Democracy in Pakistan

Outline 1. Introduction 2. History 3. Current status of democracy in Pakistan 4. Future currents 5. Conclusion Once Lincoln said that democracy is Government of the people, by the people, for the people It is the most basic form of Government which is praised by many in our times. The adults have their say in the important decision making of their lives and this is how the rules of the Government are made. The adults of a nation give their votes to the leader and the leaders then drive the Government for the betterment of the people. From the day of inception of Pakistan, the people are struggling for a better form of Government and they have selected Democracy as the best one. But its a misfortune for the people of Pakistan that the democracy could not continue for long and it is derailed off and on. Military rules have dented Pakistans Democracy 3 times in the history of just 65 years. People like Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto struggled a lot for the revival and sustainability of Democracy. Different types of democracies prevail in Pakistan at different times. The constitution of Pakistan is now a backing a Parliamentary form of Government but in the previous constitutions like 1962 and 1956, we had Presidential form of Government. The constitution at this moment is an amended version of 1973, which is following the Parliamentary form of Government. According to Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Quaid-e-Azam, Pakistan is made for the betterment of the people living in it. People will themselves select their Leader and its the responsibility of the Leader to fulfill the needs of the people and work day and night for this Motherland. According to the Democratic index of 2011, Pakistan is on the 106th number in the world with a democratic score of just 4.55. Norway is at the top of the chart with a score of above 9.5. Leaders in Pakistan also promise the well being of the people of Pakistan in their speeches. They use to use the word Welfare State for Pakistan but still they are unable to perform the same. The citizens of Pakistan are important component of the Democracy in the country. They choose their leaders through voting and the leaders then steer the Government in their own way. So, citizen can be blamed if the democracy in the Pakistan is not working well. They are the one who are responsible for the selection, so they are the base of the system. They should select people who are more capable and better among all. On a concluding note, we can say that Democracy is one of the best systems of Government for Pakistan, according to many. It is denied by many critics on sound bases but still Pakistan need its continuation for the betterment of the country. We really need to work hard for the better system implementation of Democracy in Pakistan which is the dire need of this time. Word Praised Inception Sustainability Constitution Implementation Meaning Word Drive Struggling Revival Steer Meaning Word Betterment Misfortune Prevail Denied Meaning

Price Hike
Outline 1. Introduction 2. Causes 3. Effects 4. Curbing measures 5. Conclusion In our country, the prices are soaring sky-high and the problem of price rise is becoming very acute day by day. Almost every month, and every week, there is general rising prices of all commodities. Prices are rising in petrol, diesel, petroleum products, cement, steel and coal. In turn, these have enormously raising prices of essential commodities like food grains, cloth, vegetables, fruits, dry fruits, pulses, spices and edible oils. Pakistan is a developing country and the people are generally poor. They are facing great difficulties because of rising prices. The rising prices has adversely affected the people with fixed incomes. Most people find it difficult to eat two square meals a day. There are many causes responsible for rise in prices. Such rise in prices might be due to natural calamities like floods, earthquakes and famine and also wars. The other reasons of the soaring prices may be bribery, corruption, black-marketing, hoarding, smuggling, profiteering and many other anti-national and anti-social tendencies. The pressure of population growth is also one of its causes. The most important factor which is responsible for price-rise is the mentality of the people to become millionaire in a night. High prices have very bad effect on the people. These rising prices increase the cost of living. It is deplorable that a small group of businessmen earn a lot of money by unfair means of hoarding essential goods. Owing to this tendency a vast majority of people have to suffer untold hardships. If the present position continues, the middle-class people will not be able to maintain their position in society. More demand but less production and supply is another cause of the rising prices. Export of goods also creates scarcity in the country. More taxes, hoarding of goods by traders, weak administration and defective system of the distribution of essential commodities are other major causes of price rise in Pakistan. Hoarders create an artificial shortage of goods and then sell things at rising prices. The black money made in this way plays an important role in the countrys economy. The Government is trying to check the Priceline. Production is being increased. Action is being taken against hoarders and black marketers. Anti-social elements are being identified and punished. Food production is also increasing. An action plan is in operation against drought conditions. The rising prices is the main cause of social unrest in the country. It is hoped that the government will soon take the other necessary steps to control rising prices.

Word Soaring Commodities Bribery Profiteering Defective Hoarders

Meaning

Word Sky-high Adversely Famine Tendencies Distribution Drought

Meaning

Word Acute Calamities Hoarding Mentality Artificial

Meaning

Original Passage The use of leaded gasoline in vehicles designed for unleaded gasoline can increase tailpipe emissions 200 to 800 percent, EPA has determined. More than 1 million tons of hydrocarbons and 12 million tons of carbon monoxide were spewed from the tailpipes of cars with defective emission control systems during fiscal year 1983. Studies show that most people who engage in fuel switching do so to save money about 7 cents a gallon. However, these people are victims of faulty economics, according to Joe Cannon, EPAs assistant administrator for Air and Radiation. In the long run, the use of leaded gas in the car will more quickly foul the spark plugs, wear out the exhaust system, degrade the oil, and foul the oxygen sensor in new cars, in addition to ruining the catalytic converter, he said. Cannon estimates that people who substitute leaded for unleaded gasoline will end up paying 12 cents a gallon in extra maintenance and repairs. (words : 159) Questions: 1. What EPA is determined about? EPA is determined about the use of leaded gas in those vehicles which is primarily designed for the use of unleaded gas, which is increasing tailpipe emissions. 2. How much money can be saved by fuel switching? As per some of the studies on fuel switching, about 7 cents per gallon can be saved by fuel switching. 3. What harms the use of leaded gas can have on the engines? According to Joe Cannon, EPAs assistant administrator for Air and Radiation, this can corrupt the working of spark plug and exhaust system will be in danger, moreover, almost whole of the engine very rapidly require the overhauling. 4. Make a prcis of the passage? Prcis Using leaded instead of unleaded gasoline contributes to a 200 to 800 percent increase in air polluting emissions. According to Joe Cannon, EPA assistant administrator for Air and Radiation, while consumers save about 7 cents a gallon at the pumps, they ultimately pay 12 cents a gallon more to repair the resulting damage to the cars ignition, exhaust, and lubricating systems. (words : 61) Original Passage The food habits of birds make them especially valuable to agriculture. Because birds have higher body temperatures, more rapid digestion, and greater energy than most other animals, they require more food. Nestling birds make extremely rapid growth, requiring huge amounts of food. They usually consume as much or more than their own weight in soft-bodied insects every day. Young robins have been observed to gain eight times their original weight the first eight days of their life. Insect-eating birds must fill their stomachs five to six times daily because they digest their food so fast and because of the large amount of indigestible material in insects. One young robin, weighing three ounces, consumed 165 cutworms weighing 512 ounces in one day. If a 10-pound baby ate at the same rate, he would eat 1813 pounds of food in a day. Of course, birds cannot control insects completely, but they are of great value. By using soil and water-conserving practices, farmers and ranchers could probably double the population of helpful birds. Field and farmstead windbreaks, living fences, shrub buffers, grass waterways, and farm ponds are only a few of the many land-use practices useful in attracting and increasing beneficial forms of wildlife. (Words: 201) Questions: 1. What aspects of bird are useful for agriculture? The food habits of birds are making them very useful for agriculture, due to some of their native abilities, assigned to them by nature. 2. How many kinds of the birds are discussed in the passage, please name them? Two kinds of birds are discussed in the above passage namely, nestling and insecteating. 3. What are some of the ways to increase beneficial form of wildlife? There are many ways possible to increase wildlife in beneficial form but only a few are noted here like living, fences, shrub buffers, farm ponds and grass waterways. 4. Make a prcis of the passage? Prcis Because of their rapid metabolism, birds daily eat more than their own weight. Because insects are not fully digestible, insect-eating birds may eat nearly twice their weight in these pests.

Residents can double the numbers of insect-eaters by providing coniferous trees, dense and thorny shrubs, and ponds to attract them to an area. (words : 53) Original Passage I know no place where the great truth that no man is necessary is brought home to the mind so remorselessly, and yet so refreshingly, as the house of commons. Over even the greatest reputations it closes with barely a bubble. And yet the vanity of politicians is enormous. Lord Melbourne, when asked his opinion of men, replied, 'Good fellows, but vain very vain'. There is a great deal of vanity, both expressed and concealed, in the House of Commons. I often wonder why, for I cannot imagine a place where men so habitually disregard each other's feelings, so openly trample on each other's egotisms. You rise to address the House. The speaker calls on you by name. Hardly are you through the first sentence when your oldest friend, your college chum the man you have appointed guardian of your infant children, rises in his place, gives you a stony stare and seizing his hat in his hand, ostentatiously walks out of the House, as much as to say. 'I can stand many things, but not this'. Whilst speaking of the House I have never failed to notice one man, at all events, who was paying me the compliment of the closest attention, who never took his eyes off me, who hung upon my words, on whom everything I was saying seemed to be making the greatest impression. But this solitary auditor is not in the least interested either in me or in my speech, and the only reason why he listens so intently and eyes me so closely is that he has made up his mind to follow me, and is eager to leap to his feet, in the hope of catching the speaker's eye the very moment I sit down. Yet for all this vanity thrives in the House - though what it feeds on I cannot say. We are all anxious to exaggerate our own importance, and desperately anxious to make reputations for ourselves and to have our names associated with some subject - to pose as its patron and friend. (words : 317) Questions: 1. How much vanity is in the House of Common? There is a great deal of vanity overt and covert is there in the House of Commons. 2. Why is the college chum changed in the House of Common? It is a very common practice that no one in your friend while you are in the politics, this is the very nature of the House of Commons that even college chums cannot escape from this overpowering feeling. 3. What is the reason behind this vanity? According the author the reason behind vanity is that we want to show our important in any case. 4. Make a prcis of the passage? Prcis Members of the House of Commons are vain though the proceedings of the House never encourage it. No attention is paid to the reputation of the member; the speaker calls them by name. Their feelings are ignored and even crushed. The closest friends may walk out as others express their views. If any one pays attention or praises the speech of another member, it is with the motive to get a chance to speak. In fact members are given no importance. Thus there is nothing to feed their vanity, still they are vain. And House of Commons proves that no man is necessary. (words : 103) Original Passage To have a second language at your disposal, even if you only know it enough to read it with pleasure, is a sensible advantage. Our educationists are too often anxious to teach children so many different languages that they never get far enough in any one to drive any use or enjoyment from their study. The boy learns enough Latin to detest it, enough Greek to pass an examination, enough French to get from Calasis to Paris, enough German to exhibit a diploma, enough Spanish or Italian to tell which is which, but not enough of any to secure the enormous boon of access to a second literature. Choose well, choose wisely and choose one, concentrate upon that one. Do not be content until you find yourself reading in it with real enjoyment. The process of reading for pleasure in another language rests the mental muscles; it enlivens the mind by a different sequence and emphasis of ideas. The mere form of speech excites the activity of separate brain cells, relieving in the most effective manner the fatigue of those in hackneyed use. One may imagine that a man who blew the trumpet for his living would be glad to play the violin for his amusement. So it is with reading in another language than your own. (Words: 217) Questions: 1. Is second language an advantage?

Yes if a language is on your disposal other than your own, it is very beneficial for a person. 2. Having enough knowledge of second language what is still lacking by the students? Students have gotten enough of second language but still they are lacking in going through the literature of second language. 3. How to choose the best literature of second language? As per the authors requirement choose well, wise and only one and then stick to that one selection. 4. Make a prcis of the passage? Prcis It is enough to choose the second language any one. But the educationalists choose many languages to the children. So it is very difficult for children to learn more. The boy can choose well wisely and concentrate upon that one. The process of reading should be made pleasure from that language choosing the second language may be the own choice of the student. (words : 63)