DNA Secret of Photo 51 (NOVA)

0:06 as the world comes to an end 0:06 scientists discovered the secret of the data 0:09 unleashing death and destruction on and unimaginable scale 0:17 bailey says he's discovered 0:19 the secret of life 0:22 it will be defined of the century 0:27 it's made first nineteen fifty two 0:30 and when the scientists gathered at the royal society don't know 0:35 the sentence very moment 0:37 close by in london land 0:40 an x_-ray camera is clicking on the one hundred our exposure of something called 0:52 go independent 0:54

this photograph 0:55 revealed the structure of d_n_a_ 0:59 and this through understanding how the blueprint from all life on earth 1:03 he's passed down from generation to generation 1:11 two of the most determined detectives 1:14 are francis creek 1:16 anti-american jane's marks 1:21 also in the room society 1:23 is a thirty one-year-old british scientist named 1:27 rosalindfranklin 1:31 she is responsible 1:33 for the crucial x-ray photo 1:37 as watson creek and their colleague mars wilkins strive to solve the puzzle of 1:42

d_n_a_ 1:43 franklin's were will pave the way 1:48 without her knowledge 1:50 they will gain access to her findings 1:52 and her remarkable x_-ray image of d_n_a_ 1:58 it would be to one of the greatest discoveries in science 2:02 and some believe 2:03 to one of its greatest injustices 2:07 up next on nova 2:09 rosalindfranklin 2:11 and the secret 2:12 a photo fifty one 2:32 corporate funding for nova is provided by sprint 2:35

and microsoft 2:39 additional funding is provided by the park foundation 2:42 dedicated to the are 2:47 environ 2:48 the corporation for public broadcasting and by contributions to your p_b_s_ 2:52 station from viewers like you 3:03 in nineteen sixty two 3:05 a nobel prize is awarded to james watson francis crick 3:10 and maurice wilkins 3:11 for their groundbreaking work on d_n_a_ 3:19 it is one of the greatest achievements in the history of science 3:23 often described as the key 3:25 to unlocking the secret of life 3:32

a few years later 3:34 james watson publishes his personal account of the discovery 3:39 in the double helix this land bestselling book 3:43 he depicts the race to determine the structure of d_n_a_ 3:49 and introduces a little-known scientist named 3:52 rosalindfranklin 3:57 i don't think anybody would have heard of rosalindfranklin massively wouldn't 4:01 have written a book 4:02 unless james watson nineteen sixty eight in britain the double helix 4:07 but in it this is character of the terrible rosie astm 4:10 bad tempered blues stalking who according to data wouldn't let them and 4:14 see if you had and dot lashed out at all of the narrow terrified of her 4:18 and it really makes the whole story go 4:22

watson's casting of franklin is villain 4:25 works as a literary device 4:27 but who she is in his book 4:29 and who she was in real life 4:31 are quite different 4:34 and unfortunately 4:36 franklin wasn't around to defend herself 4:39 she died at the age of thirty seven 4:41 a decade before the double helix was published and became a bestseller 4:48 when the double helix was in rough draft 4:50 harvard university press which is planning to publish it 4:54 asked that all those so candidly mentioned being given a chance to read 4:58 it 4:58

and they did and wilkins and creek above all that not only objected most strongly 5:06 as francis crick crick who wants in 5:08 your book is misleading and in bad taste 5:11 it does not eliminate the process of scientific discovery it distorts it 5:17 mars will continue playing the book was 5:20 unfair to almost everyone mentioned 5:22 except professor watson himself 5:25 and referring to rosalindfranklin he asked watson 5:29 is there any mention in your book 5:31 that she died 5:34 our focal length objecting to 5:38 the vocals is for sure also that there is always something that sort of out the 5:42 wrong clothing or something rifled through this is a 5:46

uh... 5:48 pretty annoying 5:49 that i had not true 5:52 and then she was 5:53 to say the least very presentable king 5:59 who was the real rosalindfranklin 6:03 and what is her contribution 6:05 to one of the greatest breakthroughs in science 6:11 rosalind franklin was born in london in nineteen twenty 6:15 into a family that achieved well through banking and publishing 6:19 they had approach addition of scholarship philanthropy and involvement 6:23 in social causes 6:26 the friends and family 6:28

was one of a very select group of english jews 6:31 who came to india during the eighteenth century 6:34 they became very wealthy they are very close network uh... 6:38 very intuition and madam language than english 6:43 from an early age rosalind stands out 6:47 she enjoys memory games 6:49 and and and writes 6:51 rosalind is alarmingly clapper 6:53 she spends all the time doing arithmetic for pleasure 6:57 and invariably gets her son's right 7:03 her parents center just saint paul's girls school 7:06 which despite its name had no church affiliation 7:10 what it did have 7:11

was a strong tradition of preparing girls for a career 7:16 sandwich three and a m piper attended saint paul's 7:19 and were rosalind franklin's lifelong friends 7:22 sealaska their status out and she was the best of mass and she was just 7:27 one of the best in that 7:30 the best actress and that the air 7:32 he played in the to use 7:34 skulking cross 7:36 yes that pull cricket she can't buy it and if using her mind play 7:42 with having certain that rebel attack 7:45 he always expected 7:47 he she undertook something 7:49 you're on the east 7:51

that cigarette wish to make the workbook expected to be that that's 7:59 well rosalind excels academically 8:01 the outside world is encroaching 8:04 the nazis are on the march 8:08 as jewish refugees flee the nazi onslaught 8:11 the fragments are active 8:13 in finding safe haven in england 8:15 for those who managed to escape 8:19 rosalind is anxious to do something useful with her life 8:23 she finishes a year early at saint paul's 8:26 and wins a scholarship to study physics and chemistry at cambridge university 8:32 in nineteen thirty eight 8:33 crossnine arrives here at noon and college one of the women's colleges of 8:37

cambridge university and classes she's introduced to the new subject of x-ray 8:42 crystallography 8:44 this technique can reveal the hidden atomic structure of matter 8:48 case christian for 8:51 atoms are too small to see under light microscopes 8:54 so crystallogr first shoot invisible x_-rays again which then counsel order 9:00 from 9:00 onto a detector such as film 9:04 by applying that to the diffraction pattern it's possible to calculate the 9:08 three-dimensional form of even the most complex molecules 9:14 inner extreme diffraction work 9:16 rosalind joins the small band of the human race for whom 9:20 tiny specks of matters realist billiard balls 9:25

in nineteen thirty nine 9:27 as franklin steps into the world of science 9:30 cambridge university points its first female professor 9:34 and britain prepares for the german invasion 9:39 by the time she graduates 9:41 franklin is determined to contribute to the war effort 9:46 her father pressures her to carry on the family's charitable tradition 9:51 she replies that she would be of little use in anything but science 9:57 when he excuses her making science religion she writes 10:01 in my view 10:02 all that is necessary for faith 10:04 is the belief that by doing our best 10:07 we shall succeed in our teams 10:10

the improvement of mankind 10:19 cambridge really did for ruslan everything that it would university 10:22 should 10:23 they gave her a profession a philosophy of life in a blue to distance herself 10:27 from her parents 10:28 she originally to a socially and politically aware individual 10:34 and she was ready to become a working scientist 10:38 she joined the war ever doing research on cold 10:42 her experiments led to a better gas mask and valuable contribution to inland 10:46 under attack 10:48 she published five landmark papers 10:51 still psyche today 10:52 and she is awarded her p_h_d_ 10:56

when the war was over 10:57 her experience earned her the job offer of her dreams 11:01 our research decision in one of the best blacks in paris 11:09 one of her closest colleagues and friends up in the port wide 11:12 is victoria lives up to you 11:14 here in a restaurant across london chewing 11:19 she dot 11:21 she loved life today that quite ki 11:24 she was very happy 11:27 she took a flat on a little street behind the church of sense of peace 11:31 in the sixth are on the small 11:34 she wore the latest in paris fashion 11:37 dealers in new york 11:38

for the new one 11:42 she shopped in the fresh air markets 11:44 and took great pleasure cooking for her friends 11:48 she walk to work along the seine 11:50 passing in the shadow of military don 11:52 to the board wants to try 11:55 twelve kato he cast 11:59 it was here 12:00 in a collegial atmosphere 12:02 the franklin perfected her techniques of x-ray diffraction 12:09 she had uh... 12:11 just a feeling for the work for experimental work she loved it 12:15 uh... she loves being in the laboratory 12:18

and a lot of people who were very very good scientists in even greater 12:20 experimental scientist 12:22 view that is drudgery that they have to get through to get an answer where she 12:26 actually love the process of science 12:30 franklin was gaining an international reputation 12:33 speaking at conferences and publishing in professional journals 12:38 and abit hiker she took trips with colleagues to norway 12:42 whales and the alps 12:47 her research was not without its risks 12:51 lab workers were periodically checked for overexposure to x_-rays 12:56 and when franklin exceeding safe levels she was upset that she had to stay away 13:01 from the lab for a few weeks 13:07 after four years in paris 13:09

he faced a decision 13:11 she she stay in france or returned home to england 13:16 she asked the advice of dorothy hodgkin 13:19 a renowned crystal offer for and one of only ten women to win a nobel prize 13:26 and it lost 13:27 dollars he's advise that he was 13:30 time for 13:32 to make up for him 13:33 if he can def she decided 13:36 had a scientific life the england 13:39 he should go down 13:41 and she left reluctant introductory happy to leave perry's i think that 13:46 uh... 13:47

indicate if you if you have to make it enough to some extent it cruel 13:53 franklin is offered a position at king's college in london 13:57 a highly prestigious research center 14:00 she's hired by katie randall the director of the biophysics lab 14:04 to create an x-ray diffraction unit 14:07 to investigate the structure of proteins 14:10 she accepts the offer 14:12 the rights to a friend 14:14 to change the banks of the senate for seller on the strength seems to me quite 14:19 insane 14:23 but as she is leaving parents she receives a letter from random 14:27 shifting her focus from proteins 14:29 to the little understood substance called d_n_a_ 14:35

rosalindfranklin these thirty years old 14:38 as she unwittingly enters and undeclared race to unravel the secrets of life 14:55 so this is d_n_a_ 14:57 it's really beautiful and amazing stuff 15:00 responsible for heredity the genetic material 15:05 some would argue that if the blueprint for every cell in your body 15:11 the timeline rosalindfranklin started working on d_n_a_ 15:15 wasn't at all clear what do you really look like 15:18 or how might work 15:22 in nineteen forty three 15:24 after a decade of work 15:26 household adrian his team at rockefeller university transferred d_n_a_ from the 15:31 disease-causing strain of bacteria into a harmless train 15:36

the harmless trained turned virulent 15:38 strongly suggesting the link between d_n_a_ 15:41 and her attitude 15:45 every six perez show that 15:47 genetic characteristics of one organism could be transferred to another we 15:51 showed that d_n_a_ was that the other all of that transformation that d_n_a_ 15:54 was the genetic material at that conclusion was by no means universally 15:58 accepted 16:01 d_n_a_ was thought to consist of sugar and phosphates in long chains of some 16:06 unknown shame 16:09 it also appeared to have just four other chemical ingredients called basis 16:15 but how could such a simple molecule be responsible for the diversity of all 16:19 life on earth 16:23

some believe that discovering the structure of d_n_a_ 16:26 would lead to an answer 16:30 that was franklin's assignment when she arrives at king's college london in 16:34 january nineteen fifty-one 16:39 now a professor at kings 16:41 raymond goslings a p_h_d_ student in biophysics at the time of franklin's 16:45 arrival 16:48 but i thought stead 16:50 in the forty nine fifty 16:52 what their walls 16:54 walls a bomb crater 16:56 of remains of the second world war 16:59 we have to walk around the pond faith that i mean here 17:03

through the main 17:05 all of the college 17:16 uh... copies 17:19 this corridor 17:21 right at the end of the matter crocodile 17:24 x_-ray diffraction 17:29 yes 17:30 yes now this is quite close 17:32 to what it was actually like 17:35 this is about the size 17:37 all the road 17:39 and as you see it right in the basement 17:43 said gives you a sort of taste 17:45

to the following via us 17:48 type environment in which 17:50 the early work was done 17:55 despite the war ravaged facilities 17:58 king's college was the place to be for d_n_a_ research 18:03 uh... boris wilkins as is all 18:05 this just through these doors of those days 18:09 marce wilkins a physicist fresh from the manhattan project 18:13 took some of the first x-ray diffraction images and d_n_a_ here 18:18 he had to improvise every step to cope with the labs antiquated technology 18:24 marist came over and humble clothes day 18:27 and we decided that course this this was a dreadful etiologic 18:31 and he full for a bit 18:34

then took a combo lock in his pocket and said here you are elect 18:38 poke the column a test for that 18:40 and so we did 18:44 franklin quickly adjusted to the physical limitations of the land 18:48 but not to the segregated boys club culture of king's college 18:55 genocide 18:56 in king's college 18:58 and or what she told us impolitic continues to cry and and the fact that 19:03 day 19:05 common room lunch pace comes from britain to wean 19:11 sounded 19:13 but maybe you cannot have tried to block andy 19:17 dr candlelight we would like to that 19:20

anyway to be for being a big because the light bulb clergymen 19:24 hope we do it 19:27 to make matters worse there is confusion over who was in charge 19:31 franklin 19:32 or morris will convince 19:34 at the time of her arrival wilkins was on holiday 19:38 while he was gone 19:39 his p_h_d_ student raymond gosling was put under franklin supervision 19:45 we will constrictor nd he walked into a vastly improved lab 19:49 but it was in his anymore 19:52 he lost his lap and his p_h_d_ student 19:55 and rosalindfranklin 19:57 whom we thought was going to be his assistant 19:59

turned out to be better trained 20:01 and already working independently 20:06 when he checked in on her progress 20:08 he was rebuffed 20:13 he just said go back to the left foot 20:16 person of the world of mental health care all about 20:19 so we have a wrenched restful 20:22 aspect which does not held 20:24 abroad portion of the fork as a result 20:29 this stressful relationship between wilkinson franklin 20:32 arose from a miscommunication it originated with the director of the lapd 20:36 j_t_ rental 20:41 here we have 20:42

copies 20:44 overalls on franklin's working notebooks 20:48 sarin crew nobel prize winner and former president arroyo society was franklin's 20:53 last collaborator 20:57 after her death 20:58 he studied her notebooks and letters 21:00 including the one for rental 21:03 and in december nineteen fifty 21:05 he writes her letter 21:07 unlike credit 21:09 this means that as far as the experimental x_-ray efforts is concerned 21:14 there will be at the moment only yourself engulfs layton 21:18 that's left so 21:19

um... was not seen by wilkins 21:22 and that fact and the fact that wilkins was not present when friends in the ride 21:27 at king's college in general nineteen fifty-one 21:30 led to a great deal of dissension 21:32 later on 21:34 she thought 21:34 picture washington indonesia trip 21:37 and mortage salt that you want 21:40 teach 21:42 and that was a misunderstanding 21:44 individual to read a bit that remained standing lives 21:49 en route 21:51 protection board if we can squid 21:54

that kind of indignation dictionaries believed that broadly 21:59 why did this kind of unclear situations 22:04 the situation was inflamed by a basic personality clashes 22:08 franklin articulate passionate and always up for a good debate and wilkins 22:13 soft-spoken 22:14 deliberate inchon just couldn't get along 22:19 if you look really tough coastal single-minded 22:22 spoke of 22:23 spoke what she believed 22:25 and uh... 22:27 could in fact been quiet phyllis 22:30 and it should be and i wouldn't want to tell him out 22:35 yet another barrier with social class 22:37

and a private life entirely separate from the lab 22:42 she had of various 22:44 for social life and the idea of 22:46 for a fact that one station 22:48 she was going out the first violin 22:50 of the london philharmonic 22:51 now im 22:53 comparable the beer drinking chaps my gosh who was sitting kid finishes 22:59 answer to spec extent she had i had flat 23:02 she was living in makes 23:04 she didn't suffer fools gladly she won't be a internship 23:08 and she desperately wanted to get on with this one 23:11 she was so convinced that 23:13

he'd want that 23:15 like arrived home to be plucked from the tree 23:19 despite all the tensions of the land 23:22 franklin applied yourself to the task was single-minded determination 23:26 setting her sights on solving the structure of d_n_a_ 23:33 but now 23:34 annual player was about to enter the gain 23:40 well roslan was uh... setting up in a lab in king's college london 23:44 james watson much younger twenty three april with a p_h_d_ had come to europe 23:49 because he wanted to study the gene and he was convinced the gene was the thing 23:53 to study missus we're going to be the secret of life 23:57 wants and goes to a conference in naples 23:59 where wilkins shows one of his early fuzzy diffraction images of d_n_a_ 24:04

what's interesting the wilkins 24:06 and wrangle in invitation to work at king's college 24:11 i tried to talk to matt morris shes 24:14 using the ship mister strangers 24:18 so i left tend to lose vague feeling that detection factory workers morris 24:23 but it wasn't uh... 24:25 was a disorder 24:27 obvious coming together like mines 24:31 will consist not take the bait 24:34 but shortly after 24:35 watson is invited to the capitation 24:38 a famous research lab at cambridge university headed by noble laureate sir 24:42 laurence brag 24:48

there once was assigned in office with another physicist turned crystallogr for 24:52 francis crick 24:54 an old friend of wilkins 24:57 creek and wants you 24:58 immediately click 25:03 but in our weight king's college 25:05 the negative atmosphere takes a new turn for the worse 25:09 rosalindfranklin is given a sarcastic nickname that watson will later 25:14 popularize in the double helix 25:17 rosie 25:20 mention uh... huge mission 25:23 returned walking around eleven forty ring up then 25:27 the created by faction incineration 25:29

provoked this also six-inch who work for a different repeatedly 25:35 part of people refer to those pretty behind her back medical coverage of 25:43 despite the hostile environment within months of her arrival at kings 25:47 franklin is producing amazing results 25:51 vaseline 25:54 the most proficient at work 25:56 she had a good camera push to develop 26:00 can put the pictures 26:03 the best in those days 26:07 within a few months 26:09 strengthen transformed to say to research and things 26:13 but above all 26:15 to this government that there were two forms of d_n_a_ 26:20

franklin's discovery that there are two forms of d_n_a_ 26:23 is perhaps the most crucial step 26:26 toward the ultimate discovery of its structure 26:30 before rosalindfranklin 26:32 discovered that there were two distinct forms of d_n_a_ the end of the forms 26:36 people we're probably looking at mixtures of those two forms it would be 26:40 sort of like if you had a picture of making now superimposed on a picture of 26:44 donald duck 26:45 the almost impossible to understand what i did mickey mouse or donald duck with 26:48 black 26:51 the a as a dryer more crystalline form of d_n_a_ 26:55 and produces more detailed images 26:59 the day's wetter 27:01

and how d_n_a_ occurs in living cells 27:05 it produces a simpler image but reveals a key clue to solving the structure of 27:09 d_n_a_ 27:12 the actually in the middle 27:14 is the diffraction signature although he likes 27:20 the significance is not lost on franklin 27:23 she noted in scientific short 27:26 and according to klug 27:27 presents her discovery 27:33 around them in nineteen fifty one 27:36 frankfinn david philip cream about her work on this crime the a m they'd be 27:39 forms 27:41 she concentrated mostly on the aid form and the reform 27:45

she says is likely to be healing filled 27:48 plot i'd like to be the biggest unquestionably interview was illegal 27:52 throughout was quite clear 27:54 but she was concentrated on the a form the course of the greater wealth of 27:57 information you can get from it 28:00 that was her analytical approach 28:03 in the audience that day is james watson 28:07 sent by creek to gather intelligence on franklin sleepers 28:12 creek and watson are planning to use a different approach to solving the 28:15 structure of d_n_a_ 28:17 model building 28:21 within a week watson and creek invite the scientists from kings college 28:26 to see their model 28:30

general roslan josh uh... wasn't terribly amused 28:36 kimchi never to prisoners anyway said 28:38 sheet waltham 28:39 pretty 28:40 uh... shaw in criticism opel model 28:45 and explained in detail 28:47 white quickly 28:48 be correct 28:49 one two three 28:51 had uh... and then we left 28:54 the model of d_n_a_ tally by watson and craig 28:57 is embarrassing failure 29:00 well watson himself said very frankly didn't really know enough 29:04

crystallography to understand the meaning of the data he knows that it's 29:07 highly any funds up to the just preoccupied with their locks 29:11 why was she so plain why didn't she wear lipstick 29:14 but he might have been pretty issued to try to do taking offer classes and done 29:18 something interesting with her hair 29:21 lawrence brag 29:22 the head of the cabin dish lab 29:24 is humiliated 29:25 and for bids watson crick to continue their model making 29:30 it was a happy moment ralston eight cause 29:33 get justified interpretation that you could build models but you couldn't 29:37 prove which was the right one and he uh... their world mobile bill does hard 29:42 at it and that produced completely the wrong lol 29:46

to franklin 29:47 the incident is an affirmation of her training 29:50 that experimentation and patient analysis of the data 29:54 will reveal the answer 29:57 but what franklin may not know 29:59 is that her unpublished findings will continue to make their way to watson and 30:04 creek 30:05 and they are getting there 30:07 through the deputy director of her own land 30:10 lawrence wilkins 30:12 gradually 30:13 wilkins fell 30:14 shut out of his own subject 30:16

so he began going up to cambridge to talk to his old friend and he was an old 30:19 friend francis crick 30:22 about d_n_a_ which he was still interested and about this terrible rosie 30:25 who was dot avoiding he felt uh... her data 30:30 inadvertently wilkins was the conduit 30:33 a lot of information from ruslan and from kings 30:37 passed its way to cambridge 30:39 so that even if one senate and creek we're not officially working on d_n_a_ 30:43 they was speculating 30:46 but while creek and wants to speculate 30:48 franklin continues to penalize and collect new information 30:53 in may nineteen fifty two 30:55 she sets up the x-ray diffractometer 30:58

to take an image of the wetter form of d_n_a_ 31:03 today x-ray diffraction technology vastly improved is still use to explore 31:09 molecular structure 31:11 at the end of this class capillary is a d_n_a_ finder 31:16 similar to the kind that ross of franklin worked best 31:19 and it is so small that it's difficult to see a within a few times 31:25 mass effect i had to bundled together twenty these fibers 31:28 enriching again exchange faction images 31:31 now scientists use d_n_a_ crystals 31:34 which give better results in these microscopic fibers 31:38 twenty of them bundled together are about the thickness of a human hair 31:44 and with the extreme teams at least three hundred times stronger today 31:49 in frankenstein 31:50

it can take only seconds to expose an image that took franklin 31:55 one hundred alice 31:57 now 31:58 a computer interprets the image 32:00 and swiftly calculates app three d_ model but in frankenstein 32:05 analyzing diffraction patterns could require thousands of calculations done 32:10 by hand 32:11 and interpreting a single image 32:13 could take more than a year 32:16 sephora rosin 32:17 franklin to go through the calculation 32:20 set have persevering in it's and meditation and i will drive and 32:24 to do 32:26

all of the calculations that was necessary by hand 32:32 in may nineteen fifty two 32:34 franklin's perseverance an exacting techniques payoff 32:38 producing the sharpest image yet absurdly form of d_n_a_ 32:45 she labels it 32:46 photo fifty-one 32:48 and puts it aside while she continues her work on the a form 32:55 but around this time 32:57 franklin will acquire another nickname 33:00 the dark lady 33:02 she is so unhappy at kings 33:04 she ranges to leave 33:06 she agrees to finish analyzing the data 33:09

right up her findings 33:11 and stay until the end of the year 33:13 unofficially 33:14 that 33:15 she should 33:17 necessary to to to leave but of course 33:20 appreciated that there was no two-thirds 33:23 the 33:25 the crown prince at the top navy whenever i get to get along together 33:30 he wasn't if settlers officer also escape today 33:35 in the midst of this transition 33:38 someone gives photo fifty one 33:40 to wilkins 33:46

i cannot remember how he came by just beautiful 33:51 picture 33:52 it had been given to him but also point net being me 33:58 meanwhile at the cabin dish 34:00 a new researcher moves into the lab with watson incorrect 34:05 peter pauling 34:06 the son of the renowned guru of chemistry from cal tech 34:10 linus pauling 34:12 only a year ago 34:14 calling him pioneered the same model building technique adopted by watson 34:18 incorrect 34:19 with little experimental data 34:21 polling had come up with the structure for long stretches of proteins 34:25

a single stranded helix 34:29 now polling since his son of paper 34:32 in which he proposes a structure 34:34 for d_n_a_ 34:36 press who works at 34:38 question list 34:39 could be right 34:41 we knew that uh... minus didn't have a good actually 34:44 so clearly he applauded king st 34:48 the answer 34:49 was no 34:50 calling makes some of the same mistakes 34:53 that watson creek had made on their first model 34:56

i three stranded helix with the basis on the outside 35:01 but callings mistake will be discovered as soon as he publishes 35:05 lotsa knows that if calling gets access to rosalindfranklin stator 35:10 he could quickly come up with the correct model 35:14 the race begins in earnest watson estimates hean creek have six weeks 35:19 to solve the problem 35:25 around the time franklin gives her last presentation at king's college 35:29 jim watson 35:30 shows up in her office 35:35 he tries to show her poland's paper 35:37 perhaps to convince her that calling will beat them to solve the structure of 35:41 d_n_a_ if she doesn't call her data with him and creek 35:46 and according to what since account 35:48

he implies that she is incompetent in interpreting x_-ray pictures 35:55 and as he tells us in the double helix she began to his vast toward me 35:59 and uh... he said fearing that in her hot anger she might strike me 36:04 i retreated 36:05 jesse in search of his almost half its size 36:10 blocks and then reports 36:11 that he runs into marce wilkins 36:14 wilkins shows watson 36:16 photo fifty one 36:18 and when he saw this sunday 36:20 partnership prashanth war partnership here 36:23 the auto world misses must be done the last couple of days or something that's 36:28 confession and eighty nine that 36:30

seven months 36:32 my mouth fell open and my pulse began to race watson says in the double helix 36:40 it is the clear 36:41 acts pattern 36:42 the signature of the helix it ignites his excitement 36:47 but there's more 36:51 from this photo alone 36:53 you can deduce 36:56 number of units they'll at that time that they really don't uh... the wherein 37:01 the helix 37:04 the number of lines in the photo 37:06 shows that each twist of the helix has ten units or molecular building blocks 37:13 and the dimensions of the image correspond to a helix of thirty-four 37:17

angstroms per turn 37:21 wilkins gives this crucial information to watson 37:26 so they got the basic parameters 37:28 for building the illegal dot 37:31 on the train back to cambridge watson's sketches photo fifty one 37:35 on his newspaper 37:37 and reports to crack 37:39 based on franklin st 37:41 creek and want to go to lawrence bragged the head of the cavendish lab 37:45 and he gives them permissions once again to build a model 37:50 they begin on february fourth 37:52 nineteen fifty three 37:54 then they had another idea 37:57

they knew that 37:58 deja from all of king's biophysics unit and 38:01 cluding 38:02 residents were was published in uh... report for the medical research council 38:07 in the n_r_c_ report 38:09 franklin places d_n_a_ 38:11 in a class of molecules with a certain type of symmetry 38:15 as the sample drawings in her notebook illustrate 38:19 the implications of that symmetry 38:21 would be obvious to an expert 38:23 mike francis crick 38:25 the n_r_c_ report 38:27 contains franken's data 38:29

the symmetry in the form all the personal parameters 38:33 but above all the symmetry 38:34 in the business and the trading was told creek attitude changed 38:39 running in hopes of direction 38:42 two strands each with the sugars and phosphates running in different 38:46 directions 38:47 and anti parallel 38:49 double humans 38:51 but where did the bases go 38:54 on the outside as watson encrypt depicted in their first model 38:58 or the inside as franklin had told him 39:01 there were two important clues 39:03 a few years earlier a british scientist william aspirate 39:07

the rise of the four day since adn 39:10 enough i mean 39:11 limine and cytosine 39:13 would be stacked one can ease 39:15 and at columbia university early sharjah discovered that d_n_a_ always contains 39:21 equal amounts of at mean and timing 39:24 as well as the column and supplying inside the scene 39:28 at first watson thought that the bases must be paired like with like 39:33 they became thirichu you and so on 39:36 but in office made carried on here 39:39 shows him that he's using the wrong chemical forms 39:43 with the requirements watsonville mix kindly 39:47 he finds he can fit the bases 39:50

into the helix measured by franklin 39:52 if he cares aid with teen 39:54 and she would see 39:56 arranged this way 39:58 the bases form the connecting runs in a twisting ladder on the inside of a 40:03 double helix 40:06 it is rosalind franklin's experimental framework 40:10 a collection of evidence 40:11 painstakingly accumulated over two years 40:15 that guides watson and creek 40:17 to solve the structure d_n_a_ 40:21 and in another direction moment 40:24 the structure rewards them 40:25

with the immediate realization 40:27 of how d_n_a_ replicates 40:31 unzipping the helix 40:32 produces to templates to create to new 40:36 ulysses 40:37 each identical to the original 40:41 d_n_a_ isn't just a molecule 40:43 it's the blueprint 40:48 in one of the most famous understatements in science 40:52 wants an incorrect right 40:54 it has not escaped our notice 40:56 that the specific caring we have cost related 40:59 immediately suggests 41:00

a possible cocking mechanism for the genetic material 41:06 the day 41:07 was saturday 41:08 february twenty eighth 41:10 nineteen fifty three 41:13 that was the day 41:15 that they went into the pop the eagle 41:17 and creek told everybody we've discovered the secret of life 41:23 now that they've discovered the secret of life 41:25 they have another problem to solve 41:28 how are they going to prove it 41:32 once again 41:33 they need franklin 41:35

she travels to cambridge to review the model 41:39 and walks arising as a book 41:41 that uh... 41:43 immunity acceptance of the model amazed me 41:46 embassies here on the stove immediately that the models correct 41:53 watching perhaps didn't know is how much of a date so that they had known 41:58 norms to build up of all 42:07 roslyn spot in the great discovery was obscured by a series of maneuvers made 42:11 behind your back 42:13 the thing is that what's in a quick wanted to publish quickly to get ahead 42:16 of linus pauling in california but they were held back by the embarrassing fact 42:20 that all the experimental work for that led to the greatly to the imagination of 42:24 the donut arrival institution that king's and roslyn stata had been 42:28

published 42:30 according to brenda maddox 42:32 brand of the cabin dish and rental of kings approach the editors of nature to 42:37 engineer a solution 42:40 they agreed to publish three articles within a single issue 42:44 what's min creeks article first 42:47 wilkinson his collaborator next 42:49 and last is franklin and goslings article 42:54 its position at the end suggest franklin's findings nearly confirm 42:59 blossoming creeks model 43:01 instead of providing the essential data use to formulate it 43:06 sycamore cyn paper doesn't say 43:09 involved protecting our respect 43:11

they were indicating to thank him for her way 43:15 sir john maddox later editor of nature for two decades here shows how 43:19 franklin's contribution 43:21 was obscured by watson crick 43:23 with a single guarded sentence 43:26 there's a we have been stimulated by entering nordic 43:30 have at work 43:31 but in fact they had particular mortgages of work 43:34 and i uh... as an editor 43:36 who were destroyed a black at that 43:39 franklin had written her own article a month before she saw the model 43:44 inserted by hand into the original text is the sentence 43:48 dusts our general ideas are consistent 43:51

with the model proposed by creek and watson 43:54 indeed 43:55 her ideas were consistent with their model 43:58 because they largely based their model on her ideas 44:04 what they want to make that have without 44:06 prophet records data and the answer is almost nothing 44:10 they were poised to figure it out there work was brilliant but they couldn't do 44:13 it without russell frank was there 44:16 in fact 44:17 rosalindfranklin could be said to be watson and creeks unknowing 44:22 and unrecognized collaborator 44:32 by the time the articles appeared in nature on april twenty-fifth nineteen 44:36 fifty three 44:37

franklin had taken her new position and prep back college in london 44:43 in her fifth floor office under leaky skylight 44:46 she often left a number of open on her desk to protect your papers 44:52 she handed the virus research lab from nineteen fifty three to nineteen 44:56 fifty-eight and thrived in protects collegial atmosphere 45:01 much like her beloved love art why in paris 45:06 here she made which she called 45:08 her greatest discovery 45:10 working out the complex structure of the virus 45:13 and locating it's infectious element 45:15 she collaborated with erin klug 45:18 whose later wins a nobel prize 45:21 she worked out the exact telling the truth 45:24

so it is important 45:27 indecent history that you could actually do such things 45:31 vinland roles and she was single-minded 45:34 and she could tackle these laws and difficult problems 45:37 franklin's virus works security her international reputation 45:42 and brought many invitations to speak in the united states 45:46 in nineteen fifty-six she celebrated her thirty sixth birthday while visiting 45:50 universities in california 45:52 and climb mount whitney 45:54 one of the highest peaks in north america 45:57 but near the end of her trip 45:59 franklin was suffering from severe abdominal pains 46:05 on her return ticking when she was diagnosed with cancer 46:09

there is speculation that her work with x_-rays 46:12 may have triggered the disease 46:16 candidate numbers 46:20 she was in the most of the cabs hospital 46:23 and that she was in the private one single room at the end of a collared 46:27 golf 46:28 where any person calculations or run 46:32 she was so off from the street from 46:35 uh... kafka bfa 46:37 this week a literature pervert 46:40 doncaster an american colleague 46:42 recalls her struggle to climb from the basement lab 46:46 to her fifth floor office upstairs 46:49

consortium st louis 46:52 working away 46:54 wished we could uh... helper put 46:57 no unfortunately is the third 46:59 for the purpose 47:01 the stuff you could be done 47:03 factory year-and-a-half terrible illness 47:06 painful treatment she asked a doctor for a friend prognosis 47:10 and he told a seat the cancellation zip religion 47:13 she was curious if it's not religious she had fall agenda she had an 47:17 invitation to a fellowship in caracas she was too busy to die 47:23 dropping you know i've we're going to eighteen immediately 47:27 and she suggested that 47:29

we could drive 47:30 and going vedic sharma alta 47:35 when a bright 47:37 in london 47:40 they expected 47:41 to stay with her 47:43 and all dogs 47:49 defecting michael 47:53 and he told me that she was in cost 47:55 seventy the ready last day 47:58 chico 47:59 countryside different 48:01 anxious died while 48:04

at least and to me 48:12 her epitaph reads 48:13 scientist 48:15 her research and discoveries on viruses 48:18 remain of lasting benefit 48:20 to mankind 48:22 she died april sixteenth nineteen fifty-eight 48:26 that same day the mind and times carried an article claiming provider of smart 48:31 which was unveiled at the brussels 48:36 perpetual area in new york times called her 48:39 one of the select bandit 48:40 pioneers 48:41 unraveling 48:42

virus diseases 48:43 and genetics 48:48 she went to the grade 48:49 never knowing how much walks in and chris had relied on her work 48:53 to make their greatest airplane 48:56 or if she knew 48:57 she didn't care 49:10 in nineteen sixty-two james watson francis crick and morris welcomes won 49:16 the nobel prize for their discovery of the structure of d_n_a_ 49:21 franklin's name receives no mention 49:23 save a passing reference by welcomes 49:26 her crucial contribution to their work 49:29 becomes a footnote in scientific history 49:34

broccoli 49:36 property what they have been forgotten not by printf 49:39 the the 49:42 from and coffee 49:44 i mean body 49:46 the public in general if we talk about fourteen he teased me coffee 49:52 the way gene walked from altering the epidemic 49:57 in nineteen sixty-eight james watson published a double helix his personal 50:02 account of the discovery of the structure of d_n_a_ 50:07 in his book 50:08 watson cast franklin's uncooperative 50:11 an attractive 50:12 and incompetent in interpreting x_-ray pictures 50:17

and yet once in admits he needs her findings 50:21 even boasts of using her work without her knowledge or permission 50:25 saying 50:26 rosie of course did not directly give as her data 50:29 for that matter 50:30 know when it came to realize that they were in our hands 50:38 when the book was in rough draft 50:40 harvard university press pass those mentioned in the menu skip to read it 50:44 many including creek and wilkins objections so strongly it in a highly 50:49 unprecedented move 50:51 harvard withdrew its offer to publish 50:54 the book came out with a popular press and became an instant bestseller 50:59 but most of the main 51:01

portrait sweat modified all except rosalind who was dead rewrite and those 51:06 who come libeled the dead 51:08 franklin's family and colleagues protested watsons creek trail of 51:13 as one put it 51:14 that gifted girl 51:15 who could not defend herself 51:18 so wat son obliged to you wrote a pious epilogue saying as a young man he had 51:23 not appreciated 51:26 difficulties that women had and being accepted and making their way in science 51:31 and the epilogue is their but it does nothing to act 51:35 alters soften the character of this of this terrible rosie 51:41 what's in the client novus request 51:43 for an interview 51:52

franklin is now receiving some long overdue recognition 51:55 plaques where she lived and worked 51:58 and recently 51:59 britain's royal society created the rosalindfranklin award 52:03 to support women in science 52:07 winsor arun klug won his nobel prize in part for the work he started with 52:11 franklin 52:13 unlike the d_n_a_ trio 52:15 honored her contribution 52:18 as i say i love the bill that's right 52:20 teammate 52:22 compression on me 52:24 relationship points in the way to tackling important difficult problems in 52:30

the middle of the took 52:34 frozen died 52:35 thirty-seven 52:36 with no sense ninety minutes down in a race that only watson increase music 52:41 mace 52:42 she died proud over world reputation and cold and virus research 52:47 she was cheated 52:48 well the only thing she really wanted which is a chance to finish ur work 52:52 my view her lust prize was life 52:57 those who admire frankly 52:59 take solace in her uncompromising dedication 53:04 for rosalindfranklin 53:06 the joy of science 53:08

was in the work itself 53:09 and it's alternate room 53:12 the betterment of humankind 53:29 business 53:31 find out why rosalind franklin's photo fifty-one holds so many clues to the 53:36 structure of d_n_a_ at p_b_s_ dot org or america online keyword p_b_s_ 53:59 the secret of photo fifty one video and the book rosalindfranklin the dark lady 54:03 of d_n_a_ are available from w_g_b_h_ boston video to place an order please 54:08 call one eight hundred two five five nine four two four 54:25 is a production of 54:27 ph boston 54:28 corporate funding for nova is provided by sprint 54:32 and microsoft 54:36

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