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processes that are used largely within individual firms to cut on costs incurred by the firms. Also, the process of physically moving raw materials, components and products through a firms value chain comprises a significant portion of the total cost of goods in many industries. Mechanized transportation, telecommunications networks and integrated information systems have significantly helped supply chain managers improve their ability to plan, order, monitor, and evaluate their processes. In particular, new information technologies and e-business solutions have transformed supply chain operations from mass production to mass customization. Interest in protecting the environment and in purchasing Green products is becoming more and more popular now days around the world. In addition to organizations adopting this green revolution in their day to day operations and adoption of green supply chains, governments too continue to pass more comprehensive laws designed to protect the environment. Manufacturers are realizing how important it is to provide Green products made using Green practices. Green Supply Chain is the process of using environmentally friendly inputs and transforming these inputs into outputs that can be reclaimed and re-used at the end of their lifecycle thus, creating a sustainable supply chain.1 Supply chain management and technology are becoming increasingly entangled in organizations, as now every the personnel prefers applying current business process improvement methodologies in order to assist in the development of more effective business and technology solutions. Supply chain greening processes are often initiated within businesses, which want to appeal to a green investment market or improve their public image. Businesses, which want to decrease costs, innovate / improve systems, or reduce litigation risk.
Green supply chains aim for greening every stage in production to confine wastes within the industrial system so as to conserve energy and prevent the dissipation of harmful materials into the environment.to achieve this, manufacturing processes include the most energy-efficient technology, use sustainable raw materials and create as little waste and pollution in the process. Distribution changes are made by choosing carriers which source locally or have a low 'fleet average' of carbon emissions per kilometer. Efforts are made to downsize packaging, use renewable packaging materials and standardize packaging. Replenishment of inventory, pre and post procedures are also now being made green by use of e technologies and less of paper work. These can reduce the ecological impact of industrial activity without sacrificing on quality, cost, reliability, performance or energy utilization efficiency; meeting environmental regulations to not only minimize ecological damage but also to ensure overall economic profit.
Review Literature
Green supply chain management (GSCM) is an emerging field that strands out of the traditional supply chain perspective. In early days of industrial revolution, industrial pollution was a very critical issue, many economists and industrial researchers have been studying and innovating for the reduction of industrial pollution and also reducing the total lead time of production with adoption of new technology usually ITES. Bornholt (1913) and Faurote (1928) Some of the initial best practices of modern supply chains, such as lean and just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing can be traced back to Henry Fords efforts to integrate the automotive supply chain and organizational practices. The
concept of JIT and SCM at that time focused on enhancing operational efficiency and minimizing waste. Kelle and Silvers (1989) article was the first in GSCM literature that developed an ideal forecasting system for organizations to use to forecast products that can be potentially be reused. This forecasting system was highly argumentative because returning of individual containers was uncertain. That was the reason that their findings may somewhat be incoherent. Kelle and Silvers article Navin - Chandras (1991) suggested the need for a green design to reduce the impact of industrial waste. Ashley (1993) After that, GSCM gained popularity with both academicians and industrial researchers who were aiming to reducing industrial waste and maintaining the quality of product and the natural resources that are used in the process of production. Ecoefficiency and remanufacturing processes are now important assets to achieve best practice. Ashleys work provided a platform to Allenby and Richards (1994) and Zhang, Kuo, Lu and Huang (1997) expand the framework of green design for further research in GSCM. As proposed, Example of a framework that came out of green design was Life-cycle analysis. Guide & Srivastava, (1998) and Gungor & Gupta (1999) studied SCM and believed that global market demands and governmental pressures are pushing businesses to become more sustainable. Walton, Handfield and Melynyk (1998, p. 2) claimed that increasing governmental regulations and sturdier public mandates for environmental accountability of business
have brought the issue into the executive discussion groups for preparing strategic planning schemas. Tibben and Limbke (2002) provided case various studies on reverse logistics supporting green supply chains for better sustainability. Srivastava and Srivastava, (2005) and Nagorney and Toyasaki (2005) provided academic perspectives of reverse logistics and discussed the need of recycling of biodegradable waste. Srivastava (2007) the key areas that came out in the literatures over the past twenty years focus mainly on saving the environment and greener theories of manufacturing like: green design, green operations, reverse logistics, waste management and green manufacturing. Chung-Hsiao (2008) studied the Green supply chain management in the electronic industry in which they mentioned that there are various approaches for implementing green supply chain management practices has been proposed Darnall, Jolley, Jason and Harnfield (2008) criticized GSCM by saying that Environmental Management Systems (EMS) are making less progress in reducing environmental harms. Fengfei Zhou (2009) studied the Implementation of Green Supply Chain Management in Textile Enterprises to visualize the edge of green SCM over traditional SCM. Ninlawan & Tossapol (2010) worked on the Implementation of Green Supply Chain Management Practices in Electronics Industry.
measure for life cycle costs and lack of appropriate implementation cost with environment management.
The transportation/distribution channel of green supply chain operations concerns with finding out the best way for physical movement of products to customers and also storage of products in transit or after production. This involves understanding the entire supply chain, from the raw materials to the end consumer, and then taking advantage of the most efficient and effective logistics and inventory systems. The payments channel of green supply chains concerns with finding the best way to move money in exchange for delivered goods and services and also for developing EPS systems for enabling companies to do business online. ERP systems that communicate and share information in real time can lead to competitive advantages.
Production and Sales Volatility: Green Supply Chain operations helps in real-time monitoring of sales, shipments, quality and output, along with more reliable performance measures of lead times, forecast errors, etc., we expect less volatility in output when utilizing e-business systems. Green Supply Chain Network: The supply chain network implies, location of plants, distribution centers, warehouses and customization centers. As a thumb rule about 70% of the cost of a supply chain is fixed at the network design stage itself. Network design and optimization should be done whenever there is a change in the supply chain acquisition of a company, setting up a new plant, changes in distribution structure.
Social & Quality of Life Management Economic Efficiency Environmental Sustainability Social Efficiency
1. reduction/avoidance of transport; 2. increased capacity utilization in transportation; 3. increased employment of mass transportation, if suitable; 4. recycling/reusable packaging; 5. reduction of the use of resources (water and energy); 6. Compliance with ISOs environmental standards.
References
1. Creating a Green Supply Chain Mr. Amarnath Shete Wipro Consulting. 2. http://www.tcs.com/thought_leadership/Pages/Enabling-Green-SupplyChains.aspx
3. Green Supply Chain Management, Marketing Tool or Revolution? - Published on the occasion of the inaugural speech related to the lectureship Logistics & Sustainability 4. Godrej archives and Website www.godrej.com 5. GEO-TEXTILE SAND CONTAINER MATTRESSES (GSCM) LINING FOR TEMPORARY RIVER DIVERSION CHANNELS By Rajendra Deshpande, Hindustan Construction Co. Ltd, Mumbai, India. 6. Creating a Green Supply Chain Cognizant White paper