(On board) Basic Sentence Patterns in English Every sentence in English (except interjections) has a subject and a verb.

The subject is either a noun or a pronoun. The verb is either an action verb or a helping verb. There are several basic sentence patterns in English. Basic Sentences SUBJECT Noun/Pronoun Michelle They Noun/Pronoun Their teacher Renukha Noun/Pronoun Mary He Noun/Pronoun Tzzy Jiun The dog Noun/Pronoun Que Xi We swims are walking studied waited Verb daily slowly Is Is Verb swims. are laughing. Verb is holding is eating Verb smart quite tall. Prepositional Phrase for the SPM test. for its owner yesterday. Adverb a book. ice cream. Adjective Noun/Pronoun Verb PREDICATE

SIMPLE, COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES Experienced writers use a variety of sentences to make their writing interesting and lively. Too many simple sentences, for example, will sound choppy and immature while too many long sentences will be difficult to read and hard to understand. This page contains definitions of simple, compound, and complex sentences with many simple examples. The purpose of these examples is to help the ESL/EFL learner to identify sentence basics including identification of sentences in the short quizzes that follow. After that, it will be possible to analyze more complex sentences varieties. SIMPLE SENTENCE A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. In the following simple sentences, subjects are in yellow, and verbs are in green.

A. Some students like to study in the mornings. B. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon. C. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day. The three examples above are all simple sentences. Note that sentence B contains a compound subject, and sentence C contains a compound verb. Simple sentences, therefore, contain a subject and verb and express a complete thought, but they can also contain a compound subjects or verbs. COMPOUND SENTENCE A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.) Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma. In the following compound sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede them are in red.

A. I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English. B. Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping. C. Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping. The above three sentences are compound sentences. Each sentence contains two independent clauses, and they are joined by a coordinator with a comma preceding it. Note how the conscious use of coordinators can change the relationship between the clauses. Sentences B and C, for example, are identical except for the coordinators. In sentence B, which action occurred first? Obviously, "Alejandro played football" first, and as a consequence, "Maria went shopping. In sentence C, "Maria went shopping" first. In sentence C, "Alejandro played football" because, possibly, he didn't have anything else to do, for or because "Maria went shopping." How can the use of other coordinators change the relationship between the two clauses? What implications would the use of "yet" or "but" have on the meaning of the sentence?

COMBINING SENTENCES Combing simple sentences to make complex sentences is an important exercise to help you advance in COMPLEX SENTENCE your writing abilities. This writing exercise focuses on taking simple sentences and transforming them into complex sentences are then combined a paragraph. A complex sentence has which an independent clause into joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun as that, who, or which. In the following complex sentences, Simple Sentence -> such Complex Sentence subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators and their commas (when required) are in red. Example: Tom is a boy. He is eight years old. He goes to school in Philadelphia. Complex Sentence: -> Tom is an eight-year old boy who goes to school in Philadelphia. A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page. Hereteacher are some simple rules remember when simple sentences into complex sentences: B. The returned theto homework after combining she noticed the error. C. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow. D. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies. Don't repeat words E. Juan and Maria went tonecessary the movies after they finished studying. Change words if Add words to connect ideas When a complex sentence begins with a subordinator such as sentences A and D, a comma is required at the end of the dependent clause. When the independent clause begins the Complex Sentence Exercise sentence with subordinators in the middle as in sentences B, C, and E, no comma is required. If a comma is placed before the subordinators in sentences B, C, and E, it is wrong. Combine the following sentences into complex sentences. Remember that a number of answers may be that correct. Click onD the following page to compare answers page to compare your Note sentences and E are the same exceptyour sentence D following begins with the dependent answers with two possible paragraphs. clause which is followed by a comma, and sentence E begins with the independent clause

which contains no comma. The comma after the dependent clause in sentence D is required, and experienced listeners of English will often hear a slight pause there. In sentence E, His name is Peter. however, there will be no pause when the independent clause begins the sentence. He's a famous professional athlete. He's a baseball player. COMPLEX SENTENCES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES He has a large house in Miami. The house is beautiful. Finally, sentences containing adjective clauses (or dependent clauses) are also complex because they contain an independent clause and a dependent clause. The subjects, verbs, and subordinators are marked the same as in the previous sentences, and in these sentences, He often travels around the US. theHe independent clauses are also plays away games in different underlined. cities in the US. He travels by airplane. He usually sleeps on the plane. A. The woman who(m) my mom talked to sells cosmetics. He stays up late after games. B. The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf. C. The house which Abraham Lincoln was born in is still standing. He is an excellent D. The town where pitcher. I grew up is in the United States. Fans love his abilities. Coaches love his abilities. Adjective Clauses are studied in this site separately, but for now it is important to know that sentences containing adjective clauses are complex. Every week he plays a home game. The game is played in Glover Stadium. CONCLUSION The game is usually sold out. Remember that with the skill to write good simple, compound, and complex sentences, you Stadium is old. to (1) convey your ideas precisely and (2) entertain with sentence willGlover have the flexibility Glover Stadium doesn't have enough seats for all the fans. variety at the same time!

The fans wait in line to buy tickets. The fans often pay more than $60 dollars for a ticket. The fans are unhappy about the ticket prices. The fans love Peter. answer keyHere are two possible paragraph answers to this exercise. Compare your answer with these examples. Remember that there is more than one possible correct answer for each sentence. Complex Sentence - Possible Paragraph 1 Peter is a famous baseball player. He lives in a beautiful house in Miami. He often flies around the United States to play away games. Both fans and coaches love his excellent pitching abilities. Every week he plays home games in Glover Stadium which is usually sold out. Glover Stadium is an old stadium without enough seats for all the fans. Fans wait in line to buy the tickets which often cost more than $60. Even though the fans are unhappy about ticket prices, they love Peter. Complex Sentence - Possible Paragraph 2 Peter is a famous baseball player who lives in a beautiful house in Miami. He often flies to different cities around the United States to play away games. His excellent pitching is loved by both fans and coaches. Old Glover Stadium doesn't have enough seats for the fans who want to come to home games. Even though they are unhappy about ticket prices, the wait in line and pay more than $60 to see Peter play.

WRITING GOOD SENTENCES If you continually use short sentences in your writing, your paragraphs will sound very choppy. Read this paragraph and notice how it sounds.

It was my birthday. I ask for a bike. My parents bought me a red bike. It had white strips on the fenders. I like to ride my bike everywhere. I like to ride on smooth payment best. I am not allowed to ride on the sidewalk. People walk on the side walk. If I have time. I ride on the bike trail in the park.

To make your writing more interesting, you can combine the short sentences to make longer sentences. The longer sentences can be either compound or complex. Read the revised paragraph below. Notice how the paragraph flows much better with longer sentences.

It was my birthday, so I ask for a bike. My parents bought me a red bike, and it had white strips on the fenders. I like to ride my bike everywhere, but I like to ride on smooth payment best. I am not allowed to ride on the sidewalk because people walk on the sidewalk. Whenever I have time, I ride on the bike trail in the park.

Did you notice the kind of changes that were made in the second paragraph? Conjunctions and commas were used to connect the sentences. What are conjunctions? The most common conjunctions used in compound sentences are:

and, as, but, or, so When you make a compound sentence you are joining two or more simple sentences together with a conjunction and a comma. If you took the conjunction away, the sentences would be complete and they would still make sense. Look at this example:

Sentence 1: I like to ride my bike everywhere Sentence 2: I like to ride on smooth pavement best Compound sentence: I like to ride my bike everywhere, but I like to ride on smooth pavement best. Complex sentences use conjunctions and sometimes commas also. However, complex sentences don't just divide into neat, complete, simple sentences if you take out the conjunctions. In complex sentences the conjunction is used to join together clauses. These conjunctions are used most often in complex sentences: after, although, because, before, until, since, when, whenever, while

What is a clause? A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. Sometimes clauses are complete short sentences, but in a complex sentence at least one of them will depend on the conjunction for its meaning. This means if you take the conjunction away, the sentence won't divide into complete units that make sense by themselves. Look at these examples:

Clause 1: I am not allowed to ride on the sidewalk Clause 2: People walk on the sidewalk

Complex sentence: I am not allowed to ride on the sidewalk because people walk on the sidewalk.

Clause 1: If I have time Clause 2: I ride on the bike trail in the park Complex sentence: Whenever I have time, I ride on the bike trail in the park. Changing sentences Can you join these sentences with an interesting connective and then change it around using a different one? Write both sentences in your book. E.g. Mum was reading. It was very late. Mum was reading and it was very late. Although it was very late, Mum was reading. 1) We went out to play. 2) We went on a trip. 3) The teacher was cross. 4) Jenny went to sleep. 5) The weather was lovely. We had our lunch. We all enjoyed ourselves. The boy was naughty. She was tired. We played on the beach.

Task 1 : Extend these sentences using: if Examples: The cat sat on the mat. The cat sat on the mat so that he could curl up and go to sleep. The cat sat on the mat while he was waiting for his tea. If the weather was cold outside the cat always sat on the mat in front of the fire. The cat sat on the mat since it was the warmest place in the room. Though the cat was really hungry for its tea it sat patiently on the mat. 1. 2. 3. It was cold outside. Jane was bored. Jack went out to play. so while since though

4. 5.

Dad lit the fire. We walked down the road.

Task 2: Use the following words to give more information about someone or something: who Examples: The girl walked into the classroom. The girl, who had long red hair, walked swiftly into the classroom. The girl, whose red hair sparkled as the light caught it, walked slowly and confidently into the classroom. The girl walked into the classroom, which by now was filled with children. The girl, who was now feeling extremely nervous, walked steadily into the classroom, which by now was filled with people, who were busily getting ready for the start of the day. The girl walked into the classroom that had been allocated to her on arrival at the school earlier this morning. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The house was in front of her. Jake skipped down the road. The cat sat on the mat. There was a large field. They could see fields. whose which that

SENTENCE COMBINING Let's consider an example. Start by looking at this list of eight short (and repetitive) sentences:

She was our Latin teacher. We were in high school. She was tiny. She was a birdlike woman. She was swarthy. She had dark eyes. Her eyes were sparkling. Her hair was graying.

Now try combining those sentences into three, two, or even just one clear and coherent sentence: in the process of combining, omit repetitive words and phrases (such as "She was") but keep all of the original details. Our Latin teacher in high school was a tiny woman. She was swarthy and birdlike. She had dark, sparkling eyes and graying hair. When we were in high school, our Latin teacher was a tiny woman. She was swarthy and birdlike, with dark, sparkling eyes and graying hair. Our high school Latin teacher was a swarthy, birdlike woman. She was tiny, with dark, sparkling eyes and graying hair. Our Latin teacher in high school was a birdlike woman, tiny and swarthy, with graying hair and dark, sparkling eyes.

TASK 1: Combine the following sentences into a single clear sentence using one adjective or adverb. 1. Willie had a beard and a moustache. The beard was bushy. The beard was long. The moustache was droopy. ________________________________________________________________________________ 2. The man handed me a photograph of a woman. He did this silently. The man was old. The woman was beautiful. ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. The man handed me a photograph of a woman. The photograph was torn. The photograph was faded. The woman was young. _______________________________________________________________________________ 4. The photograph brought back memories. The memories were brought back instantly. The memories were fine. The memories were old. _______________________________________________________________________________ 5. The photograph of the woman brought back memories. The memories were brought back instantly. The woman was beautiful. The woman was young. The photograph was torn. The photograph was faded. The memories were fine. The memories were old. _______________________________________________________________________________ TASK 2: Revise these paragraphs using compound and complex sentences. Paragraph 1: It was a dark and stormy night. The wind was high. The trees waved and crashed against the barn. I looked around me and saw that I wasnt alone. A man stood behind me. He was tall. He was mean. He had a knife. It was shining in the moonlight. It was long and slender. He reached back. He stabbed with it. I jumped out of the way. I ran away. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________

Paragraph 2: Tom prefers baseball to basketball. Baseball seems more interesting to Tom. Tom feels baseball is a gentlemans sport. Baseball is more structured than basketball. Baseball requires athletes to use more skill than aggression when playing. Tom respects baseball players the most because of this. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ TASK 3: Joining Sentences Use the joining words to match the beginning and end of the sentence together. Write the sentences into your books. You can only use each word once. Remember that there is a capital letter at the beginning and a full stop at the end. Beginning Alan was at school Geeta ate breakfast We had indoor play Ali watched television James likes potatoes Dogs chase me I fell asleep Mary wasnt well Joining word because but meanwhile before after and so during Joining Sentences 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. We looked for the lost cat but We had to wash our hands before The girl walked down the dark garden path and Rani and Clare play chess meanwhile Geeta wanted to ride her new bike after I got bored and fell asleep during The whole class was in big trouble because End. he does not like peas. brushing her teeth. there was a storm. it was raining. I chase cats. she stayed in bed. he went to bed. the Christmas play.

Answer key: TASK 1 1. Willie had a long, bushy beard and a droopy moustache. 2. Silently, the old man handed me a photograph of a beautiful woman. 3. The man handed me a torn and faded photograph of a young woman. 4. The photograph instantly brought back fine old memories. 5. The torn and faded photograph of a beautiful young woman instantly brought back fine old memories. TASK 2 1. It was a dark and stormy night and the wind was high. The trees waved and crashed against the barn. I looked and around me and saw that I wasnt alone. A tall and mean man, who had a knife stood behind me. The knife, which was shining in the moonlight, was long and slender. He reached back and stabbed with it. I jumped out of the way and I ran away. 2. Tom prefers baseball because it seems more interesting to him. He thinks baseball is a gentlemans sport and more structured than basketball. Since baseball requires athletes to use more skill than aggression when playing, he respects baseball players the most because of this. 1. Aim: Extend these sentences using: if Example: The cat sat on the mat. The cat sat on the mat so that he could curl up and go to sleep. The cat sat on the mat while he was waiting for his tea. If the weather was cold outside the cat always sat on the mat in front of the fire. The cat sat on the mat since it was the warmest place in the room. Though the cat was really hungry for its tea it sat patiently on the mat. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. It was cold outside. Jane was bored. Jack went out to play. Dad lit the fire. We walked down the road. We had some work to do. It wasnt fair. I wanted to go out to play. so while since though

2. Aim: Use the following words to give more information about someone or something: who Example: The girl walked into the classroom. whose which that

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The girl, who had long red hair, walked swiftly into the classroom. The girl, whose red hair sparkled as the light caught it, walked slowly and confidently into the classroom. The girl walked into the classroom, which by now was filled with children. The girl, who was now feeling extremely nervous, walked steadily into the classroom, which by now was filled with people, who were busily getting ready for the start of the day. The girl walked into the classroom that had been allocated to her on arrival at the school earlier this morning. Aim: Use the following words to give more information about someone or something: who whose which that

6. The house was in front of her. 7. Jake skipped down the road. 8. The cat sat on the mat. 9. There was a large field. 10. They could see fields. 11. There were lots of houses. 12. The beach spread before them. 13. The castle was high on the cliff. 3. Aim: Write complex sentences Give more information about someone or something using words like: who whose which that Use your WAIBS! Example: The girl walked into the classroom. As the girl, with flaming red hair and freckles on her nose, walked into the classroom, all heads turned to stare at her. The girl, who was feeling very nervous by now, walked into the classroom, although she really felt like bolting out of the door. Since this was her first day at her new school, the girl thrust back her shoulders confidently and walked into the classroom, which by now was packed with children. 4. Aim: Write complex sentences Give more information about someone or something using words like: who whose which that Use your WAIBS! Example: The girl walked into the classroom. As the girl, with flaming red hair and freckles on her nose, walked into the classroom, all heads turned to stare at her. 1. The house was in front of her.

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2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Jake skipped down the road. The cat sat on the mat. There was a large field. They could see fields. There were lots of houses. The beach spread before them. The castle was high on the cliff. SENTENCE COMBINING

A. This exercise will introduce you to sentence combining--that is, organizing sets of short, choppy sentences into longer, more effective ones. However, the goal of sentence combining is not to produce longer sentences but rather to develop more effective sentences--and to help you become a more versatile writer. Sentence combining calls on you to experiment with different methods of putting words together. Because there are countless ways to build sentences, your goal is not to find the one "correct" combination but to consider different arrangements before you decide which one is the most effective. An Example of Sentence Combining Let's consider an example. Start by looking at this list of eight short (and repetitive) sentences:

She was our Latin teacher. We were in high school. She was tiny. She was a birdlike woman. She was swarthy. She had dark eyes. Her eyes were sparkling. Her hair was graying.

Now try combining those sentences into three, two, or even just one clear and coherent sentence: in the process of combining, omit repetitive words and phrases (such as "She was") but keep all of the original details. Have you succeeded in combining the sentences? If so, compare your work with these sample combinations:

Our Latin teacher in high school was a tiny woman. She was swarthy and birdlike. She had dark, sparkling eyes and graying hair. When we were in high school, our Latin teacher was a tiny woman. She was swarthy and birdlike, with dark, sparkling eyes and graying hair. Our high school Latin teacher was a swarthy, birdlike woman. She was tiny, with dark, sparkling eyes and graying hair. Our Latin teacher in high school was a birdlike woman, tiny and swarthy, with graying hair and dark, sparkling eyes. B.

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Combine the sentences in each set into a single clear sentence containing at least one adjective or adverb (or both). Omit words that are needlessly repeated, but don't leave out any important details. After you have completed the exercise, compare your new sentences with the original sentences at the bottom of this page. Keep in mind that many combinations are possible, and in some cases you may prefer your own sentences to the original versions. 6. Willie had a beard and a moustache. The beard was bushy. The beard was long. The moustache was droopy. 7. The man handed me a photograph of a woman. He did this silently. The man was old. The woman was beautiful. 8. The man handed me a photograph of a woman. The photograph was torn. The photograph was faded. The woman was young. 9. The photograph brought back memories. The memories were brought back instantly. The memories were fine. The memories were old. 10. The photograph of the woman brought back memories. The memories were brought back instantly. The woman was beautiful. The woman was young. The photograph was torn. The photograph was faded. The memories were fine. The memories were old. SAMPLE COMBINATIONS: 6. Willie had a long, bushy beard and a droopy moustache. 7. Silently, the old man handed me a photograph of a beautiful woman. 8. The man handed me a torn and faded photograph of a young woman. 9. The photograph instantly brought back fine old memories. 10. The torn and faded photograph of a beautiful young woman instantly brought back fine old memories. C. Combine the sentences in each set into a single clear sentence containing at least one prepositional phrase. Omit words that are needlessly repeated, but don't leave out any important details. After you have completed the exercise, compare your new sentences with the original sentences at the bottom of this page. Keep in mind that many combinations are possible, and in some cases you may prefer your own sentences to the original versions. 1. A mouse darted. It darted across the salad bar. This happened during the luncheon.

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2. We traveled this summer. We traveled by train. We traveled from Biloxi. We traveled to Dubuque. 3. The car swerved, crashed, and caromed. It swerved off the road. It crashed through the guardrail. It caromed off a maple tree. 4. Mick planted seeds. He planted them in his garden. He did this after the quarrel. The quarrel was with Mr. Jimmy. 5. Grandpa dropped his teeth. His teeth were false. His teeth dropped into a glass. There was prune juice in the glass. 6. Lucy played. She was behind the sofa. She was with her friend. Her friend was imaginary. They played for hours. 7. There was a man. He wore a chicken costume. He dashed across the field. He did this before the ballgame. The ballgame was on Sunday afternoon. 8. A man stood, looking down. He stood upon a railroad bridge. The bridge was in northern Alabama. He was looking down into the water. The water was twenty feet below. The water was swift. 9. The gray-flannel fog closed off the Salinas Valley. It was the fog of winter. The fog was high. The Salinas Valley was closed off from the sky. And the Salinas Valley was closed off from all the rest of the world. 10. I climbed to my perch. I did this one night. The night was hot. The night was in the summer. The night was in 1949. It was my usual perch. My perch was in the press box. The press box was cramped. The press box was above the stands. The stands were wooden. These were the stands of the baseball park. The baseball park was in Lumberton, North Carolina. SAMPLE COMBINATIONS: 1. 2. During the luncheon, a mouse darted across the salad bar. This summer we traveled by train from Biloxi to Dubuque.

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3. The convertible swerved off the road, crashed through the guardrail, and caromed off a maple tree. 4. After his quarrel with Mr. Jimmy, Mick planted seeds in his garden. 5. Grandpa dropped his false teeth into a glass of prune juice. 6. Lucy played behind the couch for hours with her imaginary friend. 7. Before the ballgame on Sunday afternoon, a man in a chicken costume dashed across the field. 8. A man stood upon a railroad bridge in northern Alabama, looking down into the swift waters twenty feet below. (Ambrose Bierce, "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge") 9. The high gray-flannel fog of winter closed off the Salinas Valley from the sky and from all the rest of the world. (John Steinbeck, "The Chrysanthemums") 10. One hot night in the summer of 1949, I climbed to my usual perch in the cramped press box above the wooden stands of the baseball park in Lumberton, North Carolina. (Tom Wicker, "Baseball") Improving Sentences These sentences are really boring and need to be made more interesting! Rewrite each one neatly in your homework book. Think about all the ways we have been learning to improve our sentences in class: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. use powerful verbs use adjectives (but not too many!) to describe the noun add adverbs to tell the reader about the verb extend your sentence by using connectives add a super sentences starter time, place and character add extra information dont forget the commas! dont forget PUNCTUATION! The band played. The police searched the park. The witch climbed onto her broom. The footballer kicked the ball. The man walked up the hill. The cat walked along the wall. Joining Sentences Use the joining words to match the beginning and end of the sentence together. Write the sentences into your books. You can only use each word once. Remember that there is a capital letter at the beginning and a full stop at the end. Beginning Alan was at school Joining word because End he does not like peas.

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Geeta ate breakfast We had indoor play Ali watched television James likes potatoes Dogs chase me I fell asleep Mary wasnt well

but meanwhile before after and so during Joining Sentences

brushing her teeth. there was a storm. it was raining. I chase cats. She stayed in bed. he went to bed. the Christmas play.

We looked for the lost cat but We had to wash our hands before The girl walked down the dark garden path and Ellie heard a noise from the darkness of the garden and Rani and Clare play chess meanwhile Geeta wanted to ride her new bike after I got bored and fell asleep during The whole class was in big trouble because

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