Power Electronics

Power Electronics

Chapter 8 Composite Converters

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The concept of composite converter

Composite converter: Combination of two or more converters in cascaded connection
Indirect AC to AC converters (AC-DC-AC converters)

Composite converters
Indirect DC to DC converters (Isolated DC to DC converters)

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8.1 Indirect AC to AC converters (AC-DC-AC converters)

Classifications According to type of the DC links:
Voltage-source type

AC-DC-AC converters
Current-source type

According to whether output voltage and frequency is variable: AC-DC-AC converters

Variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) (AC-DC-AC frequency converters) Constant voltage constant frequency (CVCF)
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8.1.1 Configurations of AC-DC-AC converters

Configurations with one-direction power flow

AC Source

AC Load

AC Source

AC Load

Voltage-source type

Current-source type

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Configuration with regenerative energy dissipating circuit

AC Source

V0 R0

AC Load

Braking transistor and braking resistor

Configurations with regenerative power feedback through inversion-mode thyristor rectifier circuit

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Id
AC Source AC Load

AC Source

Ud

UL

AC Load

Voltage-source type

Current-source type

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Configurations realizing bi-directional power flow through double-sided PWM converters

AC Source

AC Source b Load c

U V Load W

Voltage-source type

Current-source type

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8.1.2 Major Applications of AC-DC-AC frequency converters (VVVF converters)

Adjustable speed AC motor drives Advantages of AC motors over DC motors Energy saving on AC motors High-performance AC motor drives Control of AC motors driven by AC-DC-AC frequency converters (VVVF converters) Constant voltage frequency ratio control Slip frequency control Vector control Direct torque control
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8.1.3 Major Applications of CVCF converters

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Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) Basic configuration of UPS

Rectifier Electricity utility

Inverter Load

Source

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UPS with back-up energy source

Electricity utility

Rectifier

Inverter Load

S
Diesel Engine

1 2
Source

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UPS with back-up energy source and bypass lines

Bypass lines Electricity utility S1 Diesel Engine 1 2 Source Rectifier Load 3 4 S2

Inverter

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8.2 Indirect DC to DC converters (isolated DC to DC converters)

DC input AC High frequency DC output AC

Inverter

Transformer
Isolation

Rectifier

Filter

Reasons to use indirect DC to DC structure Necessary isolation between input and output In some cases isolated multiple outputs are needed The ratio of input and output voltage is far away from 1 Reduction of transformer and filter volume and weight Power semiconductor devices usually used Inverter part: Power MOSFETs, IGBTs Rectifier part: Fast recovery diodes, Schottky diodes, Synchronous rectifiers
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Classification of isolated DC to DC converters

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According to whether transformer current is uni-directional or bi-directional Single-ended converters Forward converter Flyback converter Double-ended converters Half bridge Push-pull Full bridge

Isolated DC to DC converters

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8.2.1 Forward converter

VD1 Ui + N3 N 1 W1 W3 VD3 S N2 W2 L VD2 + Uo

S O uS Ui O iL O iS O t

U U

o i

N = N

2 1

t on T

Simple, low cost Uni-polar transformer current, low power applications

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8.2.2 Flyback converter

S O uS Ui O iS ton toff t

N1 Ui + W1 S

N2 VD + W2

Uo

U U

o i

N = N

2 1

t on t off

O iVD O

Simple, low cost

Uni-polar transformer current, low power applications

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8.2.3 Half bridge converter

S1 S2 O O uS1 T ton t t Ui t Ui t

C1 Ui

S1 N1

W2 VD1 + ud L N2 N3

Uo

O uS2 O

+ C2

W1 W S2 3 VD 2

iS1

iS2

U U

o i

N N

2 1

t on T

iD1

t iL t iL t

iS2

Cost higher than forward and flyback converter Bi-polar transformer current, up to several kilowatts
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8.2.4 Push-pull converter

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S1

t on O O T t t 2Ui t 2Ui t

S1 + N1 N1' S2

S2

VD1 N2 N2' VD2 L + Uo

uS1 O uS2 O iS1 O

Ui

i S2

Uo N 2 2 t on = Ui N1 T

O i D1 O

t iL t iL t

iS2

Cost higher than forward and flyback converter Center-tapped transformer

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8.2.5 Full-bridge converter

+ ud VD3 L + Uo VD4 S1(S4) O S2(S3) O uS1(uS4) O uS2(uS3) O iS1(iS4) O i S2(iS3) t on t T t Ui t Ui t

S1 + Ui +

S3 uT N1

VD1 N2

S2

W1 W2 S4 VD2

Uo N 2 2 t on = Ui N1 T

O iD1(iD4) O i S2(iS3) O

t iL t iL t

Cost is even higher

Bi-polar transformer current, up to several hundreds of kilowatts 18

8.2.6 Rectifier circuits in the isolated DC to DC converters

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VD1

L +

VD1

VD3 L + VD4

VD2

VD2

Full-wave rectifier

Full-bridge rectifier

V1

L +

V2 Synchronous rectifier

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8.2.7 Configuration of switching power supply

Linear power supply
Line Line frequency frequency AC input DC Regulated DC output

Transformer
Isolation

Rectifier

Filter

Series Pass Regulator

Switching power supply

Line frequency AC input High frequency AC High frequency AC Regulated DC output

Rectifier

DC

Filter

Inverter

Transformer
Isolation

Rectifier

Filter

Indirect DC to DC converter 20