Cellular Diversity

75-100 trillion cells in the adult body- @ 200 different

types of cells
Vary in size and shape related to their function 1

The Typical Cell

Not all cells contain all of these organelles.

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1
 Identify the 3 types of lipid molecules found in cell
membranes: glycolipids, cholesterol and phospholipids
3

Membrane Proteins

Integral versus Peripheral Proteins

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2
Functions of Membrane Proteins
Formation of Channel
passageway to allow
specific substance to pass
through
Transporter Proteins
bind a specific substance,
change their shape &
move it across membrane
Receptor Proteins
cellular recognition site --
bind to substance

Functions of Membrane Proteins

Cell Identity Marker
allow cell to recognize
other similar cells
Cell Adhesion (Linker)
anchor proteins in cell
membrane or to other
cells
allow cell movement
cell shape & structure
Act as Enzyme
speed up reactions

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 The Transmembrane
Electrochemical Potential
Concentration gradient
What other solutes are
distributed differently
across the cell
membrane?
(review the slide from the
intro. presentation)

Electrical gradient
Which solute(s)
contribute to the net
negative charge inside
cells?

Transport Across the Plasma

Membrane
Differentiate between
active and passive
transport.
Do all transport proteins
require ATP to move
substances?
Why do substances
cross membranes
passively, i.e. what is
the force that drives
passive transport?

4
 Diffusion
Crystal of dye placed in a
cylinder of water
Describe the net direction
of the movement of dye
molecules. Explain
Describe the movement of
dye molecules in the third
cylinder

Factors That Affect the Rate of

Diffusion Across Cell Membranes

Describe the properties of materials that will diffuse

through a cell membrane. What kinds of materials do
not diffuse through cell membranes?
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5
Osmosis of Water Through a Membrane

Pure water in the left arm & a membrane impermeable to the

solute found in the right arm
Net movement of water is down the concentration gradient
for water, until equilibrium is reached
Osmotic pressure is equal to the hydrostatic pressure
necessary to stop the net movement of water molecules11

Effects of Tonicity on Cell

Membranes

Isotonic solution
water concentration the same inside & outside of cell results in no
net movement of water across cell membrane
Hypotonic solution
higher concentration of water outside of cell results in hemolysis
Hypertonic solution
lower concentration of water outside of cell causes crenation 12

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 Diffusion Through Membrane
Channels
Each membrane channel
is specific for particular
ion (K+, Cl-, Na+ or Ca+2)
Slower than diffusion
through membrane, but
still 1million K+ through a
channel in one second
Channels may be open
all the time, or gated
(closed randomly or as
“directed”)

How might channels be regulated? Name one stimulus to “open” .

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Facilitated Diffusion of Glucose

Glucose binds to transport
protein
Transport protein changes
shape
Glucose moves across cell
membrane (but only down
the concentration gradient)
Kinase enzyme reduces
glucose concentration inside
the cell by transforming
glucose into glucose-6-
phosphate
Are these GluT transporters
always present in cell
membranes?
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7
 Glut 4 Transporter

The receptor for the hormone insulin is a complex protein

that acts as a catalyst, causing fusion of Glut 4 transporter
vesicles with the surface membrane (a process similar to
exocytosis).
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Primary Active Transport

Transporter protein called a pump
works against concentration gradient
requires 40% of cellular ATP
Na+/K+ ATPase pump
most common example
all cells have 1000s of them
maintains low concentration of Na+
and a high concentration of K+ in the cytosol
operates continually
Maintenance of osmotic pressure across membrane
cells do not normally shrink or swell due to osmosis & osmotic
pressure
sodium continually pumped out as if sodium could not enter the cell
(factor in osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid)
K+ inside the cell contributes to osmotic pressure of cytosol
What other solutes contribute to osmotic pressure inside cells?
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8
Na+/K+ Pump & ATP As Its Energy Source

1. Na+ binding 4. K+ binding

2. ATP split 5. Phosphate release
3. Na+pushed out 6. K+ is pushed in

3 Na+ ions removed from cell as 2 K+ brought into cell.

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Antiporters and Symporters

(one in & one out) (both going in)

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9
 Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis

No pseudopods form Pseudopods extend to

Nonselective drinking of form phagosome
extracellular fluid Lysosome joins it for
intracellular digestion
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Cell Organelles

Nonmembranous organelles lack membranes & are

indirect contact with cytoplasm
Membranous organelles surrounded by one or two lipid
bilayer membranes 20

10
 Cytoskeleton
Network of protein
filaments throughout the
cytosol
Functions:
cell support and shape
organization of chemical
reactions
cell & organelle movement
Examples…?
Continually reorganized

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The Cytoskeletonal Filaments

Microfilaments
thinnest filaments (actin)
locomotion & division
support microvilli
Intermediate filaments
several different proteins
anchor organelles
Microtubules
large cylindrical structures
(composed of tubulin)
flagella, cilia and
centrosomes

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11
 Ribosomal RNA
Large + small subunits
made in the nucleolus
assembled in the cytoplasm

small subunits hold

mRNA during protein
synthesis
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Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough ER is
covered with fixed
ribosomes.
• What are the
possible destinations
for proteins made
here?

Smooth ER
contains enzymes,
and may store
some cell
chemicals.
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12
 Packaging by Golgi Complex

Proteins pass from rough ER to

golgi complex in transport vesicles

Finished proteins exit golgi

complex as component of:
•secretory (for exocytosis),
•membrane, or
•storage (lysosome) vesicles

Proteins in vesicle membranes

fuse with plasma membrane
(example…?)

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Lysosomes
Membranous vesicles
formed in Golgi complex
filled with digestive enzymes
pumps in H+ ions until internal
pH reaches 5.0
Functions
digest foreign substances
autophagy
recycles own organelles
autolysis
lysosomal damage after death
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13
 Mitochondria
Double membrane organelle
central cavity filled with matrix
inner membrane folds known
as crista
large surface area for chemical
reactions of cellular respiration
Function
generation of ATP
“powerhouse of cell”
Mitochondria self-replicate
increases with need for ATP
circular DNA with 37 genes
only inherited from mother
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Nucleus

Large organelle with double membrane nuclear envelope

outer membrane continuous with rough ER
perforated by cytosol-filled nuclear pores (10X channel pore size)
Nucleolus
spherical, dark bodies within the nucleus (no membrane)
site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

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14
 Organization of
DNA in
Chromosomes

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Protein Synthesis
Instructions for making specific
proteins is found in the DNA
(your genes)
transcribe that information onto a
messenger RNA molecule
each sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA
is called base triplet
each base triplet is transcribed as 3 RNA
nucleotides (codon)
translate the “message” into a sequence of amino acids
in order to build a protein molecule
each codon must be matched by an anticodon found on the
tRNA carrying a specific amino acid

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15
 1. Transcription takes place
in the nucleus.

Describe the roles of

he 3 types of RNA 2. Translation take
nvolved in protein place at ribosomes,
ynthesis. either fixed or free.

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Normal Cell Division

Mitosis (somatic cell division)
one parent cell gives rise to 2 identical daughter
cells
mitosis is nuclear division
cytokinesis is cytoplasmic division
occurs in billions of cells each day
needed for tissue repair and growth
Meiosis (reproductive cell division)
egg and sperm cell production
in testes and ovary only

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16
The Cell Cycle in Somatic Cells
Process where cell duplicates its contents &
divides in two
23 homologous pairs of chromosomes must be
duplicated
genes must be passed on correctly to the next
generation of cells
Mitosis = Nuclear division
continuous process divided into 4 stages
prophase, metaphase, anaphase & telophase
Cytokinesis = division of the cytoplasm
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Interphase Stage of Cell Cycle

Doubling of DNA and centrosome
Phases of interphase stage -- G1, S, and G2
G1 = cytoplasmic increase (G0 if never divides again)
S = replication of chromosomes
G2 = cytoplasmic growth

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17
 Replication of Chromosomes
Doubling of genetic material
during interphase. (S phase)
DNA molecules unzip
Mirror copy is formed along
each old strand.
Nitrogenous bases pick up
complementary base
2 complete identical DNA
molecules formed

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Stages of Nuclear Division:Mitosis

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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18
 Control of Cell Destiny
Cell destiny is either to remain alive &
functioning, to grow & divide… or to die
Homeostasis must maintain balance between
cell multiplication & cell death
The protein cyclin builds up during interphase
and triggers mitosis
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) occurs if a
triggering agent turns on suicide enzymes
that kills the cell
Necrosis is cell death caused by injury or
infection
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