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,
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1
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1
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-
-
= + + -
- -
- + -
-
+ - -
+ - -
- + -
7/ 2
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1)
a
M
W
-
( )
,
_
,
_
,
_
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2
T
6
3
Tg
Tg
M
W
a
1 3 K M
W
a
2
1
W
a
1 2
W
a
1 3
K
K
Bakhshandeh.pmd 10. 04. 08, 14:16 141
142
Strojniki vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 54(2008)2, 140-147
Bakhshandeh K. - Rajabi I. - Rahimi F.
factor the stress concentration factor of infinite
plate with similar opening must be calculated. For
orthotropic plate, the stress concentration factor
of finite-width plate is complicated with respect
to isotropic plates. The Lekhnitskii [5] introduces
stress concentration factor for orthotropic infinite
plate,
o Tg
K
,
as below:
(6),
where:
(7).
E
11
and E
22
are elasticity moduli in main
directions, G
12
is modulus of rigidity in shear plane,
12
is Poisson ratio, is polar angle measured from
X axis (main direction 1) and is the angle of acting
force with respect to main direction 1 (Fig. 2).
For an infinite plate with circular opening
under action of unidirectional tension, with
direction of the applied force aligned with the main
direction 1, is 0 and polar angle at points c
and d on Figure 2 is 0 and 90 degree, respectively.
The stress concentration factors for these two points
are:
(8),
where:
,1
, Tg o
K
in the
Equation (5), it is simplified to:
(9).
This is familiar Heywood equation for
isotropic infinite-plate with circular opening. Also,
Howland determined the solution of the problem
of a long rectangular plate with a central hole
subject to tension in an open series form [4].
Another way to approaching the stress
concentration factor and FWC factor is the
application of the average normal stress across the
net section (2(W-a)h) instead of the whole width
of the plate (gross area). This stress concentration
factor is known as net stress concentration factor,
K
Tn
and can be related to the previous stress
concentration factor, K
Tg
by:
(10).
In the common engineering sense it is more
convenient to give stress concentration factors
using reference stress based on the net area rather
than the gross area [9]. Thus in this study the net
stress concentration factor is used.
1.1 Finite Element Model Validation
The stress concentration of an isotropic and
orthotropic plate with circular opening under action
of unidirectional tension is calculated by use of a
finite element software MSC.Nastran [10].
Due to symmetry and using the appropriate
displacement boundary conditions only one quarter
of the plate was used as occupied by the shaded
area indicated in Figure 3. The utilized restrictions
2 2 2
,
11
2 2 2
cos ( ) sin cos
(1 ) cos sin sin
(1 ) sin cos sin cos
Tg o
E
K k n k
E
n k
n k n
q
j j q
j j q
j j q q
= - + + +
+ + - -
- + +
11 11
12
22 12
11 22
4 4
2 2 12
12 12 11 22
2
2
2 1 sin 1 cos
sin cos
E E
n
E G
k E E
E E G E E
q
u
u q q
q q
= - +
= + - +
Fig. 2. An infinite-plate containing a central circular opening
k K
n 1 K
2
o Tg
1
o Tg
+
,
,
,
,
( )
( )
3
Tg
Tg
W a 1 2
W a 1 3
K
K
+
) ( W a 1 K K
Tg Tn
Bakhshandeh.pmd 10. 04. 08, 14:16 142
143
Strojniki vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 54(2008)2, 140-147
Investigation of Stress Concentration Factor for Finite-Width Orthotropic Rectangular Plates
are zero displacement in the X direction for all the
mesh nodal points located on the line X = 0, and
zero displacement in the Y direction for all mesh
nodal points, located on the line Y = 0.
The finite element model is discretized with
twenty-node solid brick elements (Fig. 4).
Various mesh densities for each of plates
are used to achieve a good mesh density for
improving accuracy of results. The mesh density
is changed from coarser to finer. On the average
and roughly the fine mesh have ten times more
nodes and elements than the coarse mesh.
Densifying is iteratively repeated until the
difference between the consecutive results becomes
smaller than 0.35%. In Figure 5 the final
discrepancy of the TSCF for various opening ratia
is shown. This figure reflects the absolute value of
the difference (percent) in the magnitude of the
TSCF due to the mesh refinement. Between 67171
to 70501 elements are used in the study.
Because the isotropic material properties are
not different in main directions, this is used for
improving the finite element model accuracy
besides of orthotropic material.
The finite element model is created for
various opening ratia, on plates with dimensions:
half-length L = 1000 mm, half width W = 100 mm
and thickness 10 mm for isotropic and orthotropic
material. The opening radius to half-length of plate
ratio a/W is changed from 0.1 to 0.8.
The isotropic plate has elastic modulus
E = 210 GPa, Poisson ratio v = 0.3 and mass density
= 7800 kg/m
3
.
The net stress concentration factor is
calculated for isotropic plates by use of Equations
(9) and (10) and compared with FE method results.
Table 1 shows the net stress concentration
factors that are concluded by FE and analytical
method for isotropic plates.
The error e in this table is defined as:
(11),
where TSCF
Theory
and TSCF
FEM
are, respectively, the
Fig. 3. Finite element model region Fig. 4. A typical finite element model
Fig. 5. Convergence study results
Opening radius to plate width [a/W]
M
a
x
u
m
u
m
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
r
e
f
i
n
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
e
a
c
h
a
/
W
[
%
]
100
Theory FEM
Theory
TSCF TSCF
e
TSCF
-
=
Bakhshandeh.pmd 10. 04. 08, 14:16 143
144
Strojniki vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 54(2008)2, 140-147
Bakhshandeh K. - Rajabi I. - Rahimi F.
11
44.7 GPa , E =
22 33
17.9 GPa , E E = =
12 13
8.96 GPa , G G = =
23
3.45 GPa , G =
12
0.25, v =
13
0.25, v =
, .34 0 v
23
, 0
stress concentration factors calculated with the
analytic and FE method.
As it can be seen from Table 1 the agreement
between the finite element method and theoretical
solution for isotropic plate is excellent.
The distribution of net stress concentration
factor in a vicinity of circular opening for isotropic
plate with a/W = 0.1 is shown in Figure 6.
For orthotropic plate K
Tn
is also calculated by
use of FE and analytical method (Eqs. (5), (8) and
(10)). The properties of the orthotropic material are:
Corresponding to a typical orthotropic
material [11].
In Table 2, the calculated net stress
concentration factor is compared. The error that
is shown in this table is calculated by Equation
(11).
Similar to isotropic plate, the FE method
has a good accuracy for orthotropic materials.
The distribution of net stress concentration
factor in a vicinity of circular opening for orthotropic
plate with a/W = 0.1 is shown in Figure 7 .
Table 1. Net stress concentration factor for isotropic plate
Net Stress Concentration Factor ERROR
***
a/W Heywood
*
Howland
**
FE e