One-sample z-test Use when given: (1) one random sample (2) means WITH or proportions

One-sample t-test Use when given: (1) one random sample (2) means WITHOUT

Paired t-test Use when given: (1) one random sample (2) match-pair; each subject serves as his or her own control * you will generally be given the data

Two-sample z-test Use when given: (1) two random samples of two different groups (2) proportions
*generally 2-sample z tests involving means do not appear (with )

Two-sample t-test Use when given: (1) two random samples of two different groups (2) means WITHOUT

Conditions for using z and t-procedures: 1) The sample is random. 2) The sample observations within the sampling distribution are independent of one another. a. The population is greater than or equal to 10 times the sample size
b. There is no sample. We are studying the population. (This is rare)

Showing independence allows us to determine x (z-test - standard deviation, t-test standard error) 3) The sampling distribution is approximately normal. a. Z-tests Central limit theorem when n > 30 (means) np>10, n(1-p) > 10 (proportions) b. T-tests - Large sample size (n > 30), but NOT Central Limit Theorem c. Bothz and t Population distribution is normal Check for no outliers and/or no extreme skewness (via boxplot, normal probability plot, 1.5(Q3 Q1)). If there are outliers, write that we will proceed with caution. *Use this method if n is less than 30.

NOTE: How we justify whether the distribution is normal depends on the problem NOTE: Never use central limit theorem to justify normality for t-procedures. Only for z! NOTE: Outlier checks via 1.5(Q3 Q1) are done when given descriptive statistics (n, mean, StDev, Min, Q1, Med, Q3, Max)

I. One sample z-test outline Means 1. Define your parameter, state your hypothesis. Ho : = k Ha : > k, < k (One-sided test) k (Two-sided test) State the type of test and the -value 2. Check conditions a. Random b. Independent find x Proportions 1. Define your parameter, state your hypothesis. Ho : p = k Ha : p> k, p< k (One-sided test) p k (Two-sided test) State the type of test and the -value 2. Check conditions a. Random b. Independent find x

x
c. Normal Usually Central Limit Theorem (or other applicable
reasoning depending on the question)

x=
c. Normal np>10, n(1-p) > 10

3. Draw a picture of the shaded region under the normal curve. The null value should be the center. Mark x, , and x 4. Calculate the test statistic, z:

3. Draw a picture of the shaded region under the normal curve. The null value , p, and x should be the center. Mark p 4. Calculate the test statistic, z: - p

5. Calculate the p-value using normalcdf or z-chart. If the test is two-sided, multiply this value by 2.
The p-value represents probability of getting a value of or more extreme, given that Ho is true.

5. Calculate the p-value using normalcdf or z-chart. If the test is two-sided, multiply this value by 2.
The p-value represents probability of getting a value of or more extreme, given that Ho is true.

II. One-sample t-test outline

1. Define your parameter, state your hypothesis. Ho : = k Ha : > k, < k (One-sided test) k (Two-sided test) State the type of test and the -value 2. If data is given, enter data into L1 and do one variable statistics to find and Sx. If descriptive statistics are given, use the given values of and Sx. 3. Check conditions: a. Random b. Independent allows us to find standard error

x =

c. Normal Usually boxplot, normal probability plot, or outlier check by 1.5(Q3-Q1)

4. Calculate the test statistic, t:* You determined everything you need to find t in Steps 2&3. * You already calculated the entire denominator in Step 3b.

Sx

5. Draw a picture of the shaded region under the normal curve. Zero should be the center. Mark the calculated t-value. 6. State how many degrees of freedom there are (n-1) 7. Calculate the p-value using tcdf or t-chart.If the test is two-sided, multiply this value by 2. The p-value represents probability of getting a value of or more extreme, given that Ho is true.

III. Paired t-test outline

1. Define your parameter, state your hypothesis. Ho : d = 0 Ha : d>0, d<0 (One-sided test) d0 (Two-sided test) State the type of test and the -value 2. Enter Data into L1 and L2 in calculator. Create a L3 defined by L2 L1. (or L1L2) *make sure the order in which you subtract is consistent with your hypothesis. 3. Do 1-variable statistics on L3 to find and Sx of L3(differences) 4. Check conditions: a. Random b. Independent allows us to calculate standard error

x =

c. Normal Usually a boxplot & normal probability plot of L3 data

5. Calculate the test statistic, t: * Youdetermined everything you need to find t in Steps 3 & 4. * You already calculated the entire denominator in Step 4b.

Sx

6. Draw a picture of the shaded region under the normal curve. Zero should be the center. Mark the calculated t-value. 7. State how many degrees of freedom there are (n-1) 8. Calculate the p-value using tcdf or t-chart. If the test is two-sided, multiply this value by 2. The p-value represents probability of getting a value of or more extreme, given that Ho is true.

IV. Two sample z-test

1. Define your parameter, state your hypothesis. Ho :p2 p1= 0 Ha : p2 p1> 0, p2 p1< 0 (One-sided test) p2 p1 0 (Two-sided test) State the type of test and the -value. 2. Calculate p1 and p2. Calculate p2 p1. 3. Find the combined c by adding the numerators and denominators of each individual p 4. Check conditions: a. Random Independent *Use the calculatedc from Step 3 to find the standard deviation

x =
b. Normality np> 10, n(1-p) > 10 *Check for BOTH values of p

5. Calculate test-statistic, z:* You determined everything you need to find t in Steps 2, 3 & 4. * You already calculated the entire denominator in Step 4b.

p2 p1

6. Draw a picture of the shaded region under the normal curve. Zero should be the center with standard deviation 1. Mark the calculated z-value.

7. Calculate the p-value using normalcdf or z-chart. If the test is two-sided, multiply this value by 2. The p-value represents probability of getting a value of or more extreme, given that Ho is true.

V. Two-sample t-test 1. Define your parameter, state your hypothesis. Ho :d = 0 ( OR1 =2OR2- 1 = 0 *depends on your definition of ) Ha :d> 0, d< 0 (One-sided test) d 0 (Two-sided test) State the type of test and the -value. 2. Check conditions a. Random b. Independent: Allows you to find the standard error

x =
c. Normality Large sample (n > 30) (usually)
3. Calculate test-statistic, z: * You already calculated the entire denominator in Step 2b

4. Draw a picture of the shaded region under the normal curve. Zero should be the center. Mark the calculated t-value. 5. State the degrees of freedom: one less than the SMALLER SAMPLE SIZE.

6. Calculate the p-value using tcdf or t-chart. If the test is two-sided, multiply this value by 2. The p-value represents probability of getting a value of or more extreme, given that Ho is true.