Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
A DISSERTATION
MASTER OF PLANNING
in
Department of Planning
by
Ravi Shankar.S.
Reg. No: 200461209
ANNA UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI-25
November 2005
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
DECLARATION
-2-
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this dissertation forming part of course work TP 152, of III semester,
M.Plan, entitled “PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI”, submitted by Ar.
Ravi Shankar.S, to the School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University for the
award of Masters Degree in Planning is a bonafide record of her under my
supervision.
Certified further that to the best of my Knowledge the work reported herein does not
form part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award
was conferred on an earlier occasion for any other candidate.
Dean
Examiner Prof. S.Ravi,
School of Architecture and Planning
Anna University
-3-
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A sincere word of thanks to each and every one who has helped me in completing
this dissertation.
I also like to record my sincere thanks to our, Head of the department, Department of
Planning, SAP, and dissertation coordinator, Dr.V.M.Marudhachalam for his spirit
and formulative direction.
I extend my thanks to the few many who were behind the scenes and encouraged
me in the completion of this study. I express my sincere thanks to my friends and
classmates who have given me the moral support and encouragement, when I
needed it.
Last but not the least I extend my thanks to my parents who always help me to make
my dream reality.
-4-
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
ABSTRACT
Coastal areas are biologically rich and aesthetically pleasing. It contains the large
majority of world’s population, possesses some of the highest grade agricultural land,
accounts for the lion’s share of tourist trade, and it is the growth pole of expanding
economic activity. India has a coastline of about 7,500 kms. of which the mainland
accounts for 5,400.Nearly 250 million people live within a distance of 50 kms from the
coast. Hence there is a great demand for the use of the coastal land. Especially the
fishing community owing to the nature of their work had depended on the coast for
livelihood and most of the fishing settlements are very near to the coast.
The recent Tsunami has made us to understand that the planning of coastal areas
involves more care than the normal land use planning since our coast is vulnerable to
natural disasters. This Review is above all a practical document. However, it is not a
manual. Its Emphasis is on the process of planning and implementing risk reduction
initiatives along the coastal belt. It focuses on key issues and decision points and
how to address them. It has been difficult to present a balanced coverage of such a
broad and diverse subject, and there are inevitable gaps and this being a new
phenomenon to our Indian coast studies done to our conditions is very limited.
Nevertheless, the book is literature evidence-based. The descriptions and
discussions are supported by case studies, which aim to give a sense of the range
and diversity of practical approaches that can be used.
Disasters triggered by natural hazards are a major threat to life and to sustainable
development, especially in developing countries. The human and economic cost of
disasters is rising, mainly because societies are becoming more vulnerable to
hazards. Socio-economic vulnerability is complex and often deep-rooted. The weaker
groups in society suffer most from disasters. Many persistent myths about disasters
should be discarded. Disaster reduction strategies are important to address future
disasters.
-5-
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
The key factors to reduce potential losses due to tsunami are AWARENESS and
PREPAREDNESS. The practical applications of this tsunami risk assessment, in
both quantitative and qualitative terms, for implementation into mitigation strategies.
In the context of CRZ provisions, during the present episode of tsunami in the Indian
coast the maximum damage has occurred in low lying areas near the coast and High
causalities are found in most thickly populated areas , mangroves, forests, sand
dunes and coastal cliffs provided the best natural barriers against the tsunami.
Validation of the CRZ after the recent Tsunami is to be viewed seriously.
Today, nations around the Indian Ocean are trying to decide whether to allow
rebuilding on the coast, which structures to rebuild and which ones to relocate, and
how to rebuild to minimize losses in future tsunamis. There are a wide range of
technical and management options for coastal protection, which include the sea wall
construction and off shore breakers as artificial barriers. Sea walls should be viewed
as an option in areas which are well developed, densely populated, low lying and
very near the coast.(density of coastal area of kerala is 2147 per sq.km., in
pondicherry settlement starts 20-30 mts from the coast North Chennai high density
and absence of lengthier coast ) . Critical infrastructure facilities which require
foreshore can be guarded with sea walls. Sea wall could never be an option for the
entire coast.
Places that had healthy coral reefs and intact mangroves, which act as natural
buffers, were less badly hit by the tsunami than those where the reefs had been
damaged and mangroves ripped out and replaced by prawn farms and poorly
planned beachfront hotels. Mangroves and vegetative cover had considerably
reduced the impact of tsunami on the coast. With the importance of CRZ felt after this
tsunami the vegetative cover and CRZ can be utilized together to create tsunami
forest to act as buffer. These tsunami forest should be handed over to the local
communities. The rebuilding of the forest could be phased in stages.
-6-
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Connectivity played an important role during the recent Tsunami. The settlements
with better connectivity suffered less loss. Better connectivity in terms of roads
facilitated immediate relief measures.
Avoiding or minimizing the exposure of people and property through land use
planning can mitigate tsunami risk most effectively. Development should be
prevented in high-hazard areas wherever possible. Where development cannot be
prevented, land use intensity, building value, and occupancy should be kept to a
minimum.
In areas where it is not feasible to restrict land to open-space uses, other land use
planning measures can be used. These include strategically controlling the type of
development and uses allowed in hazard areas, and avoiding high-value and high-
occupancy uses to the greatest degree possible.
Land use policies and programs should address tsunami hazards as part of a
comprehensive tsunami mitigation program. Such an update should focus on the
location and vulnerability to damage of existing and planned land uses.
-7-
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
ACRONYMS
A
ADB Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines
ADMIN Australian Disaster Management Information Network
ADPC Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand
ADRC Asian Disaster Reduction Center, Japan
ADRRN Asian Disaster Reduction And Response Network
AEGDM ASEAN Experts Group On Disaster Management
AFEM European Natural Disasters Training Center / Center Européen De Formation Sur Les
Risques, Turkey
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Singapore
APELL Awareness And Preparedness For Emergencies At The Local Level (UNEP)
ARPDM ASEAN Regional Program On Disaster Management
AUDMP Asian Urban Disaster Mitigation Program, ADPC, Thailand
Ausdin Australian Disaster Information Network
B
BCPR Bureau For Crisis Prevention And Recovery, UNDP (Formerly Emergency Response
Division)
Benfieldhrc Benfield Hazard Research Centre, University College London, United Kingdom
BICEPP Business And Industry Council For Emergency Planning And Preparedness
C
CAMI Central American Mitigation Initiative
CARDIN Caribbean Disaster Information Network
CBDM Community Based Disaster Management
CCOP Coordinating Committee For Coastal And Offshore Geoscience Programmes In East
And Southeast Asia, Thailand
CDERA Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency
CDMP Caribbean Disaster Mitigation Project
CDPC Cranfield Disaster Preparedness Center, United Kingdom
CDRN Citizen’s Disaster Response Network, Philippines
CENAPRED National Center For Disaster Prevention, Mexico
CENAT Swiss Natural Hazards Competence Centre
CENDIM Centre For Disaster Management, Bogazici University, Turkey
-8-
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
D
DDMC District Disaster Management Committee, Bangladesh
DEWA Division For Early Warning And Assessment, UNEP
DFID Department For International Development, United Kingdom
Dimp Disaster Mitigation For Sustainable Livelihoods Programme, University Of Cape Town,
South Africa
DIPECHO Disaster Preparedness, European Community Humanitarian Office
DISMAC Disaster Management Committee At National Divisional And Districts Levels, Fiji
DISMAN Disaster Management Database
DKKV Deutsches Komitee Für Katastrophenvorsorge (German Committee For Disaster
Reduction)
DMB Disaster Management Bureau (DMB), Bangladesh
DMC Drought Monitoring Centres, Zimbabwe And Kenya
DMFC Disaster Mitigation Facility For The Caribbean
DMI Disaster Mitigation Institute, India
DMIS Disaster Management Information System, IFRC
DMISA Disaster Management Institute Of Southern Africa, South Africa
DMMU Disaster Management And Mitigation Unit, Zambia
-9-
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
E
EC European Commission
ECE Economic Commission For Europe, United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland
ECILS European Centre For Vulnerability Of Industrial And Lifeline Systems/Centre
Européen Sur
La Vulnérabilité Des Réseaux Et Systèmes Industriels, Skopje (Former Yugoslavia
Republic Of Macedonia)
ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
ECNTRM European Centre Of New Technologies For The Management Of Major Natural
And
Technological Hazards/Centre Européen Des Nouvelles Technologies Pour La Gestion
Des Risques Naturels Et Technologiques Majeurs, Federation Of Russia
ECPFE European Centre For Prevention And Forecasting Of Earthquakes/Centre Européen
Pour
La Prévention Et La Prévision Des Tremblements De Terre, Greece
ECTR European Inter-Regional Centre For Training Rescue Workers/Centre Européen De
Formation Inter-Régionale Pour Les Sauveteurs, Armenia
EDM Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Center, Japan
EERI Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, USA
EHC Earthquake Hazard Centre, New Zealand
EHP/USGS Earthquake Hazards Program Of The United States Geological Survey
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
- 10 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
F
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency, Government Of USA
FEMID Fortalecimiento De Estructuras Locales Para La Mitigación De Desastres
(Strengthening Of Local Structures For Disaster Mitigation)
FIVIMS Food Insecurity And Vulnerability Information And Mapping Systems, FAO
FONDEN Fund For Natural Disasters, Mexico
G
GA General Assembly, United Nations
GADR Global Alliance For Disaster Reduction, USA
GAV Vulnerability Analysis Group
GDIN Global Disaster Information Network
GESI Global Earthquake Safety Initiative, Japan
GHHD European Centre On Geodynamical Hazards Of High Dams/Centre Européen Sur
Les
Risques Géodynamiques Liés Aux Grands Barrages, Georgia
GHI Geohazards International, USA
GIS Geographic Information Systems
GLO-DISNET Global Disaster Information Network
- 11 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
H
HAZUS Natural Hazard Loss Estimation Methodology, FEMA
HDR Human Development Report, UNDP
HMU Hazard Management Unit, World Bank (Formerly DMF, Disaster Management Facility
HNDGDM Hungarian National Directorate General For Disaster Management
HPC-DMP High Powered Committee On Disaster Management Plans, India
HRRC Hazard Reduction And Recovery Center, Texas A &M University, USA
I
IACNDR Inter-American Committee For Natural Disaster Reduction, OAS
ICDRM Institute For Crisis, Disaster And Risk Management, George Washington University,
USA
IDMC Inter-Departmental Disaster Management Committee, South Africa
IDNDR International Decade For Natural Disaster Reduction, 1990-1999
IDRM International Institute For Disaster Risk Management, Philippines
IDRN India Disaster Resource Network
ILO International Labour Organization
IMC Inter-Ministerial Committee For Disaster Management, South Africa
IMD India Meteorological Department
INCEDE International Centre For Disaster Mitigation Engineering, University Of Tokyo
INFRAID Infrastructure Damage Prevention, Assessment And Reconstruction Following A
Disaster
ISDR International Strategy For Disaster Reduction
ISFEREA Information Support For Effective And Rapid External Aid
ISPU Higher Institute Of Emergency Planning/Institut Supérieur De Planification d’Urgence,
Archennes, Belgium
ITIC International Tsunami Information Center, Hawaii
ITT Indian Institute Of Technology, Bombay
- 12 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
KEERC Korea Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Seoul National University, Korea
KOVERS Compentence Center For Technical Risks, ETH, Switzerland
M
MANDISA Monitoring, Mapping And Analysis Of Disaster Incidents In South Africa
MATE Ministère De l’Aménagement Du Territoire Et De l’Environnement, France (Ministry Of
Land Use Planning And Environment)
MDMR Ministry Of Disaster Management And Relief, Bangladesh
N
NADIMA National Disaster Management Authority, Kenya
Nadiva National Disaster Vulnerability Atlas, South Africa
NANADISK-NET National Natural Disaster Knowledge Network, India
NASA National Aeronautics And Space Administration, USA
NCDM National Center For Disaster Management, India
NCDM National Committee For Disaster Management, Cambodia
NDCC National Disaster Coordinating Council, Philippines
NDMC National Disaster Management Centre, South Africa
NDMO National Disaster Management Office
NDMS National Disaster Mitigation Strategy, Canada
NDRP National Disaster Reduction Plan, People’s Republic Of China
NEDIES Natural And Environmental Disaster Information Exchange System
NEMA National Emergency Management Association, USA
NEMO Network Of State Hazard Mitigation Officers, USA
NHIA Natural Hazard Impact Assessment
NHRC Natural Hazards Research Centre, Australia
NIDP National Institute For Disaster Prevention, Republic Of Korea
NOAA National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration, USA
NPDPM National Policy On Disaster Prevention And Management, Ethiopia
O
OCDS Oxford Center For Disaster Studies
OCIPEP Office Of Critical Infrastructure Protection And Emergency Preparedness, Canada,
ODPEM Office Of Disaster Preparedness And Emergency Management, Jamaica
OFDA/USAID Office For Foreign Disaster Assistance/US Agency For International
Development
- 13 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
P
PDC Pacific Disaster Center
PLANAT National Platform For Natural Hazards, Switzerland
PREANDINO Andean Regional Programme For Risk Prevention And Reduction, Venezuela
PREVIEW Project For Risk Evaluation, Vulnerability, Information And Early Warning
PTWS Pacific Tsunami Warning System
PTWC Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre, Hawaii, USA
R
RADIUS Risk Assessment Tools For Diagnosis Of Urban Areas Against Seismic Disasters
RCC Regional Consultative Committee On Regional Cooperation In Disaster Management,
Bangkok, Thailand
RDMP Risk Disaster Management Programme, UN-HABITAT
S
SAARC South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation, Nepal
SPDRP South Pacific Disaster Reduction Program
T
TRM Total Disaster Risk Management (RCC Strategy)
U
UNCED United Nations Conference On Environment And Development
UNCHS United Nations Centre For Human Settlements (Now UN-HABITAT)
UNCRD/DMPHO United Nations Center For Regional Development/Disaster Management
Planning
Hyogo Office, Japan
UNDAC United Nations Disaster Assessment And Coordination Team
UNDHA-SPO United Nations Department Of Humanitarian Affairs-South Pacific Office
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
- 14 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
V
VAG Vulnerability Analysis Group
VAM Vulnerability Assessment And Mapping, WFP
VAT Vulnerability Assessment And Techniques
VCA Vulnerability And Capacities Assessment
W
WVR World Vulnerability Report, UNDP
- 15 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
GLOSSARY
ACCEPTABLE RISK :The level of loss a society or community considers acceptable given
existing social, economic, political, cultural, technical and environmental conditions.
In engineering terms, acceptable risk is also used to assess structural and non-
structural measures undertaken to reduce possible damage at a level, which does not harm
people, and property, according to codes or "accepted practice" based, among other issues,
on a known probability of hazard.
CAPACITY :A combination of all the strengths and resources available within a community,
society or organization that can reduce the level of risk, or the effects of a disaster.
Capacity may include physical, institutional, social or economic means as well as
skilled personal or collective attributes such as leadership and management. Capacity may
also be described as capability.
CLIMATE CHANGE :The climate of a place or region is changed if over an extended period
(typically decades or longer) there is a statistically significant change in measurements of
either the mean state or variability of the climate for that place or region.
Changes in climate may be due to natural processes or to persistent anthropogenic
changes in atmosphere or in land use. Note that the definition of climate change used in the
- 16 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
COPING CAPACITY :The means by which people or organizations use available resources
and abilities to face adverse consequences that could lead to a disaster.
In general, this involves managing resources, both in normal times as well as during
crises or adverse conditions. The strengthening of coping capacities usually builds resilience
to withstand the effects of natural and human-induced hazards.
- 17 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
capacities of the society or individuals to lessen the impacts of natural and related
environmental and technological hazards.
EARLY WARNING :The provision of timely and effective information, through identified
institutions, that allows individuals exposed to a hazard to take action to avoid or reduce their
risk and prepare for effective response.
EMERGENCY :An event, actual or imminent, which endangers or threatens to endanger life,
property or the environment, and which requires a significant and coordinated response. In
the ERM context for critical infrastructure, an event that extends an organization beyond
routine processes.
- 18 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
GEOLOGICAL HAZARD :Natural earth processes or phenomena that may cause the loss of
life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation.
HAZARD :A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may
cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or
environmental degradation. Hazards can include latent conditions that may represent future
threats and can have different origins: natural (geological, hydro meteorological and
biological) or induced by human processes (environmental degradation and technological
hazards). Hazards can be single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects. Each
hazard is characterized by its location, intensity, frequency and probability.
- 19 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
elements in place (or proposed) to prevent or mitigate security concerns. Finally, it analyzes
the system design against the objectives in a systematic, quantitative manner in order to
determine if the physical protection system is effective and acceptable for that facility. Similar
Terms Vulnerability Analysis, Risk Assessment, Threat Assessment.
HAZARD MITIGATION :The process of alleviating hazards or reducing the risk of hazards by
the use of proactive measures. (FEMA’s Disaster Mitigation Act) Any sustained action taken
to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from hazards.
MITIGATION :Acts or efforts to lesson the consequences of an event. These may be carried
out before, during or after an event.
- 20 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
MONITOR :To check, supervise, observe critically, or record the progress of an activity,
action or system on a regular basis in order to identify change.
NATURAL DISASTER, SLOW ONSET :A disaster event that unfolds alongside and within
development processes. The hazard can be felt as an ongoing stress for many days, months
or even years. Drought is a prime example.
- 21 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
PLANNING :The analysis of requirements and the development of strategies for resource
utilization.
RELIEF :A critical control that avoids people over stressing themselves during emergencies.
RESIDUAL RISK :The remaining level of risk after risk treatment measures have been
taken.
RESILIENCE :The ability to maintain function after sustaining loss. Factors contributing to
resilience include existing control measures, duplicated or redundant assets or systems,
knowledge of alternatives and the ability to implement them.
RESPONSE :Measures taken in anticipation of, during and immediately after, emergencies
to ensure the adverse consequences are minimized.
RISK :The chance of an event that will have an impact. It is measured in terms of
consequences and likelihood. In ERM - a concept used to describe the likelihood of harmful
consequences arising from the interaction of sources of risks, communities and the
environment.
- 22 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
RISK AVOIDANCE :An informed decision to completely eliminate the sources of a particular
risk or not become involved in a particular risk.
RISK FINANCING :The methods applied to fund risk treatment and financial consequences
of risk.
RISK IDENTIFICATION :The process of determining what can happen, why and how.
RISK LEVEL :The relative measure of risk as defined by the combination of likelihood and
consequence. Usually expressed in terms of extreme, high, moderate and low.
RISK MANAGEMENT :The culture, processes and structures that are directed towards the
effective management of potential opportunities and adverse effects.
RISK SHARING :The equitable apportionment of risk among stakeholders and communities.
- 23 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
SOURCE OF RISK :A real or perceived event, situation or condition with a real or perceived
potential to cause harm or loss to stakeholders, communities or environment.
TROPICAL CYCLONE :Tropical disturbance in which the maximum of the average wind
speed is estimated to be in the range 64 to 89 knots (118 to 165 km/h, force 12 in the
Beaufort scale).
- 24 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Context
1.2 Need For The Study
1.3 Scope And Limitations
3. TSUNAMI CHARACTERISTICS
- 25 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 26 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
7. CONNECTIVITY
8. EVACUATION PLAN
9. SETTLEMENT PLANNING
- 27 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
14. APPENDIX 1
- 28 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
LIST OF FIGURES
LENGTH
TECTONICS
SOURCE : US AID
WWW.MAPSOFINDIA.COM
FIGURE 4.2 TSUNAMI RUNUP MAP Humboldt And Del Norte Counties
NORTHEN CALIFORNIA.
PRESENTATION ON TSUNAMI
- 29 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
FIGURE 9.1 MAP SHOWING THE LAND USE REGULATIONS FOR TSUNAMI
RUN UP AREAS
FIGURE 9.5 CASE STUDY, SITE PLANNING STRATEGIES TO REDUCE TSUNAMI RISK
FIGURE 9.6 CASE STUDY, SITE PLANNING STRATEGIES TO REDUCE TSUNAMI RISK
COAST
CRZ
- 30 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
LIST OF TABLES
Strategies
COAST
- 31 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 CONTEXT
A large tsunami triggered due to an earthquake
Offshore Sumatra at 7:58:53 AM local time on
26 December 2004 created havoc in several
countries of the Indian Ocean, primarily
Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Andaman–
Nicobar (India), East Coast of India, Sri Lanka,
Somalia, Madagascar and several small islands
in this area. It caused maximum loss in terms of
affected area, leaving millions of people
homeless. More than 200,000 human lives are
reported to have been lost and millions have
been injured; thousands are reported missing.
It has affected the citizens of more than 50
countries including tourists from developed
countries. The loss of property is so large that
even UN officials hesitate to make an estimate and
suggest that it may take decades to normalize the
situation in the affected regions .
India has a coastline of about 7,500 km.of which the mainland accounts for 5,400.Nearly 250
million people live within a distance of 50 kms from the coast. The coastal zone is also
endowed with a very wide range of coastal ecosystems like mangroves, coral reefs, sea
grasses, salt marshes, sand dunes, estuaries, lagoons, etc., which are characterized by
distinct biotic and a biotic processes. The coastal areas are assuming greater importance in
recent years, owing to increasing human population, urbanization and accelerated
developmental activities . The recent Tsunami has posed a great challenge among the
planners in refurbishing the coastal community.
- 32 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
“While it is agreed that no human interference is possible to control such an event but
Precautionary measures such as coastal area planning for locating coastal
communities in safer areas, protecting and propagating the natural protecting systems
such as mangroves, coral reefs, shelter belt plantations, along with installation of early
warning systems, timely evacuation and relief measures can minimize loss of life and
1
property to a large extent” and the quote from Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh,
Opportunity for strengthening socially and scientifically, our capacity for safeguarding human
and ecological security in coastal areas. It also provides an opportunity for enhancing the
economic well being of the fisher and farm families along the shoreline through an integrated
bio-shield-cum- bio-village programme.
The recent Tsunami has made us to understand that the planning of coastal areas involves
more care than the normal land use planning since our coast is vulnerable to natural
disasters.
This Review is above all a practical document. However, it is not a manual. Its
Emphasis is on the process of planning and implementing risk reduction initiatives along the
coastal belt. It focuses on key issues and decision points and how to address them. It has
been difficult to present a balanced coverage of such a broad and diverse subject, and there
are inevitable gaps and this being a new phenomenon to our Indian coast studies done to
our conditions is very limited. Nevertheless, the book is literature evidence-based. The
descriptions and discussions are supported by case studies, which aim to give a sense of the
range and diversity of practical approaches that can be used.
- 33 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Chapter 2
A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause the
loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental
degradation. Hazards can include latent conditions that may represent future threats and can
have different origins: natural (geological, hydro meteorological and biological) or induced by
human processes (environmental degradation and technological hazards). Hazards can be
single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects. Each hazard is characterized by its
location, intensity, frequency and probability.
“Strictly speaking, there is no such thing as a natural disaster, but there are natural hazards,
such as cyclones and earthquakes. The difference between a hazard and a disaster is an
important one. A disaster takes place when a community is affected by a hazard (usually
defined as an event that overwhelms that community’s capacity to cope). In other words, the
impact of the disaster is determined by the extent of a community’s vulnerability to the
hazard. This vulnerability is not natural. It is the human dimension of disasters, the result of
the whole range of economic, social, cultural, institutional, political and even psychological
factors that shape people’s lives and create the environment that they live in.”
- 34 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
¾ They have a wide range of effects and impacts on the human and physical
environment;
¾ There are complex needs in dealing with them;
R = H • Pop • Vul
Where
R is the risk (number of killed people.
H is the hazard, which depends on the frequency and strength of a given hazard
Pop is the population living in a given exposed area
Vul is the vulnerability and depends on the socio-political- economical context of this
population
- 35 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 36 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
DISASTER CYCLE
MITIGATION
Since the return period of destructive Tsunami are very large , Tsunami mitigation measure
should be considered along with mitigation measure of other natural hazards like tropical
cyclone, coastal flooding, coastal erosion (due strong monsoon and other natural hazards)
etc. However, specific Tsunami protective measures may be undertaken for the vital coastal
installations like important ports, nuclear plants along the coast high value coastal installation
properties
- 37 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
PREPAREDNESS
Specific measures taken before disasters strike, usually to forecast or warn against them,
take precautions when they threaten and arrange for the appropriate response (such as
organizing evacuation and stockpiling food supplies). Preparedness falls within the broader
field of mitigation.
PREVENTION
Activities to ensure that the adverse impact of hazards and related disasters is avoided. As
this is unrealistic in most cases, the term is not widely used nowadays.
RECOVERY
• The collection of basic data on disaster risk and the development of planning tools to
track the changing relationship between development policy and disaster risk levels.
• The collation and dissemination of best practice in development planning and policy
that reduce disaster risk.
• The galvanizing of political will to reorient both the development and disaster
management sectors.
- 38 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Emphasis
3. Basic responsibility to respond to an development scenarios
event. 3. Fundamental need to assess, monitor and
update exposure to changing conditions
4. Often fixed, location-specific conditions 4. Extended, changing, shared or regional,
5. Responsibility in single authority or local variations
agency 5. Involves multiple authorities, interests,
6. Command and control, directed actors
operations 6. Situation-specific functions, free
7. Established hierarchical relationships association
8. Often focused on hardware and 7. Shifting, fluid and tangential relationships
equipment 8. Dependent on related practices, abilities,
Operations
frames outlook, planning, attention, returns frames in outlook, planning, values, returns
Time
11. Rapidly changing, dynamic information 11. Accumulated, historical, layered, updated,
usage, often conflicting or sensitive or comparative use of information
12. Primary, authorized or singular 12. Open or public information, multiple,
Information use and management
safety safety
- 39 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Myths about disasters are widespread and persistent, despite repeated experience
to the contrary and the findings of social science research. They are often reinforced in the
public mind by media coverage. Disaster myths are a significant problem, because they
influence the way operational agencies think and act. Among the most prominent myths are
the following:
• Disasters are acts of God (which means that nothing can be done about them) or acts of
nature (which means that the problem can be resolved by scientific or technical interventions
alone).
• People are fatalistic about disasters and do not take action to protect themselves against
future events.
• When a disaster strikes, people are helpless, passive, dependent victims incapable of
carrying out even basic tasks. Therefore they rely on help from aid agencies.
• People panic during disasters; they cannot be relied upon to react rationally at times of
great danger.
• The chaos that follows disasters encourages many people to engage in anti-social
behaviors (particularly looting).
• External ‘experts’, with their advanced knowledge and technologies, are the main agents in
risk reduction and disaster response.
• The situation will return to normal within a few months of the disaster, and support for
rehabilitation need only be for the short term.
2.7 CONCLUSIONS
• Disasters triggered by natural hazards are a major threat to life and to sustainable
development, especially in developing countries.
• The human and economic cost of disasters is rising, mainly because societies
are becoming more vulnerable to hazards.
• Socio-economic vulnerability is complex and often deep-rooted.
• The weaker groups in society suffer most from disasters.
• Many persistent myths about disasters should be discarded.
• Disaster reduction strategies are important to address future disasters.
- 40 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Chapter 3
TSUNAMI CHARACTERISTICS
3.1 WHAT IS A TSUNAMI?
• A tsunami is a series of waves with a long wavelength and period (time between
crests). Time between crests of the wave can vary from a few minutes to over an
hour.
• Tsunamis are often incorrectly called tidal waves; they have no relation to the daily
ocean tides.
• Tsunamis are generated by any large, impulsive displacement of the seabed level.
• Earthquakes generate tsunamis by vertical movement of the sea floor. If the sea floor
movement is horizontal, a tsunami is not generated. Earthquakes of M > 6.5 are critical
for tsunami generation.
• Tsunamis are also triggered by landslides into or under the water surface, and can be
generated by volcanic activity and meteorite impacts.
Possible bore
3 As waves approach shore 4 formation on shore
they slow down, the waves
2 Tsunami wave train lengths shorten and become
formation higher
Submarine fault
1 movement, landslide, or
volcanic activity
- 41 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
• On the average, there are two tsunamis per year somewhere in the world, which
cause damage near the source.
• The destructive tsunami on Dec 26th, 2004 on the Indian Coast seems to have
occurred for the first time in the history.
• For example, the tsunami from Sumatra coastal earthquake traveled to Tamil
Nadu coast in about two hours.
• Even on shore tsunamis can faster than a person can run.
Error!
- 42 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 43 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
• Tsunamis range in size from centimeters to over 30 m height. Most tsunamis are
less than 3 m in height.
• In deep water (greater than 200 m), tsunamis are rarely over 1m high and will not
be noticed by ships due to their long period (time between crests).
• As tsunamis propagate into shallow water, the wave height can increase by over
10 times.
• Tsunami heights can vary greatly along a coast. The waves are amplified by
certain shoreline and bathymetric (sea floor) features.
• A large tsunami can flood land up to more than 1.5 km from the coast.
• The force of some tsunamis is enormous. Large rocks weighing several tons
along with boats and other debris can be moved inland hundreds of feet by
tsunami wave activity. Homes and other buildings are destroyed. All this material
and water move with great force and can kill or injure people.
• It some cases a bore (wall of water) or series of breaking waves may form.
• Some times a tsunami causes the water near the shore to recede, exposing the
ocean floor, then the wave crest comes with a high speed.
• Tsunamis can travel up rivers and streams that lead to the sea.
• Wind-generated waves break as they shoal and lose energy offshore. Tsunamis
act more like a flooding wave. A 6 m tsunami is a 6 m rise in sea level.
- 44 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Chapter 4
TSUNAMI RISK IN INDIA AND ITS ASSESSMENT
The hydrographic survey in Japan after the great Kwato earthquake of September 1, 1923
showed that vertical displacements of the order of 100 meters had occurred over a large
area of sea floor. Tsunamis are very common over the Pacific Ocean because it is
surrounded on all sides by a seismically active belt. In the Hawain Islands, Tsunamis
approach from all directions, namely, from Japan, the Aleutian Islands and from South
America.
The Indian coastal belt has not recorded many Tsunamis in the past. Waves accompanying
earthquake activity have been reported over the North Bay of Bengal. During an earthquake
in 1881 which had its epicenter near the centre of the Bay of Bengal, Tsunamis were
reported. The earthquake of 1941 in Bay of Bengal caused some damage in Andaman
- 45 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
region. This was unusual because most Tsunamis are generated by shocks which occur at
or near the flanks of continental slopes. During the earthquakes of 1819 and 1845 near the
Rann of Kutch, there were rapid movements of water into the sea. There is no mention of
waves resulting from these earthquakes along the coast adjacent to the Arabian sea, and it is
unlikely that Tsunamis were generated. Further west, in the Persian Gulf, the 1945 Mekran
earthquake (magnitude 8.1) generated Tsunami of 12 to 15 metres height. This caused a
huge deluge, with considerable loss of life and property at Ormara and Pasi. The estimated
height of Tsunami at Gulf of Combay was 15m but no report of damage is available. The
estimated height of waves was about 2 metres at Mumbai, where boats were taken away
from their moorings and casualties occurred. A list showing the Tsunami that affected Indian
coast in the past is given in Table-4.2. The information given in the Table is sketchy and
authenticity cannot be confirmed except the Tsunami of 26th December 2004.
Above facts indicate the coastal region of Gujarat is vulnerable to Tsunamis from great
earthquakes in Mekran coast. Earthquake of magnitude 7 or more may be dangerous. It
may be noted that all earthquake do not generate Tsunami. Research is still being
undertaken in this field. For the Indian region, two potential sources have been identified,
namely Mekran coast and Andaman to Sumatra region.
- 46 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 47 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
DATE REMARKS
326 B.C. Alexander the Great
Between 1st April
Tsunami on the Iranian coast from a local earthquake
and 9th May 1008
Karatoa 1.5 m Tsunami at Madras, 06 am at
August 27th 1883
Nagapattainam, 0.2 m at Arden
Earthquake in the western part of the Bay of Bengal
1884
Tsunamis at Port Blair, Doublet (mouth of Hoogly River)
8.1 quake in the Andaman Sea at 12.90 N,92.5o E
26th June 1941 Tsunamis on the east coast of India with amplitudes from 0.75 to
1.25 m. Some damage from East Coast was reported.
Mekran Earthquake (Magnitude 8.1 ). 12 to 15 M wave height in
Ormara in Pasi (Mekran coast) Considerable damage in Mekran
coast. In Gulf of Cambay of Gujarat wave heights of 15 meter
1945 was estimated. Damage report from Gujarat coast was not
available. The estimated height of waves at Mumbai was about 2
meters, boats were taken away from their moorings and
causality occurred.
8.25 quake 70 km south of
27th November
Karachi at 24.5o N, 63.0o E
1945
Tsunami amplitude at Kutch was 11.0 to 11.5m ?
Earthquake of magnitude 9.1 off north Sumatra coast generated
devastated Tsunami waves affecting several countries in South
th
26 December East Asia. In India Andaman & Nicobar Island, Tamil Nadu,
2004 Pondichery, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Lakshdweep have
been affected about 9700 people lose their lives and about 6000
more reported missing. (Till end January 2005.)
- 48 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Coastlines have always been a favored location for human settlements. Because of
the attractiveness of coastal locations and the long gaps between devastating tsunami
events, coastal communities have continued to develop in recent times with new housing,
maritime facilities, and resort developments. As a result, the destructive force of tsunamis
threatens more people and facilities.
- 49 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 50 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
The Tsunami hazard map may be empirically defined using a deterministic approach,
based upon potential maximum wave heights for the scenario tsunamis. The
definition of the tsunami hazard zones, as preliminary estimates, is given in Table.
For the terrestrial environment the hazard may be presented as inundation levels, in
terms of run-up heights at specified land contours. For the marine environment (“ON
WATER”) Harbour, Bay and Reefs – hazard may be given in terms of potential
maximum wave heights.
- 51 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
The exposure inventory with vulnerability to tsunami impact for both the built and
natural environments will need to be developed for shores and Harbours. Potential
damage is related to the hydrological controls of wave action (surging), flooding and
debris deposition, and consequent geotechnical controls to damage by liquefaction,
cracking and slumping. These result in structural damage to buildings, water
damage to contents, flooding damage to infrastructure (roads, bridges, water supply,
sewerage, wharves, sea-walls), damage to navigational aids and reef damage.
There is the potential for “seiching” in the shallow harbour areas where, alternately
(from the tsunami waves), water is drained from the harbour and then flooded to
depths greater than high tide levels. This has the potential for threat to human life
(death and injury) from people collecting fish from the harbour seafloor. In the
Harbour, waves are a threat to shipping (sinking, striking wharves) and fishermen
(drowning).
The vulnerability assessment is expressed as details of elements of the built, natural and
human environments vulnerable to potential tsunami-related damage. These need to be
considered in terms of the Tsunami Hazard Zones for the terrestrial environments around the
shores and the marine environments.
By integrating the hazard and vulnerability assessments, the tsunami risk assessment is to
be developed in terms of zonation and inundation maps and associated affects.
Practical Applications
The key factors to reduce potential losses due to tsunami are AWARENESS and
PREPAREDNESS. The practical applications of this tsunami risk assessment, in
- 52 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
both quantitative and qualitative terms, for implementation into mitigation strategies
for the terrestrial and marine environments include
Case Study 1: Planning Scenario for Humboldt and Del Norte Counties
In 1995, the California Division of Mines and Geology published Special Publication 115,
entitled Planning Scenario in Humboldt and Del Norte Counties, California for a Great
Earthquake on the Cascadia Subduction Zone.
This report includes a description
with supporting maps of the
potential effects of a tsunami on the
cities of Eureka (Humboldt County)
and Crescent City (Del Norte
County). This report is an example
of local hazard and risk information
that can be used to support
mitigation efforts. The scenario
earthquake is assumed to generate
a local tsunami that would arrive
minutes after the earthquake. The
maps depict potential structure and
infrastructure damage and show
locations likely to be flooded by a
FIGURE 4.2 TSUNAMI RUNUP MAP
HUMBOLDT
tsunami caused by a potential great earthquake AND DEL8.4)
(magnitude NORTE COUNTRIES
occurring offshore on the
Gorda segment of the Cascadia Sub duction Zone.The planning scenario includes damage
probability and assessments for a variety of facilities, infrastructure, and services including:
schools and colleges, hospitals, highways, airports, marine facilities, railroads, and facilities
for electric power, natural gas, petroleum products, water supply, and wastewater. These
assessments are intended to assist localities in planning for emergency response efforts and
pre-disaster retrofitting and other risk
Mitigation efforts.
- 53 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 54 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 55 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Fire is also known to occur quite frequently in many such areas. The situation on the west
and east coast of India is given in Table respectively.
- 56 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
+
Maharashtra IV & III 44 & 39 2.9 –4.2 * -
+
Goa III & II 39 3.4 * -
+
Karnataka III & II 39 3.2 – 3.7 * -
In 9 coast
Kerala III 39 2.3 –3.5 * 3–5
Districts
+
Lakshadweep III 39 ** -
*
- 57 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Astronomic Tsunami
Name of EQ. Cyclonic Storm Flood
al High Tide Prone-
coastal State Hazard Wind (m/s) Surge (m) Proneness
(m) ness (m)
50,47,39
Tamil Nadu III & II 2.7 –11 * - 7 – 10
(PMWS- 64)
50,47,39
In 1 coast 10 (in 1
Pondicherry III (PMWS- 64- 3.0 –4.5 *
districts district)
78)
Andhra 50 In 8 coast
III & II 3–6 * +
Pradesh (PMWS – 78) districts
50 & 44 In 3 coast
Orissa III & II 2.7 –9.8 1.15-1.60 +
(PMWS – 78) districts
50 In 3 coast
West Bengal IV & III 12.0 -12.5 * +
PMWS- 78 districts
Andaman &
V 44 ** * _ 3–6
Nicobar
- 58 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
4.10 Conclusions
Strategies for Applying Hazard Information to Reducing Future Losses
One of the best ways to prevent future losses from natural hazards is to
ensure the subject is ad-dressed along with all other issues in short- and long-term
comprehensive planning programs and project reviews.
Strategy2: Use Hazard Information to Build Public and Political Support for
Mitigation Measures
Hazard information, loss estimates, and planning scenarios are powerful tools
to create understanding and commitment to mitigation.
- 59 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Chapter 5
The general functioning of the coast as such requires Sufficient spaces .The entire coast has
different varieties of ecosystems of which few are sensitive and the needs protection. CRZ
can help to reduce risk arising due to cyclone, flooding, erosion and other
geomorphologic/geological events such as tsunamis. Public access and preservation of the
natural beauty of the shoreline.
LANDFORMS
9999999999999999
OCEAN BEACH PRIMARY TROUGH SECONDARY BACK DUNE BAY
DUNE DUNE SHORE
Tolerant Tolerant Intolerant Tolerant
Intolerant Intolerant Intolerant
Intensive No passage, Most suitable
Recreation No passage, breaching or No passage, for No filling
breaching or building breaching or development
building building
Dune profiles - Primary dune is established and the Secondary dune is stabilized
DUNE STRUCTURE:
FORE DUNE OR PRIMARY DUNES ESTABLISHED FORE DUNES
Newly developed dunes. Initiated by wind Develop from incipient fore dune by steadily
blown sand trapped by vegetation. growing with sand accretion on the sea ward
Sand binding vegetation thrives in this area. size.
They are well adapted to this highly variable Leeward side becomes more stable and
environment. protected from salt spray and salt deposition.
- 60 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
According to shoreline setbacks or exclusion zones, certain uses are restricted within
a specified distance.
Different set back zones for different activities on their impacts:
e.g. Housing 20 m-200 mts
Tourism 50 m-200 mts
Non-polluting Industries 300 m-500 mts
Polluting Industries more than 1000 m
- 61 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
5.3 CONCLUSIONS
In the context of CRZ provisions, during the present episode of tsunami in the Indian
coast, the following preliminary observations are made:
a) The maximum damage has occurred in low lying areas near the coast.
c) The mangroves, forests, sand dunes and coastal cliffs provided the best natural
barriers against the tsunami.
d) Heavy damage is reported in areas where sand dunes were heavily mined (eg.
Nagapatinam & Kolachal) and where coastal vegetation was less.
- 62 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 63 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Chapter 6
Today, nations around the Indian Ocean are trying to decide whether to allow rebuilding on
the coast, which structures to rebuild and which ones to relocate, and how to rebuild to
minimize losses in future tsunamis. There are a wide range of technical and management
options for coastal protection, which include the sea wall construction and off shore breakers
as artificial barriers.
One town in Thailand that survived almost unscathed had built a sea wall of huge concrete
pyramids across their coastline. A new-type seawall constructed in Japan. This seawall has a
buffer zone to prevent coastal inundation due to overtopping waves. The waves overtopped
the front face of the seawall can permeate a buffer zone installed in front of the original
seawall
"Sea walls are like fortification on the shoreline. They are effective against small
waves but not when it comes to a Tsunami,” Sea walls also give a false sense of security
and delay swift action. "Bio-shield" or planting vegetation is a better option as it acts as an
environment-friendly barrier against the water current.
The United Nations Country Programme Team when received requests from State and
district governments about the need to build sea defenses along the Tamil Nadu coast they
came out saying,
It is clear that the construction of a 600 km long seawall along the Coromandel Coast is an
extremely costly measure which could generate more problems than it solves.
Among the major disadvantages are the high cost of building these structures, particularly off
shore breakwaters and seawalls. Maintaining these structures is expensive. Most of these
- 64 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
structural coastal defenses also have a high impact on shoreline sediment transport, coastal
ecosystems and environmental assets such as scenic beaches. Encroachment of structures
on sea access by local communities can also impact livelihoods.
6.4 CONCLUSIONS
Sea walls should be viewed as an option in areas which are well developed, densely
populated, low lying and very near the coast.(density of coastal area of kerala is 2147 per
sq.km., in pondicherry settlement starts 20-30 mts from the coast North Chennai high density
and absence of lengthier coast ) . Critical infrastructure facilities which require foreshore can
be guarded with sea walls. Sea wall could never be an option for the entire coast.
Technological advancement is must for sea wall construction.
CASUARINA,
- 65 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
“Places that had healthy coral reefs and intact mangroves, which act as natural buffers,
were less badly hit by the tsunami than those where the reefs had been damaged and
mangroves ripped out and replaced by prawn farms and poorly planned beach front hotels.”
TSUNAMI
WAVES /
CYCLON
ES
Second layer of black mangroves The first layer of red mangroves with flexible
protect the inland like a wall from branches & tangled roots hanging in water
sea’s fury absorb the first shock waves
Similar observations were made by Indian scientists when a super-cyclone hit Orissa on
India’s east coast October killing at least In certain areas along the coastal line of these
lagoons, mangroves acted as barriers and safeguarded the effect of Tsunami
10,000 people and living 7.5 million homeless. Mangrove forests reduced the impact of
cyclone. If Mangrove ecosystem or Wet lands had found in these areas the impact would
have reduced as mangrove ecosystem would have acted as buffer zones People living
along the coastal zones must be encouraged to organize afforest ration programme of
mangrove for preventing future impact of tsunami in the coastal zones. While there is no
guarantee that replanting mangroves will prevent another tsunami tragedy, coastal
communities need many more life-saving belts to help filter the energy of strong winds and
tidal waves. Until recently, mangrove forests have been recognized mainly for their direct-use
values.
- 66 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
6.7 CONCLUSIONS
Mangroves and vegetative cover had considerably reduced the impact of tsunami on
the coast. With the importance of CRZ felt after this tsunami the vegetative cover and
CRZ can be utilized together to create tsunami forest to act as buffer. These
tsunami forest should be handed over to the local communities. The rebuilding
could be phased in three stages,
• community projects may include the planting that will provide a vegetative buffer.
• Along with the extensive mangrove reforestation, planting of a variety of other coastal
species that have been lost, such as Cocos nucifera and Casuarina equisetifolia to be
promoted.
• Intercrops to be planted and harvested between trees to stabilize and protect the soil. The
species selected are saline resistant as the effect of salt intrusion after tsunami would still be
present in the soil and ground water.
and protect the soil. The species selected are saline resistant as the effect of salt intrusion
after tsunami would still be present in the soil and ground water.
- 67 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
WITHIN C R Z LIMIT
- 68 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Chapter 7
CONNECTIVITY
During the recent tsunami the devastation wasn’t uniform throughout the coastal area. There
were several issues and reasons that determined the devastation. One such reason
identified was the connectivity,
FIGURE 7.2
SING
GARATHOPPU,CUDDALORE- BRIDGE
CONNECTIVITY
- 69 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
The reason for such kind of irony is CONNECTIVITY Soththikuppam, is almost like an island.
The only means of connectivity was by FERRY, that too stops by night. In order to take the
road route, one have to travel another 6km via nochchikadu. During the recent tsunami
people rushed to the nearest ferry dock in the back waters and were washed away by the
wave. In Singarathoppu, though water surrounded them from all sides, people ran up the
bridge and guarded themselves,
Thus connectivity holds an important role, not only in saving lives and property, but also in
easing the rescue operations and rehabilitation measures.
7.2 CONCLUSIONS
Connectivity played an important role during the recent Tsunami. The settlements with better
connectivity suffered less loss. Better connectivity in terms of roads facilitated immediate
relief measures. Movement assessment: the movement during Tsunami was mostly away
from the sea.That is a horizontal movement perpendicular to the coast.
- 70 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Chapter 8
EVACUATION PLAN
Evacuating people can save lives and reduce injuries, but it will have little, if any, effect on
reducing property and economic losses.
In coastal areas where building and population densities are high, where roads, bridges, and
other horizontal evacuation methods are limited, or where warning time may be insufficient,
vertical evacuation may be needed as an alternative to horizontal evacuation. Vertical
evacuation, while dependent on structures for its success, is primarily an emergency
preparedness and response measure.
- 71 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Immediate evacuation centers in each settlement within reachable distance, at the same time
at a safer distance. These are high raised structures or structures present in a highly
elevated land. Existing structures like school or a community hall is identified for the purpose.
Photo shows an evacuation tower in Japan. This tower is 5 stories high and has about 220m
2 in area above the ground floor. It can admit 500 people. It is placed in the area difficult to
evacuation by the existence of a river. It is also important to use existing high and rigid
buildings for evacuation shelters.
Okushiri Island suffered severe damage by the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-oki Earthquake
Tsunami. The tsunami of 10m high attacked the south part of the island. After the
tsunami, high seawalls were constructed along the coast to protect coastal low-lying
areas. However, a fishery port was out of the seawalls to keep its fishery function. For
evacuation of the persons working at the port from tsunamis, a new terrace was
constructed as a tsunami shelter. The terrace was usually used for fishery activities.
- 72 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Higher order of an evacuation center is the nodal centers. All coastal settlement
should have a evacuation center and out of which few settlements are identified as
NODAL CENTRES based on the following parameters :
a, Population size
b. Degree of Connectivity
c. Facilities available.
d. Location Advantage
e. Safety factor.
- 73 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 74 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Chapter 9
SETTLEMENT PLANNING
Using the tsunami run up map each settlement has to decide safe zone and no safe
zone for habitations. This can be included as part of the land use planning for
building permissions. Other parameters to be considered are,
Avoiding or minimizing the exposure of people and property through land use planning can
mitigate tsunami risk most effectively. Development should be prevented in high-hazard
areas wherever possible. Where development cannot be prevented, land use intensity,
building value, and occupancy should be kept to a minimum.
In areas where it is not feasible to restrict land to open-space uses, other land use planning
measures can be used. These include strategically controlling the type of development and
uses allowed in hazard areas, and avoiding high-value and high-occupancy uses to the
greatest degree possible.
- 75 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
The designation and zoning of tsunami hazard areas for such open-space uses as
agriculture, parks and recreation, or natural hazard areas is recommended as the first land
use planning strategy to consider. This strategy is designed to keep development at a
minimum in hazard areas. It is particularly effective
in areas that have not yet experienced development pressure. It is obviously more difficult in
areas that are already partially developed or that have strong development pressures.
Open-space acquisition has several advantages over strictly regulatory approaches such as
zoning. Acquisition ensures that the land will be controlled by a public agency or nonprofit
entity, and it removes any question about a regulatory taking. The primary disadvantage to
acquisition is cost.
In areas where it is not feasible to restrict land to open-space uses, other land use planning
measures can be used. These include strategically controlling the type of development and
uses allowed in hazard areas, and avoiding high-value and high-occupancy uses to the
greatest degree possible.
- 76 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Land use planning in communities guides the location, type, and intensity of development
and can, therefore, be used to reduce the community’s exposure to tsunami hazards.
Opportunities for reducing tsunami risk differ depending on local circumstances, so a one-
size fits- all approach cannot be used. The presence or absence of development within
tsunami hazard areas will determine the type of planning approach that is feasible.
Understand Trade-Offs
Mitigation often means making trade-offs between or among competing goals when dealing
with land use planning issues and tsunami hazards.
Land use policies and programs should address tsunami hazards as part of a comprehensive
tsunami mitigation program. Such an update should focus on the location and vulnerability to
damage of existing and planned land uses in the community, including the following:
• residential
• commercial/visitor-serving
• industrial (general)
• industrial (hazardous materials)
• public facilities (transportation and water systems)
• critical facilities and systems (communication, emergency response, electrical power, water
supply, and natural gas systems)
- 77 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Disasters create the opportunity to eliminate nonconforming uses and reshape existing
patterns of development to minimize future losses. On the other hand, they can also create
enormous pressure to rebuild the community quickly and exactly as it was before the
disaster. These rebuilding issues should be addressed through the land use planning
process before a disaster strikes so that a community is prepared to deal with rebuilding
issues in the event of a disaster.
OBJECTIVE
· To undertake an in-depth study of a few villages worst- affected in the tsunami and make
observations, both from the specialists’ viewpoint as well as through interactions with the
various stakeholders, mainly the community;
· To analyse the scenario prior to the tsunami, the damages brought about by the tsunami
and views about the possible rehabilitation measures that can be undertaken;
· To prepare a model recovery plan and evolve
long-term rehabilitation strategies along with
community participation with special focus on
resettlement/ in-situ redevelopment and housing
reconstruction and livelihoods restoration;
· To indicate areas wherein UNDP and other UN
agencies could possibly play a role in the entire
rehabilitation process.
- 78 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
RESETTLEMENT PLANNING
1. While planning a new settlement, an in-depth study of the existing settlement pattern is
necessary so as to recreate layouts and common spaces, which have evolved over time and
are culturally sensitive.
2. However the above traditional layout pattern must necessarily be integrated with disaster
mitigation aspects, so that risks are not again recreated.
3. Size and layouts of homesteads should provide space for carrying out the daily activities a
fishermen household in coastal Tamil Nadu practice and should provide allowance for lateral
and vertical growth.
4. Provisions for adequate lifeline infrastructure and common amenities like drinking water,
sanitation, electricity, proper approach roads, school cum multi-hazard resistant shelters, etc.
as appropriate depending upon the population have to be made.
5. Shore protection works –naturally e.g. through sand dunes, coastal plantations like
casuarinas, mangroves, etc. and artificially e.g. through tripods and tetra pods may have to
be introduced specially in case of redevelopment for existing settlements.
- 79 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 80 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
After doing a detailed study on the coastal stretch of cuddalore district one
settlement was taken for the detailed planning and the following proposals are given
• Site should be located preferably at high lands either at 350M from the HTL or+3M
• An elevated work space about 10’ high which could with stand the wave erosion.
• Can be used for net knitting, drying fish and other purposes.
• Creepers spread over the sand stretch as to provide grip for the sand.
- 81 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 82 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 83 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 84 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 85 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
CASE STUDY
• The Hilo Downtown Development Plan was adopted in 1974 to guide efforts to
revitalize the downtown core of Hilo, Hawaii.
• The Plan established a Safety District based on the 1946 and 1960 tsunami
inundation lines.
• All redevelopment in the Safety District was subject to urban design and building
design standards. Any structure below the 20-foot elevation contour line was required
to design to withstand the force of a major tsunami.
• A Parking District was also designated in the Plan to provide parking for downtown
businesses and to use parking structures as a protective barrier from a tsunami for
inland structures.
FIGURE 9.10 CASE STUDY, RETROFIT PLANNING
- 86 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
The average coastal population density is 432 persons per sq. km as against 256 persons for
the entire country. Apart from protecting the community and resources, there is a need for
providing necessary infrastructure facilities for the communities to maintain a better standard
of living and their economic development.
INFRASTRUCTURE
Transportation Systems
• Roads, highways, bridges, parking lots and structures, and traffic control
systems
• Railroads track beds, bridges, and rail and switching yards for freight and
passengers
• Transit systems , storage and maintenance facilities, power systems and
substations, control systems, bridges
• Airports and control towers
- 87 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Locate New Infrastructure and Critical Facilities Outside the Tsunami Hazard Area or Design
to Resist Tsunami Forces. Examine plans for infrastructure and critical facilities to see if
other, equally efficient alternative locations, alignments, and routes can be used. Reserve
sites for infrastructure and critical facilities either outside the tsunami hazard area or in areas
where the risk can be reduced through feasible measures.
- 88 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
1. They are waterfront dependent and the design can mitigate the vulnerability to such
an extent that the resulting facility will perform as needed;
3. The need for the facility outweighs the consequences of its loss during a tsunami
(e.g., a small hospital in a remote, tsunami-prone area may be justified because it
needs to be close to the population for routine emergencies).
- 89 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 90 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Chapter 10
Tsunami is least probability event in India. As such, there is no codal provisions of Tsunami
warnings in India as yet though, there is a good seismological network in India to record any
earthquake within the country and its neighborhood. The need of a Tsunami Warning
Centre (TWC) in India is now being conceptualized at the Government of India level.
Present techniques of Tsunami prediction are severely limited. The only way to determine,
with certainty, if an earthquake is accompanies by a Tsunami, is to note the occurrence and
epicenter of the earthquake and then detect the arrival of the Tsunami at a network of tide
stations. While it is possible to predict when a Tsunami will arrive at coastal locations, it is
not yet possible to predict the wave height, number of waves, duration of hazard, or the
forces to be expected from such waves at specific locations.
Tsunami Warning System is based on the concept that Tsunamis travel at much slower
velocity (500 to 700 km per hour or 0.20 km/sec) as compared to seismic waves (6 to 8 km
per second). That is seismic waves move 30 to 40 times faster than Tsunami waves. Thus,
after the occurrence of a damaging earthquake and quick determination of epicenter,
warning time of a few minutes to 2 to 3 hours is available depending upon the distance from
- 91 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
the epicenter to the coast line. This time can be utilized for warning the coastal community if
quick detection and rapid communication systems are established.
• Japan has a network of land/sea sensors that records seismic activity and feeds
information to a national agency able to issue evacuation warnings within a minute
of occurrence of any earthquake. Earthquake warning issued by Japan
Meteorological Agency are relayed via satellite to the Municipal offices and
automatically broadcast from several sets of loudspeakers.
• Presently land and sea based sensors connected to satellite based link are
available.
• Satellite telemetry is used for data collection and dissemination; receive and display
of Tsunami warning utilizing existing Geostationary operational Environmental
Satellite (GOES) and Data Collection Interrogation System (DCIS). An earthquake
activates seismic instrument, which transmits signal to the GOES platform which
responds automatically transmitting an alert code to an active device at warning
site.
- 92 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
System performs with detection of an earthquake, which has required magnitude to trigger
the alarm attached to the seismograph. The alarm thresholds are set so that ground
vibrations of the amplitude and duration associated with an earthquake of approximate
amplitude 6.5 or greater or Richter scale anywhere in Pacific will cause them to sound.
As part of an international cooperative effort to save lives and protect property, the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Weather Service operates two
Tsunami warning centres. The Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (ATWC) IN Palmer, Alaska,
serves as the regional Tsunami Warning Center for Alaska, British Columbia, Washington,
Oregon, and California.
The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center in Ewa Beach, Hawaii, serves as the regional Tsunami
Warning Centre for Hawaii and as a national/international warning center for Tsunamis that
pose a Pacific-wide threat. This international warning effort become a formal arrangement in
1965 when PTWC assumed the international warning responsibilities of the Pacific Tsunami
Warning System (PTWS). The PTWS is composed of 26 international Member States that
are organized as the International Coordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in
the Pacific.
- 93 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
The objective of the PTWS is to detect, locate, and determine the magnitude of potentially
Tsunamigenic earthquake occurring in the Pacific Basin or its immediate margins.
Earthquake information is provided by seismic stations operated by PTWC, ATWC, the U.S.
Geological Survey’s National Earthquake Information Centre and international sources. If
the location and magnitude of an earthquake meet the known criteria for generation of a
Tsunami, a Tsunami warning is issued to warm of an imminent Tsunami hazard. The
warning includes predicted Tsunami arrival times at selected coastal communities within the
geographic area defined by the maximum distance the Tsunami could travel in a few hours.
A Tsunami watch with additional predicted Tsunami arrival times is issued for a geographic
area defined by the distance the Tsunami could travel in a subsequent time period. If a
significant Tsunami is detected by sea-level monitoring instrumentation, the Tsunami warning
is extended to the entire Pacific Basin. Seal level (or tidal) information is provided by
NOAA’s National Ocean Service, PTWC, ATWC, university monitoring networks and other
participating nations of the PTWS. The International Tsunami Information Center, part of the
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, monitors and evaluates the performance
and effectiveness of the Pacific Tsunami Warning System. This effort encourages the most
effective data collection, data analysis, Tsunami impact assessment and warning
dissemination to all TWS participants.
-Tsunami watch, warning and information bulletins issued by PTWC and Atlantic Tsunami
Warning Centre (ATWC) are disseminated to local, state, national and international users as
well as the media. These users, in turns, disseminate the Tsunami information to the public,
generally over commercial radio and television channels.
-The NOAA Weather Radio System, based on a large number of VHF transmitter sites,
provides direct broadcast of Tsunami information to the public.
- 94 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
-The US Coast Guard also broadcasts urgent marine warnings and related Tsunami
information to coastal users equipped with medium frequency (MF) and very high frequency
(VHF) marine radios.
-Local authorities and emergency managers are responsible for formulating and executing
evacuation plans for areas under a Tsunami warning. The public is advised to stay-turned to
the local media for evacuation orders and latest Tsunami warnings. People are advised not
to return to low lying coastal areas until all clear signals are issued from the Warning Centre.
• Assumption: Least probability event. Return period once after several hundred years. No
parallel in recorded history like Tsunami of 26 December 2004. Proposed system should be
sustainable and cost - effective.
• Fixation of critical value for the issuance of Tsunami warnings (Magnitude 7.0 or above in
Richter Scale )
• Cost effective and sustainable communication system (Radio and Satellite based
communication)
- 95 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Chapter 11
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
11.1 INTRODUCTION
For developmental initiatives at any spatial level, the following Institutional agencies are
involved
• GOVERNMENT
• CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
• STATE GOVERNMENT
• LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT
• ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT
• SECTORAL DEPARTMENT
• NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS (NGO'S)
• COMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATIONS (CBO'S)
• PRIVATE ORGANISATIONS
- 96 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
has considerable scope for exercising control, power, influence and authority. The district
collector is the Inspector of the Panchayats. Out of three- tier
panchayats the village panchayats are being empowered to undertake works relating to any
developmental activity, maintenance and electrical. However, the panchayats are advised to
obtain administrative and technical sanction from the competent authorities. The government
has stipulated that the administrative sanction of the collector/inspector is required for
particular scheme or particular fund above a particular limit. The Block Development Officers
(BD0s) are the controlling mechanism below the district level.
Local Government is the lowest in the scheme and also the smallest in jurisdiction. Local
Government is described as that under which the people of the locality possess a certain
responsibility and choice in administration of local public affairs and in raising of required
finance to meet their expenses. Local Self Government freely elected, which, while subject to
supremacy of the National Government, are endowed in some respects with some power,
discretion and responsibility and which they can exercise without control over their decisions
by higher authority.
Local Government is the lowest in the scheme and also the smallest in jurisdiction. Local
Government is described as that under which the people of the locality possess a certain
responsibility and choice in administration of local public affairs and in raising of required
finance to meet their expenses. Local Self Government freely elected, which, while subject to
supremacy of the National Government, are endowed in some respects with some power,
discretion and responsibility and which they can exercise without control over their decisions
by higher authority. Although the GOI and the State Government
Administration were caught unawares by the Tsunami, they responded quickly.
- 97 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
• The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) of the Government of India was designated as
the Nodal Agency for coordinating relief in the affected areas.
• A National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) was established under the
Cabinet Secretary to draw up an emergency relief plan and to review those efforts.
• Funds were allocated to the affected areas from the National Calamity Contingency
Fund.
• Revenue Department under the Relief Commissioner coordinated rescue and relief efforts
through relevant district collectors with assistance from the police force, fire and rescue
services, medical and health services and all other associated
departments.
• The district administration along with Local Self Government coordinated relief works at the
local level.
- 98 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Chief Minister announced a relief of one lakh for every diseased person and to be paid to the
next kin of the family.
- 99 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
The disasters local area specific dimension has more relevance to the NGO's. This is due to
the fact that the grass root feel and the close contact they have with the lifestyle and ethos,
of the affected lot. They initiated the following:
• Immediate Rescue operations initialized.
• Provision of Food, Clothing, Medicines and other basic amenities.
• Aiding the construction of Temporary Rehabilitation Shelters.
• Relocation of the affected populace in their own short stay homes/orphanages.
• Psychological counseling to the affected lot.
• Training SHG's to aid in the affected areas.
11.6 OBSERVATIONS
11.7 CONCLUSIONS
• Lack of ascertained networks and institutional setup for the immediate relief and rescue
operations.
• Distribution of immediate relief measures was not equitable along the stretch and even
within the settlements.
• Institutional Networks for Planning, Execution and Management and Implementation for
long term needs are to be identified.
- 100 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Case study: proposed institutional frame work ,sustainable development plan for
tsuanmi affected coastal areas of cuddalore, planning project,m.plan 2004-06’
- 101 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
REFERENCES
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), After The Tsunami, Rapid Environmental
Assessment, UNEP, 2005
Alcira Kreimer, Margaret Arnold and Anne Carlin, Building Safer Cities, The Future Of
Disaster Risk, Conference Edition, Disaster Risk Management series, no. 3, World Bank,
2003 301 pages
Paul K Freeman, Leslie A Martin, Reinhard Mechler, Koko Warner and Peter Hausmann
Catastrophes And Development, Integrating Natural Catastrophes Into Development
Planning, Disaster Risk Management series, no. 4 , The World Bank, 2002
E.N. Bernard, The National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program, Developing Tsunami-
Resilient Communities, Springer, 2005
Julio Kuroiwa, Disaster Reduction: Living In Harmony With Nature, Julio Kuroiwa, 2004
Roy Gilbert, Doing More for Those Made Homeless by Natural Disasters: Disaster Risk
Management series, no. 1, The World Bank, 2001
Jochen Zschau and Andreas N. Küppers, Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster
Reduction, Springer-Verlag, 2003
John Twigg; Humanitarian Practice Network, Overseas Development Institute (ODI), Good
Practice Review 9: Disaster Risk Reduction, Mitigation and preparedness in development
and emergency programming
- 102 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
India Post Tsunami Recovery Program, March 8, 2005,Preliminary Damage and Needs
Assessment,Asian Development Bank, United Nations and World Bank New Delhi, India
Dudley, Walt. Tsunamis in Hawaii. Hilo, HI: Pacific Tsunami Museum, 1999.
Dudley, Walter C. and Min Lee. Tsunami! Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press,
1998.
Urban Regional Research for the National Science Foundation, Land Management in
Tsunami Hazard Areas. 1982.
Urban Regional Research for the National Science Foundation, Planning for Risk:
Comprehensive Planning for Tsunami Hazard Areas. 1988.
- 103 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
ADB. 2003. Islands and Climate Change [DVD]. Asian Development Bank,
Philippines.
Akhand, M.H. 1998. “Disaster Management and Cyclone Warning System in
Bangladesh”.Abstract at EWCII – Second International Conference on Early Warning,
Potsdam, Germany, 11 September 1998.
IFRC (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies). 2002. World
Disasters Report 2002 – Focus on Reducing Risk. International Federation of Red Cross
and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva, Switzerland.
Heijmans, Annelies . & Lorna Victoria (2001). CBDO-DR: Experiences and Practices in
Disaster Management of the Citizens’ Disaster Response Network in the Philippines.
Quezon City
Masagca, Esteban (April 1999). “The Mt. Pinatubo Experience: An NGO response to Mt.
Pinatubo disaster”, session hand-out during the Training of UNCRD Disaster Management
planning Hyogo office; People, Communities and Disasters, proceedings on
international workshop on earthquake safer world in the 21st century, Kobe, Japan,
February 2003.
- 104 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
UNCRD Disaster Management planning Hyogo office; December 2004, Defining The Past
And Building The Future Of CBDM, UNCRD tapestry, Kobe Japan,
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC); World Bank,
(2003),Handbook for estimating the socio-economic and environmental effects of E,
Greg Bankoff, George Frerks and Dorothea Hilhorst, (2004), Mapping Vulnerability:
Disasters, Development and People, Earthscan Publications.
Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP)( 2004), Reducing Disaster Risk, A Challenge for Development: A Global Report,
UNDP.
- 105 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Alois Kohler, Sebastian Jülich and Lena Bloemertz; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH(2004), Risk analysis, a basis for disaster risk
management: Guidelines, GTZ,
Robert Shangle(2005), Southeast Asia Tsunami: One of the World's Greatest Natural
Disasters in Modern Times, Amer Products Corp.
Rajib Shaw and Kenji Okazaki (2004); The United Nations Centre for Regional Development
(UNCRD) Disaster Management Planning Hyogo Office, Sustainable Community Based
Disaster Management (CBDM) Practices in Asia: a Users Guide, UNCRD Publication.
Gordon McGranahan, Pedro Jacobi, Jacob Songsor, Charles Surjadi and Marianne Kjellen
(2001), The Citizens at Risk: From Urban Sanitation to Sustainable Cities, Earthscan
Publications.
Debarati Guha-Sapir, David Hargitt and Philippe Hoyois(2004) Thirty Years of Natural
Disasters 1974-2003: The Numbers, Presses universitaires de Louvain.
Walter C. Dudley and Min Lee (1998) , Tsunami!, University of Hawaii Press.
Gerald T. Hebenstreit, (2002), Tsunami Research at the End of a Critical Decade: Series
Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, Vol. 18, Springer.
- 106 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)(2004) , World
Disaster Report 2004, IFRC,
JOURNALS
- 107 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
WEBSITES
1. http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/intro.html
University of Washington Geophysics Program - many links to other tsunami sites.
2. http://www.fema.gov/library/tsunamif.htm
FEMA tsunami fact sheet and links.
3. www.training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/IS/
Emergency Management Institute Independent Study Program
4. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami/
NOAA/PMEL Web site, with links to inundation mapping, modeling, events, forecasting
and the National Tsunami Hazards Mitigation Program sites.
5. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami-hazard/links.html
Important links to major tsunami sites.
6. http://www.redcross.org/disaster/safety/guide/tsunami.html
Red Cross tsunami site, with overview, discussion of warning systems, and good
preparedness information.
7. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/1029/
The Tsunami Page of Dr. George P.C. (Pararas-Carayannis) Just about everything you'd
need to know about tsunamis!
8. http://www.fema.gov/mit/handbook
Property Acquisition Handbook for Local Communities (FEMA 317).
9. http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/bytopic/disasters/
Disaster preparedness and response
10. www.adpc.net
ADPC Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand
11. www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-terminology-eng%20home.htm
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
12. http://www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-index.htm
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction ,Library
13. www.unep-wcmc.org/geo/geo3/
Global Environment Outlook 3: Past, Present and Future Perspectives (GEO-3)
14. http://www.eeri.org/lfe/clearinghouse/sumatra_tsunami/observ1.php
SUMATRA-ANDAMAN ISLANDS Earthquake Virtual Clearinghouse – Observations
15. http://www.undp.org/bcpr/disred/tsunami/index.htm
- 108 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
UNDP -risk reduction into recovery and reconstruction programmes in the Asian tsunami
aftermath
16. http://ioc3.unesco.org/itic/files2.php
The International Coordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific
(ICG/ITSU)
17. http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/library/
The Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center (NHRAIC)
18. http://www.cidi.org/
Center for international disaster information
- 109 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
APPENDIX 1
Asia
Protected Areas potentially affected by the Asia Tsunami (excel 911kb)
Silvio Olivieri, IUCN - World Commission of Protected Areas
January, 2005
Assessment of the damages to the ecosystems and to prioritize actions needed
Fish Bombing and Tsunami Effects (PDF 8.88kb)
Bert Hoeksema,National Museum of Natural History Naturalist
18 January, 2005
IUCN’s Response to The Indian Ocean Tsunami
Full Statement (PDF 12.7kb)
SUMMARY OF UPDATES ON TSUNAMI DISASTER (PDF 13.3kb)
World Wildlife Fund
12 January 2005
Press Release: "Green reconstruction" vital in the aftermath of the tsunami (PDF 24.3kb)
WWF
10 January 2005
Update Q and A for the network in response to and for responding to media questions on the tsunami
- WWF (PDF 28.7kb)
WWF
DRAFT Strategy for Rapid Assessment of Environmental Impact (PDF 15.9kb)
IUCN and CORDIO South Asia
January 2005
NB The methodology described below is still under development and will be modified according to need.
Brief Summary of Indian Ocean Reefs relative to the 26 December 2004 Tsunami (PDF 15.8kb)
UN Task Force
06 January 2005
First preliminary report of the damage to coral reefs and related ecosystems of the western and
central Indian Ocean caused by the Tsunami of December 26 (PDF 16.8kb)
CORDIO
CORDIO is a project to study the status of coral reefs in the central and western Indian Ocean. CORDIO was
initiated after the massive coral bleaching in 1997/98 and has contributed to collection and compilation of
monitoring data from coral reefs in 11 countries in the region. A substantial part of the work is focusing on
developing alternative livelihoods for people affected by degraded coastal ecosystems. In the planning and
implementation of its program, CORDIO is collaborating closely with IUCN (The World Conservation Union)
in the South Asian region. The following is an account of observations by experts in the CORDIO/IUCN
network in Sri Lanka, India, Maldives, Seychelles and Kenya during the first 10 days following the Tsunami.
Impacts of the Tsunami on Fisheries, Aquaculture and Coastal Livelihood (PDF 348kb)
NACA/FAO/SEAFDEC/BOBP-IGO
7 January, 2005
The information in here are from India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka Thailand, and the Maldives.
Tsunami media update
10 January, 2005
Note: This is a daily summary of media reports concerning damage to aquaculture, aquatic livelihoods of
coastal communities and related issues, gathered for the purpose of preparing a regional assessment to aid
medium- to long-term rehabilitation of affected areas. It is not intended as a comprehensive summary of
media reports, nor is it a summary of general damage. The content does not necessarily reflect the views of
the NACA organization. Full Document (PDF 29.9kb)
- 110 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Brief Summary of Indian Ocean Reefs relative to the 26 December 2004 Tsunami
5 January, 2005
General summary – many coral reef people associated with the GCRMN consider that the tsunami surges
will have caused little to moderate damage to the corals, but that the backwash with large amounts of
sediment and debris will be the major damaging factor. The large amounts of cloth (towels, clothing, sheets,
curtains) will remain on the reefs for months causing major reef loss. Schooling fish were probably lifted onto
the land and there are reports of fish inside rice paddies; the loss of coral habitat will be the long-term
concern for target fish of fishing communities
Full Statement (PDF 14.6kb)
ICRI/ICRAN roles and priorities after the December 26 tsunami (PDF 10.4kb)
From: Richard Kenchington
1 January, 2005
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka 2005 Post-Tsunami Recovery Program
the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Japan Bank for International Cooperation
January 10-28, 2005
The main body of the report is contained in three parts:
<<slnafull.1.pdf>><<slnafull.2.pdf>><<slnafull.3.pdf>>
In addition to the main report, there are 15 sectoral or topical annexes. Each Annex provides background
information, short- and medium-term needs and a budget for meeting those needs:
<<Annex 01 Social Impacts.pdf>> <<Annex 02 Environment.pdf>>
<<Annex 03 Economic Assessment.pdf>> <<Annex 07 Agriculture and Livestock.pdf>>
<<Annex 08 Livelihoods.pdf>> <<Annex 10 Water Supply and Sanitation.pdf>>
<<Annex 13 Fisheries.pdf>> <<Annex 14 Tourism.pdf>>
<<Annex 15 Hazard Risk Management.pdf>>
The rest of the Annexes can be found on http://www.worldbank.org
Get off the beach--now! (PDF 237kb)
Nature Vol 433
27 January, 2005
the danger and initial effort to clear the beaches in Sri Lanka from Chris Chapman, Schlumberger Cambridge
Research in Britain
On the trail of destruction (PDF 1.61mb)
Nature Vol 433
27 January, 2005
Report: Where the wave hit hardest in Sri Lanka
Status and Progress Report, IUCN Asia’s Response to the Tsunami
IUCN
8 January 2005
This report gives a brief overview of achievements so far and immediate priorities and needs. It focuses
primarily on the assessment of environmental damages caused by the tsunami and the consequences
thereof in the region concerned, at this point in time with a slight bias towards South Asia and Sri Lanka. The
response of the organization as a whole has been detailed elsewhere. Additional information and
clarifications are available on request. Full Statement (PDF 22.2kb)
India
A ssessment of the Needs and Rehabilitation Programme
Centre for Environment Education (CEE) Offices in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh
6 January, 2005
Indonesia —
Tsunami Relief and Reconstruction Operations in Ache and their Implications fpr Leuser
Ecosystem and Local Community
Steven Galster and Mark Bowman of WildAid
20 January, 2005
- 111 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Thailand —
WWF Thailand Update (PDF 7.75kb)
WWF
Haiti —
Disaster Mitigation, Flood and Erosion Control in Haiti (PDF 30.3kb)
From Mike D.Benge
07 January 2005
General
Beyond the Tsunami: Scientists and International Organizations Agree on Principles for Mitigation of
Natural Disasters
Ramsar Convention Secretariat
Wetland scientists and nine intergovernmental organizations put forward a set of recommendations on how to
improve the management of natural ecosystems to mitigate natural disasters. See the attached Press
Release for more information.
<WWD Press Release (FR).pdf>(36kb) <WWD Press release.pdf>(34kb) <International
Declaration.pdf>(31kb)
First preliminary report of the damage to coral reefs and related ecosystems of the western and
central Indian Ocean caused by the tsunami of December 26
CORDIO-IUCN Report
12 January 2005
Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami December 2004 (PDF91.6kb)
IUCN
12 January 2005
Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami December 2004 (PDF 68.8kb)
IUCN
10 January 2005
The Mega Tsunami of 26 December 2004: Recognizing Ecological Lessons from a Large- Scale
Natural Disaster
Gilberto Cintrón (USFWS) and Yara Schaeffer-Novelli (USP-Brasil)
Statement (PDF 45.7kb)
disclaimer: Use this as you see fit but make sure people are aware that this is not an official document and is
only intended to elicit a dialogue, not to suggest policy or make any statement about issues related to the
tsunami.
- 112 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 113 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
http://www.eeri.org/lfe/clearinghouse/sumatra_tsunami/observ1.php
SUMATRA-ANDAMAN ISLANDS Earthquake
Virtual Clearinghouse – Observations
The virtual clearinghouse attempts to accumulate earthquake data quickly. Therefore, the information in this
clearinghouse is meant to be preliminary and reflects the authors' opinions at the time of writing, which may
change over time.
EERI Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Sumatra, Indonesia - by Dr. Jose Borrero, member of the
EERI reconnaisance team
EERI Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on the South-East Indian Coast - by Yeh, Peterson, Chadha,
Latha and Katada, members of the EERI reconnaisance team
EERI Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Social Science Aspects in Sri Lanka - by Rodriguez,
Wachtendorf, Kendra, Trainor and Alagan, members of the EERI reconnaisance team
General info
Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT) Tsunami Reconnaissance Report - British
earthquake engineers, architects and academics from the Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE)
Tsunami Report with Engineering News Record and Architectural Record Articles - McGraw Hill Construction
The South-East Asia Earthquake and Tsunami Blog - up-to-date articles
Japanese Clearinghouse - Kyoto University (English and Japanese)
IRI/Columbia University - Lareef Zubair
Asia Earthquake and Tsunami: Overview and Comparison to the Cascadia Subduction Zone Presentation
- ASCE/TCLEE Reconnaissance Team, Curtis Edwards (team leader)
01/26/05 Discussion on the Tsunami Warning Upgrade Plan - House Committee On Science, United States
Congress
PDC News, Information on the Great Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami
News Links from Google
Wikipedia.com
- 114 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Seismology
Sumatran Plate Boundary Project: Aimed at understanding the nature of large earthquakes in subduction
zones. - by California Institute of Technology
Sumatra Earthquake Three Times Larger Than Originally Thought with M = 9.3 - by Seth Stein and Emile
Okal at Northwestern University
USGS Official Measurements of the Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake that caused the Indian Ocean
Tsunami
Computer Simulation of Earth Movement that Spawned the Tsunami - Earth Observatory NASA
Seismometer recordings of the Sumatran earthquake and a M7.1 aftershock for comparison
Physics of Tsunamis
USC Tsunami Research Center - University of Southern California
Tsunami Hazards Associated with the Catalina Fault in Southern California by Legg, Borrero and Synolakis -
EERI Earthquake Spectra--August 2004 --Volume 20, Issue 3, pp. 917-950
Navy Releases Tsunami Images: UK scientists have released images of the ocean floor near the epicentre -
BBC News Website
Western States Seismic Policy Council (WSSPC) - Tsunami Center Website
WSSPC - List of tsunami publications
Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources' tsunami publications
International Centre for Geohazards in Oslo
Tsunami Animation - by Kenji Satake, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology,
Japan
Tsunami Travel Time and Wave Heights - Earth Observatory NASA
Images/Video
Collection of Amateur Videos
Amazing before/after satellite image gallery - From DigitalGlobe
DigitalGlobe Tsunami Gallery
Photo gallery of survivors searching for missing relatives and rescue workers recovering more and more
bodies. - Washington Post (THESE PHOTOS ARE EXPLICIT)
Video downloads - National Nine News (Australian)
Taiwanese FORMOSAT-2 Images
Information by Country
India
Short Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on India - by Alex Tang, team leader of the ASCE
reconnaisance team
EERI Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on the South-East Indian Coast - by Yeh, Peterson, Chadha,
Latha and Katada, members of the EERI reconnaisance team
Preliminary Data from EERI India Tsnami Reconnaissance Team, Harry Yeh (team leader) - including maps,
images, tabulated data, etc.
Quick Report from Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Reconnaissance Team - Jan 19, 2005, includes
text and images
- 115 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Overview of Effects in Sumatra, Indonesia - by Teddy Boen, member of the EERI/WSSI regional team
EERI Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Sumatra, Indonesia - by Dr. Jose Borrero, member of the
EERI reconnaisance team
USC Tsunami Research Center: Sumatra Reconniassance - Dr. Jose Borrero of the University of Southern
California and the EERI Team Member
Two PDFS comparing Cascadia to Indonesia - Professor Lori Dengler, Humbolt State University,
Department of Geology
Flash Report on Field Survey of the Dec. 26, 2004 Tsunami Disaster in Indian Ocean - Asian Disaster
Reduction Center (ADRC)
Amazing before/after satellite image gallery - DigitalGlobe
Maldives
Flash Report on Field Survey of the Dec. 26, 2004 Tsunami Disaster in Indian Ocean - Asian Disaster
Reduction Center (ADRC)
Georgia Tech Tsunami Site with images by Hermann Fritz (GT) and Costas Synolakis (USC) - including
maps and images
The National Disaster Management Center website includes several lifeline-related reports
Singapore
Far Field Response of Singapore - by EERI member T.C. Pan, Nanyang Tech University
Response of Republic Plaza - by EERI member T.C. Pan, Nanyang Tech University
Sri Lanka
www.geolanka.net - Post-tsunami relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction, resources, meeting point
Initial Findings on Tsunami Sand Deposits, Damage, and Inundation in Sri Lanka, January 9-15, 2005 - by
members of the EERI reconnaisance team
EERI Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Social Science Aspects in Sri Lanka - by Rodriguez,
Wachtendorf, Kendra, Trainor and Alagan, members of the EERI reconnaisance team
Georgia Tech Tsunami Site with images by Hermann Fritz (GT) and Costas Synolakis (USC) - including
maps and images
Cornell University Internet Map Server for Sri Lanka Reconnaissance
News articles on EERI Reconnaissance Team in Sri Lanka
- 116 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
DigitalGlobe: Analysis of Sri Lanka tsunami images (For reference only. PDF 412KB)
Flash Report on Field Survey of the Dec. 26, 2004 Tsunami Disaster in Indian Ocean - Asian Disaster
Reduction Center (ADRC)
Amazing before/after satellite image gallery - DigitalGlobe
Thailand
Short Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on Thailand - by Curt Edwards and Yumei Wang, members of
the ASCE reconnaisance team
Preliminary observations: Two Days of Reconnaissance in Phuket Island - by EERI member and engineer,
Chitr Lilavivat
Preliminary observations: Observation of the Tsunami that hit Phuket Island in Thailand - by EERI member
and engineer, Chitr Lilavivat
Flash Report on Field Survey of the Dec. 26, 2004 Tsunami Disaster in Indian Ocean - Asian Disaster
Reduction Center (ADRC)
Database of Structural Damage due to the Asian Tsunami in Thailand
Emergency Planning/Mitigation
During earthquakes and aftershocks: Drop, cover, and hold on.
Emergency Planning Guidance For Local Government - by California's Office of Emergency Services
* This virtual clearinghouse contains information contributed by various earthquake engineering professionals
around the world. All opinions, findings, conclusions and recommendations expressed herein are those of the
authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute or the authors'
affiliate organizations.
- 117 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
http://ioc3.unesco.org/itic/files2.php
>>What to do?
How the Smart Family Survived a Tsunami
Author: Washington Military Department, Emergency Management Division, Washington, USA Version: PDF
(5.38 MB) Date: 24/03/05
Designing for Tsunamis: Seven Principles for Planning and Designing for Tsunami Hazards
Author: Richard Eisner and others, 2001. US National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program. Version: PDF
(532 KB) Date: 24/03/05
Tsunami Hazard Mapping of Alaska Coastal Communities
Author: E.N. Suleimani and others, 2002. Alaska GeoSurvey News, Vol. 6 No. 2 Version: PDF (725 KB)
Date: 24/03/05
Tsunami Warning Systems and Procedures : Guidance for Local Officials
Author: Oregon Emergency Management and Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, 2001
Version: PDF (1.51 MB) Date: 24/03/05
- 118 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 119 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 120 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 121 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/
The World Bank works to bridge this divide and turn rich country resources into poor
country growth. One of the world’s largest sources of development assistance, the
World Bank supports the efforts of developing country governments to build schools
and health centers, provide water and electricity, fight disease, and protect the
environment.
Learning lessons from disaster recovery : the case of Bangladesh Working Paper
5 2005/04/01 32197
Vol. 1 of 1 (English) (Numbered Series)
7 World Bank response to the Tsunami disaster Vol. 1 of 1 (English) 2005/02/02 32154 Working Paper
- 122 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
http://www.lonelyplanet.com/tsunami/
- 123 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
http://www.servicelearning.org/nslc/tsunami/index.php
- 124 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
The earthquake and resulting tsunami that wracked coastlines along the Indian Ocean and killed an
estimated 150,000 people or more prompted generosity and classroom lessons in U.S. schools last week.
More stories about what students are doing to help
- 125 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami-hazard/index.htm
A handy resource that can be printed out and made into kits for use when answering media requests.
Tsunami Questions and Answers with Admiral Conrad Lautenbacher, Administrator, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, on the "Ask the White House" page January 14, 2005
National Tsunami Hazard Mitigtion Program brochure (prints on 8-1/2 x 14" paper)
- 126 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 127 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
References
Gonzalez, F.I., H.M. Milburn, E.N. Bernard and J.C. Newman(1998):
Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART): Brief Overview and Status Report. In
Proceedings of the International Workshop on Tsunami Disaster Mitigation, 19-22 January 1998, Tokyo,
Japan. version
Tsunami Detection Algorithm, H.M.Mofjeld
Milburn, H.B., A.I. Nakamura, and F.I. Gonzalez (1996):
Real-time tsunami reporting from the deep ocean. Proceedings of the Oceans 96 MTS/IEEE Conference, 23-
26 September 1996, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 390-394.
Eble, M.C., and F.I. Gonzalez (1991):
Deep-ocean bottom pressure measurements in the northeast Pacific.
Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 8(2), 221-233.
- 128 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/tsunami_other.html
Tsunami Materials
These materials and URLs were submitted by faculty in response to a request we sent out viw the web and the
Geo-Ed listserv.
Clearinghouse Sites
Tsunami!: This site is done by the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Washington. It
provides a wide array of information about tsunamis. Areas addressed include:
- The Physics of Tsunamis
- Tsunami Warning Systems
- Tsunami Hazard Mitigation
Windows on the Universe (more info) : Windows on the Universe is a very large Earth and Space Science
website serving the educational community and the general public. They have a series of pages on tsunamis
that starts at
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/headline_universe/earth_science/stories_2004/tsunami_news.html.
SpiNet: This site contains seismograms from school-based stations, articles and contributions from teachers
who operate seismic stations in the classrooms, as well as links and other information.
Wikipedia: 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake: This page at Wikipedia is a community-developed
clearinghouse for very extensive information on the earthquake and tsunami. There are tons of links, both
internal and external to Wikipedia. They also provide access to news reports, pictures, videos, animations,
scientific and government reports, as well as aid group sites.
Scientific and Educational Information on Indonesian Tsunami 2004: This page of Dr. C's Remarkable
Ocean World contains link to information ranging from background articles and science papers to tsunami
data and blogs and news articles. There are also several other types of resources that are linked from this
page.
Audio/Visual
Tsunami Computer Movies: This is a collection of tsunami animations by Dr. Charles L. Mader performed
using the SWAN code described in the monograph "Numerical Modeling of Water Waves," published in 1988
by University of California Press. There are a sizeable number of movies available on this page ranging from
models of the 1755 Lisbon Tsunami to the 1960 Chile Tsunami and its effects throughout the Pacific Ocean
region. The animations have to be downloaded as a zip file and unpacked before they can be viewed.
Amateur Tsunami Video Footage: This site holds a large collection of video footage shot by amateur
videographers during the 12/26/04 Indian Ocean Tsunami.
The Earth: A Living Planet - Tsunami: This page from the Seed Project contains information on the Indian
Ocean Tsunami as well as 2 new visualizations. THe first shows the main wave's progress across the ocean
in hour increments. The second shows a hypothetical tsunami in profile as it travels across open water and
then encounters a land mass. (Both of these links are images on the right hand side of the page.)
Cheese and Crackers: Tsunami Videos: This weblog has an extensive collection of video from the tsunami.
Asias Deadly Waves: This interactive multimedia site was done by the New York Times. There are pictures,
animations and close-ups of the effects of the tsunami. This site is Flash driven.
NBC10 FeedRoom: This news station site has a collection of video clips that were shot by amateur
photgraphers. The site requires Windows (98, NT, 2000, XP, or ME), Internet Explorer, and Flash (5.0) or
Windows Media Player (7.1). After clicking on the link, click on "Deadly Tsunamis" in the upper-left part of the
page and then select one of the video clips in the side bars to start watching the collection of clips.
- 129 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
Wave of Destruction: This site has extensive photo and video footage of the tsunami, most of it from
amateur photographers in the affected areas at the time.
Landsat 7 Images Show Scale of Tsunami Damage: This NASA page shows before and after pictures
taken by Landsat 7's Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) instrument of a part of the coast of Sumatra,
Indonesia. The images show that the scale of the tsunami's impact can be seen from space.
Spot Image - Asia Tsunami: This site provides satellite imagry of some of the affected areas, highlighting
the effects of the tsunami.
Banda Aceh Pictures: This is a page of images of the devestation in Banda Aceh taken by two medical
doctors in the region helping with the relief effort (Dr. Eric Rasmussen, MD, US Navy and Dr. Dave Warner,
MD, Ph.D.). Most of the pictures were taken a mile or more from the coast.
Earthquake and Tsunami in Southern Asia: This page is part of the International Charter on Space and
Major Disasters. They are providing before and after satellite imagry of affected areas.
Satellite Images of Tsunami Affected Areas: The satellite images of the Tsunami affected areas in this
web page were acquired by the Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing at the National
University of Singapore. They show the effects of the tsunamis on the affected areas in Indonesia, Thailand
and island of India.
Environcast Media: This site provide high-resolution images of coastal areas in Thailand that were affected
by the tsunami.
Outreach Activities
Surviving A Tsunami - Lessons from Chile, Hawaii, and Japan: This US Geological Survey circular was
compiled in 1999. There are many still photos from the 1960 tsunami that hit Chile, Hawaii, and Japan. The
object of the circular is to disseminate lessons learned for surviving an earthquake and tsunami. There is also
a PDF of the report (15.7 Mb).
International Tsunami Information Center: This intergovernmental organization maintains and develops
relationships with scientific research and academic organizations, civil defense agencies, and the general
public in order to mitigate the hazards associated with tsunamis for all Pacific Ocean nations. They also
maintain the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center.
- 130 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
NOAA SCIENTISTS ABLE TO MEASURE TSUNAMI HEIGHT FROM SPACE: This news release from
NOAA explains how scientists were able to use satellite measurements to calculate the hight of the tsunami
waves at several times during the tsunami's progress throughout the region.
Reliefweb: This site provides disaster information to and about charities working around the world. They
provide a large amount of data on deaths, injuries, damage, etc. all correlated on maps of affected areas.
Tsunami: A special Report on the Asian Tsunami Disaster: This site (created by Justin Sharpe, a teacher
at Beal High School, Ilford, Essex. UK) grew out of a series of presentations the creator has been giving to
assemblies of 11-17 year olds in a high school setting.
Pacific Tsunami Warning Center - About Tsunamis: This page on the PTWC site presents basic
information about tsunamis in the Pacific basin.
Supercourse - Epidemiology, the Internet and Human Health: This group is developing a library of Just-In-
Time Lectures written by faculty across the globe that are freely available to the rest of the world as a way of
bringing more high quality information into classrooms. They have two lectures related to the earthquake and
tsunmai in Southeast Asia.
- Tsunami
- Earthquake & Tsunami South Asia, 26 Dec 2004
- 131 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
ZKI: This group, in partnership with other international agencies and associated with the German Aerospace
Center DLR, has taken over responsibility for the acquisition of satellite data, the generation of image maps,
and their dissemination to various relief organisations via the Internet.
DM Solutions Group: This site contains a wealth of data about all Indian Basin Tsunami affected countries
and regions – collected both before and after the ongoing disaster. The goal of the site is to help facilitate,
through the use of interactive Web-mapping technology, all aspects of disaster mitigation.
Tsunami Visualizations
Compiled by John McDaris at Carleton College.
Be sure to check out the related page of visualizations about Plate Tectonic Movement
This Quicktime animation (more info) , by Dr. Steven Ward at the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary
Physics at the University of California - Santa Cruz, shows the tsunami's progress across the Indian Ocean. It
also shows some water level graphs and run-up heights throughout the region.
This visualization (more info) from Kenji Satake at the Active Fault Research Center in Tsukuba, Japan,
highlights the crests and troughs of the tsunami waves as they travel across the Indian Ocean and refract
around islands and interfere with each other. The red color means that the water surface is higher than
normal, while the blue means lower.
This Quicktime visualization from NOAA concentrates on the wave propagation in the Indian Ocean (more
info) .
This NOAA visualization tracks the tsunami waves until they reach the East African coast of Somalia.
- 132 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
NOAA has rerun the tsunami model used to generate the two previous visualizations to generate a world-
wide picture (more info) of the wave's propagation. This is a very large file.
This special report (more info) from The Guardian uses imagery from #2 above and uses a stepwise
progression to show when waves reached particular points throughout the Indian Ocean area. This animation
helps pull together the phenomenon, the timing, and the consequences for a more general audience.
Before and After Tsunami Photos (more info) : This series of 14 sets of before and after photos was taken
via satellite of the tsunami-ravaged city of Banda Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia. The images are very dramatic
and the ability to see before and after in the same scale and field of view in rapid succession is extremely
powerful.
How Do Tsunamis Differ from Other Water Waves? (more info) : This page from a site from the University of
Washington includes a Quicktime movie that shows the propagation of the earthquake-generated 1960
Chilean tsunami across the Pacific Ocean.
Papua New Guinea, 1998 (more info) : This is a USGS visualization of the 1998 tsunami that struck Papua
New Guinea. There are also medium-(4.7 Mb) and high-resolution (16.8 Mb) versions.
Peru, 2001 (more info) : This is a medium-resolution (4.3 Mb) animation from the USGS of the June 23,
- 133 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
2001 tsunami that struck Peru and the west coast of South America. There is also a high-resolution version
(24 Mb).
1700 Cascadia Tsunami (7Mb): This is a model of the wave propagation from the 1700 Cascadia Tsunami.
Information about the visualization and its creators is available at
http://www.pgc.nrcan.gc.ca/press/index_e.php
Pacific Northwest, North America (more info) : This is a low-resolution (2.2 Mb) Quicktime visualization of
a Stochastic Model for Potential Tsunamis in the Pacific Northwest created by the USGS. There is also a
high-resolution version (11.3 Mb).
Tsunami Generation (more info) : This animation by Prof. Miho Aoki from the University of Alaska
Fairbanks Art Department provides a very nice look at how a tsunami can be generated by a subduction zone
earthquake. The visualization is large, so be prepared for lengthy download.
Coastal Inundation (more info) : This animation by Prof. Miho Aoki from the University of Alaska Fairbanks
Art Department shows how a coastal town can be inundated by a tsunami.
How Tsunamis Form: This animation from the Prentice Hall Geoscience Animations series shows a
schematic of how earthquakes can initiate a tsunami, how it travels in the deep ocean, and the effects it can
have when it reaches shore.
- 134 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
The UNESCO Library provides reference and information services, including online searches, to the Organization
as a whole, as well as to the general public with an interest in UNESCO's fields of competence.
- 135 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 136 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 137 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
http://www.un-oceans.org/Documents.htm
Documents / Reports
UN Oceans First Session Report, Paris, January 2005
- 138 -
PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI
- 139 -