Exercises

327

Exercises
12.1. Calculate (a) the ratio of the Einstein coeffrcients A/B 12.8. The Doppler broadened lineshape function is given by
eqn (12.26).

and (b) the ratio of spontaneous transitions to stimulated transitions for

(i) l=693nm, I:300K (ii) l: l.5cm, I :4K

Take the index ofrefraction to be equal to l. At what frequency will the rate of spontaneous transitions

(i)

Show that the half-power bandwidth is given by the

expression

A.. _ ^ :2vo tv

(2kTln2\t/2

\--nA- )

be equal with the rate of stimulated transitions at room

temperafure'l

(ii) (iii)

12.2. What causes the laser beam on a screen to appear as if it consisted of a large number of bright points, and why do these
points appear to change their brightnc'ss as the eye is

Work out the half-power bandwidth for an argon laser emitting at 514.5 nrn at a temperature of 5000 K. How many longitudinal modes are possible at this line if the lenglh of the cavity is 1 .5 m?

12.9. can the inverted popuration be saturated in a 12.3. An atomic hydrogen flame is at an average temperature semiconductor laser? Can one make a Si or Ge 5n junction .laser'? of 3500K. Assuming that all the gas within the flame is in thermal equilibrium. determine the relative number of electrons excited into the state r? :2. 12.10. Determine the threshold current density of a GaAs If the flame contains l0:l atoms with a mean lifetirne of junction laser which has a cleaved edge. Assume the following l0-8 s, what is the total radiated porver from transitions to the values: linewidth = 1013 Hz, attenuation coeflicient, a : ground state? Is the radiation in the visible range? l03m-r. /:0.2mm, d:2V.m, n:3.35. rj: l. I l2'4' Thegainconstant/ isfoundtobeequal to0'0'1 cm lor 12.ll. -A microwave cavity of resonant tiequency ro is tilled a ruby crystal lasing at I : 693 nm' Horv large is thc inr'ened rvith a material having a fwo-level system of electron spins. of population if the lineu,idth is 2 x l0ll Hz. r5ppnr : i " l0-: t .n.-rf Jiff"."n.. ttat.-fhemicrowave magnetic field strength and n : l '77 ' H can be considered uniform throughout the cavity volume V. 12.5. In a laser material of lcm length the absorption Shorvthattherateofenergylosstothecavitywallsis coeffrcient is 0.l4cm-1. Applying a certain amount of pump ti. v aV|npower the achieved gain coeflicient is 0.148 cm-l. One of the . Q mirrors at the end of the laser rod has 100% efficienc y Determine the minimum reflectivify of the second mirror for where e is the quality factor of the caviry. laser action to be possible. If the probability for induced transitions between levels per 12.6. A typical argon ion laser has an output of 5 W and an input current of 50A at 500V What is the efTiciency of the
laser?

moved?

unit time is all2 and spontaneous emission is negligible, show that the condition for maser oscillation is 41y'

p0

12.7. Assuming that the inversion cun'e of a laser is wide

enough to permit several axial modes. determine the frequency difference between nearest modes.

qhQ

where AN is the excess ofupper level population density over lower. [Hint: Q : ax energy stored,/energy lost per second.]