Technical Article:

Effect of Soda Ash, Urea, Time and Temperature on Colour Strength of Cotton Reactive Dyes on Substrate
Textile Engineering

ENGR MUHAMMAD SAJID NAEEM

TEXTILE ENGINEER

THEORY OF COTTON REACTIVE DYEING:

Cellulose:

REACTIVE DYES: The four characteristics features of typical reactive dye molecule are: 1) Chromophore 2) Reactive System 3) Bridging Group 4) Solublising Group Chromophore: A chromophore contributes to colour and much of substantivity for cellulose. Reactive System: The reactive system which enable the dye to react with hydroxyl groups in cellulose. Bridging Group: A bridging group that links the reactive system to the chromophore In few cases the reactive system is directly attached to the chromophore. Solublising Group: One or more Solublising groups are attached to the chromophore REACTION OF CELLULOSE WITH REACTIVE DYES: Cell-OH + HOCell-O- + Dye-Cl Cell-O- + H2O Cell-O-Dye + Cl-

Cell-OH is the cellulose with a reactive hydroxyl group. Dye-Cl is the dye with its reactive chlorine atom. Cell-O-Dye is the dye linked to the cellulose by a covalent bond.
2

The role of alkali is to cause acidic dissociation of some of the hydroxyl group in the cellulose to form Cellusate ion (Cell-O-) that reacts with the dye. TYPE OF REACTIONS OF REACTIVE DYES: 1) Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction 2) Nucleophilic Addition Reaction Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction: Reaction with water W-D-Cl + H2O W-D-OH + HCl Reaction with cellulose W-D-Cl+ HO-Cell W-D-O-Cell + HCl Nucleophilic Addition Reaction: Reaction with water W-D-SO2-CH=CH2 + H2O W-D-SO2-CH2-CH2-O-OH Reaction with cellulose W-D-SO2-CH=CH2 + HO-Cell W-D-SO2-CH2-CH2-O-Cell W = Water Solublising Group D = Dye Solution

As the effects of urea, it can be considered that the urea retains moisture in the fiber during the thermofixation , the urea swells the cellulose and ,at the same time, acts on dyes as a solvent or a carrier, resulting in improved diffusion of dyes and increased colour yield. The lowering the fixation yield caused when using excess amount of urea is considered to be due to the reaction of the urea with alkali leading to lowering of the pH of fabric.

CO (NH4)2 + Na2CO3 2NH3 + 2 NaOCN + CO2 + H2O NaOCN + 2H2O NH3 + NaHCO3

Practical Work:
Variables (Independent Variable): 1) Soda ash (g/l) 2) Urea (g/l) 3) Time(minutes) 4) Temperature (0C) Invariables: 1) Pick up (90%) 2) Process (Pad Thermosole + Wash (Pad steam)) 3) Amount of dye (100 g/l) 4) Washing Conditions 5) Conditioning Conditions 6) Type and brand of dye

Equipment & Materials: 1) Spectrophotometer for textile industry 2) Pad Thermo sole (Lab) 3) Pad Steam (Lab) 4) Washing Apparatus (Open width) 5) Pipette 6) Stirrer 7) Analytical Balance 8) Calibrated Cylinders 9) Cotton Reactive Dyes (Sumifix H Dyes) 10) Cotton Substrate (Woven Fabric) (Bleached and Mercerized) 11) AATCC Detergent 12) Distilled Water 13) Chemicals 14) Scissors

Charts of Variables:

S.NO. Soda Ash(g/l) 1 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Urea (g/l) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Time (Minutes) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Temperature (0C) 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160

S.NO. Soda Ash(g/l) 1 22 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 22 22 22 22 22 22 22

Urea (g/l) 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115

Time (Minutes) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Temperature (0C) 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160

S.NO. Soda Ash(g/l) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22

Urea (g/l) 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115

Time (Minutes) 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3

Temperature (0C) 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160

S.NO. Soda Ash(g/l) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22

Urea (g/l) 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115

Time (Minutes) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Temperature (0C) 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165

Washing: 1) Washing in Fresh Water at Room Temperature for 5 minutes 2) Washing in Hot water at 80 0C for 5 minutes 3) Washing in hot water at boil (AATCC Detergent 5 g/l) for 2 minutes 4) Washing in Hot water at 80 0C for 5 minutes 5) Washing in Fresh Water at Room Temperature for 5 minutes 6) Specimens are squeezed and dried.

Conditioning: 1) Time = at least 4 hours 2) RH = 65 % (2) 3) Temperature = 21 0C (2) Results & Discussions:

S.NO. Soda Ash(g/l) 1 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Urea (g/l) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Time (Minutes) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Temperature (0C) 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160

Colour Strength 84.5 86.4 88.3 90.4 92.7 94.6 96.5 98.5

S.NO. Soda Ash(g/l) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22

Urea (g/l) 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115

Time (Minutes) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Temperature (0C) 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160

Colour Strength 90.2 91.3 92.4 93.5 94.2 95.7 96.4 97.3

S.NO. Soda Ash(g/l) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22

Urea (g/l) 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115

Time (Minutes) 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3

Temperature (0C) 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160

Colour Strength 90.2 91.3 92.5 93.3 94.4 95.4 96.3 97.7

S.NO. Soda Ash(g/l) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22

Urea (g/l) 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115

Time (Minutes) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Temperature (0C) 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165

Colour Strength 85.8 87.7 89.5 91.4 93.3 95.4 97.4 99.5

Terminology: Colour Strength: A measure of the ability of a dye to impart color to other materials.

10