Common Lab Values Range: 14 - 20 g/dl

Optimal Newborn Reading: 17

g/dl
Hematology Values
• R.B.C. (Red Blood Cell Count)
• HEMATOCRIT (HCT)
o Normal Adult Female
o Normal Adult Female
• MCH (Mean Corpuscular Range: 3.9 - 5.2 mill/mcl
Range: 37 - 47%
Hemoglobin) Optimal Adult Female
Optimal Adult Female
o Normal Adult Range: 27 - 33 Reading: 4.55
Reading: 42%
pg Normal Adult Male
Normal Adult Male
Optimal Adult Reading: 30 Range: 4.2 - 5.6 mill/mcl
Range 40 - 54%
Optimal Adult Male
Optimal Adult Male
Reading: 4.9
Reading: 47
Lower ranges are found
Normal Newborn Range:
• MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume) in Children, newborns
50 - 62%
o Normal Adult Range: 80 - 100 and infants
Optimal Newborn
Reading: 56 fl
Optimal Adult Reading: 90
Higher ranges are found in
newborns and infants • W.B.C. (White Blood Cell
Count)
• HEMOGLOBIN (HGB)
o Normal Adult Range: 3.8
o Normal Adult Female
- 10.8 thous/mcl
Range: 12 - 16 g/dl
• MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Optimal Adult Reading:
Optimal Adult Female
Hemoglobin Concentration) 7.3
Reading: 14 g/dl
o Normal Adult Range: 32 - 36 Higher ranges are found
Normal Adult Male
% in children, newborns and
Range: 14 - 18 g/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 34 infants.
Optimal Adult Male
Reading: 16 g/dl Higher ranges are found in o
newborns and infants • PLATELET COUNT
Normal Newborn
 o Normal Adult Range: an active viral infection such as • BASOPHILS and BASOPHIL
130 - 400 thous/mcl measles, rubella, chickenpox, or COUNT –
Optimal Adult infectious mononucleosis.
Reading: 265 o Normal Adult Range: 18 - 48 Basophilic activity is not fully
Higher ranges are % understood but it is known to carry
found in children, Optimal Adult Reading: 33 histamine, heparin and serotonin.
newborns and infants Normal Children’s Range: 25 - High levels are found in allergic
50 % reactions.
Optimal Children’s Reading:
37.5 o Normal Adult Range: 0 -
• NEUTROPHILS and 2%
NEUTROPHIL COUNT - Optimal Adult Reading: 1
this is the main defender of
the body against infection • MONOCYTES and MONOCYTE
and antigens. High levels COUNT - Elevated levels are seen in
may indicate an active tissue breakdown or chronic Electrolyte Values
infection. infections, carcinomas, leukemia
o Normal Adult Range: (monocytic) or lymphomas. • SODIUM - Sodium is the most
48 - 73 % o Normal Adult Range: 0 - 9 % abundant cation in the blood
Optimal Adult Optimal Adult Reading: 4.5 and its chief base. It functions
Reading: 60.5 in the body to maintain osmotic
Normal Children’s pressure, acid-base balance and
Range: 30 - 60 % to transmit nerve impulses. Very
Optimal Children’s • EOSINOPHILS and EOSINOPHIL Low value: seizure and
Reading: 45 COUNT - Elevated levels may Neurologic Sx.
indicate an allergic reactions or o Normal Adult Range:
parasites. 135-146 mEq/L
o Normal Adult Range: 0 - 5 % Optimal Adult Reading:
• LYMPHOCYTES and Optimal Adult Reading: 2.5 140.5
LYMPHOCYTE COUNT -
Elevated levels may indicate
• POTASSIUM - Potassium is
the major intracellular
cation. Very low value:
Cardiac arythemia.
o Normal Range: 3.5 -
5.5 mEq/L
Optimal Adult
Reading: 4.5
• CHLORIDE - Elevated
levels are related to acidosis
as well as too much water
crossing the cell membrane.
Decreased levels with
decreased serum albumin
may indicate water
deficiency crossing the cell
membrane (edema).
o Normal Adult Range:
95-112 mEq/L
Optimal Adult
Reading: 103
• CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) -
The CO2 level is related to
the respiratory exchange of
carbon dioxide in the lungs
and is part of the bodies
buffering system. Generally
when used with the other
electrolytes, it is a good indicator of
acidosis and alkalinity.
o Normal Adult Range: 22-32
mEq/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 27
Normal Childrens Range - 20 -
28 mEq/L
Optimal Childrens Reading: 24
• CALCIUM - involved in bone
metabolism, protein absorption, fat
transfer muscular contraction,
transmission of nerve impulses, blood
clotting and cardiac function.
Regulated by parathyroid.
o Normal Adult Range: 8.5-10.3
mEq/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 9.4
• PHOSPHORUS – Generally inverse
with Calcium.
o Normal Adult Range: 2.5 - 4.5
mEq/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 3.5
Normal Childrens Range: 3 - 6
mEq/dl
Optimal Childrens Range: 4.5
• ANION GAP (Sodium +
Potassium - CO2 + Chloride) -
An increased measurement is
associated with metabolic
acidosis due to the
overproduction of acids (a state
of alkalinity is in effect).
Decreased levels may indicate
metabolic alkalosis due to the
overproduction of alkaloids (a
state of acidosis is in effect).
o Normal Adult Range: 4 -
14 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 9
• CALCIUM/PHOSPHORUS
Ratio
o Normal Adult Range: 2.3
- 3.3 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading:
2.8
Normal Children’s range:
1.3 - 3.3 (calculated)
Optimal Children’s
Reading: 2.3
 • SODIUM/POTASSIUM
o Normal Adult Range:
26 - 38 (calculated)
Optimal Adult
Reading: 32
Hepatic Enzymes
• AST (Serum Glutamic-
Oxalocetic Transaminase -
SGOT ) - found primarily in
the liver, heart, kidney,
pancreas, and muscles. Seen
in tissue damage, especially
heart and live
o Normal Adult Range:
0 - 42 U/L
Optimal Adult
Reading: 21
• ALT (Serum Glutamic-
Pyruvic Transaminase -
SGPT) - Decreased SGPT in
combination with increased
cholesterol levels is seen in
cases of a congested liver.
We also see increased levels
in mononucleosis,
alcoholism, liver damage,
kidney infection, chemical pollutants
or myocardial infarction
o Normal Adult Range: 0 - 48
U/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 24
• ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE -
Used extensively as a tumor marker it
is also present in bone injury,
pregnancy, or skeletal growth
(elevated readings. Low levels are
sometimes found in hypoadrenia,
protein deficiency, malnutrition and a
number of vitamin deficiencies
o Normal Adult Range: 20 - 125
U/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 72.5
Normal Childrens Range: 40 -
400 U/L
Optimal Childrens Reading:
220
• GGT (Gamma-Glutamyl
Transpeptidase) - Elevated levels
may be found in liver disease,
alcoholism, bile-duct obstruction,
cholangitis, drug abuse, and in some
cases excessive magnesium
ingestion. Decreased levels can
be found in hypothyroidism,
hypothalamic malfunction and
low levels of magnesium.
o Normal Adult Female
Range: 0 - 45 U/L
Optimal Female Reading:
22.5
Normal Adult Male
Range: 0 - 65 U/L
Optimal Male Reading:
32.5
• LDH (Lactic Acid
Dehydrogenase) - Increases are
usually found in cellular death
and/or leakage from the cell or
in some cases it can be useful in
confirming myocardial or
pulmonary infarction (only in
relation to other tests).
Decreased levels of the enzyme
may be seen in cases of
malnutrition, hypoglycemia,
adrenal exhaustion or low tissue
or organ activity.
o Normal Adult Range: 0 -
250 U/L
 Optimal Adult
Reading: 125
• BILIRUBIN, TOTAL -
Elevated in liver disease,
mononucleosis, hemolytic
anemia, low levels of
exposure to the sun, and
toxic effects to some drugs,
decreased levels are seen in
people with an inefficient
liver, excessive fat digestion,
and possibly a diet low in
nitrogen bearing foods
o Normal Adult Range
0 - 1.3 mg/dl
Optimal Adult
Reading: .65
Renal Related
• B.U.N. (Blood Urea
Nitrogen) - Increases can be
caused by excessive protein
intake, kidney damage,
certain drugs, low fluid
intake, intestinal bleeding,
exercise or heart failure.
Decreased levels may be due
to a poor diet,
malabsorption, liver damage or low
nitrogen intake.
o Normal Adult Range: 7 - 25
mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 16
• CREATININE - Low levels are
sometimes seen in kidney damage,
protein starvation, liver disease or
pregnancy. Elevated levels are
sometimes seen in kidney disease due
to the kidneys job of excreting
creatinine, muscle degeneration, and
some drugs involved in impairment of
kidney function.
o Normal Adult Range: .7 - 1.4
mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 1.05
Protein
• URIC ACID - High levels are noted
in gout, infections, kidney disease,
alcoholism, high protein diets, and
with toxemia in pregnancy. Low
levels may be indicative of kidney
disease, malabsorption, poor diet,
liver damage or an overly acid kidney.
o Normal Adult Female
Range: 2.5 - 7.5 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Female
Reading: 5.0
Normal Adult Male
Range: 3.5 - 7.5 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Male
Reading:5.5
• BUN/CREATININE - This
calculation is a good
measurement of kidney and
liver function.
o Normal Adult Range: 6
-25 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading:
15.5
• PROTEIN, TOTAL -
Decreased levels may be due to
poor nutrition, liver disease,
malabsorption, diarrhea, or
severe burns. Increased levels
are seen in lupus, liver disease,
chronic infections, alcoholism,
 leukemia, tuberculosis
amongst many others.
o Normal Adult Range:
6.0 -8.5 g/dl
Optimal Adult
Reading: 7.25
• ALBUMIN - major
constituent of serum protein
(usually over 50%). High
levels are seen in liver
disease(rarely) , shock,
dehydration, or multiple
myeloma. Lower levels are
seen in poor diets, diarrhea,
fever, infection, liver
disease, inadequate iron
intake, third-degree burns
and edemas or
hypocalcemia
 Normal Adult
Range: 3.2 -
5.0 g/dl
Optimal Adult
Reading: 4.1
• GLOBULIN - Globulins have many
diverse functions such as, the carrier
of some hormones, lipids, metals, and
antibodies(IgA, IgG, IgM, and IgE).
Elevated levels are seen with chronic
infections, liver disease, rheumatoid
arthritis, myelomas, and lupus are
present, . Lower levels in immune
compromised patients, poor dietary
habits, malabsorption and liver or
kidney disease.
o Normal Adult Range: 2.2 - 4.2
g/dl (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 3.2
• A/G RATIO (Albumin/Globulin
Ratio)
o Normal Adult Range: 0.8 - 2.0
(calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 1.9
Lipids
• CHOLESTEROL - High density
lipoproteins (HDL) is desired as
opposed to the low density
lipoproteins (LDL), two types of
cholesterol. Elevated cholesterol has
been seen in artherosclerosis,
diabetes, hypothyroidism and
pregnancy. Low levels are seen
in depression, malnutrition,
liver insufficiency,
malignancies, anemia and
infection.
o Normal Adult Range: 120
- 240 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading:
180
• LDL (Low Density
Lipoprotein) - studies correlate
the association between high
levels of LDL and arterial
artherosclerosis
o Normal Adult Range: 62 -
130 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading:
81 mg/dl
• HDL (High Density
Lipoprotein) - A high level of
HDL is an indication of a
healthy metabolic system if
there is no sign of liver disease
or intoxication.
 o Normal Adult Range:
35 - 135 mg/dl
Optimal Adult
Reading: +85 mg/dl
• TRIGLYCERIDES -
Increased levels may be
present in artherosclerosis,
hypothyroidism, liver
disease, pancreatitis,
myocardial infarction,
metabolic disorders,
toxemia, and nephrotic
syndrome. Decreased levels
may be present in chronic
obstructive pulmonary
disease, brain infarction,
hyperthyroidism,
malnutrition, and
malabsorption.
o Normal Adult Range:
0 - 200 mg/dl
Optimal Adult
Reading: 100
• CHOLESTEROL/LDL
RATIO
o Normal Adult Range: 1 - 6
Optimal Adult Reading: 3.5
Thyroid
• THYROXINE (T4) - Increased
levels are found in hyperthyroidism,
acute thyroiditis, and hepatitis. Low
levels can be found in Cretinism,
hypothyroidism, cirrhosis,
malnutrition, and chronic thyroiditis.
o Normal Adult Range: 4 - 12
ug/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 8 ug/dl
• T3-UPTAKE - Increased levels are
found in hyperthyroidism, severe liver
disease, metastatic malignancy, and
pulmonary insufficiency. Decreased
levels are found in hypothyroidism,
normal pregnancy, and
hyperestrogenis status.
o Normal Adult Range: 27 - 47%
Optimal Adult Reading: 37 %
• FREE T4 INDEX (T7)
o Normal Adult Range: 4 -
12
Optimal Adult Reading: 8
• THYROID-STIMULATING
HORMONE (TSH) - produced
by the anterior pituitary gland,
causes the release and
distribution of stored thyroid
hormones. When T4 and T3 are
too high, TSH secretion
decreases, when T4 and T3 are
low, TSH secretion increases.
o Normal Adult Range: .5 -
6 milU/L
o AACE (2003) target
level: 0.3 to 3.04
Cardiac
• Creatine phosphokinase (CK)
- Levels rise 4 to 8 hours after
an acute MI, peaking at 16 to 30
hours and returning to baseline
within 4 days
o 25-200 U/L
o 32-150 U/L

• CK-MB CK isoenzyme - It
begins to increase 6 to 10
hours after an acute MI,
peaks in 24 hours, and
remains elevated for up to
72 hours.
o < 12 IU/L if total CK
is <400 IU/L
o <3.5% of total CK if
total CK is >400 IU/L
• (LDH) Lactate
dehydrogenase - Total LDH
will begin to rise 2 to 5 days
after an MI; the elevation can
last 10 days.
o 140-280 U/L
• LDH-1 and LDH-2 LDH
isoenzymes - Compare LDH
1 and LDH 2 levels.
Normally, the LDH-1 value
will be less than the LDH-2.
In the acute MI, however,
the LDH 2 remains
constant, while LDH 1 rises. When o < 0.4
the LDH 1 is higher than LDH 2, the
LDH is said to be flipped, which is
highly suggestive of an MI. A flipped
pattern appears 12-24 hours post MI
and persists for 48 hours.
o LDH-1 18%-33%
o LDH-2 28%-40%
• SGOT - will begin to rise in 8-12
hours and peak in 18-30 hours
o 10-42 U/L
• Myoglobin - early and sensitive
diagnosis of myocardial infarction
in the emergency department This
small heme protein becomes
abnormal within 1 to 2 hours of
necrosis, peaks in 4-8 hours, and
drops to normal in about 12 hours.
o <1
• Troponin Complex - Peaks in 10-24
hours, begins to fall off after 1-2
weeks.
 Table of Cardiac markers Typical Marker Values during AMI

Serum
Markers of
Myocardial
Injury

Detected Peak Falls

Myoglobin 1-3 1-8 12-18

12-
CK/CK-MB 3-8 24-48
16

MB
1-6 4-8 12-48
Isoforms

cTnI:
5-9
Troponin 10- days
3-6
Complex 24 cTnT:
7-14
days