to approximate y when dx 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

13 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials

Remarks
dx = x 0 = dy = f (x)dx = f (x)x y dy y

dy is easier to compute than y dy is used to approximate y when dx 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

13 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Find the local linear approximation of f (x) =

x at x0 = 8.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

14 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Find the local linear approximation of f (x) = Solution.

x at x0 = 8.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

14 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Find the local linear approximation of f (x) = Solution. 1 We have f (x) = . 3 3 x2

x at x0 = 8.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

14 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Find the local linear approximation of f (x) = Solution. 1 We have f (x) = . 3 3 x2 L(x) = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 )

x at x0 = 8.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

14 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Find the local linear approximation of f (x) = Solution. 1 We have f (x) = . 3 3 x2 L(x) = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ) At x0 = 8:

x at x0 = 8.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

14 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Find the local linear approximation of f (x) = Solution. 1 We have f (x) = . 3 3 x2 L(x) = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ) At x0 = 8: L(x)

x at x0 = 8.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

14 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Find the local linear approximation of f (x) = Solution. 1 We have f (x) = . 3 3 x2 L(x) = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ) At x0 = 8: L(x) = f (8)

x at x0 = 8.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

14 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Find the local linear approximation of f (x) = Solution. 1 We have f (x) = . 3 3 x2 L(x) = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ) At x0 = 8: L(x) = f (8) + f (8)

x at x0 = 8.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

14 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Find the local linear approximation of f (x) = Solution. 1 We have f (x) = . 3 3 x2 L(x) = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ) At x0 = 8: L(x) = f (8) + f (8)(x 8)

x at x0 = 8.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

14 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Find the local linear approximation of f (x) = Solution. 1 We have f (x) = . 3 3 x2 L(x) = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ) At x0 = 8: L(x) = f (8) + f (8)(x 8) = 2

x at x0 = 8.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

14 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Find the local linear approximation of f (x) = Solution. 1 We have f (x) = . 3 3 x2 L(x) = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ) At x0 = 8: L(x) = f (8) + f (8)(x 8) 1 = 2+ 12

x at x0 = 8.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

14 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Find the local linear approximation of f (x) = Solution. 1 We have f (x) = . 3 3 x2 L(x) = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ) At x0 = 8: L(x) = f (8) + f (8)(x 8) 1 = 2 + (x 8). 12

x at x0 = 8.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

14 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate 3

27.027.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

15 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate Solution. 3

27.027.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

15 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate 3

27.027.

Solution. Let f (x) = 3 x.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

15 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate 3

27.027.

Solution. 1 . Let f (x) = 3 x. Then f (x) = 3 3 x2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

15 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate 3

27.027.

Solution. 1 . Let f (x) = 3 x. Then f (x) = 3 3 x2 f (x0 + dx) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

15 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate 3

27.027.

Solution. 1 . Let f (x) = 3 x. Then f (x) = 3 3 x2 f (x0 + dx) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )dx Thus, 3 27.027

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

15 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate 3

27.027.

Solution. 1 . Let f (x) = 3 x. Then f (x) = 3 3 x2 f (x0 + dx) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )dx Thus, 3 27.027 = f (27 + 0.027)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

15 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate 3

27.027.

Solution. 1 . Let f (x) = 3 x. Then f (x) = 3 3 x2 f (x0 + dx) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )dx Thus, 3 27.027 = f (27 + 0.027) f (27) + f (27) (0.027)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

15 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate 3

27.027.

Solution. 1 . Let f (x) = 3 x. Then f (x) = 3 3 x2 f (x0 + dx) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )dx Thus, 3 27.027 = f (27 + 0.027) f (27) + f (27) (0.027) = 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

15 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate 3

27.027.

Solution. 1 . Let f (x) = 3 x. Then f (x) = 3 3 x2 f (x0 + dx) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )dx Thus, 3 27.027 = f (27 + 0.027) f (27) + f (27) (0.027) 1 = 3+ 39

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

15 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate 3

27.027.

Solution. 1 . Let f (x) = 3 x. Then f (x) = 3 3 x2 f (x0 + dx) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )dx Thus, 3 27.027 = f (27 + 0.027) f (27) + f (27) (0.027) 1 = 3+ (0.027) 39

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

15 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate 3

27.027.

Solution. 1 . Let f (x) = 3 x. Then f (x) = 3 3 x2 f (x0 + dx) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )dx Thus, 3 27.027 = f (27 + 0.027) f (27) + f (27) (0.027) 1 = 3+ (0.027) 39 = 3.01.
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Local Linear Approx and Dierentials Mathematics 53 15 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate

15.96.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

16 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate Solution.

15.96.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

16 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate

15.96.

Solution. Let f (x) = x.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

16 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate

15.96.

Solution. 1 Let f (x) = x. Then f (x) = . 2 x

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

16 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate

15.96.

Solution. 1 Let f (x) = x. Then f (x) = . 2 x Thus, 15.96

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

16 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate

15.96.

Solution. 1 Let f (x) = x. Then f (x) = . 2 x Thus, 15.96 = f (16 0.04)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

16 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate

15.96.

Solution. 1 Let f (x) = x. Then f (x) = . 2 x Thus, 15.96 = f (16 0.04) f (16) + f (16) (0.04)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

16 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate

15.96.

Solution. 1 Let f (x) = x. Then f (x) = . 2 x Thus, 15.96 = f (16 0.04) f (16) + f (16) (0.04) = 4

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

16 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate

15.96.

Solution. 1 Let f (x) = x. Then f (x) = . 2 x Thus, 15.96 = f (16 0.04) f (16) + f (16) (0.04) 1 = 4+ 24

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

16 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate

15.96.

Solution. 1 Let f (x) = x. Then f (x) = . 2 x Thus, 15.96 = f (16 0.04) f (16) + f (16) (0.04) 1 = 4+ (0.04) 24

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

16 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate

15.96.

Solution. 1 Let f (x) = x. Then f (x) = . 2 x Thus, 15.96 = f (16 0.04) f (16) + f (16) (0.04) 1 = 4+ (0.04) 24 = 4 0.005

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

16 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Approximate

15.96.

Solution. 1 Let f (x) = x. Then f (x) = . 2 x Thus, 15.96 = f (16 0.04) f (16) + f (16) (0.04) 1 = 4+ (0.04) 24 = 4 0.005 = 3.995.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

16 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
1 A ball 5 in in diameter is to be covered by a rubber material which is 16 in thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the rubber material that will be used.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

17 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
1 A ball 5 in in diameter is to be covered by a rubber material which is 16 in thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the rubber material that will be used.

Solution.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

17 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
1 A ball 5 in in diameter is to be covered by a rubber material which is 16 in thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the rubber material that will be used.

Solution. Volume of the ball with radius r:

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

17 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
1 A ball 5 in in diameter is to be covered by a rubber material which is 16 in thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the rubber material that will be used.

Solution. 4 Volume of the ball with radius r: V (r) = r3 3

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

17 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
1 A ball 5 in in diameter is to be covered by a rubber material which is 16 in thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the rubber material that will be used.

Solution. 4 Volume of the ball with radius r: V (r) = r3 3

= dV

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

17 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
1 A ball 5 in in diameter is to be covered by a rubber material which is 16 in thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the rubber material that will be used.

Solution. 4 Volume of the ball with radius r: V (r) = r3 3

= dV = 4r2 dr

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

17 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
1 A ball 5 in in diameter is to be covered by a rubber material which is 16 in thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the rubber material that will be used.

Solution. 4 Volume of the ball with radius r: V (r) = r3 3 Volume of rubber material

= dV = 4r2 dr

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

17 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
1 A ball 5 in in diameter is to be covered by a rubber material which is 16 in thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the rubber material that will be used.

Solution. 4 Volume of the ball with radius r: V (r) = r3 = dV = 4r2 dr 3 5 1 Volume of rubber material = V ( 2 + 16 ) V ( 5 2)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

17 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
1 A ball 5 in in diameter is to be covered by a rubber material which is 16 in thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the rubber material that will be used.

Solution. 4 Volume of the ball with radius r: V (r) = r3 = dV = 4r2 dr 3 5 1 Volume of rubber material = V ( 2 + 16 ) V ( 5 2) = V

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

17 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
1 A ball 5 in in diameter is to be covered by a rubber material which is 16 in thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the rubber material that will be used.

Solution. 4 Volume of the ball with radius r: V (r) = r3 = dV = 4r2 dr 3 5 1 Volume of rubber material = V ( 2 + 16 ) V ( 5 2) 1 = V dr = 16

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

17 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
1 A ball 5 in in diameter is to be covered by a rubber material which is 16 in thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the rubber material that will be used.

Solution. 4 Volume of the ball with radius r: V (r) = r3 = dV = 4r2 dr 3 5 1 Volume of rubber material = V ( 2 + 16 ) V ( 5 2) 1 = V dr = 16 dV

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

17 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
1 A ball 5 in in diameter is to be covered by a rubber material which is 16 in thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the rubber material that will be used.

Solution. 4 Volume of the ball with radius r: V (r) = r3 = dV = 4r2 dr 3 5 1 Volume of rubber material = V ( 2 + 16 ) V ( 5 2) 1 = V dr = 16 dV 1 = V (5 2 ) ( 16 )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

17 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
1 A ball 5 in in diameter is to be covered by a rubber material which is 16 in thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the rubber material that will be used.

Solution. 4 Volume of the ball with radius r: V (r) = r3 = dV = 4r2 dr 3 5 1 Volume of rubber material = V ( 2 + 16 ) V ( 5 2) 1 = V dr = 16 dV 1 = V (5 2 ) ( 16 ) 1 2 = 4 ( 5 2 ) ( 16 )

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

17 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
1 A ball 5 in in diameter is to be covered by a rubber material which is 16 in thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the rubber material that will be used.

Solution. 4 Volume of the ball with radius r: V (r) = r3 = dV = 4r2 dr 3 5 1 Volume of rubber material = V ( 2 + 16 ) V ( 5 2) 1 = V dr = 16 dV 1 = V (5 2 ) ( 16 ) 1 2 = 4 ( 5 2 ) ( 16 ) 25 3 = 16 in
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Local Linear Approx and Dierentials Mathematics 53 17 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
A metal rod 15 cm long and 8 cm in diameter is to be insulated, except for the ends, with a material 0.001 cm thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the insulation.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

18 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
A metal rod 15 cm long and 8 cm in diameter is to be insulated, except for the ends, with a material 0.001 cm thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the insulation. Solution.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

18 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
A metal rod 15 cm long and 8 cm in diameter is to be insulated, except for the ends, with a material 0.001 cm thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the insulation. Solution. Volume of the rod:

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

18 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
A metal rod 15 cm long and 8 cm in diameter is to be insulated, except for the ends, with a material 0.001 cm thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the insulation. Solution. Volume of the rod: V = r2 h

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

18 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
A metal rod 15 cm long and 8 cm in diameter is to be insulated, except for the ends, with a material 0.001 cm thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the insulation. Solution. Volume of the rod: V = r2 h = 15r2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

18 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
A metal rod 15 cm long and 8 cm in diameter is to be insulated, except for the ends, with a material 0.001 cm thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the insulation. Solution. Volume of the rod: V = r2 h = 15r2 = dV

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

18 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
A metal rod 15 cm long and 8 cm in diameter is to be insulated, except for the ends, with a material 0.001 cm thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the insulation. Solution. Volume of the rod: V = r2 h = 15r2 = dV = 30r dr

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

18 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
A metal rod 15 cm long and 8 cm in diameter is to be insulated, except for the ends, with a material 0.001 cm thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the insulation. Solution. Volume of the rod: V = r2 h = 15r2 Volume of the insulation = dV = 30r dr

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

18 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
A metal rod 15 cm long and 8 cm in diameter is to be insulated, except for the ends, with a material 0.001 cm thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the insulation. Solution. Volume of the rod: V = r2 h = 15r2 = dV = 30r dr

Volume of the insulation = V (4 + 0.001) V (4)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

18 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
A metal rod 15 cm long and 8 cm in diameter is to be insulated, except for the ends, with a material 0.001 cm thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the insulation. Solution. Volume of the rod: V = r2 h = 15r2 = dV = 30r dr

Volume of the insulation = V (4 + 0.001) V (4) = V

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

18 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
A metal rod 15 cm long and 8 cm in diameter is to be insulated, except for the ends, with a material 0.001 cm thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the insulation. Solution. Volume of the rod: V = r2 h = 15r2 = dV = 30r dr

Volume of the insulation = V (4 + 0.001) V (4) = V dr = 0.001

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

18 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
A metal rod 15 cm long and 8 cm in diameter is to be insulated, except for the ends, with a material 0.001 cm thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the insulation. Solution. Volume of the rod: V = r2 h = 15r2 = dV = 30r dr

Volume of the insulation = V (4 + 0.001) V (4) = V dV dr = 0.001

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

18 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
A metal rod 15 cm long and 8 cm in diameter is to be insulated, except for the ends, with a material 0.001 cm thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the insulation. Solution. Volume of the rod: V = r2 h = 15r2 = dV = 30r dr

Volume of the insulation = V (4 + 0.001) V (4) = V dV = V (4) (0.001) dr = 0.001

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

18 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
A metal rod 15 cm long and 8 cm in diameter is to be insulated, except for the ends, with a material 0.001 cm thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the insulation. Solution. Volume of the rod: V = r2 h = 15r2 = dV = 30r dr

Volume of the insulation = V (4 + 0.001) V (4) = V dV = V (4) (0.001) = 30 (4) (0.001) dr = 0.001

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

18 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
A metal rod 15 cm long and 8 cm in diameter is to be insulated, except for the ends, with a material 0.001 cm thick. Use dierentials to estimate the volume of the insulation. Solution. Volume of the rod: V = r2 h = 15r2 = dV = 30r dr

Volume of the insulation = V (4 + 0.001) V (4) = V dV = V (4) (0.001) = 30 (4) (0.001) = 0.12 cm3 . dr = 0.001

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

18 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Suppose that the side of a square is measured with a ruler to be 8 inches 1 with a measurement error of at most 64 of an inch. Estimate the error in the computed area of the square.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

19 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Suppose that the side of a square is measured with a ruler to be 8 inches 1 with a measurement error of at most 64 of an inch. Estimate the error in the computed area of the square. Solution.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

19 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Suppose that the side of a square is measured with a ruler to be 8 inches 1 with a measurement error of at most 64 of an inch. Estimate the error in the computed area of the square. Solution. Area of square with side x:

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

19 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Suppose that the side of a square is measured with a ruler to be 8 inches 1 with a measurement error of at most 64 of an inch. Estimate the error in the computed area of the square. Solution. Area of square with side x: A(x) = x2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

19 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Suppose that the side of a square is measured with a ruler to be 8 inches 1 with a measurement error of at most 64 of an inch. Estimate the error in the computed area of the square. Solution. Area of square with side x: A(x) = x2 = dA

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

19 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Suppose that the side of a square is measured with a ruler to be 8 inches 1 with a measurement error of at most 64 of an inch. Estimate the error in the computed area of the square. Solution. Area of square with side x: A(x) = x2 = dA = 2x dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

19 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Suppose that the side of a square is measured with a ruler to be 8 inches 1 with a measurement error of at most 64 of an inch. Estimate the error in the computed area of the square. Solution. Area of square with side x: A(x) = x2 1 Measurement error of at most 64 = dA = 2x dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

19 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Suppose that the side of a square is measured with a ruler to be 8 inches 1 with a measurement error of at most 64 of an inch. Estimate the error in the computed area of the square. Solution. Area of square with side x: A(x) = x2 = dA = 2x dx 1 1 = |dx| = 64 Measurement error of at most 64

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

19 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Suppose that the side of a square is measured with a ruler to be 8 inches 1 with a measurement error of at most 64 of an inch. Estimate the error in the computed area of the square. Solution. Area of square with side x: A(x) = x2 = dA = 2x dx 1 1 = |dx| = 64 Measurement error of at most 64 Error in the computed area

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

19 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Suppose that the side of a square is measured with a ruler to be 8 inches 1 with a measurement error of at most 64 of an inch. Estimate the error in the computed area of the square. Solution. Area of square with side x: A(x) = x2 = dA = 2x dx 1 1 = |dx| = 64 Measurement error of at most 64 Error in the computed area = A

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

19 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Suppose that the side of a square is measured with a ruler to be 8 inches 1 with a measurement error of at most 64 of an inch. Estimate the error in the computed area of the square. Solution. Area of square with side x: A(x) = x2 = dA = 2x dx 1 1 = |dx| = 64 Measurement error of at most 64 Error in the computed area = A |A|

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

19 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Suppose that the side of a square is measured with a ruler to be 8 inches 1 with a measurement error of at most 64 of an inch. Estimate the error in the computed area of the square. Solution. Area of square with side x: A(x) = x2 = dA = 2x dx 1 1 = |dx| = 64 Measurement error of at most 64 Error in the computed area = A |A| |dA|

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

19 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Suppose that the side of a square is measured with a ruler to be 8 inches 1 with a measurement error of at most 64 of an inch. Estimate the error in the computed area of the square. Solution. Area of square with side x: A(x) = x2 = dA = 2x dx 1 1 = |dx| = 64 Measurement error of at most 64 Error in the computed area = A |A| |dA| = 2x |dx|

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

19 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Suppose that the side of a square is measured with a ruler to be 8 inches 1 with a measurement error of at most 64 of an inch. Estimate the error in the computed area of the square. Solution. Area of square with side x: A(x) = x2 = dA = 2x dx 1 1 = |dx| = 64 Measurement error of at most 64 Error in the computed area = A |A| |dA| = 2x |dx| x=8

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

19 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Suppose that the side of a square is measured with a ruler to be 8 inches 1 with a measurement error of at most 64 of an inch. Estimate the error in the computed area of the square. Solution. Area of square with side x: A(x) = x2 = dA = 2x dx 1 1 = |dx| = 64 Measurement error of at most 64 Error in the computed area = A |A| |dA| = 2x |dx| = 2(8) x=8

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

19 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Suppose that the side of a square is measured with a ruler to be 8 inches 1 with a measurement error of at most 64 of an inch. Estimate the error in the computed area of the square. Solution. Area of square with side x: A(x) = x2 = dA = 2x dx 1 1 = |dx| = 64 Measurement error of at most 64 Error in the computed area = A |A| |dA| = 2x |dx| 1 = 2(8)( 64 ) x=8

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

19 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Suppose that the side of a square is measured with a ruler to be 8 inches 1 with a measurement error of at most 64 of an inch. Estimate the error in the computed area of the square. Solution. Area of square with side x: A(x) = x2 = dA = 2x dx 1 1 = |dx| = 64 Measurement error of at most 64 Error in the computed area = A |A| |dA| = 2x |dx| 1 = 2(8)( 64 ) 1 = 4 x=8

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

19 / 21

Local Linear Approximation and Dierentials


Example
Suppose that the side of a square is measured with a ruler to be 8 inches 1 with a measurement error of at most 64 of an inch. Estimate the error in the computed area of the square. Solution. Area of square with side x: A(x) = x2 = dA = 2x dx 1 1 = |dx| = 64 Measurement error of at most 64 Error in the computed area = A |A| |dA| = 2x |dx| 1 = 2(8)( 64 ) 1 = 4 x=8

The propagated error in the computed area is at most 1 4 of a square inch.


Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Local Linear Approx and Dierentials Mathematics 53 19 / 21

Exercise
1

Find

dy if dx

sin(xy ) = xy 2 2x3 .

4 [ cos(4x) ]. Determine Dx Approximate 3 8.03.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

20 / 21

* * * The End * * *

Next Meeting: Rates of Change Rectilinear Motion

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Local Linear Approx and Dierentials

Mathematics 53

21 / 21

Potrebbero piacerti anche