I I NTRODUCTI ON TO MATRI X ALGEBRA

Introduction to Matrix Algebra

INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES
Reference : Croft, A., & Davison, R. (2008). Mathematics for
Engineers - A Modern Interactive Approach, Pearson
Education.

A matrix is a rectangular array or block of numbers usually
enclosed in brackets.
A m x n matrix has m rows and n columns.
Page 1
Introduction to Matrix Algebra
If the matrix A has m rows and n columns we can write:







where a
ij
represents the number or element in the i
th
row and
j
th
column.
(
(
(
(

=
mn m m
n
n
a a a
a a a
a a a
A

2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
Page 2
Introduction to Matrix Algebra
Special Matrices
A square matrix has the same number of rows as columns.

The main diagonal of a square matrix is the diagonal
running from top left to bottom right.

An identity matrix, denoted by I , is a square matrix with
ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere.



The transpose of A is obtained by writing rows as columns
and columns as rows, and is denoted A
T
.
Page 3
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
I
Introduction to Matrix Algebra
Equality of Matrices
If A = (a
ij
) and B = (b
ij
), A = B if and only if a
ij
= b
ij
.

Addition and Subtraction of Matrices
Matrices of the same size may be added to and subtracted
from one another. To do this, the corresponding elements
are added or subtracted.
Page 4
Introduction to Matrix Algebra
e.g. 1 If


find A + B, B + C and B - C.

A + B is not defined as A and B are of not the same size.


B + C =



B C =
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
(

=
5
9
6
1
3
7
,
2 4
1 2
5 3
,
2 0 3
4 1 2
C B A
Page 5
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

+
(
(
(

7 5
8 5
11 10
5
9
6
1
3
7

2 4
1 2
5 3
Introduction to Matrix Algebra
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Number
Any matrix can be multiplied by a number. To do this, each
element of the matrix is multiplied by that number.

e.g.2 If , find 2A, -A.


2A =


-A =
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
8 11 4
2 8 9
5 13 7
A
Page 6
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
16 22 8
4 16 18
10 26 14
8 * 2 11 * 2 4 * 2
2 * 2 8 * 2 9 * 2
5 * 2 13 * 2 7 * 2
Introduction to Matrix Algebra
Multiplication of Matrices
If A is a n x m matrix and B is a p x q matrix. For the product
AB to exist we must have m = p.
B A
q p m n
Page 7


Note that matrix multiplication is :
i. not commutative (i.e. AB BA).
ii. associative [i.e. ABC = (AB)C = A(BC)].
iii. If C = AB, the element c
ij
is found from row i of A and
column j of B, as follows:


c a b
ij ik kj
k
n
=
=

1
if m =p
C
q n
=
if m p
does not exist
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
28 29
36 26
33 37
3 2
1 3
2 1
5 5 4
6 2 8
6 7 4
AB
Introduction to Matrix Algebra
Page 8
26 2 * 6 3 * 2 1 * 8 i.e.
3
1
1 2 21
= + + = =

= k
k k
b a c
3 3 3 2 3 2


Introduction to Matrix Algebra
Note that when a square matrix is post- or pre-multiplied
by an identity matrix of the appropriate size the matrix is
unchanged, i.e.
AI = IA = A
Page 9
A B =

(
=

(
(
(
2 1 4
3 0 2
3 5
2 1
4 2
e.g. 3 If & , find AB.


AB=
Introduction to Matrix Algebra
DETERMINANTS, INVERSE OF A MATRIX
Reference : Croft & Davison, Chapter 12, Blocks 3,4

Determinant
All square matrices, A, possess a determinant denoted by :
det(A), |A|.

Determinant of a 2 x 2 matrix




|
.
|

\
|
=
d c
b a
A If , then
det(A) = |A| = = ad - bc
d c
b a
A matrix which has a zero determinant is called singular.
Page 10
Introduction to Matrix Algebra
Minors and Cofactors of a 3 x 3 Matrix
Let a
ij
be an element of a matrix A.

The minor of a
ij

is the determinant

formed by crossing out the i
th

row and j
th
column of det(A).

The cofactor of a
ij
= (-1)
i+j
x (minor of a
ij
)

Note that the term (-1)
i+j
is called the place sign of the element
on the i
th
row and j
th
column. The following may help you to
memorize this.

|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
+ +
Page 11
Introduction to Matrix Algebra
Determinant of a 3 x 3 Matrix

Consider a general 3 x 3 matrix, A =


det(A) can be calculated by expanding along any row or
column. For example, expanding along the first row:
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
|A| = a
11
*(its cofactor) + a
12
*(its cofactor) + a
13
*(its cofactor)
Page 12
Introduction to Matrix Algebra
Page 13
e.g.1 Find the value of and
2 4 1
1 1 1
3 1 2

15 31 6
5 24 11
17 4 1
14 5 * 3 3 * 1 ) 2 ( * 2
4 1
1 1
* 3
2 1
1 1
* 1
2 4
1 1
* 2
2 4 1
1 1 1
3 1 2
= + + =

=
15 31 6
5 24 11
17 4 1
Introduction to Matrix Algebra
Alternatively, by Rule of Sarrus






Repeat the 1st and 2nd column to right hand side of 3rd
column to form a 3 x 5 matrix.

det(A) = Add the product of SOLID diagonals from left top to
right bottom and subtract the products of DASH diagonals
from left bottom to right top.


Page 14
Introduction to Matrix Algebra
Page 15
14
) 2 ( * 1 * 1 4 * 1 * 2 1 * ) 1 ( * 3
4 * 1 * 3 1 * 1 * 1 ) 2 ( * ) 1 ( * 2
4 1 2 4 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 1 2
2 4 1
1 1 1
3 1 2
=

+ + =

=

Hence
Introduction to Matrix Algebra
Properties of Determinants
i. If every element of a given row (or column) of the square
matrix is multiplied by the same factor, the value of the
determinant is multiplied by that factor
ii. If |B| is obtained by interchanged any 2 rows (or columns) of
|A|, then |B| = -|A|.
iii. Adding or subtracting a multiple of one row (or column) to
another row (or column) leaves the determinant
unchanged.
iv. If A and B are 2 square matrices and that AB exists, then
det(AB) = det(A)det(B).


v. If 2 rows or 2 columns of a square matrix are equal, the
determinant of the matrix is zero.
Page 16
Introduction to Matrix Algebra
Inverse of a Matrix
The inverse matrix of a square matrix A, usually denoted by A
-1
,
has the property :
AA
-1
=A
-1
A =I


Note that if
|A| = 0, A does not have an inverse.
|A| 0, A has an inverse
Page 17
Introduction to Matrix Algebra
Finding the Inverse of a Matrix
The followings are steps to find the inverse of a matrix A when
|A| 0,
i. Find the transpose of A, denoted A
T
.
ii. Replace each element of A
T
by its cofactor. The resulting
matrix is called the adjoint of A, denoted adj(A).
iii.



A
A adj
A
) (
1
=

Page 18
Introduction to Matrix Algebra
Page 19
e.g. 2 Find the inverse of


det(A) =14
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
2 4 1
1 1 1
3 1 2
A
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

3 7 5
1 7 3
4 14 2
14
1
3 7 5
1 7 3
4 14 2
1 1
1 2
1 1
3 2
1 1
3 1
4 1
1 2
2 1
3 2
2 4
3 1
4 1
1 1
2 1
1 1
2 4
1 1
) (
1
A
A adj
T
Introduction to Matrix Algebra
Page 20
e.g. 3 Find the inverse of .
3 6 1
1 2 5
0 1 3
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

= B