Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/Stat...
Page Notifications Off ChemWiki: The Dynamic Chemistry Textbook > Physical Chemistry > Thermodynamics > State Functions > Enthalpy
We have highlighted your search term enthalpy for you. If you'd like to remove the search term, click here. Enthalpy is the amount of heat content used or released in a system at constant pressure. Enthalpy is usually expressed as the change in enthalpy. The change in enthalpy is related to a change in internal energy (U) and a change in the volume (V), which is multiplied by the constant pressure of the system. 1. Introduction 2. Enthalpy Change Accompanying a Change in State of Matter 2.1. Equation #1 2.2. Equation #2 3. Effect of Temperature on Enthalpy 4. The Enthalpy of Phase Transition 5. Inside Links 6. Outside Links 7. References 8. Problems 8.1. Solution 9. Contributors
Introduction
Enthalpy (H) is the sum of the internal energy (U) and the product of pressure and volume (PV) given by the equation: H = U + PV When a process occurs at constant pressure, the heat evolved (either released or absorbed) is equal to the change in enthalpy. Enthalpy is a state function which depends entirely on the state functions T, P and U. Enthalpy is usually expressed as the change in enthalpy (H) for a process between initial and final states: H = U + PV If temperature and pressure remain constant through the process and the work is limited to pressure-volume work, then the enthalpy change is given by the eqation: H = U + PV Also at constant pressure the heat flow(q) for the process is equal to the change in enthalpy defined by the eqation:
1 of 5
9/30/2012 10:44 AM
Enthalpy - ChemWiki
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/Stat...
H = q By looking at whether q is exothermic or endothermic we can determine a relationship between H and q. If the reaction absorbs heat it is endothermic meaning the reaction consumes heat from the surroundings so q > 0 (positive). Therefore, at constant temperature and pressure, by the equation above, if q is positive then H is also positive. And the same goes for if the reaction releases heat, then it is exothermic, meaning the system gives off heat to its surroundings, so q < 0 (negative). And if q is negative then H will also be negative.
Equation #1
Enthalpy can also be expressed as a molar enthalpy, in enthalpy by the number of moles. Enthalpy is a state function.
another, the change in enthalpy is independent of the path between two states of a system. If there is no non-expansion work on the system and the pressure is still constant, then the change in enthalpy will equal the heat consumed or released by the system (q).
Equation #2
This relationship can help to determine whether a reaction is endothermic or exothermic. At constant pressure, an endothermic reaction is when heat is absorbed. This means that the system consumes heat from the surroundings, so q is greater than zero. Therefore according to the second equation, the will also be greater than zero. On the other hand, an exothermic
2 of 5
9/30/2012 10:44 AM
Enthalpy - ChemWiki
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/Stat...
reaction at constant pressure is when heat is released. This implies that the system gives off heat to the surroundings, so q is less than zero. Furthermore, will be less than zero.
The enthalpy of condensation is the reverse of the enthalpy of vaporization and the enthalpy of freezing is the reverse of the enthalpy of fusion. The enthalpy change of a reverse phase transition is the negative of the enthalpy change of the forward phase transition. Also the enthalpy change of a complete process is the sum of the enthalpy changes for each of the phase transitions incorporated in the process.
Inside Links
Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/State_Functions/Internal_Energy
3 of 5
9/30/2012 10:44 AM
Enthalpy - ChemWiki
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/Stat...
Internal Energy Change (U) Heat (q) System And Its Surroundings
Outside Links
Canagaratna, Sebastian G. "A Visual Aid in Enthalpy Calculations " J. Chem. Educ. 2000 77 1178. Kennedy Sr., Alvin P. "Determination of Enthalpy of Vaporization Using a Microwave Oven " J. Chem. Educ. 1997 74 1231. Treptow, Richard S. "How Thermodynamic Data and Equilibrium Constants Changed When the Standard-State Pressure Became 1 Bar " J. Chem. Educ. 1999 76 212. Yi, L., Sheng-Lu, K., Song-Sheng, Qu. "Some Views in the Internal Energy and Enthalpy of Gases." J. Chem. Educ. 1995: 72, 408.
References
1. Atkins, Peter and de Paula, Julio; Physical Chemistry for the Life Sciences, United States, 2006.Katherine Hurley 2. Petrucci, et al. General Chemistry Principles & Modern Applications. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007 3. "Enthalpy." Encyclopdia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. 2 June 2008 http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032717/enthalpy.
Problems
1. Calculate the enthalpy (H) for the process in which 45.0g of water is converted from liquid at 10?C to vapor at 25?C.
Solution
Part 1: Heating water from 10.0 to 25.0 ?C kJ = 45.0g H 0 x (4.184J/gH 0?C) x (25.0 - 10.0)?C x 1kJ/1000J = 2.82 kJ
2 2
Part 2: Vaporizing water at 25.0?C kJ = 45.0 g H O x 1 mol H O/18.02 g H O x 44.0 kJ/1 mol H O = 110 kJ
2 2 2 2
Contributors
Katherine Hurley (UCD) Jennifer Shamieh (UCD)
4 of 5
9/30/2012 10:44 AM
Enthalpy - ChemWiki
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/Stat...
This page viewed 17188 times The ChemWiki has 7337 Modules. The ChemWiki was viewed a total of 18569099 times
Site Map
Media Info
UC Davis
Larsen Lab
UC Davis ChemWiki by University of California, Davis is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNoncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License.
Like
Tweet
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at copyright@ucdavis.edu. Terms of Use Powered by Mindtouch Core 2010
5 of 5
9/30/2012 10:44 AM