LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF ORDER ONE

EXAMPLE:
1) Given: ( ) 1 3 tan
dy
y x
dx
= +
Required: GS



BERNOULLI EQUATION
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
n
n n
n n
n
n n
dy
P x y Q x y n 0,1 standard form
dx
Derivation of the General Solution:
dy
P x Q x
dx y y
dy
y P x y Q x
dx
Let w y
dw n y dy y dy dw
n
Substitut

+ = =
+ =
+ =
=
= =

| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) | |
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1-n P x dx
I F x e
n n
R x dx
ing,
dy
y P x y Q x
dx
dw
P x w Q x
n dx
dw
n P x w n Q x
dx
Let n P x R x
n Q x S x
dw
R x w S x Linear DE
dx
e
w IF x S x dx C
IF x
n
y IF x
IF x

+ =
+ =

+ =
=
=
+ =
} }
= =
= +

=
| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .
(

}

( ) ( ) 1 n Q x dx C +
}
(



EXAMPLE:
1) Given:
2
1 dy
y xy
dx x
| |
+ =
|
\ .

Required: GS





SPECIAL HIGHER ORDER DE
Second Order Ordinary DE:
2
2
dy d y
F x, y, ,
dx dx
| |
|
\ .


- If either the dependent or the independent variable in a
second order ordinary DE is missing, it may be reduced to
a first order ordinary DE and be solved as such.

Case 1: Dependent variable is missing
2
2
2
2
dP
, , ,P,
dx
dy
P =
dx
dP d y
=
dx dx
dy d y
F x F x
dx dx
Let

| |
| |

|
|
\ .
\ .


Case 2: Independent variable is missing
2
2
2
2
dP
, , ,P,P
dy
dy
P =
dx
dP d y
P =
dy dx
dy d y
F y F y
dx dx
Let
dP dy dP dP dP
P P
dy dx dy dy dx

| |
| |

|
|
\ .
\ .
= =





EXAMPLES:
1) Given:
2
2
2
3
d y dy
x x
dx dx
=
Required: GS

2) Given: ( )
3
2 " ' y y y =
Required: GS










LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF ORDER ONE
EXAMPLE:
1) Given: ( ) 1 3 tan
dy
y x
dx
= +
Required: GS



BERNOULLI EQUATION
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
n
n n
n n
n
n n
dy
P x y Q x y n 0,1 standard form
dx
Derivation of the General Solution:
dy
P x Q x
dx y y
dy
y P x y Q x
dx
Let w y
dw n y dy y dy dw
n
Substitut

+ = =
+ =
+ =
=
= =

| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) | |
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1-n P x dx
I F x e
n n
R x dx
ing,
dy
y P x y Q x
dx
dw
P x w Q x
n dx
dw
n P x w n Q x
dx
Let n P x R x
n Q x S x
dw
R x w S x Linear DE
dx
e
w IF x S x dx C
IF x
n
y IF x
IF x

+ =
+ =

+ =
=
=
+ =
} }
= =
= +

=
| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .
(

}

( ) ( ) 1 n Q x dx C +
}
(



EXAMPLE:
1) Given:
2
1 dy
y xy
dx x
| |
+ =
|
\ .

Required: GS





SPECIAL HIGHER ORDER DE
Second Order Ordinary DE:
2
2
dy d y
F x, y, ,
dx dx
| |
|
\ .


- If either the dependent or the independent variable in a
second order ordinary DE is missing, it may be reduced to
a first order ordinary DE and be solved as such.

Case 1: Dependent variable is missing
2
2
2
2
dP
, , ,P,
dx
dy
P =
dx
dP d y
=
dx dx
dy d y
F x F x
dx dx
Let

| |
| |

|
|
\ .
\ .


Case 2: Independent variable is missing
2
2
2
2
dP
, , ,P,P
dy
dy
P =
dx
dP d y
P =
dy dx
dy d y
F y F y
dx dx
Let
dP dy dP dP dP
P P
dy dx dy dy dx

| |
| |

|
|
\ .
\ .
= =





EXAMPLES:
1) Given:
2
2
2
3
d y dy
x x
dx dx
=
Required: GS

2) Given: ( )
3
2 " ' y y y =
Required: GS