Sample Calculation

Room Temperature (F): 68

Diameter of Cylindrical Tank(cm): 15.494
Pressure (atm): 1
Acceleration of gravity: 980cm/s2
Viscosity of water (g cm/s):: 0.01
Density of water (g/cm3): 0.9982
Density of 20 w% sucrose solution (g/cm3): 1.8094 (STANDAED SUBSTANCES FOR THE CALIBRATION OF VISCOMETERS, Bingham, Jackson)
Viscosity of 20 w% sucrose solution (g cm/s): 0.0195
Experimental Data
Diameter of exit pipe: 0.475cm

First, the equation

Length of exit pipe: 7.62cm

h (cm)

Time (s)Water

Time (s)Sucrose

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

0
7.5
15.1
24
32.5
40.9
53.1
61.6
73.8
96.6

0
7.8
16.5
25.8
35.6
46.4
57.2
67.4
79.5
96.5

t (s) w/ 2 corks
water
sucrose
0
0
7.9
8.5
15.9
17
24.2
26.6
33.2
35.6
42.1
46.1
52.5
57.1
61.2
68.3
71.6
79.5
89.8
95.2

was used to calculate the Reynolds number, where

represents the

hydraulic diameter of the pipe (cm) (for a circular pipe, the hydraulic diameter is exactly equal to the
inside pipe diameter), Q is the volumetric flow rate (cm3/s), A is the cross section area (cm2), v is the
kinematic viscosity (cm/s) can be calculated using
, where is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid
3
(g/cm s), and the is the density of the fluid (g/cm ).
The cross section area was calculated:
(

The kinematic viscosity of water and 20 w% sucrose solutions can be found:

Using Excel for calculations, the results of volumetric flow rate and Reynolds number for water and the
20 w% sucrose solutions are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Experimental results of volumetric flow rate and Reynolds number

Water Solution
Run h (cm)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

9
8
7
6
5
4
3

Q (cm3/s)

Q (cm3/s)
(w/ cork)

Re

0.00
22.01
21.72
18.54
19.42
19.65
13.53

0.00
20.89
20.63
19.89
18.34
18.54
15.87

0.00
5916.01
5838.17
4985.41
5220.01
5282.16
3636.89

20 w% sucrose solution
Re
Q (cm3/s)
Q (cm3/s)
(w/ cork)
(w/ cork)
0.00
5616.47
5546.26
5345.80
4930.01
4985.41
4266.36

0.00
21.16
18.97
17.75
16.84
15.28
15.28

0.00
19.42
19.42
17.19
18.34
15.72
15.00

Re

Re
(w/ cork)

0.00
2701.85
2422.35
2266.07
2150.45
1951.34
1951.34

0.00
2479.34
2479.34
2195.25
2341.60
2007.09
1915.86

7
2
19.42
18.97
5220.01 5100.01
16.18
14.74
2066.12 1881.65
8
1
13.53
15.87
3636.89 4266.36
13.64
14.74
1741.69 1881.65
9
0
7.24
9.07
1946.06 2437.92
9.71
10.51
1239.67 1342.32
As we can see from the result table above, the Reynolds number tells us the flow can be laminar and
turbulent,
Application of the macroscopic, isothermal energy-balance to the exit pipe form a cylindrical tank, under
the conditions specified in introduction, gives

where is friction factor, is acceleration of gravity, H is liquid depth in tank, L is length of exit pipe,
and
is the radius of exit pipe.
For the turbulent flow (2300 < Re <100000),
and equation of becomes

For laminar flow, (0<Re<2300),

and equation of becomes

Rearrangement of the macroscopic mass balance in terms of the geometry of the system under
consideration gives

For water solution ( turbulent flow):

For sucrose solution (Laminar flow):

The theoretical results calculated above show that the model doesnt fit the experimental model, so A
fourth order Runge-Kutta method was selected to develop a more accurate model using the corrected
friction factor.by changing the friction factor using Mathcad and excel spread sheet and found that the
friction factor of 0.2956 is more accurate for the model. The details are shown as:
For water solution (turbulent flow):

Eulers method was executed in Excel to develop a model for the effluent. From this model, a corrected
friction factor of 0.296 was found using Excels Goal Seek function.

Table 2. Results of Eulers method

t(n)

h(n)

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108

9
8.771528611
8.544857255
8.319982408
8.096900532
7.875608073
7.656101467
7.438377132
7.222431473
7.008260879
6.795861726
6.585230374
6.376363169
6.169256438
5.963906498
5.760309646
5.558462166
5.358360324
5.16000037
4.96337854
4.768491051
4.575334105
4.383903885
4.194196559
4.006208278
3.819935173
3.635373361
3.452518937
3.271367982
3.091916556
2.914160701
2.738096442
2.563719782
2.391026709
2.220013187
2.050675164
1.883008567
1.717009302
1.552673255
1.389996294
1.228974262
1.069602983
0.91187826
0.755795874
0.601351583
0.448541124
0.297360211
0.147804536
-0.000130234
-0.146448454
-0.291154504
-0.434252786
-0.575747728
-0.715643783
-0.853945429

dh/dt(n)
-0.114235694
-0.113335678
-0.112437424
-0.111540938
-0.110646229
-0.109753303
-0.108862168
-0.10797283
-0.107085297
-0.106199576
-0.105315676
-0.104433603
-0.103553365
-0.10267497
-0.101798426
-0.10092374
-0.100050921
-0.099179977
-0.098310915
-0.097443744
-0.096578473
-0.09571511
-0.094853663
-0.093994141
-0.093136552
-0.092280906
-0.091427212
-0.090575478
-0.089725713
-0.088877927
-0.08803213
-0.08718833
-0.086346537
-0.085506761
-0.084669011
-0.083833299
-0.082999633
-0.082168023
-0.081338481
-0.080511016
-0.079685639
-0.078862361
-0.078041193
-0.077222145
-0.076405229
-0.075590456
-0.074777838
-0.073967385
-0.07315911
-0.072353025
-0.071549141
-0.070747471
-0.069948028
-0.069150823
-0.06835587

h(n+1)
8.771528611
8.544857255
8.319982408
8.096900532
7.875608073
7.656101467
7.438377132
7.222431473
7.008260879
6.795861726
6.585230374
6.376363169
6.169256438
5.963906498
5.760309646
5.558462166
5.358360324
5.16000037
4.96337854
4.768491051
4.575334105
4.383903885
4.194196559
4.006208278
3.819935173
3.635373361
3.452518937
3.271367982
3.091916556
2.914160701
2.738096442
2.563719782
2.391026709
2.220013187
2.050675164
1.883008567
1.717009302
1.552673255
1.389996294
1.228974262
1.069602983
0.91187826
0.755795874
0.601351583
0.448541124
0.297360211
0.147804536
-0.000130234
-0.146448454
-0.291154504
-0.434252786
-0.575747728
-0.715643783
-0.853945429
-0.990657168

t0

h0
9
Step
2
R
0.2375
Rt
7.775
g
980
f
0.2956
L
7.62
mu
0.01
rho
0.9982

For change in height with respect to time for an orifice the turbulent and laminar models are not valid, so we
use the macroscopic energy balance to find an equation for change in height with respect to time including
Torricellis theorem:

For sucrose solution, sample calculation using Mathcad shows as

Sample Error calculation

For our calculations percent error is calculated as
[

Take data from run 8 of water solution as an example

[