Product Version Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd.

V100R001 Product Name: WCDMA RNP

Confidentiality level For Internal Use Total pages: 25

WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter Configuration Guidance

For internal use only

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Reviewed by: Approved by:

URNP-SANA

Date: Date: Date: Date:

2003-12-15

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter Configuration Guidance

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Revision Record
Date 2003/12/15 2005/03/16 1.0 Rev. Version Initial transmittal Change the date, no content updated. Description Author Znag Liang Qinyan

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Table of Contents
1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................................7 2 Handover Algorithm Analysis......................................................................................................................7 2.1 Handover Measurement ..........................................................................................................................7 2.1.1 Intra-Frequency Measurement .........................................................................................................8 2.1.2 Inter-Frequency Measurement .......................................................................................................13 2.1.3 Inter-System Measurement .............................................................................................................15 2.1.4 UE Internal Measurement ..............................................................................................................16 2.2 Handover Algorithms ...........................................................................................................................16 2.2.1 Softer Handover and Soft Handover Algorithms ...........................................................................16 2.2.2 Intra-Frequency Hard Handover Algorithm ...................................................................................18 2.2.3 Inter-Frequency Hard Handover Algorithm ...................................................................................18 2.2.4 Inter-System Handover Algorithm .................................................................................................19 2.2.5 Handover Caused by Load Balancing ............................................................................................20 2.2.6 Cell Penalty......................................................................................................................................21 2.2.7 Active Set Synchronization Maintenance.......................................................................................21 2.2.8 Direct Retry Algorithm ...................................................................................................................23 2.2.9 Principle for Generating Adjacent Cell List....................................................................................24

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List of Tables

List of Figures
Figure 1 Measurement Model.........................................................................................................................8 Figure 2 Example of Event 1A and Trigger Delay.......................................................................................10 Figure 3 Periodic Reporting Triggered by Event 1A....................................................................................10 Figure 4 Example of Event 1C......................................................................................................................11 Figure 5 Example of Event 1D......................................................................................................................12 Figure 6 Restriction of measurement reporting by means of hysteresis.......................................................12 Figure 7 Example of Event 1E......................................................................................................................13 Figure 8 Example of Event 1D1F.................................................................................................................13 Figure 9 Power Control Timing....................................................................................................................22

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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter Configuration Guidance

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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter Configuration Guidance

Key words: handover algorithm, soft handover, hard handover, inter-system handover, parameter setting Abstract: This document first describes the measurements involved in the handover algorithms, and then analyzes the measurement control and decision rules in the implementation of the algorithm of each type of handover. Finally, it provides a detailed guidance for the setting of various types of handover parameters, so that correct and effective handover parameter adjustments can be carried out based on the actual requirements during network optimization. List of abbreviations: (Omitted)

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1 Introduction
Handover types include softer handover, soft handover, intra-frequency hard handover, inter-frequency hard handover and inter-system hard handover. A typical handover process is: measurement control measurement report handover decision handover execution new measurement control. Based on the measurement value, handover control method and handover type selection required for the handover decision, the handover algorithm determines how the UE carry out handover measurements and report the measurement result, and then makes handover decision and guides the handover execution according to the reported measurement result. Handover algorithms largely present themselves in the configuration of measurement control parameters. In Chapter 2, this document discusses the measurement control, reporting rules and related handover decision algorithms involved in various types of handover. In Chapter 3, based on the knowledge of the handover algorithms, this document provides detailed descriptions of the specific parameter setting methods value assignment recommendations and ranges of effect of the related algorithms of various types of handover, so as to provide a clear and practical guidance for parameter adjustments in network optimization.

2 Handover Algorithm Analysis

Mobility management is an important part of radio resource management, while handover algorithms are the most important part of mobility management. A handover algorithm involves such contents as measurement control and handover decision. Therefore, to analyze a handover algorithm, we should first analyze handover measurement.

2.1 Handover Measurement

The radio resource management module (RRM) initiated measurements include dedicated measurement and common measurement. All the measurements in the UE are dedicated measurement. Handover measurement is specific to the physical layer, which provides measurement of various items for the higher layers, so as to trigger various functions, including handover. The measurement result will go twice through smoothening processing. The first processing is in the physical layer, and the purpose is to filter off the influence of fast fading before the physical layer reports the measurement result to the higher layer. The second processing is implemented by the higher layer on the measurement result reported by the physical layer before event evaluation. This processing is to determine the filter coefficient according to the time

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relation and implemented weighted averaging processing of the measurement result. The latest measurement result after L3 filtering is used for evaluation of the reporting rule, and as the reported result. The process is as follows:

Parameter

Parameter

L1 filtering

L3 filtering

C C'

Evaluation of reporting rule

Figure 1

Measurement Model

The reporting types include on-demand reporting, periodic reporting and event triggered reporting (Event A to Event F). Generally, the last two types of measurement reporting are involved in handover. In the UE, measured cells are divided into the following three types:

Active set cells: Cells in an active set communicate with the UE simultaneously. Active set cells refer to those that are demodulated and correlatively combined at the UE and communicate with the UE in the FDD mode, namely in soft handover and softer handover. Cells in an active set are surely intra-frequency cells.

Monitored set cells: Among the cells included in the adjacent cell list delivered by the RNC, some adjacent cells may have already entered the active set at the time of soft handover, and the remaining cells are in monitored sets. Monitored sets include intra-frequency monitored sets, inter-frequency monitored sets and inter-system monitored sets.

Detected set cell: Detected set cells refer to those cells detected by the UE itself, rather than the cells in the active sets and monitored set. The types of measurement involved in handover include intra-frequency measurement,

inter-frequency measurement and inter-system measurement, which will be discussed in the following paragraphs.

2.1.1 Intra-Frequency Measurement

UTRAN uses the measurement control message to inform the UE what events need to trigger measurement reporting. All intra-frequency measurement report events are identified with 1X. Event 1A: A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range If the network, in the measurement report mechanism field, requires the UE to report event
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1A while the UE has entered the Cell_DCH state, then when a primary pilot channel enters the reporting range, the UE will send a measurement report. When the measurement values satisfy the following formulas, the UE deems that a primary pilot channel has entered the reporting range:

1. Path loss:

10 LogM New

NA W 10 Log Mi + (1 W ) 10 LogM Best + ( R H 1a / 2), i =1

2. Other measurement values:

10 LogM New

NA W 10 Log Mi + (1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R H 1a / 2), i =1

Where, MNew is the measurement result of the cell that has entered the reporting range Mi is the measurement result of the cells in the active set NA is the number of cells in the current active set MBest is the measurement result of the best cell in the current active set W is the weight factor R is the reporting range. With the signal strength as an example, R equals to the signal strength of the best cell in the current active set minus a value H1a is the hysteresis value of event 1A In order to reduce the signaling traffic flow of the measurement report, the TIME-TOTRIGGER parameter is used so that the UE will not trigger measurement reporting before the primary pilot enters the reporting range and is maintained for a certain period of time. This parameter is also used in other events. An example of measurement reporting triggered by event 1A is given below:

Measurement quantity P CPICH 1 Reporting range

P CPICH 2

P CPICH 3

Time-to-trigger
Reporting event 1A

Time

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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter Configuration Guidance Figure 2 Example of Event 1A and Trigger Delay

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Generally, if event 1A is triggered, the UE will send a measurement report to UTRAN, and UTRAN will deliver an ACTIVE SET UPDATE signaling message to update the active set. However, UTRAN may give no response after the UE sends the measurement report (for example, due to insufficient capacity). In this case, the UE will shift from event reporting to periodic reporting mechanism, and the content of the measurement report includes the information of the cells in the active set and the cells in the monitored set that has entered the reporting range. The UE will not stop sending periodically the measurement report until this cell is successfully added into the active set or leaves the reporting range, as shown below:

PCPICH 1

PCPICH 2 Reporting range Reporting terminated Periodic report Event-triggered report Periodic report PCPICH 3

Figure 3

Periodic Reporting Triggered by Event 1A

Event 1B: A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range When the following formulas are satisfied, the UE deems that a primary pilot channel has left the reporting range 1, Path loss:

10 LogM Old

NA W 10 Log Mi + (1 W ) 10 LogM Best + ( R + H 1a / 2), i =1

2, Other measurement values:

NA 10 LogM Old W 10 Log M i + (1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R + H 1b / 2), i = 1

Where, MOld is the measurement result of the cell that has left the reporting range Mi is the measurement result of the cell in the active set NA is the number of cells in the current active set

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MBest is the measurement result of the best cell in the current active set W is the weighted factor R is the reporting range H1a is the hysteresis value of event 1A If several cells satisfy the reporting condition simultaneously after the trigger delay, the UE will sort the cells according to the measurement values and report all the measurement results. Event 1C: The primary pilot channel in a non active set is better than the primary pilot channel in an active set This event can be described through the following example:
Measurement quantity P CPICH 1

P CPICH 2 P CPICH 3

P CPICH 4
Reporting event 1C Reporting event 1C

Time

Figure 4

Example of Event 1C

In this example, the cells where P CPICH 1, P CPICH 2 and P CPICH 3 are belong to an active set, while that of P CPICH 4 does not. This event is used to replace the poor cells in the active set, if the number of cells in the active set reaches or exceeds active set replacement threshold. Event 1D: The best cell changes

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Measurement quantity P CPICH 1

P CPICH 2

P CPICH3

Reporting event 1D

Time

Figure 5

Example of Event 1D

In order to prevent frequent triggering of event 1D due to signal fluctuations when the channel difference is small, which results in unnecessary increase of the air interface signaling traffic flow, we can use the hysteresis parameter, as shown below:

Measurement quantity P CCPCH 1 Hysteresis

P CCPCH 2 Hysteresis

Reporting event 1D

Time

Figure 6

Restriction of measurement reporting by means of hysteresis

As we can see, as the hysteresis condition is not met at the second time, event 1D reporting is not triggered. This parameter can also be used in other events.

Event 1E: The measurement value of a primary pilot channel exceeds the absolute threshold

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Measurement quantity P CPICH 1

P CPICH 2 Absolute threshold

P CPICH 3
Reporting event 1E

Time

Figure 7

Example of Event 1E

Event 1E can be used to trigger the measurement reports of cells including those detected by the UE before it receives the adjacent cell list.

Event 1F: The measurement value of a primary pilot channel is lower than the absolute threshold

Measurement quantity P CPICH 1

P CPICH 2 Absolute threshold P CPICH 3

Reporting event 1F

Time

Figure 8

Example of Event 1D1F

2.1.2 Inter-Frequency Measurement

Inter-frequency measurement events are identified with 2X. The frequency quality estimation involved in events 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2E is defined as follows:

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Qcarrier j = 10 LogM carrier j

Where,

NA j + (1 W j ) 10 LogM Best j H , = W j 10 Log M i j i =1

Qcarrierj is the logarithmic form of the estimated quality value of frequency j Mcarrier j is the estimated quality value of frequency j Mi j is the measurement result of cell i with the frequency of j in the virtual active set NA j is the number of cells with the frequency of j in the virtual active set MBest j is the measurement result of the best cell with the frequency of j in the virtual active set Wj is the weight factor H is the hysteresis value Before we describe events 2x, we should make the following two concepts understood: non-used frequency refer to the frequency that the UE needs to measure but that is not in the active set, and used frequency refers to the frequency that the UE needs to measure and that is in the active set.

Event 2A: The best frequency changes If the estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is better than that of the best cell in the used frequency, and the hysteresis value and the time to trigger conditions are satisfied, event 2A will be triggered. Event 2B: The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than a certain threshold, and that of the non-used frequency is higher than a certain threshold If the estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than the threshold defined by IE Threshold used frequency delivered in the measurement control message, while that of the non-used frequency is higher than the threshold defined by IE Threshold non-used frequency delivered in the measurement control message, and the hysteresis value and the time to trigger condition are satisfied, event 2B will be triggered. Event 2C: The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is higher than a certain threshold This threshold is specified by IE Threshold non-used frequency in the measurement control message delivered by UTRAN. Event 2D: The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than a certain threshold Event 2D can be used to enable the compressed mode to perform inter-frequency measurement. This threshold is specified by IE Threshold used frequency in the measurement

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control message delivered by UTRAN. This type of parameters can be modified through MML commands. Event 2E: The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is lower than a certain threshold This threshold is specified by IE Threshold non-used frequency in the measurement control message delivered by UTRAN. Event 2F: The estimated quality value of the used frequency is higher than a certain threshold Event 2F can be used to disable the compressed mode to stop inter-frequency measurement. This threshold is specified by IE Threshold used frequency in the measurement control message delivered by UTRAN.

2.1.3 Inter-System Measurement

Inter-system measurement events are identified with 3X. The quality estimation of a UTRAN active set involved in events 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D is defined as follows:

QUTRAN = 10 LogM UTRAN

NA = W 10 Log M i + (1 W ) 10 LogM Best , i =1

Where, QUTRAN is the logarithmic form of the estimated quality value of the UTRAN frequency currently in use MUTRAN is the estimated quality value of the UTRAN frequency currently in use Mi is the measurement result of cell i in the active set NA is the number of cells in the active set MBest result is the measurement result of the best cell in the active set W is the weight factor Event 3A: The estimated quality value of the used UTRAN frequency is lower than a certain threshold, and that of the other system is higher than a certain threshold If the estimated quality value of the used UTRAN frequency is lower than the threshold defined by IE Threshold own system delivered in the measurement control message, while that of the other system is higher than the threshold defined by IE Threshold other system delivered in the measurement control message, and the hysteresis value and the time to trigger condition are satisfied, event 3A will be triggered. Event 3B: The estimated quality value of the other system is lower than a certain

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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter Configuration Guidance threshold

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This threshold is specified by IE Threshold other system in the measurement control message. Event 3C: The estimated quality value of the other system is higher than a certain threshold This threshold is specified by IE Threshold other system in the measurement control message. Event 3D: The best cell in the other system changes

2.1.4 UE Internal Measurement

Two UE internal measurement events are involved in the handover algorithms: 6F and 6G. Event 6F: The time difference between downlink receiving and uplink transmission of the UE is bigger than an absolute threshold This threshold is specified in IE UE Rx-Tx time difference threshold delivered by UTRAN. Event 6G: The time difference between downlink receiving and uplink transmission of the UE is smaller than an absolute threshold This threshold is specified in IE UE Rx-Tx time difference threshold delivered by UTRAN.

2.2 Handover Algorithms

This section will describer the handover-related algorithms already supported by RNC V1.2, so as to provide algorithm guidance for network optimization and parameter adjustments. The contents of this section include softer handover and soft handover algorithms, intra-frequency hard handover algorithm, inter-frequency hard handover algorithm, inter-system hard handover algorithm, load balancing handover algorithm, cell penalty, direct retry algorithm and active set synchronization maintenance and adjacent cell list maintenance method.

2.2.1 Softer Handover and Soft Handover Algorithms

Presently, RNC V1.2 uses two soft handover algorithms: loose-mode algorithm and relative threshold algorithm. The user can make selection between these two algorithms through the algorithm switch. By default, algorithm 2, namely, relative threshold algorithm is enabled. 1. Loose-mode algorithm

1) When either event 1A or event 1E (referred to as 1A or 1E) is satisfied, it will be deemed as the trigger condition for adding a soft handover branch;

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2) After event 1A or 1E is received, if the number of cells in the active set is 3, no processing will be implemented. 3) When neither the relative threshold nor the absolute threshold (event 1B and 1F) is satisfied, it is deemed as the trigger condition for removing a soft handover branch. 4) If handover is triggered when either event 1B or event 1F is received, but the triggered cell is the best cell, then no processing will be made. 5) When the UE active set is full, event 1A and event 1E reporting is stopped, and event 1C reporting starts 6) Event 1C is the trigger condition for cell replacement in the active set. 7) Event 1D occurs in the active set cell, and measurement control changes, based on the best cell operation algorithm. 8) Event 1D occurs in the monitored set cell, and this cell is added into the active set. If the active set is full, remove any cell among non-best cells and then add the reported best cell, and mark it as the best cell. After successful operation, the measurement control change process is started.

2.

Relative threshold algorithm

1) When event 1A report is received, if the active set is not full, then links are sequenced and added in the order of good quality to poor quality (CPICH Ec/No) (in case that multiple cells report event 1A), until the active set is full; if the active set is already full, no processing will be made. 2) When event 1B is received, if there are more than one links in the active set, then the braches are sequenced and removed in the order of poor quality to good quality (CPICH Ec/No) (in case that multiple cells report event 1B), until only one link is left; if there is only one in the active set, no processing will be made. 3) In case of event 1C, the UE will report the replacing and replaced cells in the event trigger list. If the active set is not full, then the triggered cell link will be added; if the active set is already full at this moment and the replaced cell is not the best cell in the active set, then this cell link will be removed. 4) In case of event 1D, if the triggered cell is an active set cell, then it will be marked as the best cell and measurement control is updated; if the triggered cell doe not belong to the active set, then this cell link will be added (if the active set is full, one of the non-best cell will be removed before this link is added) and marked as the best cell, with measurement control updated.

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2.2.2 Intra-Frequency Hard Handover Algorithm

Intra-frequency hard handover will occur in two cases: 1, handover between intra-frequency adjacent cells that belong to different RNCs, between which no Iur interface is available; 2, handover of high-rate PS Best Effort services that exceeds the rate threshold, because too much forward capacity will be occupied if soft handover is adopted in this case. Event 1D is used as the judgment criterion for event intra-frequency hard handover. Namely, the event 1D triggered cell acts as the target cell of the handover.

2.2.3 Inter-Frequency Hard Handover Algorithm

1. Basic concepts Carrier coverage verge cell: a cell located at the outmost verge of a carrier coverage area. The characteristic is that the cell does have an intra-frequency adjacent cell in a certain direction. Carrier coverage center cell: a cell other than carrier coverage verge cells. The characteristic is that the cell has intra-frequency adjacent cells in all directions. In a carrier coverage verge cell, when the UE moves towards the direction in which the cell has no intra-frequency adjacent cell, the CPICH Ec/No changes slowly because CPICH RSCP has the same speed with the fading of interference. Simulation shows that CPICH Ec/No can still reach -12dB or so when CPICH RSCP is already lower than the demodulation threshold (about -110dBm). At this moment, the inter-frequency handover algorithm based on CPICH Ec/No measurement has actually failed. Therefore, for a carrier coverage verge cell, it is more suitable and more efficient to use CPICH RSCP as the inter-frequency measurement quantity. For a carrier coverage center cell, CPICH RSCP can also be used as the inter-frequency measurement quantity, but CPICH Ec/No can better reflect the actual link communication quality and the load situation of the cell. 2. Enabling/disabling inter-frequency measurement Because inter-frequency measurement may use the compressed mode, which usually affects the link quality and system capacity, we generally hope that inter-frequency measurement is not enabled unless necessary. Currently, RNC V1.2 decides to enable or disable interfrequency measurement through the reporting of event 2D and event 2F. When the UE enters the CELL_DCH state or when the best cell is updated, if the interfrequency handover algorithm is enabled and an inter-frequency adjacent cell list is available for the best cell, then the measurement of event 2D and 2F is configured. The absolute thresholds of events 2D and 2F are the enabling/disabling thresholds of inter-frequency measurement. CPICH

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Ec/No or RSCP measurement quantity and thresholds will be adopted respectively according to the location property of the best cell in the active set (carrier coverage center or carrier coverage verge as previously described). If the measurement quantity is lower than the enabling threshold , event 2D will be reported, and inter-frequency measurement will be enabled through decision; if the active set quality rises and becomes higher than the disabling threshold, then event 2F reporting will be triggered and inter-frequency measurement will be stopped. 3. Inter-frequency hard handover decision Presently, the periodic measurement reporting mode is used for inter-frequency measurement. In RNC V1.2, the absolute threshold decision method based on cell properties is used for inter-frequency handover decision. According to different cell properties (carrier coverage verge cell and carrier coverage center cell), different physical measurement quantities (CPICH RSCP and CPICH Ec/No) and handover thresholds are used for handover decision. Based on the inter-frequency measurement result periodically reported by the UE, if the measurement values exceed the absolute threshold and the hysteresis values and the time to trigger condition is met, then the RNC will implement inter-frequency hard handover with the reported cell as the handover target cell. Note: Due to lack of a special compressed mode control policy, it is recommended that inter-frequency handover be used only for necessary handover caused by discontinuous carrier coverage. In this case, we can consider to enable the compressed mode only at the carrier coverage verge, while disable the compressed mode at the carrier coverage center by means of parameter configuration (by setting the absolute threshold of event 2D to the minimum) to disable inter-frequency hard handover.

2.2.4 Inter-System Handover Algorithm

RNC V1.2 supports 3G->GSM/GPRS handover. Presently, inter-system handover is used only for inter-system handover caused by discontinuous coverage of 3G networks, and other types of inter-system handover, such as load balancing, are not supported. 1) Inter-system handover is enabled only in cells located at the verge of WCDMA FDD system coverage. 2) Inter-system handover algorithms and inter-frequency handover algorithms are mutually exclusive. That is, when the compressed-mode measurement of inter-system handover is enabled, the compressed-mode measurement of inter-frequency handover must be disabled. 3) Cells at the verge of WCDMA FDD system coverage are identified through the configuration of GSM/GPRS adjacent cell list for them.

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4) For inter-system handover, CPICH RSCP is used as the physical measurement quantity and events 2D and 2F are used to decide enabling or disabling the compressed mode. 5) For inter-system handover, three compressed mode style sequences are used for concurrent measurement of GSM RSSI, BASIC identification and BASIC reconfirm, and the configuration of parameters is oriented to the cell type, namely, the parameters can be selected and configured based on the cell characteristics and user mobility statistics characteristics. 6) Periodic measurement reports are used for inter-system handover, and the RNC decides whether to implement hard handover according to the measurement reports.

2.2.5 Handover Caused by Load Balancing

When the loads of the adjacent cells become unbalanced, the load control algorithm will balance the loads between the adjacent cells through handover. Generally, the algorithm implements load balancing by changing the power of the common pilot channel between adjacent cells. Since handover algorithms obtain the Ec/No of the common pilot channel of adjacent cells through the measurement by the UE, while the handover thresholds of various cells are also obtained through the RNC database, the load balancing control algorithm is transparent to handover algorithms, without any direct interface in between. When the loads become unbalanced among cells of different frequencies in the same Node B, the performance of the entire system may deteriorate. In this case, the load control algorithm will notify the handover algorithm to switch some UEs on heavy-load carries onto light-load carriers thus to balance the loads. At this time, the load control entity selects the specific UEs. Upon selecting the UEs, the load control entity sends the source cell information and the target cell information to the selected UEs Handover Control entities , and what the handover entity should to do is just to give out the handover command based on the message it has received. Load balancing between different NodeBs is transparent to the handover algorithm. Therefore, we mainly analyze handover requests caused by load balancing between different carriers in the same coverage area. In this kind of handover, the handover entity actually does not make any specific decision, but it only forwards the decision command made by the load control entity. In this kind of handover, two principles are followed for UE selection: (1) UEs in soft handover are not selected. Since the target cells synchronization information may be unavailable, the timming re-initiation hard handover procedure is used here. As RNC V1.2 does not support immediate macro diversity, if a UE in soft handover state is selected at this moment for load transfer, it will necessarily result in damage to the soft handover state of this UE, and increase call drop risk.

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(2) UEs with inconsistent SRNC and CRNC are not selected, because this kind of transfer involves signaling interworking on the Iur interface, while the Iur is an open interface, without this type of signaling. Upon receiving the load transfer signaling, the handover entity first implements handover decision to judge whether the two conditions previously mentioned are satisfied. If so, it will proceed with the next step of processing; otherwise, it will reject the request and indicate the reason.

2.2.6 Cell Penalty

The purpose of cell penalty caused by handover failure is to prevent the handover algorithm from deciding again on the handover of this UE to a cell that already has no more capacity. In order to avoid making redundant judgments, in case of a handover failure (including soft handover and hard handover), the involved UE will be restricted from initiating any further handover request to the same cell within the penalty time, and the event periodic reporting interval is required to be equal to the penalty time. Thus, after a handover failure, on one hand penalty is exerted on the target cell involved in the handover failure, and on the other the periodic reporting interval is made equal to the penalty time, so that large waste of processing capability is avoided. The Connection-oriented cell penalty algorithm is as follows: (1) The cell penalty algorithm is to deny any handover access to the cell in penalty within the specified period of time, namely, the involved UE is not allowed to initiate any further handover request to this cell. The penalty flag is set to 1; (2) After the penalty time expires, the penalty is released, and the penalty flag is set to 0.

2.2.7 Active Set Synchronization Maintenance

According to the 25.214 protocol, from the downlink receiving moment of the UE to the corresponding uplink transmission moment, there should be a 1024-chip delay, so as to ensure the normal 1-slot uplink and downlink power control, as shown below:

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Slot (2560 chips)

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DL DPCCH at UTRAN

PILOT

Data1

T TF P CI C

Data2

PILOT

T Data1 P C

Propagation delay DL-UL timing offset (1024 chips)

Response To TPC (*3) Data2 PILOT Data1

T P C

DL DPCCH at UE

PILOT

Data1

T TF P CI C 512 chips Response to TPC

DL SIR measurement (*1)

UL DPCCH at UE

PILOT Slot (2560 chips) Propagation delay

TFCI

TPC

PILOT

UL SIR measurement (*2) TFCI TPC PILOT

UL DPCCH at UTRAN
*1,2 *3

PILOT

The SIR measurement periods illustrated here are examples. Other ways of measurement are allowed to achieve accurate SIR estimation. If there is not enough time for UTRAN to respond to the TPC, the action can be delayed until the next slot.

Figure 9

Power Control Timing

As illustrated in the diagram, when the UE complete receiving the downlink PILOT bit, it has the time of 512 chips to generate the TPC bit for downlink power control according to the PILOT bit. When the UE is in the soft handover state, the generation of the TPC bit should be based on the PILOT calculation of all links. However, in the actual system, because the selection of the downlink transmission time is obtained by the NodeB based on the RNC-configured frame offset and code offset after roundup by 256 chips (the minimum time resolution of the NodeB is 256 chips), there is an error of 128 chips between the actual transmission time and the RNCconfigured time. Plus errors in the UE movement speed and clock drift, there will be an error of (128+20) chips at the UE side. That is, when the Rx-Tx time difference is within the range of 1024148 chips, the design of UE and NodeB should be able to satisfy the 1-slot power control requirement; when it is out of this range, the system will be unable to guarantee the 1-slot power control requirement, resulting in power control performance deterioration. The UE Rx-Tx time difference is measured once every 10 frames. When the Rx-Tx time difference is smaller than 876 (1024148) chips, the UE-end processing time will be reduced, and, as result, it will be likely that the downlink 1-slot power control cannot be guaranteed; when the Rx-Tx time difference is greater than 1172 (1024+148) chips, the NodeB-end processing will be reduced, and it will be likely that the uplink 1-slot power control cannot be guaranteed.

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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter Configuration Guidance

For Intanal Use

There are two UE internal measurement events for the measurement of the protocolprovided synchronization maintenance information: event 6F and event 6G, as described previously. Algorithm description: a) After the UE enters the CELL_DCH state, the algorithm enables the UE to report event 6F and event 6G through measurement control. b) The thresholds, delays and hysteresis values of events 6F and 6G are used as algorithm parameters, which can be adjusted through background configuration. c) Once event 6F or event 6G occurs on a radio link, the network side will release this radio link. D) The cell with its link released may retrigger other events and then new RL could be added to the active set.

2.2.8 Direct Retry Algorithm

When the UE requests to leave the IDLE mode and enter the CONNECTION mode, if the admission fails, another best cell will be selected for an access attempt based on the RACH measurement report previously reported by the UE. Such an access attempt is called direct retry. The direct retry algorithm needs the following parameters: 1) DRMaxNumber: the maximum direct retry times for each direct retry candidate cell 2) DRDCSThreshold: a basic threshold for entering the candidate set 3) MaxRelatingTime: the maximum time that the RACH measurement report can continue to be used 4) LinearFactor: the linear factor for the relative threshold and time interval during candidate set screening 5) MinSignalRequired: basic access threshold. Algorithm description: (1) The direct retry algorithm is effective only when the UE initiates RRC setup request. (2) The direct retry algorithm buffers the cell measurement value in the RACH measurement report of the UE, deletes the originally saved cell measurement information after the RNC receives a new RACH measurement report, buffers the cells of which the measurement signal CPICH Ec/No is greater than MinSignalRequierd (basic access threshold), and records the reporting time.

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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter Configuration Guidance

For Intanal Use

(3) When the UE initiates an RRC setup requests, if the connection setup fails, the RNC will choose a new cell with the best quality for a further access attempt based on the cell measurement information in the RACH measurement report carried in the RRC CONNECTION REQUEST message, until all the available cells (candidate cells) fail and the number of attempts reaches the maximum retry times. (4) Candidate cells are picked up as follows: 1) Read the current system time, calculate the buffering time of the cell measurement value, and discards the cells of which the buffering time is bigger than MaxRelatingTime 2) Based on the measurement value in the buffered RACH report and the LinearFactor, convert the estimated value of the current cell signal quality: cell measurement value (CPICH Ec/No) buffer time (s) LinearFactor (dB/s) 3) Put the cells of which the estimated quality value is greater than DRDCSThreshold into the candidate set of the direct retry algorithm. (5) Retry with the cell having the best estimated quality from the candidate set cells. If retry fails, continue to retry, until the number of attempts reaches the maximum retry times (DRMaxNumber).

2.2.9 Principle for Generating Adjacent Cell List

There are two adjacent cell list control methods: 1. Adjacent cell list control method based on the best cell When the adjacent cell list is controlled based on the best cell, the basic policy is as follows: (1) If there only one cell, the adjacent cell list will be controlled based on this cell; (2) If a cell is added by event 1D, after it is successfully added, the adjacent cell list will be controlled based on this cell; (3) If a cell is added by an event other than event 1D, the adjacent cell list will not be changed; (4) If the best cell has not been removed, the adjacent cell list will not be changed; (5) If the best cell has been removed, a new best cell will be selected based on the information obtained during the removal action, and the adjacent cell list will be modified after successful removal of the best cell; (6) If event 1D occurs on a cell in the active set, the adjacent cell list will be modified. (7) This method is relative simple, but is may bring the problem of inaccurate control for UEs under the macro diversity.
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter Configuration Guidance 2. Control method based on all the cells in the active set

For Intanal Use

A control method that can take the adjacent cells of all the cells in the active set is a good policy. The adjacent cell list is generated by means of the following method: Step 1: Add active set cells; Step 2: Add the common adjacent cells of the cells of all the active sets (3 active sets) into the adjacent cell list. If there are more than 32 adjacent cells after this action, remove randomly cells added in this step; Step 3: Add the common adjacent cells of every two active set cells into the adjacent cell list. If there are more than 32 adjacent cells after this action, remove randomly cells added in this step; Step 4: Consider adding the common adjacent cells of each active set cell into the adjacent cell list, starting from the adjacent cells of the best cell. If there are more than 32 adjacent cells after this action, remove cells by starting from the worst cell. Note: The RNC V1.2 version supports the adjacent cell list control method based on the best cell.

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