Exponential

and

Exponential Function
An exponential function y = f(x) = bx where b>0 and b cannot be equal to 1. The e do domain a o of t the ee exponential po e t a function u ct o with t base b is the set of real numbers. Its range is the set of positive real numbers.

Properties of Exponents
If b is any real number and n is any positive integer then integer, 1. If n = 1, b n = b 2. if n > 1, b n = b b n -1 1 3 if b 0 3. 0, b n = b 4. if b 0, b0 = 1
n

Logarithmic F Functions ti

Exponential Equations
A equation An ti i in which hi h the th unknown k is i an exponent t is i called ll d an

Example # 1
Solve for b: 9 = b 2 / 3
S l ti Solution

Example # 2
Solve for x: 125 = 5x Solution: 125 53 3 = = = 5x 5x x

exponential equation.
For example, 2x = 16, 3x + 2= 81 To solve an exponential equation, equation write both sides as exponential expressions with the same base. If the expressions p are equal q and the bases are equal, q , then the exponents must be equal. This method can be used because the exponential function is one to one.

9 = b2/3 9(3/ 2) = b2/ 3 (3/ 2) 3 3 = b1 27 = b

Basic Properties of the Graph of Exponential Function

With your Graphing Calculator graph each of the following y = 2x y = 3x y = 5x y = 1x

Determine what is happening when the b base i is changing h i i in each h of f th these graphs. h

Graphing Exponential Functions

1. All graphs pass through the point (0, 1). yp permissible base b. b0 = 1 for any 2. All graphs are continuous, with no holes or jumps. 3. The x axis is the horizontal asymptote. 4 If b > 0, 4. 0 then bx increases as x increases increases. 5. If 0<b<1, then bx decreases as x increases. 6. The function is one to one.

y = 3x y = 2x

y = 5x

y = 3x y = 2x

y = 5x y = 10x

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3

y = 2x y = 3x 1/4 1 2 4 8 1/9 1/3 1 3 9 27

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3

y = 5x y = 1x 1/25 1/5 1 5 25 125 1 1 1 1 1 1

y = 1x

Determine where h each h of f the following would lie? y=10 10x y=4x y = (3/2)x

y = 3x y = 4x y = 2x y = (3/2)x

y = 1x

y = a b
We also discovered that changes in a would change the y y-intercept intercept on its corresponding graph. Now lets turn our attention o a use useful u p property ope y o of to exponential functions.

f(x) ( ) = 2x

f(x) ( ) = 2x-3

f(x) = 2x+2 3

f(x) ( ) = -(2) ( )x-4 2

With your Graphing Calculator graph each of the following

x

y = (1/3)x

x = ()y
y = logx

y=( () )x

y = 5x y = 3x y = 2x

x -2 -1 0 1
y = logx

y = () ( )x y = (1/3)x

y=( (1/2) )x y = (1/3)x y = 1x

Determine what is happening when the b base i is changing h i i in each h of f th these graphs. h

1/4 1 2 4 8

2 1 0 -1 1 -2 2 -3

4 2 1 1/8

9 3 1 1/3 1/9 1/27

y = 1x

2 3

f(x) ( )=( () )x-3 - 2 = ( (2) )-x+3 - 2

f(x) ( ) = 2-x = ( (1/2) )x

A new Number

e=

1 n!

2.718

y = 3x

A new Number

e=
e=
e=

Graph y =
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 y = 2x 1 2 4 8 y = 3x 1/9 1/3 1 3 9 27

ex

y=

ex

y = 2x

Graph: y = ex+2
x+2=0 x = -2

y = ex+2 y = ex

1 n!

1 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + 0! 1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
1 1 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + 1 1 2 6 24 120

We could use a spreadsheet to determine an approximation.

If a quantity increases by the same proportion r in each unit of time, then the quantity displays exponential growth and can be modeled by the equation

You deposit $1500 in an account that pays 2.3% interest compounded yearly, 1) What was the initial principal (P) invested? 2) What is the growth rate (r)? The growth factor? 3) Using the equation A = P(1+r)t, how much money would you have after 2 years if you didnt deposit any more money?

You deposit $1500 in an account that pays 2.3% interest compounded yearly, 1) What was the initial principal (P) invested? 2) What is the growth rate (r)? The growth factor? 3) Using the equation A = P(1+r)t, how much money would you have after 2 years if you didnt deposit any more money?

y = C (1 + r )
Where C=i initial iti l amount t

1) The initial principal (P) is $1500. 2) The growth rate (r) is 0.023. The growth factor is 1.023.
3) A = P (1 + r ) t A = 1500 (1 + 0.023) 2 A = $1569.79

1) The initial principal (P) is $1500. 2) The growth rate (r) is 0.023. 0 023 The growth factor is 1.023. 1 023
3) A = P (1 + r ) t A = 1500 (1 + 0.023) 2 A = $1569.79

r = growth rate (percent written as a decimal) t = time where t 0 (1+r) = growth factor where 1 + r > 1

Compound Interest
You deposit $5000 into an account that pays 4.5 % interest. What is the balance of the account after 10 years if the interest is compounded quarterly?

Compound Interest
You deposit $5000 into an account that pays 4.5 % interest. What is the balance of the account after 10 years if the interest is compounded quarterly?

Compound Interest
You deposit $5000 into an account that pays 4.5 % interest. What is the balance of the account after 10 years if the interest is compounded quarterly? weekly? y r nt n 0.045 5210 A = unknown 52

A = P(1 +

r nt n
A = unknown P = $5000 r = .045 045 n=4 t = 10

A = Final amount = unknown P = Principal = $5000 r = rate of interest = .045 045 n = number of times compounded per year = 4 t = number b of f years compounded d d = 10

A = 5000(1 +

A = P(1 +

r nt n

0.045 410 4

A = 5000(1 +

A = P (1 +

A = $ 7821.88

P = $5000 r = .045 045 n=4 52 t = 10

A = $ 7840.04

Compound Interest Interest-continuously continuously

You deposit $5000 into an account that pays 4.5 % interest. What is the balance of the account after 10 years if the interest is compounded continuously?

Compound Interest Interest-continuously continuously

You deposit $5000 into an account that pays 4.5 % interest. What is the balance of the account after 10 years if the interest is compounded continuously?

Bacteria Growth
You have 150 bacteria in a dish. It the constant of growth is 1.567 when t is measured in hours. How many bacteria will you have in 7 hours?

A = Pe rt
A = Final amount = unknown P = Principal = $5000 r = rate of interest = .045 045 t = number of years compounded = 10 A = unknown P = $5000 r = .045 045 t = 10

A = Pe rt A = 5000e 0.04510 A = $ 7841.56

y = ne kt
y = Final amount = unknown n = initial amount = 150 k = constant of growth = 1 1.567 567 t = time = 7

Bacteria Growth
You have 150 bacteria in a dish. It the constant of growth is 1.567 when t is measured in hours. How many bacteria will you have in 7 hours?
If a quantity decreases by the same proportion r in each unit of time, then the quantity displays exponential decay and can be modeled by the equation

You buy a new car for $22,500. The car depreciates at the rate of 7% per year, 1) What was the initial amount invested? 2) What is the decay rate? The decay factor? 3) What will the car be worth after the first year? The second year?

y = unknown n = 150 k=1 1.567 567 t=7

y = ne y = 150e 3.5677 y = 8,706,977.678

kt

y = C (1 r ) t
Where C=i initial iti l amount t r = growth rate (percent written as a decimal) t = time where t 0 (1 - r) = decay factor where 1 - r < 1

1) The initial investment was $22,500. 2) The decay rate is 0.07. 0 07 The decay factor is 0.93. 0 93

3)

y = C (1 r ) t

y = C (1 r ) t

8,706,977.678 bacteria

y = 22,500 (1 0.07) 1 y = 22,500 (1 0.07) 2 y = $20 ,925 y = $19460.25

y = 2x
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 y 1/4 1 2 4 8

x = 2y
x 1/4 1 2 4 8 y -2 -1 0 1 2 3

y=

2x

x=
How do we solve this exponential equation

2y

y = 2x
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 y 1/4 1 2 4 8

x = 2y
y=log2x
x 1/4 1 2 4 8 y -2 -1 0 1 2 3

for the variable y?

LOGARITHMS
exponential logarithmic

exponential p

logarithmic g

Properties of Logarithms
Product Property Quotient Property Power Property Property of Equality

bm = A 3 = 9
2

log b ( A) = m

bm = A

log b ( A) = m
b>0 A>0

log 3 (9) = 2
log 5 (125) = 3

53 = 125
2 3 =
1 8

) log 2 ( 1 8 = 3
log 1 (32) = 5
2

5 (1 2 ) = 32

x = 2y

log 2 ( x) = y

Change of Base Formula

Product Property

Product Property

log ga x =

log b x l l ba log

a a = a
m n
multiplication p

m+n

log 2 (16 4) = log 2 (16) + log 2 (4)

log 2 (2 4 2 2 ) = log 2 (2 4 ) + log 2 (2 2 ) log 2 (26 ) = 4 + 2

addition

log a x =

log10 x log10 a

log b (m n) = log b (m) + log b (n)

multiplication addition

Quotient Property
division

Quotient Property

Power Property

am = amn n a

) = log 2 (32) log 2 (4) log 2 ( 32 4

subtraction

log 2 (8) = log 2 (2 ) log 2 (2 )

5 2

(a )

m n

= a mn

log ( ) = log b (m) log b (n)

m b n
division subtraction

log 2 (23 ) = 3 =

p log gb( (m p )

l b(m log ( p ) = plog l b(m) ( )

Power Property

Property of Equality

Evaluate
log 5 (25) = u 5u = 25
5u = 5 2
u=2

log 2 27 = 7 log 2 (2)

( )

7 =
7=

7 1
7

if

log b ( A) = log b (C )

then

A=C

log 5 (25) = 2

Evaluate
log 3 (81) = u 3u = 81
3u = 34
u=4

Evaluate
1 )=u log 2 ( 32

Evaluate
log 7 (7) = u 7u = 7
7 u = 71
u =1

2u =
2u =

1 32
1 25

2u = 2 5
u = 5

log 3 (81) = 4
log

1 2 32

( ) = 5

log 7 (7) = 1

Evaluate
log n (n 5 ) = u

Evaluate
log8 (1) = u 8u = 1
8u = 8 0
u=0

Evaluate
log3(25) = u 3u = 25 3u = 52
??????

nu = n5
u=5 log n (n 5 ) = 5

log8 (1) = 0

Solve for x
log2(x+5) = 4 24 = x + 5 16 = x + 5 11 = x

Solve for x
logx(32) = 5 x5 = 32 x5 = 25
x = 2

Evaluate
10 log5(568) = log 5 10

log 568

= 3 3.941 941

Evaluate
log3(25)
= log10 25 log10 3
x 1/4 1 2 4 8

x = 2y
y = log2x

Expand
log 5 ( x 3 y 2 )
y = log2x y = log3x y = log5x product property power property

-2 -1 0 1 2 3

= 2 2.930 930

log 5 ( x 3 ) + log 5 ( y 2 )

3 log 5 ( x) + 2 log 5 ( y )

Expand
log 5
quotient property product property power property

Expand
log 5
quotient property product property distributive property power property

( )
x5 y 3 z4

( )
x7 y2 z5

Condense
5 log 3 x + 6 log 3 y 2 log 3 z
power property

log 5 ( x 5 y 3 ) log 5 ( z 4 )

log 5 ( x 7 ) log 5 ( y 2 z 5 )

log 3 x 5 + log 3 y 6 log 3 z 2 log 3 x 5 y 6 log 3 z 2 log 3

log 5 ( x 5 ) + log 5 ( y 3 ) log 5 ( z 4 )

5 log 5 ( x) + 3 log 5 ( y ) 4 log 5 ( z )

log 5 ( x 7 ) log 5 ( y 2 ) + log 5 ( z 5 )

log 5 ( x 7 ) log 5 ( y 2 ) log 5 ( z 5 )

product property quotient property

( )
x5 y 6 z2

7 log 5 ( x) 2 log 5 ( y ) 5 log 5 ( z )

Condense
1 2

Condense
3 log e x 2 log e y + 5 log e z 4 log e w
P Power property t

Solve for x
log 3 (3x 9 ) = log 3 ( x + 3)
4 5

log10 x 2 log10 y 4 log10 z

log10 x 2 log10 y 2 log10 z 4
1

Power property group / factor product d t property t

log e x log e y + log e z log e w

3 2

log10 x log10 y 2 + log10 z 4

l 10 x log log l 10 y 2 z 4
2 log10 yx2 z 4 1
1 2

1 2

re-organize re organize group

(log g

log e x + log e z log e y log e w

3 5 2

Property of Equality

3x 9 = x + 3 2 x = 12 x = 6

3 g e z 5 log g e y 2 + log g e w4 e x + log 3 5 2 4

quotient property

= log10

( )
x y2z4

product property quotient property

) ( log (x z ) log ( y w )
e

log e

( )
x3 z 5 y 2 w4

Solve for x
log 3 (3x 9 ) = log 3 ( x + 3)

Solve for x
log 3 (3x 9 ) = log 3 ( x + 3)

Solve for n
log 4 (7 ) + log 4 (n 2) = log 4 (6n )
Condense left side

check

x = 6

3x 9 = x + 3 2 x = 12 x = 6

log 3 (3(6) 9 ) = log 3 (6 + 3) log 3 (9) = log 3 (9)

checks!

l 4 (7(n 2) ) = log log l 4 (6n ) 7 n 14 = 6n

log 3 (18 9 ) = log 3 (6 + 3)

Property of Equality

{6 }

n = 14

Solve for n
log 4 (7 ) + log 4 (n 2) = log 4 (6n )

Solve for n
log 4 (7 ) + log 4 (n 2) = log 4 (6n ) l 4 (7(n 2) ) = log log l 4 (6n ) 7 n 14 = 6n
Condense left side Convert to exponential ti l form

Solve for x
log 2 ( x + 1) + log 2 ( x 1) = 3
23 = ( x + 1)( x 1) 8 = x2 1 9 = x2 3 = x

check

n = 14

log 2 (( x + 1)( x 1) ) = 3

log 4 (7 ) + log 4 (14 2 ) = log 4 (6(14) ) log 4 (7 ) + log 4 (12 ) = log 4 (84 )
log 4 (7(12) ) = log 4 (84 )
checks! h k !

log 4 (84) = log 4 (84 )

{14 }

n = 14

Solve for x
log 2 ( x + 1) + log 2 ( x 1) = 3 check h k x=3
log2 (3 +1) + log2 (3 1) = 3

Solve for x
log 2 ( x + 1) + log 2 ( x 1) = 3 log 2 (( x + 1)( x 1) ) = 3
23 = ( x + 1)( x 1) 8 = x2 1 9 = x2 3 = x
Convert to exponential form

Solve for x
log 3 x 2 + x + 3

= 2

check h k x = 3
log2 ( 3 +1) + log2 ( 3 1) = 3 log2 ( 2) + log2 ( 4) = 3
fails The argument Th t must be positive

log2 (4) + log2 (2) = 3

2+ 1 = 3 3 =3
checks!

32 = x 2 + x + 3 9 = x2 + x + 3 0 = x2 + x 6 0 = ( x + 3)( x 2) x = 3 or x = 2

{3 }

Solve for x
log 3 x 2 + x + 3

Solve for x
= 2 log 3 x 2 + x + 3

= 2

Solve for x log( 5 ) = log( 19 )

3 x 7

check h k x = 3
log 3 (3) 2 + (3) + 3

check h k x=2
= 2 log 3 (2) 2 + 2 + 3
log 3 (4 + 2 + 3) = 2

log 3 (9 3 + 3) = 2

= 2

32 = x 2 + x + 3 9 = x2 + x + 3 0 = x2 + x 6 0 = ( x + 3)( x 2) x = 3 or x = 2

(3 x 7) log(5) = log(19) 3 x log(5) 7 log(5) = log(19) 3 x log(5) = log(19) + 7 log(5) 3 log(5) 3 log(5) (log(19 ) + 7 log(5) ) x= (3 log(5) )

log 3 (9 ) = 2

log 3 (9) = 2
checks!

2 = 2
checks!

2 = 2

{ 3, 2 }
(

x = 2.943

log 54 x = log 7 2

( )

Solve for x

( )

Solve for x

log 112 x +1 = log 95 x

( )

log 3 x + 2 = log 5 x +1

Solve for x

(4 x) log(5) = (2) log(7) 4 log(5) 4 log(5)

(2 x + 1) log(11) = (5 x) log(9) 2 x log(11) + 1 log(11) = 5 x log(9)

2 x log(11) 5 x log(9) = log(11)
x(2 log(11) 5 log(9) ) = log(11)

( x + 2) log(3) = ( x + 1) log(5) x log(3) + 2 log(3) = x log(5) + 1log(5)

x log( g(3) x log( g(5) = log( g(5) 2 log( g(3) x(log(3) log(5) ) = log(5) 2 log(3) 5 ) 2 log( 3) ) x = ((log( log( 3) log( 5 ) )

x=

( 2 log( 7 ) ) ( 4 log( l (5) )

x = 0.605

x=

( 2 log(11) 5 log(9 ) )

log(11)

x = 0.387

x = 1.151

log 7

Solve for x
3 x2

) = log( 3 )
9 x 8

ln ( 15 ) = ln e

Solve for x

3 x2

Solve for x 7 = 3 e5 x +6

(3 x 2) log(7) = (9 x 8) log(3)

ln(15) = (3 x 2) ln( 1 e)

) = ln e5 x+6 ln ( 7 3
ln( 7 3 ) = 5x + 6
ln( 7 3 ) 6 = 5x
ln( 7 )6 3 5

3 x log(7) 2 log(7) = 9 x log(3) 8 log(3)

3 x log(7) 9 x log(3) = 2 log(7) 8 log(3)
x(3 log(7) 9 log(3) ) = 2 log(7) 8 log(3) 2 log( 7 ) 8 log( 3) ) x = ((3 log( 7 ) 9 log( 3) )

ln(15) = 3 x 2
ln(15) + 2 = 3 x
ln(15 ) + 2 3

1 ln( 7 3 ) = (5 x + 6) ln(e)

= x

x = 1.209

1.569 = x

= x

1.031 = x

Solve for x 5 = 7 23 x 1
5 ) = log 23 x1 log( 7

5 log( 7 ) = (3 x 1) log(2) 5 log( 7 ) = 3 x log(2) 1 log(2)

5 log( 7 ) + log(2) = 3 x log(2)
5 ) + log( (log( l (7 l (2) )

(3 log( 2 ) )

= x

0.172 = x