4. ELECTRONICS SECTION A Structured Items Instruction: Answer all questions in this section.

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4.1 Understanding the uses of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (C.R.O) A student is able to : explain thermionic emission. Describe the properties of cathode rays. Describe the uses of a cathode ray oscilloscope. -- Measure potential difference using the C.R.O. -- Measure short time intervals using the C.R.O. -- Display wave forms using the C.R.O. Solve problems based on the C.R.O. display

1. 2.

______________________ is the process where by ____________ are released from the surface of a heated metal. The properties of cathode rays (i) (ii) (iii) They travel in ________________ lines. They are fast moving ____________ and therefore can generate ________when they hit the fluorescent screen. They are deflected by _________ and ____________ fields and are _________ charged.

3.

The diagram shows the structure of a simple cathode ray tube.

(a) Name the components labeled P, Q, R, S and T. Component P Q R S T (b) The CRO can be used to : Name of the component Function of the component

i. display _________________ ii. measure ________________ of DC and AC supply iii. measure a _________________________ 4. The figure below shows a trace formed on the screen of a CRO.

If the Y-gain control on the CRO is set at 0.5 V cm-1 and the time-base is set at 5 ms cm-1. Find the peak voltage VP , Period, T and Frequency, f. peak voltage VP Peak voltage, VP = = 5. Period, T Period, T = = Frequency, f. frequency, f = 1/T = =

If the same signal is applied to the CRO but the time base is readjusted to 10 ms/cm, draw a sketch to show the trace that will now be formed on the screen?

4.2 Understanding semiconductor diodes.

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1.

(a) A semiconductor is a material whose resistance is between the resistance of a _______________ and an ____________________. (b) ___________ is a process when small amounts of ________________ are added to pure semiconductors causing an increase in the _________________ of the material. (c) A p-type semiconductor is produced when a semiconductor material such _________________ is doped with a ____________ element like _________________

(d) A n-type semiconductor is produced when a semiconductor material such as germanium/silicon is doped with a ____________________ element like _____________________. . (e) A ______________________ is a p-n junction diode where the p-type material is called the __________ and the n-type material is called the ______________ In ___________-biased a current ________ through the diode but in _________-biased current ________________ through the diode.

(f)

(g)

_____________-biased,
Bulb lights / does not light up

_______ _______ Symbol of diode

2.

Diagram 1 shows an electric circuit with one diode and the trace produced is shown on a CRO connected across the resistor R. Diagram 2 shows an electric circuit with four diodes and the trace produced is shown on a CRO connected across the resistor R.

(a)

________________ is a process to convert an alternating current into a _______________________ by using a _____________. Comparision between : Diagram 1 Diagram 2 The diode is connected in _________ to The diodes are connected in a the resistor R. ____________ with two junctions connected to the power supply and the other two junction across the resistor R. Diode is used as a ____________ Diode are used as a __________ rectifier rectifier. Both input are ______________ voltages and the outputs are _______________.

(b)

(c)

Trace the path taken by the current in Diagram.2 if the terminal X is positive. Current flows from _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

(d)

A _______________ is an electric component that needs to be connected to the output of both the circuits to produce a more constant output.

4.3 Understanding transistors

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A student is able to: Describe a transistor in terms of its terminals. Describe how a transistor can be used as a current amplifier.

Describe how a transistor can be used as an automatic switch.

1. Name the two types of transistors as shown in Figure 4.31(a) and 4.31(b) and label the three terminals X _______ Z Y Figure 4.31 (a) __________ ___________

Type of transistor : _______ transistor X

Y Figure 4.31 (b) Type of transistor : ________ transistor

2. Transistor as a Current Amplfier

mA

R2 R1 IB IE

IC

A transistor can function as a ______________________ by allowing a small current to control a larger current. Rheostat R changes the _______ current. A _________ change in the base current, IB will cause a _______ change in the collector current, IC. The current amplification can be calculated as follows: Current Amplification =
I C I B

3.

The diagram below shows a circuit which acts as an automatic switch to turn on the motor M when the surroundings is dark.

(a) Name the component labeled P,Q and S. Component P Q S (b) What is the function of the component labeled R? To control the ________current. (c) The figure below shows how the collector current, Ic and the base current, Ib flow. Name of the components

(d) What happens to the magnitude of the potential difference VS when the surroundings become bright? Tick ( ) the correct answer in the box provided Increase Decrease (e) Explain how the change in the potential difference, VS, will cause the motor M to be turned on? As VS ____________, the base current ______________ causing the collector current to _______________ by a large magnitude. This will cause the relay to ___________ the circuit and switch on the motor.

4.4 Analysing logic gates

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A student is able to: Draw symbols for the following logic gates . i. ii. iii. iv. v. AND OR N0T NAND NOR

Build truth tables for logic gates in combination for a maximum of 2 inputs. State that logic gates are switching circuits in computers and other electronic systems. Describe applications of logic gates control systems.

1. Draw symbols for the following logic gates and state their action in a truth table i. AND ii. OR

iii.

N0T

iv.

NAND

v.

NOR

2.

The figure below shows a circuit consisting of three different logic gates.

(a) Name the logic gates Logic gate P Q Name of the logic gate

(b) Complete the truth table for the system shown above. Input A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 Output

(c) (i)

The combination of the logic gates above can be replaced by a single logic gate. What is this equivalent logic gate?

(ii)

Give the Boolean equation for the logic gate in your answer in ( c)(i) above.

2.

The circuit below shows a logic circuit used in a cold room where frozen meat is stored. The alarm will be turned on if the temperature of the cold room is too high. The buzzer will be turned OFF if the output logic is 0 and be turned ON if the output logic is 1.

(a) Name the logic gate used in the circuit above.

(b) Based on the information above, complete the truth table for the logic gate above. Input 1 0 Output 0 1 Alarm

(c) Name the component labeled E.

(d) If the temperature of the cold room increases, what happens to the quantity in the table below? Complete the table with the appropriate answers. Resistance of E Current flowing through the logic gate Condition of the alarm

9.2.3 Transistor as an Automatic Switch. 1. Complete the statement below.

The switching action is produced by using a potential divider. In a working circuit shown in figure, a resistor, RX and a . are being used to form a potential divider. If the variable resistor is set to zero, the base voltage is . And the transistor switches . However, if the resistance of the variable resistor is increased, the base voltage will. When the base voltage reached a certain minimum value, the base 9

current, IB switches on the transistor. A large collector current, IC flows to light up the bulb. 2. What type of transistor is used in an automatic switch circuit? 3. (a) Light Controlled Switch (i) Complete the statement below.

Figure shows a transistor-based circuit that functions as a light controlled switch. The .. (LDR) has a very high resistance in the . and a low resistor in ... R is a fixed . The LDR and R form a potential divider in the circuit. In bright light, the LDR has a very . resistance compared to R. Therefore, the base voltage of the transistor is too .. to switch on the transistor. In darkness, the resistance of the LDR is very and the voltage across the LDR is enough to switch on the transistor and thus lights up the bulb. This circuit can be used to automatically switch the bulb at night. (ii) Complete the table below.

(iii) How can the circuit in figure be modified to switch on the light at daytime? .. (b) A Heat-Controlled Switch

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(i) Complete the statement below. Figure shows a transistor-based circuit that function as a heat controlled switch. A ..is a special type of resistor. Its resistance becomes very when it is cold. When the thermistor is heated, its resistance rapidly. At room temperature, the thermistor has a . resistance compared to R. Therefore, the base voltage of the transistor is too low to switch on the transistor. When the thermistor is heated, its . drops considerablely compared to R. Therefore, the ., VB is high enough to switch . the transistor. When the transistor is switch on, the relay switch is activated and the relay is switched . The circuit can also be used in a fire alarm system. (ii) What is the function of a diode is used in the heat-controlled circuit? .. .. (iii) Complete the table below.

9.2 . 4 Transistor as a Current Amplfier 1. Complete the statement below.

A transistor functions as a current amplifier by allowing a small current to control a larger current. The magnitude of the ., IC is primarily determined by the .., IB. A .. change in the base current, IB will cause a .. change in the collector current, IC. The current amplification can be calculated as follows: 2. Name the type of the transistor used. 3. What will happened to the readings of the miliammeter, mA and microammeter, A when the resistance of R is reduced? 4. A transistor is said to have two states, the ON state and OFF state. 11

(a) Explain the meaning of the ON state of a transistor. (b) Explain the meaning of the OFF state of a transistor. (c) What is the function of the rheostat, R? (d) What is the function of the resistor, S? Reinforcement Chapter 9 Part A: Objective questions 1. Which of the following is not a property of cathode rays? A. It is positively charged. B. It travels in a straight line. C. It can be deflected by magnetic field. D. It can be deflected by electric field. 2. Cathode rays consists of A. Fluorescent particles B. Light rays from a screen C. Beams of fast moving particles D. Light rays from hot filament 3. A beam of electrons is being deflected due to a potential difference between plates P and Q. Which of the following statements is not true? A. The potential at plate P is positive. B. The deflection would be greater if the potential difference is greater. C. The deflection would be greater if the electrons are moving faster. D. The electron beam will return to straight line if a suitable magnetic field is applied between the plates.

4. The figure 9.34 shows the trace displayed on a CRO with the Ygain control is turned to 3.75 V/div. What is the maximum value of the potential difference being measured? A. 2.5 V B. 5.5 V C. 7.5 V D. 12.5 V E. 15.0 V 5. In p-type semiconductor A. The number of holes are equal to the number of electrons. B. The number of the holes are more than the number of electrons. C. The number of the holes are less than the number of electrons. 6. Which of the following is not true about diode? A. It can be used to rectify alternating current. B. It can only conduct electricity when 12

it is connected in forward in forward bias in a circuit. C. It is formed by joining an ntype and a p-type semiconductor. D. The majority charge carriers in the diode are electrons.

9. The figure 9.37 shows a circuit consisting of two diodes and a bulb. When the switch is on, the bulb does not light up. What needs to be done to light up the bulb?

7. The figure 9. 35 shows the arrangement of silicon atoms after an atom P is doped to form an extrinsic semiconductor.

A. Replace the diode with a new one. B. Reverse the connection of the diode. C. Increase the number of bulbs. D. Connect a resistor in series with the bulb. 10. Figure 9.38 shows four identical bulbs, P, Q, R and S, and four electronic components connected in a circuit. Which of the following bulbs will light up continuously when the switch is on?

Which of the following is not true? A. The conductivity of the semiconductor increases. B. The semiconductor becomes an ntype. C. The majority charge carrier is electron. D. Atom P is a trivalent atom. 8. The figure 9.36 shows a rectifier circuit. Which of the following statements is true?

A. P and Q only B. P, Q and R only C. R and S only D. P, Q and S only A. A rectifier changes d.c to a.c. B. Device P allows current to flow in any directions. C. Device Q acts as a rectifier. D. The rectifier circuit would still work if device P is reversed. 11. Which of the following circuits shows the connect directions of the base current IB, emitter current, IE and collector current, IC?

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12. Which of the following statements about a transistor is not true? A. A transistor can act as an amplifier B. A transistor can act as a relay switch. C. The function of a transistor is the same as that of two diodes. D. A transistor is a combination of two types of semiconductors. 13. What is the function of the transistor circuit shown in figure 9.39? A. As an amplifier B. As a rectifier C. As a switch device D. As a modulator 14. The figure 9.40 shows a transistor being used as a current amplifier. Which of the following is correct? A. IB > IC B. IB = IC C. IB < IC 15. Figure 9.41 shows a circuit consisting of a transistor which acts as an automatic switch. When the potential difference across the thermistor is 3 V and the resistance of the thermistor is 1000 , the resistance value of resistor, R is .. A. 3 k B. 4 k C. 5 k D. 6 k E. 7 k

16. The figure 9. 42 shows a transistor circuit being used to amplify sound. Which of the following is not correct about the circuit?

A. T is an npn transistor B. The capasitor prevents d.c current but allows a.c current to pass through it. C. Speaker amplifies the sound. D. R1 and R2 act as potential divider. Part B: Structured Questions. 1. Figure 9.46 shows a trace obtained on an oscilloscope screen when an a.c voltage is connected to the Y-plates of an oscilloscope.

(a) Explain what is meant by thermionic emission. (b) Determine the peak voltage of a.c voltage. (c) Determine the time for one complete oscillation on the screen. 14

 (d) What is the frequency of the a.c voltage? (e) With the same a.c voltage applied to the oscilloscope, the time-base setting is altered to 2.5 ms/cm and the Y-gain setting is altered to 2 V/cm. On the space below, sketch the new trace would appear on the oscilloscope.

(c) Using the axes in figure 9.48, sketch the voltage-time graph across the resistor, R.

(d) On the figure 9.49, sketch the voltage-time graph across the resistor if a capacitor is connected across the resistor if a capacitor is connected across the resistor R parallel with the resistor.

2. Figure 9. 47 shows a full wave bridge rectifier. The a.c supply has a frequency of 50 Hz.

(e) Explain how the capacitor causes the voltage across the resistor to vary with time in the way that you have drawn.

(a) When the polarity of the a.c supply voltage is positive at A, state the two diodes which are forward biased. . . (b) When the polarity of the a.c supply voltage is negative at A, state the two diodes which are forward biased.

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