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RC Circuits
ISU EE C.Y. Lee
Objectives
Describe the relationship between current and voltage in an RC circuit Determine impedance and phase angle in a series RC circuit Analyze a series RC circuit Determine the impedance and phase angle in a parallel RC circuit Analyze a parallel RC circuit Analyze series-parallel RC circuits Determine power in RC circuits
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(Z = R)
(Z = 4 jXC)
(Z = RjXC)
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V = IZ
V I= Z
V Z= I
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From KVL, the sum of the voltage drops must equal the applied voltage (VS) Since VR and VC are 90 out of phase with each other, they must be added as phasor quantities VS = V2 R + V2 C = tan-1(VC/VR)
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VR VS VC
VR= IR
VC= I(jXC)
VS= IZ = I(RjXC)
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1 jX C + R = Z R ( jX C ) Z = RX C X C + jR
RX C V = IZ = I X + jR C
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Ohms Law
Application of Ohms Law to parallel RC circuits using impedance can be rewritten for admittance (Y=1/Z):
I V= Y
I = VY
I Y= V
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IR= V/R
Vs, VR, VC
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Since IR and IC are 90 out of phase with each other, they must be added as phasor quantities Itot = I2R + I2C = tan-1(IC/IR)
IC= V/(jXC)
IR= V/R
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Vs
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Series-Parallel RC Circuits
An approach to analyzing circuits with combinations of both series and parallel R and C elements is to:
Calculate the magnitudes of capacitive reactances (XC) Find the impedance (Z) of the series portion and the impedance of the parallel portion and combine them to get the total impedance
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(Z) (Z')(Z"):
Z= Z' jZ"
1 1 1 = + Z R R i + ( jX m )
Z =
2 R e2 R i + R e R i2 + R e X m 2 (R e + R i )2 + X m
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2 (R e + R i )2 + X m
R e2 X m
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Z-plot
Z =
(Z )2 + ( Z )2
c c
Zs: Z:
fC ():
Z"
Z-plot
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RC Lag Network
The RC lag network is a phase shift circuit in which the output voltage lags the input voltage
= 90o tan 1
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XC R
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RC Lead Network
The RC lead network is a phase shift circuit in which the output voltage leads the input voltage
= tan 1
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XC R
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10 V
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1 fC = 2RC
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Summary
When a sinusoidal voltage is applied to an RC circuit, the current and all the voltage drops are also sine waves Total current in an RC circuit always leads the source voltage The resistor voltage is always in phase with the current In an ideal capacitor, the voltage always lags the current by 90
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Summary
In an RC circuit, the impedance is determined by both the resistance and the capacitive reactance combined The circuit phase angle is the angle between the total current and the source voltage In a lag network, the output voltage lags the input voltage in phase In a lead network, the output voltage leads the input voltage A filter passes certain frequencies and rejects others
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