Implementation

Graphics Package using OpenGL

4. Implementation:

4.1 Structures used:

There are totally nine structures used for designing our editor which is used to store various values. The objects of these basic structures are used in various part of the design. The following listing shows them.

4.1.1 Color :
Color is a basic structure for color parameters such as red, green, blue. The fig 4.1 shows the color structure. These structures objects are used in other basic structures to store color values required for the objects.

Fig 4.1 Color structure

4.1.2 GLintpoint:
GLintpoint defines a structure for a pixel. The fig. 4.2 shows the GLintpoint structure. Every tool has an object of this structure type to store the details of each and every pixel for the corresponding tool. The attributes of this structure are:

x y

: holds the x position of the pixel : holds the y position of the pixel

size : width of the pixel r : radius value used in circle drawing

ptrn : pattern type for the pixel col : holds the color of the pixel Dept of CSE, RVCE Sept-Dec 2012 14

Implementation end : flag tells whether this pixel is the end of the primitive drawn pfill : flag tells whether pattern filling is enabled for the pixel.

Graphics Package using OpenGL

Fig 4.2 GLintpoint structure

4.1.3 Text:
It is a basic structure for the text tool. Fig 4.3 shows the basic text structure. The text tool uses this structure object to store the text along with the parameters listed below.

x y

: holds the x position of the text : holds the y position of the text

col : color of the text ch : holds the text

font : specify the font

Fig 4.3 Text structure

4.1.4 Stack:
This defines the structure for a single level of stack. Fig 4.4 shows the stack structure. The main display stack uses the objects of this structure for each level. This gives the information about the tool active on that level and the start and end index for the tool on that level. The attributes of stack structure are: Dept of CSE, RVCE Sept-Dec 2012 15

Implementation strt: specifies the start index of the tool at this level. end: specifies the end index. tool: specifies the tool at this level.

Graphics Package using OpenGL

Fig 4.4 Stack structure

4.1.5 Disp_stack :
It is a basic display stack which is used to control the display of the objects in the screen. Fig 4.5 shows the disp_stack structure. The parameters of this structures are :

top : points to the current top position. st : It is an actual stack that holds the levels defined by the stack structure.

Fig 4.5 Disp_stack structure

4.1.6 Button :
Holds all the controls such as menus, submenus, tool buttons, pattern palette button and color buttons. Fig 4.7 shows the Button structure. The following parameters are used to draw and control the button events. x, y w, h state : x and y position of the button [i.e. top left corner] : width and height of the button : state of the button at a particular instance [i.e. 0 or 1]

highlighted : used in mouse passive motion function to catch the highlighted button Dept of CSE, RVCE Sept-Dec 2012 16

Implementation num type col label : button number from a particular type : type of the button like TOOL, MENU etc : color of the button : holds the button text

Graphics Package using OpenGL

Fig 4.6 Button structure

4.2 Menus :
Menus are created using the structure called Button. The button is a basic structure for all controls in the editor. The button structure takes Button->type value as MENU, to identify it as menu button. To create a submenu we will pass the Button->type value as S_MENU. The Button->num values uniquely identify the button or menu that is highlighted or clicked. The Menus are positioned by specifying the x, y, w, h values to the button object. To display the menu we have a function called drawButtons which is continuously called whenever the main window is redisplayed. To display the submenus the drawButtons function in-turn calls drawSubmenus () function which displays the submenus of the menu which has been selected. We designed the menu to look like similar to the menus from the windows menu system. For odd number of clicks the submenus of the selected menu will be displayed. If we select a menu and goto another then that menu will be selected and is similar to windows menus. Our menu system is so flexible that we can add or remove as many as we want easily. The Button_draw () function will draw the button in proper place and it places the button text in the centre of the

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Graphics Package using OpenGL

menu by calculating the position according to the type of the button to be displayed To display a button it switches to the required display code for that button. Menus are highlighted whenever the mouse moves over it. If a submenu is selected then the sel_menu will hold the button number of that menu and can be used to perform further operations. The sel_menu can be used globally to check for the selected menu button number. Popup menus are created using the built-in Glut function called glutCreateMenu(). The sub menu entries are specified using the function glutAddSubMenu(). The menu entries are added using the function glutAddMenuEntry().

4.3 Color palette :

Color palette is designed using the number of color buttons. The Fig 4.7 shows the color palette. The color button is the object of the structure button. For the color button we will specify the type of the button as COLOR. The Button->num holds the unique color button number which is used to identify selected color. Each color button is displayed in different color using the color values specified in Color object. Whenever a color button is pressed the draw_col object will be initialized with the color of that button. The tool drawing function will use this draw_col object color while drawing the object.

Fig 4.7 Color palette

4.4 File options:

File menu have the options like New, Open, Save, Save as and exit. The New option will create a new blank window for drawing. If the current window is not blank then, this will call the msgwin window to display the alert message. The Open option shows the open dialog box which will take the filename to be opened. If the file does not exist then, it will display error message. The save option will display the save dialog and save as the file. If the file already exists it will display error. The save option will not display the save dialog if the file is already opened file.

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Graphics Package using OpenGL

The save as option will display save as dialog and saves the file. If the file already exists then displays the error message. The exit option is used to quit the editor.

4.5 Function to draw objects using basic primitives.

4.5.1 Function to draw a Pencil

void drawPencil(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2,GLfloat color[],GLfloat lWidth)

The above function is used to draw with a pencil on the canvas

4.5.2 Function to draw a Line

void drawLine(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2,GLfloat color[],GLfloat lWidth)

The above function is used to draw a line on the canvas

4.5.3 Function to draw a Rectangle

void drawRectangle(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2,GLfloat color[],GLfloat lWidth)

The above function is used to draw rectangle on the canvas

4.5.4 Function to Render a Text on the Screen

void drawKeyText()

The above function is used to render a text on the canvas

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Implementation 4.5.5 Function for Spiral Drawing

Graphics Package using OpenGL

void drawSpiral(int x,int y,int x2,int y2,GLfloat color[],GLfloat lWidth)

The above function is used to draw Spiral on the canvas

4.5.6 Function to draw a Circle

void draw_pixel(GLint x,GLint y) void plotpixels(GLint h,GLint k,GLint x,GLint y) void drawCircle(int mx1,int my1,int mx2,int my2,GLfloat color[],GLfloat lWidth)

The above functions is used to draw Circle using two points on the canvas

4.6 Funtion to call all primitive icon functions

This section is used to call various primitive functions whenever that particular primitive is selected. Whenever the particular primitive is selected the value is passed on to switch case .

void edit() { int top=0; //if tools selected or submenu selected if(((Toolsflag1)&&(Toolsflag2))||sMenuflag) { for(top=0;top<=t_top;top++) { switch(OBJECTS[top].type) { case SPRAY:if(OBJECTS[top].flag) drawSpray(OBJECTS[top].x1,OBJECTS[top].y1,OBJECTS[top].color,OBJECTS[top].lw); break; Dept of CSE, RVCE Sept-Dec 2012 20

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Graphics Package using OpenGL

case CURVE:if(OBJECTS[top].flag) drawCurve(OBJECTS[top].x1,OBJECTS[top].y1,OBJECTS[top].x2,OBJECTS[top].y2,OBJECTS[top ].x3,OBJECTS[top].y3,OBJECTS[top].color,OBJECTS[top].lw); break;

case PENCIL:if(OBJECTS[top].flag) drawPencil(OBJECTS[top].x1,OBJECTS[top].y1,OBJECTS[top].x2,OBJECTS[top].y2,OBJECTS[top ].color,OBJECTS[top].lw); break; }

4.7 Mouse Function

This function displays the mouse movement whether any button is pressed or released along with the basic structure of the mouse called Mouse which defines the various variables.

struct Mouse{}; typedef struct Mouse Mouse;

//global mouse struc to hold d mouse info Mouse TheMouse={0,0,0,0,0};

// When Button is pressed ButtonPress(&file_menu,x,y); ButtonPress(&edit_menu,x,y); ButtonPress(&clip_menu,x,y);

// When Button is released ButtonRelease(&file_menu,x,y); ButtonRelease(&edit_menu,x,y);

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Graphics Package using OpenGL

4.8 2D drawing :
2D drawings are done in screen window that is used as canvas. For each tool there is an array of GLintpoint structure. This array will hold the details of the pixels to be drawn in favor of particular tool.

The 2D drawing canvas is controlled wholly by a display stack that holds the stack structure objects in each level for each tool. The display stack is continuously called for each redisplay call for the canvas. The display stack top pointer will point to the current stack top. The objects in the stack will be displayed from the top to the bottom every time. Each display stack level will hold the details of current tool, the start and end index of the array for that tool.

Whenever a tool is selected, the disp_stk.top is incremented and the start and end index will be initialized to that tool index. During switching over to another tool, the current tool indices are stored in stack top level and the top pointer is incremented for the next tool. The display stack called from top to bottom hence, we will have the effect of objects drawn one over another.

4.9 Clipping :
There are two types of clipping implemented

Inside Clipping Outside Clipping

First we will identify the rectangular area selected by the select tool. Then perform following functions. If (inside clipping) Draw a rectangular patch covering the selected area. If (outside clipping) Draw four white rectangles from the left, right, top and bottom of the selected area excluding the selected area.

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Graphics Package using OpenGL

4.10 Window Management:

Five routines perform tasks necessary to initialize a window. glutInit(int *argc, char **argv) initializes GLUT and processes any command line arguments (for X, this would be options like -display and -geometry). glutInit() should be called before any other GLUT routine. glutInitDisplayMode(unsigned int mode) specifies whether to use an RGBA or color-index color model. You can also specify whether you want a single- or double-buffered window. (If youre working in color-index mode, youll want to load certain colors into the color map; use glutSetColor() to do this.) Finally, you can use this routine to indicate that you want the window to have an associated depth, stencil, and/or accumulation buffer. For example, if you want a window with double buffering, the RGBA color model, and a depth buffer, you might call glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DEPTH). glutInitWindowPosition(int x, int y) specifies the screen location for the upper-left corner of your window. glutInitWindowSize(int width, int size) specifies the size, in pixels, of your window. glutCreateWindow(char *string) creates a window with an OpenGL context. It returns a unique identifier for the new window. Until glutMainLoop() is called the window is not yet displayed.

4.11 The Display Callback:

glutDisplayFunc(void (* func)(void)) is the first and most important event callback function you will see. Whenever GLUT determines the contents of the window need to be redisplayed, the callback function registered by glutDisplayFunc() is executed. Therefore, you should put all the routines you need to redraw the scene in the display callback function.

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Graphics Package using OpenGL

glutPostRedisplay(void), which gives glutMainLoop() a nudge to call the registered display callback at its next opportunity. If your program changes the contents of the window, sometimes you will have to call this function.

4.12 Running the Program

The very last thing you must do is call glutMainLoop(void). All windows that have been created are now shown, and rendering to those windows is now effective. Event processing begins, and the registered display callback is triggered. Once this loop is entered, it is never exited!

4.13 Drawing Three-Dimensional Objects

GLUT includes several routines for drawing these three-dimensional objects:

cone cube dodecahedron

icosahedron octahedron sphere

teapot tetrahedron torus

You can draw these objects as wireframes or as solid shaded objects with surface normals defined. For example, the routines for a cube and a sphere are as follows:

void glutWireCube(GLdouble size); void glutSolidCube(GLdouble size); void glutWireSphere(GLdouble radius, GLint slices, GLint stacks); void glutSolidSphere(GLdouble radius, GLint slices, GLint stacks);

All these models are drawn centered at the origin of the world coordinate system.

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Graphics Package using OpenGL

4.14 OpenGL Geometric Drawing Primitives:

Now that youve seen how to specify vertices, you still need to know how to tell OpenGL to create a set of points, a line, or a polygon from those vertices. To do this, you bracket each set of vertices between a call to glBegin() and a call to glEnd(). The argument passed to glBegin() determines what sort of geometric primitive is constructed from the vertices.

Point Details To control the size of a rendered point, use glPointSize() and supply the desired size in pixels as theargument. void glLoadMatrix{fd}(const TYPE *m); Sets the sixteen values of the current matrix to those specified by m. void glMultMatrix{fd}(const TYPE *m); Multiplies the matrix specified by the sixteen values pointed to by m by the current matrix and stores the result as the current matrix. void glLoadIdentity(void); Sets the currently modifiable matrix to the 4 4 identity matrix. void glMatrixMode(GLenum mode); Specifies whether the modelview, projection, or texture matrix will be modified, using the mode attribute. Projecton matrix is used for 2-D purposes whereas Modelview is used for 3-D.

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