HISTORIA DO MEIO AMBIENTE

Guia bibliográfico

Funchal, 1998
Com este guia e compilação pretende-se orientar o leitor interessado no conhecimento da
produção bibliográfica. Para isso, a cada tema juntaram-se breves textos introdutórios, ou
uma indicação para uma pesquisa mais aprofundada com a procura nas diversas bibliotecas
especializadas neste tipo de fundos bibliográficos.

A actualidade da edição disponível muitas vezes via Internet permite um acesso rápido e
imediato. Deste modo deu-se atenção, quando possível, a este novo suporte que está a
revolucionar as formas de acesso à informação. A maior parte da pesquisa foi feita nas
Bibliotecas do Congresso em Washigton e Publica de Nova York, da biblioteca da Univ. de
Columbia(NY), na Biblioteca do Museu de História Natural(NY), completando-se a
informação por pesquisas on-line através da Internet.

A cronologia das edições permite fazer o enquadramento histórico da abordagem da

temática, situação imprescindível na compreensão dos conteúdos que são um reflexo de
conjunturas que marcaram a evolução da História da Ciência e da relação do Homem com o
meio natural.

A bibliografia arruma-se em Biobibliografias, um inventário geral, publicações periódicas e

uma ordenação por temas fundamentais: História da Ciência, Religião, A Arte,
Ecofeminismo, Agricultura, a Floresta e Literatura. No conjunto desta produção
bibliográfica aqui reunida merecem destaque isolado os autores e textos considerados
clássicos, por aquilo que deram de forma directa ou indirecta para a afirmação da História
da Ciência e do Meio Ambiente, do conhecimento do quadro natural que nos rodeia e no
germinar de uma diferente visão da relação do homem com o meio natural. A História do
Meio Ambiente é uma criação da geração de sessenta do presente século, mas lança as suas
raízes em épocas recuadas.

Este conjunto de autores, que se repartem entre a observante extasiado e o cientista atento,
são os pilares fundamentais da História da Ciência nos séculos XVIII e XIX, ou então a
expressão plena do romantismo literário. Aqui estão reunidos alguns dos protagonistas mais
marcantes desta geração. No domínio da História da Ciência temos: Comte de Buffon, Carl
von Linné, Joseph Banks, Charles Darwin, Ernst Haeckel, John James Adubon. A
Literatura da descoberta e defesa da natureza tem nos EUA uma conjuntra influente de
autores que influenciaram o mundo europeu. São eles: Gilbert White, David Henry
Thoreau, Thomas H. Huxley, John Muir e William H. Hudson. Neste domínio é rica a
oferta digital, como se poderá verificar através da listagem das páginas web, onde é
possível encontrar os textos fundamentais.

Num domínio à parte reunimos a informação referente ao arquipélago da Madeira . Aqui

estão reunidos os testemunhos de autores nacionais e estrangeiros. Os Livros ilustrados e as
gravuras apresentam-se também como uma fonte fundamental para a descoberta da
evolução do quadro natural. Eles são um dado imprescindível na descoberta da relação dos
madeirenses e visitantes com o quadro natural.
 HISTORIA DO AMBIENTE- TEORIA

Man and nature is the basic fundamental fact of History. The relationship is mutual and necessary". Arthur A.
Ekirch, Man and Nature in America, Colombia, 1963

A História do Meio ambiente é sem dúvida uma criação do mundo científico e

universitário americano e por isso teve aqui desde a sua origem até a actualidade uma
valorização inexcedível. A década de sessenta foi o momento ideal para o seu nascimento,
contribuindo para isso alguns trabalhos que hoje são um marco do alerta para a situação em
que o Homem estava intervindo e destruindo o meio natural. São dois os livros que se
assumem como o despertar das consciências dos cidadãos e dos políticos para esta cruzada.
Em 1962 Rachel Carson publica "Silent Spring", considerado o verdadeiro alerta para os
efeitos do "DDT" sobre a Natureza e ficou como o grito de alerta às autoridades e motivo
de reflexo de jovens de gerações de académicos. Seis anos depois juntou-se o texto de Paul
Ehrlich: The Population Bomb1.
A década de sessenta é na verdade o momento de afirmação simultânea do
movimento ambientalista na historiografia com a "Environmental History". Daqui deverá
resultar, certamente, a tendência para identificação de "Environmental History" com a
História do ambientalismo2, o que é insistentemente negado pelos teóricos e historiadores
desta nova disciplina.
O ambiente não foi apenas motivo de denuncia pública, mas também de reflexão
filosófica e historiográfica. E é precisamente neste domínio que ganha forma o novo
domínio historiográfico. Na década de setenta para além de se assistir as reedições de
clássicos do século XIX, como Henry David Thoreau e Ralph Aldo Emerson3, é de
salientar a publicação destas novas reflexões. O ciclo inicia-se em 1935 com Paul Sears em
Deserts on the March e prossegue na década de cinquenta. Primeiro em 1957 com "Nature
and the American” de Hans Hunt, que é secundado com "Conservation and the Gospel of
Efficiency" de Samuel P. Hays(1959). O movimento prossegue nos anos imediatos com
uma maior precisão temática:
1963: Man and Nature in America de Arthur A. Ekirch Jr.
1967: Wilderness and the American Mind de R. Nash
In the House of Stone ou Light: A Human History oh the Grand Canyon de
J. Donald Hughes.
1970: The Greening of America de Charles A. Reich
1972. Columbian Exchange de A. Crosby
1973: American Environmentalism de Donal Worster4

1 Carl G. Hernsl, Green Culture, 1996, pp.21-45.

2
. D. Worster "World without borders: the internationalizing of environmentel History: critical issues", K. E. Bailes (ed.) Environmental
History: critical issues in comparative perspective, Lanham, 1985, 664.

3
. Sand County Almanac foi reeditado em 1968.

4
. Char Miller e Hall Rothman, Out of the Woods. Essays in Environmental History, Pittsburgh, 1997, XXII-XXIII.
 Este movimento, tal como o referimos, ganhou fortes raízes nos meios académicos5.
Deste modo por iniciativa de R. Nash, na Universidade de Califórnia, Donald Worster na
de Yale e Brandeis no Hawaii a disciplina entrou nos currículos de ensino. Estava lançada a
semente que cedo iria justificar. Enquanto na América crescia esta consciência
ambientalista, fruto dos alertas para a destruição da Natureza, na Europa a História Social,
que a Escola dos Annales era a principal promotora, desembocava no mesmo rumo e na
clara definição a valorização desta nova disciplina. Note-se que um número dos Annales de
1974 dedica especial atenção ao tema. Por outro lado F. Braudel, um dos expoentes
máximos desta escola, pode ser considerado o pai desta disciplina no continente europeu.
Este novo movimento historiográfico vai ao encontro das solicitações da sociedade.
Em 1970 temos a primeira comemoração do dia da terra e a criação da EPA -
Environmental Protection Agency. Era também a época de pujança dos movimentos
ecológicos6. E foi também a duvida levantada sobre a historicidade do movimento
ecológico que levou a esse novo olhar sobre o passado humano e a sua interacção com o
meio natural7. Os estudos acabaram por provar que a ideia de preservação do meio
ambiente não surgiu apenas após a segunda Guerra Mundial8. Daqui resultou a revelação do
fulgurante movimento ambientalista de finais do século passado e princípios do nosso, bem
como a revelação do primeiro ambientalista radical na figura de John Evelyn (1620-1706) 9.
Todavia os trinta anos que se sucedem à década de setenta são cruciais para a sua
afirmação. É o período de mudança do ambientalismo entendido como religião para uma
actividade profissional orientada de acordo com os ditames da ciência10 .
Neste contexto a afirmação da História do meio ambiente lança as suas raízes
institucionais e académicas, sendo de realçar a criação em 1976 da "American Society for
Environmental History" e a revista "Environmental Review"11 a uma interpretação
ecológica da História12. O reconhecimento definitivo de "Environmental History" está
patente na mesa redonda organizada em 1990 por "The Journal of American History".
De acordo com J. Donald Hughes "Environmental history, as a subject, is the study
of how humans have related, to the natural world through time. As a method, it is the
application of ecological principles to history"13. Para Donald Worster "its principal peal
5
. O primeiro curso "American Environmental History" surgiu em 1970 na Universidade de California (Santa Barbara), Vide Carolyn
Merchant, “Major Problems in American Environmental History" surgiu em 1970 na Universidade de Califórnia (Santa Barbara), vide
Carolyn Merchant, Major Problems in American Environmental History, Lexington, 1983. E o significativo estudo de R. Nash,
"American Emvironmental History. A new teaching frontier", Pacific Historical Review, 363 (1974), 362-372.

6
. K. Wallace, No turning back..., N. York, 1994, 28-55; Derek Wall, Green History, N. York, 1994.

7
. D. Wall, ibidem, p. 1-3.

8
. Tenha-se em conta os estudos de C. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore, Berkeley, 1967; Richard Grove, Green imperialism,
Cambridge, 1994; Donald Worster, Nature's Economy, Cambridge, 1977.

9
. P. Brimblecombe, The big smoke. A history of air pollution in London since medieval time, London, 1987 (48-52).

10
. R. Nash American Environmentalism, N. York, 1990.

11
. A Revista sofreu várias transformações no seu título. Veja-se Capitulo Revistas. A primeira fase da publicação até 1983 foi
coordenada por John Opie, altura em que lhe sucedeu J. Hughes.

12
. C. Merchant, Major problems in American Enviromental History, 1993, 2.

13
. Pan's Travail, London, 1994, p. 3.
became of deepening our understanding of how humans have been affected by their natural
environemtal through time and, conversely, how they have affected that enviroment and
with that results"14. E W. Beinart precisa que a "Environmental history deals with the
various dialogues over time between people and the rest of nature, focusing on recipocal
impacts"15. Neste contexto poderá referenciar-se a página na Internet da Forest History
Society (Durham-North Carolina) onde encontramos a mais intuitiva definição e objecto
que nos ocupa: "Understanding the past for its impact on the future"16. Já Joachim
RadKau, à pergunta sobre o que é a História do Meio Ambiente responde que esta nova
disciplina "investiga cómo el ser humano mismo ha influido en estas condiciones y cómo
reaccionó ante las alteraciones."17
Tal como nos refere Donald Worster18 a ideia de ecologia é anterior ao
aparecimento da palavra oecologia. Esta surge pela primeira vez em estudo de Ernst
Haeckel e em 1893 era já usual no Congresso Internacional de Botânica

A partir deste enquadramento global desenvolveram-se vários ramos da História do

Ambiente, que têm evidenciado nos últimos anos uma tendência para a especialização.
O clima é uma das evidências do impacto negativo das questões ecológicas. Deste
modo a História do clima é o meio para averiguar da forma de intervenção do homem no
quadro natural e dos seus efeitos secundários. Depois do celebrado estudo de E. le Roy
Ladurie19 sucederam-se estudos de grande impacto: Raymond Bradley e Philip D. Jones
(1992), F. M. Chambers (1993), Richard H. Grove (1997), H. Lamb (1982, 1995) e T. M.
L. Wigley (1981)20
Um ramo da Arqueologia, do meio ambiente começou após a II Guerra Mundial e
ganhou notoriedade na década de setenta. De acordo com Johan Evans "Environmental
Archaelogy is the study of the past environment of man"21. Por outro lado E. J. Reitz22
destaca que "Environmental Archaeology is an ecletic field that encompasses the earth
sciences, zoology and botany". Na verdade, são vários os factores determinantes do quadro
natural que perdura nas várias camadas de sedimentação. É através da recolha de
informações sobre animais, plantas, solo é possível reconstruir o ambiente do passado. E é
essa a função primordial da Arqueologia do Meio-Ambiente e que faz com que à mesma se
liguem as Ciências da Terra, Arqueo-botanica, Zoo-arqueologia e a Geo-arqueologia23. Os

14
. The ends of the earth, 1988, p. 290-291.

15
. Environmental and History, 1995, p. 1.

16 Forest History Societey, 1997-98[on-line], disponível em http://www.lib.duke.edu/forest/index.html[06-07-98].

17
. Gonzalez Molina, Historia y Ecologia, 1993, p. 121.

18
. Generelle Morphologie der organis men, Berlim, 1866.

19 Histoire du Climat depuis L'An Mil, Paris, 1972.

20 . Vide Bibliografia Geral
21
. J. Evans, 1978.

22
. Case Studies in Environmental Archeology, 1996, p. 1.

23
. E. J. Reitz et alia "Issues in Environmental Archaelogy", in E. J. Reitz (eds), Case Studies in Environmental Archaelogy, N. York,
1996, pp. 3-16.
estudos sobre Zoo-arqueologia tiveram em Elizabeth Wing a sua líder nos EUA e América
Latina24.

BIBLIOGRAFIA

BERNART, W. e P. Coates " The Nature of Environmental History. The United States and South Africa
Compared", in Environmental History, London, 1995, pp. 1-161.

CRONON, William, "A Place for Stories: Nature, History, and Narrative." Journal of American History, 78
(March 1992): 1347-1376..
"The Uses of Environmental History."Environmental History Review 17 (Fall 1993): 1-22.

CROSBY, Alfred W. "The Past and Present of Environmental History." American Historical Review 100,no.
4 (October 1995): 1177-1190.

HUGHES, J. Donald, "Storici e storia ambientale. L'"American Society for Environmental History",
Quaderni storici, v. 21, (2) 1986, pp. 505
"Ecology and Development as Narrative Themes of World History," Environmental History Review
19:1-16 (Spring 1995)
Pan's Travail, London, 1994, pp. 1-7

JAEHN, Thomas, The Environment in the Twentieth-Century American West: A Bibliography (Albuquerque:
Center for the American West, University of New Mexico, 1990)

JAMIESON, Duncan R. "American Environmental History."CHOICE 32, no. 1 (September 1994): 49-60.

LEIBHARDT, Barbara. "Interpretation and Causal Analysis: Theories in Environmental History."

Environmental Review 12 no. 1 (1988): 23-36.

LEWIS, Chris H., "Telling Stories About the Future: Environmental History and Apocalyptic Science,"
Environmental History Review, 17:43-60 (Fall 1993)

MERCHANT, C., "What is Environmental History?", in Major problems in American Environmental History,
Lexington, 1983, pp. 1 - 31
"Gender and Environmental History", Journal of American History (Abilene, Kan.), v. 76,
(4), 1990, pp. 1117
ed., Major Problems in American Environmental History (Lexington: D.C. Heath, 1993)

MILLER, Char e Hall Rothman, "Introduction", in Out of the Words. Essays in Environemtal History,
Pittsburgh, 1997, pp. XI-XVI.

MUGERAUER, Robert, Interpreting Environments: Tradition, Deconstruction, Hermeneutics, Austin:

University of Texas Press, 1996.

NASH, R. F., "The Potential of Environmental History" in American Environmentalism. Readings in

Conservation History, N. York, 1990, pp. 1-8
Environmental History, in the state of American History, Chicago, 1970, pp. 249-260.

RADKAY, Joachim, "Qué es la Historia del Medio Ambiente?", in M. Gonzalez Molins, Historia y Ecologia,
Madrid, 1993, pp. 119-146

24 . Cf. Elizabeth J. Reitz, Case Studies in Envrionmental Archaelogy, 1996, pp.359-371

WHITE, Richard, "American Environmental History: The Development of a New Historical Field", Pacific
Historical Review, v. 54, 1985, pp. 297
"Environmental History, Ecology, and Meaning", Journal of American History (Abilene, Kan.), v.
76, (4), 1990, pp. 1111

WORSTER, Donald, "Doing Environmental History," in Donald Worster, ed., The Ends of the Earth:
Perspectives on Modern Environmental History 289-307 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988)
"Nature and the Disorder of History," Environmental History Review 18:1-15 (Summer 1994)
ed. The Ends of the Earth: Perspectives on Modern Environmental History. Cambridge; New York:
CambridgeUniversity Press, 1988.,
et al. "A Roundtable: Environmental History." Journal of American History 74, no. 4 (March 1990):
1087-1147.
"Nature and the Disorder of History."Environmental History Review 18 (Summer 1994):1-15.
"History as natural History" in the Weath of Nature, Oxford, 1993; pp. 30.
"Appendix: doing enviromental history" in The Ends of the Earth, Cambridge, 1988, pp. 289-307.
 OS CLÁSSICOS

Sob o epígrafe reunimos aqueles autores que mais influenciaram os rumos da

Ciência e História Natural a partir do século XVII.
Note-se que a primeira resenha dos diversos aspectos do quadro natural surge com
Theophrastus (380-287 A.C.) com Historia Plantorum, só editada em 1483. Depois temos a
volumosa obra, História Natural, de Plínio o Velho (23-79 D.C.). Os descobrimentos
europeus do século XV provocaram novas orientações para o conhecimento e estudo do
mundo natural. O Novo Mundo, pelos seus aspectos exóticos, exerce um certo fascínio:
Garcia da Orta (1501-1563) com o Colóquio dos Simples (1563) é pioneiro disso. Todavia é
na segunda metade do século XIX que estes ganham toda a sua pujança. São três os
pioneiros neste movimento: Carl von Linné (1707-1778) foi pai da classificação das
plantas, seguido de perto pelo Comte de Bufon (1707-1786). Gilbert White (1720-1793)
surge nos EUA com a sua proclamada obra "The Natural History of Selborne" (1789) como
o iniciador dos ensaios de História Natural. Teve seguidores em G. Perkins Marsh e John
Muir (1838-1914), David H. Thoreau (1817-1862) e Leopold Aldo (1886-1948). Este
último tornou-se famoso com a sua obra "A Sand County Almanac" (1949), que cedo se
transformou na Bíblia dos activistas ecológicos dos anos sessenta e setenta.
A actividade científica teve continuadores em Alexander Von Humbolt e Charles
Darwin (1809-1882). Este último ficou célebre com a sua obra "On the Origin of Species"
(1859).
Nos Estados Unidos da América aquele que se tornou mais popular foi John James
AUDUBON[1785-1851]. O seu amor e dedicação pela Natureza ficou concentrado nos
pássaros. A Ornitologia foi a sua paixão, legando-nos uma valiosa colecção de gravuras
destes: The Birds of America (4 vols., 1827-1838, e 1840-1844) e (5 vols., 1831-1939)
Ornithological. Biography (5 vols., 1831-1839). Em 1886 surgiu Audubon Society, que
passou a publicar no ano seguinte uma revista: Adubon Magazine. Este movimento é fruto
da iniciativa de George Bird Grinnell, quem melhor entendeu a obra de John James
Audubon.

CRONOLOGIA DA BIBLIOGRAFIA FUNDAMENTAL

380-287 A.c.: Theophrastus: De Historia Plantorum, publicado em Latim em 1483

384-322 Ac.: Aristóteles: Historia Natural

234-149 A.c.: Cato De Re Rustica

116-26 A.c.: Varro De Re Rustica

c.100-55 Ac.- Poeta Lucrecius que publicou De Natura Rerum

106-43 Ac.- Cícero que publica De Natura Deorum

70-19 A.c.: Vergilio Georgicas

Séc. I .:Columella: De re rustica e De Arboribus

23-79. : Plinio o velho que publica Historia Naturalis em 37 livros

c.50: Lucius Columella: De Re Rustica em 12 livros e De Arboribus

c.250.: Palladius: De Re Rustica, 12 livros

1470. Publicação do primeiro herbário: Encyclopaedia of Bartholomaeus

1526. Gonzal Ferandez de Oviedo y Valdés(1478-1557): De la Natural Hystoria de las Indias

1530. Otto Brunfeld publica Herbarium Vivae Icones

1542. Leonhard Fuchs(1501-1566) publica De Historia Stirpium

1551-58. Konrad von Gesner(1516-1565) publica Historia Animalium em 5 vols

1563. Garcia Da Orta(1501-1568): Coloquios dos Simples e Drogas e Cousas Medicinas da India

1573. Cristovão da Costa(1540-1599): Tractado de las Drogas y Medicinas de las Indias Orientales.

1583. Andrea Cesalpino(1519-1603) publica De Plantis Libri XVI. Contem os rudimentos do sistema de
Lineo de classificação das plantas.

1589. José d'Acosta(1539?-1600): Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias.

1590: Jose de Anchieta: Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias(reedição em 2 vols em 1894)

1592. John Manwood: A Treatise of the Laws of Forest.

Adam Zaluziansky von Zaluzian(1558-1613): Methodi Herbariae

1597. John Gerard: The Herballor Generall Histoire of plantes. Com edição revista em 1633 por Thomas
Jonhson(c.1600-1644).

1607.:Edward Topsell: Historie of Four- Footed Beastes

1616: Godfrey Godman: The Fall of Man, or the Corruption of Nature, Proved by the Light of Our Natural
Reason.

1627. Kaspar Bauhin: Chart of the Botanical Theater.

1629.John Parkinson: Paradisi in Sole, Paradisus Terrestris, or a Garden of all sorts of Pleasant Flowers
which our English Aure Will Permit.(com ed. de 1971 com introdução de Harold J. Abrahams)

1651. Jean Bauhin(1541-1613): Histoire Universelle des Plantes.

1662/1664. John Evelyn(1620-1706): Silva. A discourse of Forest Trees and the Propaganda of Timber in
His Majesty´s Dominions

1665. Jean Baptiste Colbert: Memoire on Forests

1666. Robert Boyle: Origin of forms and Qualities

1669. Robert Morison: Praeludia Botanica. Principio do sistema de classificação das plantas.

1675.: Marcello Malpighi(1628-): Anatome Plantarum

1676. Francis Willoughby: Ornithologia

1677. John Ray: Catalogus Plantorum Angliae.

1678. Martin Lister: Historiae Animalium Angliae.

1686 John Ray(1628-1705) um dos fundadores da História Natural sistematizada: Historia Plantarum
Generalis. A segunda parte foi publicada em 1704

1687 . Isaac Newton publica: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

1691. John Ray publica o seu tratado de Teologia Natural: the Wisdon of Good Manifested in the Works of the
Creation

1695. John Woodward[1665-1728]: Essay Towards a Natural History of the Earth

1731.: Philip Miller(-1771), considerado o principe dos jardins: The Gardeners Dictionary
John Arbuthnot: An Essay Concerning the Effects of Air on human Bodies.

1737. Carl von Linné(Linnaeus)[1707-1778], publica: Genera Plantorum

1748. Montesquieu publica L'Esprit des Lois.

1749. Carl von Linné(Linnaeus)[1707-1778], publica The Oeconomy of Nature(atribuída ao seu discípulo
Isaac Bilberg) e Histoire Naturelle Génerale
Comte de Buffon[1707-1788]: Histoire Naturelle, générale et Particulière. Em 44 vols, publicada
entre 1749 e 1804. A edição em inglês é de 1812.

1751-1765 Diderot publica Encyclopédie

1753. Carl von Linné(Linnaeus)[1707-1778], publica Species Plantarum. Introdução de um sistema para
classificar os seres vivos.

1764 Comte de Buffon: De la Nature, Première Vue

1778. Carl von Linné(Linneo/Linnaeus)[1707-1778], publica Systema Naturae

Johann Reinhold Forster(1739-98) publica Observations made during a Voyage round the World.

1788. Gilbert White publica The Natural History of Selborne. É o iniciador dos ensaios sobre História Natural
na América.

1789 William Aton: Hortus Kewenses or a catalogue of the Plants Cultivated in the Royal Botanic Gardens
at Kews. Apresenta uma lista de 5.500 plantas.

1792. O Botânico alemão, Karl Willdenow(1765-1812), publica Principles of Botany [traduzido para inglês
em 1805]

1798. Cuvier{[1769-1832]: Tableau of the Natural History of Animals.

1807. Alexander von Humboldt: Essai sur la Geographie des Plantes

1831. HMS Beagle de Charles (Robert) Darwin

Montly American Journal of Geology & Natural Science

1809. Lamarck[1744-1829]: Philosophie Zoologique

1830. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach[1752-1840], conhecido com o Buffon alemão, publica: Handbook of
Natural History.

1833. Charlotte de Latoru: Le Langaje des Fleurs

1835. David H Thoreau inicia o seu Daily Journal

1849. David H Thoreau publica A Week on the Concord and Merrimack

1851. Melville: Moby Dick

1854. David H Thoreau publica Walden, or Life in the Woods

1857-1861. H. T. Buckle publica History of Civilization in England em três volumes.

1859. On the Origin of Species de Charles (Robert) Darwin

1864. George Perkins Marsh publica Man and Nature.

1866. Ernest Haeckel, no seu livro, Generelle Morphologie, a palavra Oecologie

1871. The Descent of Man de Charles (Robert) Darwin

1877. W. H. Hudson publica A Chrystal Age, criando o conceito de ecotopia

1878. John Wesley Powell: Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States

1884. David H Thoreau publica Summer

1887. David H Thoreau publica Winter

1894. John Muir publica The Mountains of California

1895. Eugenius Warming(1841-1924): Plantesamfund. Edição em inglês em 1909: The Oecology of Plants:
an Introduction to the Study of Plany Comunities.

1896. Andrew Dickison White: History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom

1901. Our National Parks de John Muir

1903: Mary Hunter Austin: The Land of Little Rain

1905. John Burroughs: Ways of Nature

1915. Travels in Alaska de John Muir

1916. A Thousand-Mile Walk to the Gulf de John Muir

1939. John Steinbeck: The Grapes of Wrath

1945. A. G. Tansley: Our Heritage of Wild Nature

1948. Fairfield Osborn[1887-1969]: The Plundered Planet

1949 A Sand County Almanac Leopold, (Rand) Aldo(1887-1948) . É considerada a "biblia" dos activista
ecológicos dos anos 60 e 70

1962. Rachel Carson: Silent Spring.

1968. René Dubois: The Wooing of the Earth

1972: Edward Abbey: A Walk in the Park

Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie: Histoire du climat
Alfred W. Crosby: The Columbian Exchange: biological and cultural consequences of 1492

1979. James Lovelock: Gaia. A new Look at Life of Earth

1986. Alfred W. Crosby:Ecological Imperialism- the Biological Expansion of Europe 900-1900

1992 . Al Gore: Earth in the Balance

 BIBLIOGRAFIA: CLÁSSICOS

PÁGINAS WEB:

Ashton Nichols, Department of English, Dickinson College, A Romantic Natural History [on-line] disponível
em http://media.dickinson.edu/english/romnat/romnat1.htm Página sobre as relações entre a Literatura e a
História Natural no século antes da publicação por Charles Darwin de On the Origin of Species (1859)

Don Weis, A Project of EcoTopia /USA 1997 [on-line] disponível em http://www.ecotopia.org/ehof/ Projecto
dedicado aos heróis do movimento ambientalista: H. Thoreau, J. Muir, Aldo Leopold(…)

BUFFON, George Louis Leclerc, Comte de, 1707-1788.

Buffon's Natural History, abridged: including the history of the elements, the earth, mountains,
rivers, seas, winds, whirlwinds, waterspouts, volcanoes, earthquakes, man, quadrupeds, birds, fishes,
shell-fish, lizards, serpents, insects, and vegetables. London: Published for C. and G. Kearsley, 1792.
Correspondance Générale, recueillie et annotée par H. Nadault de Buffon, Genève, Slatkine
Reprints 1971, 2 vols.
Correspondance Générale. Recueillie et annotée par H. Nadault de Buffon. Genève, Slatkine
Reprints, 1971.
Correspondance Inédite, recueillie et annotée par H. Nadault de Buffon, París, Hachette, 1860, 2
vols.
De l'Homme. Présentation et notes de Michèle Duchet.Paris, F. Maspero, 1971.
Histoire Naturelle: g'en'erale et particuliere; avec la description du Cabinet de roi. Paris : De
l'Imprimerie royale, 1749-1789. Contents: t. 1. De la maniere d'etudier et de traiter l'histoire naturelle.
Histoire et th'eorie de la terre / par m. Buffon. 1749.t. 2. Histoire generale des animaux. Histoire naturelle de
l'homme / par m. de Buffon. 1799.--t. 3. Description du Cabinet du roy / par m. Daubenton. Histoire naturelle
de l'homme / par m. de Buffon. 1749.--5.4-15. [Quadrupeds] / par m. de Buffon et m. Daubenton. 1753-67.
Suppl'ement. 7 v. / par m. de Buffon. 1774-89.-t. 16-24. Histoire naturelle des oiseaux / par m. de Buffon et
m. Gueneau de Montbeillard. 9 v. 1752-83.--t. [25-29] Histoire naturelle des min'eraux / par m. de Buffon.
Histoire Naturelle des Minéraux, París, Imprimerie royale, 1783-1788, 5 vols.
Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux, París, Imprimerie royale, 1770-1783, 9 vols.
Histoire Naturelle Générale et Particulière.. Suppléments, París, Imprimerie royale, 1774-1789, 7
vols.
Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière, París, Imprimerie royale, 1749-1767, 15 vols.
Histoire Naturelle. Choix et préface de Jean Varloot, Gallimard, Col. Folio, París 1984.
Las Épocas de la Naturaleza, edición de Antonio Beltrán Mari, Madrid, alianza Editorial, 1997. 1ª
edição em 1779.
Les Époques de la Nature. Édition critique avec le manuscrit, une introduction et des notes par
Jacques Roger. Memoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Nouvelle Série. Série C, Sciences de la
Terre. Tome X. París. 1962/Reeditado em Éditions du Muséum, 1988.
Oeuvres Complètes de Buffon, avec la nommenclature linnéenne et la classification de Cuvier, revues
et annotées par M. Flourens... Garnier frères, París, 1853-1855, 12 vols.
Oeuvres Complètes de Buffon. Nouvelle édition annoté et précédée d'une introduction par J. L. de
Lanessan... Suivie de la correspondance général de Buffon, recueillie et annotée par M. Nadault de Buffon...
A. Le Vasseur, París, 1884-1885 14 vol.
 Oeuvres Philosophiques de Buffon. Texte établi et présenté par Jean Piveteau, Presses Universitaires
de France, París, 1954 (Corpus Général des Philosophes Francais. Auteurs modernes, tome XLI, 1).
Un Autre Buffon / préf. de Jacques-Louis Binet ; introd. et annotation de Jacques Roger. Paris:
Hermann, c1977.

ESTUDOS SOBRE O AUTOR:

A Cabinet of Natural History: containing pretty pictures of birds, animals, fishes, reptiles, serpents & insects
/ embellished with engravings on wood, by Thomas Bewick of Newcastle. Alnwick: Printed at the Apollo
Press, by and for W. Davison, 1809.

BARSANTI, G. «Linné et Buffon: deux visions différentes de la nature et de l'histoire naturelle», Revue de
Synthèse, 1984. n° 113-114, pp. 83-112.

Buffon / par Léon Bertin [et al.]. Paris: Muséum National dHistoire Naturelle, 1952

Buffon: Biographie Imaginaire et Rréelle / par Yann Gaillard, suivie de Voyage à Montbard / par Hérault de
Séchelles ; préf. d'Edgar Faure.Paris : Hermann, c1977.

Buffon 1788-1988 / [Paul-Marie Grinevald ... et al.; introduction de Jean Dorst]. Paris: Impr. Nationale,
[1988]

Buffon 1788-1988 / c[Paul-Marie Grinevald ... et al.; introduction de Jean Dorst].Paris: Impr. Nationale,
[1988]

Buffon 88: Actes du Colloque International pour le Bicentenaire de la Mort de Buffon: (Paris, Montbard,
Dijon, 14-22 juin 1988) / réunis par Jean-Claude Beaune ... [et al.]; sous la direction de Jean Gayon; préface
d'Ernst Mayr; postface de Georges Canguilhem. Paris: J. Vrin; Lyon: Institut interdisciplinaire d'etudes
epistémologiques, 1992.

BUTLER, Samuel, 1835-1902. Evolution, Old and New; or, The Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin,
and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin.London, A.C. Fifield [191-?]

COMAS, J. Buffon, 1707-1788, Precursor de la Antropologia Fisica. Mexico: Universidad Nacional

Autonoma de Mexico . 1958

FARBER, Paul L. «Buffon and the concept of species», em Journal of History of Biology, vol. 5, 1972. 259-
284.
«Buffon and Daubenton: divergent tradicions within the Histoire Naturelle», em Isis, vol. 66, .1975,
63-74.

FELLOWS, Otis Edward, 1908- Buffon, by Otis E. Fellows and Stephen F. Milliken. New York, Twayne
Publishers [1972]
«Voltaire and Buffon: Clash and Conciliation», em Symposium, 1955, vol. IX, 2, 222-235.
«Buffon and Rousseau: Aspects of a Relationship», em Publications of Modern Language
Association, junho. 1960.
«Buffon Place in the Enlightenment», em Studies on Voltaire and Eigeteenth-Century, Genève.
1963.

FLOURENS, Pierre, 1794-1867. Histoire des Ttravaux et des Idées de Buffon. 2. ed. rev. et augm. Paris,
Hachette, 1850.
Des manuscrits de Buffon, Paris, Garnier, 1860

GAILLARD, Yann, Buffon. Biographie Imaginaire et Réelle. Hermann, Col. Savoir. París. 1977.
GASPAR, Pierre, 1916- Buffon / Pierre GasPar. [Paris]: Gallimard, c1983.

GAYON, J., et al., eds. (1992) Buffon 88. Paris: J. Vrin.

GÓMEZ TORRES, Ana María. Las Ideas de Buffon sobre Retórica y Poética en los Inicios de la Teoría
Literaria Moderna / Ana María Gómez Torres. [S.l.]: AEDILE, [1996]

HANKS, Lesley. Buffon avant l'"Histoire Naturelle" / par Lesley Hanks.1er éd. Paris: Presses Universitaires
de France, 1966.

Henri Nadault de Buffon et Buffon: Catalogue de l'exposition présentée au Musée Buffon de Montbard, 31
juillet-1er novembre 1993 / par Luc Dunias et Pierre Ickowicz.Montbard: Musée Buffon, 1993.

HÉRAULT DE SECHELLES, Marie Jean, 1760-1794. Voyage à Montbar, contenant des détails très-
intéressants sur le caractère, la personne et les écrits de Buffon. Cet ouvrage, auquel on a joint des notes
curieuses, est suivi de Réflections sur la déclamation, d'un Eloge d'Athanase Auger, et d'autres morceaux de
littérature du même auteur. Paris, Solvet, an IX [i. e. 1801]

LEBASTEUR, Henri. Buffon, par Henri Lebasteur ... Quatrième édition. Paris, Soc. française dimprimerie et
de libraire [189-?]

MAYR, E. (1982) The Growth of Biological Thought. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

NADAULT DE BUFFON, Henri, 1831-1890. Buffon, sa Famille, ses Callaborateurs et ses Familiers.
Mémoires par M.Humbert-Bazile, son secrétaire, mis en ordre, annotés et augmentés de documents inédits par
M. Henri Nadault de Buffon. Paris, J. Renouard, 1863.

NORTH-COOMBES, Alfred.The Vindication of François Leguat: a comprehensive appraisal of Leguat's

natural history observations in the Island of Rodrigues, Indian Ocean (1708) and a thorough refutation of his
detractors from Buffon and Cuvier to the late Professor Geoffrey Atkinson and his supporters / by Alfred
North-Coombes. Port Louis, Mauritius: Service Bureau, 1979.

PICASSO, Pablo, 1881-1973. Picasso, il Bestiario per la Storia Naturale di Buffon: 31 rami biffati / a cura di
Alfonso Ciranna. Milano: Mazzotta, c1988.

ROGER, Jacques, professeur. Buffon, un Philosophe au Jardin du Roi / Jacques Roger. [Paris] : Fayard,
c1989.
«Diderot et Buffon en 1749», em Diderot Studies, vol. IV, 221236, Genéve, Droz. 1963.
Buffon un Philosophe au Jardin du Roi, Fayard, Paris. 1989.
Les Sciences de la Vie dans la Pensee Francaise du XVIII Siecle. Paris: Armand Colin. 1963

SCAMMON, R. E. (1927) The first seriatim study of human growth. American Journal of Physical
Anthropology, 10:329-336.

SLOAN, Philip R. «The Buffon-Linnaeus Controversy», en Isis, 67, 1976. 356-375.

Buffon, German Biology, and the Historical Interpretation Tradução inglesa de J. G. Winter, com
prefacio de W. H. Hobbs, Ann Arbor, Univ. of Michigan (orig. 1669). 1979.

WILKIE, J. S. «Buffon, Lamarck, and Darwin: the originality of Darwin's theory of evolution», em P. R. Bell
(Ed.) Darwins Bzologzeal Work, The Cambridge Univ. Press. 1959
«The Idea of Evolution in the Writings of Buffon» I, II y III, Annals of Science, vol. 12, n.° 1, 3 y 4
de Março, Setembro eDezembro, 1956. 48-62,212-227 y 255-266, respectivamente.

ZOCCHI, F. (1988) Accuracy of Buffon's 200-year-old experimental data., Nature, 336:318.

PÁGINAS WEB

Jonathan Marks University of California at Berkeley, George-Louis Leclerc, Count of Buffon French
naturalist, 1707-1788 [on-line] disponível em http://pantheon.yale.edu/~jmarks/Buffon/Buffon1.htm

Friends of Buffon Society Home Page, [on-line] disponível em

http://www.geology.washington.edu/~ghiorso/BuffonWWW/

JOC/EFR December 1996, Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon, 1996 [on-line] disponível em
http://www.vma.bme.hu/mathhist/Mathematicians/Buffon.html

LINNÉ, Carl von, 1707-1778.

Systema Naturae: Sistens Regna tria Naturae, in Classes et Ordines Genera et Species Redacta
Tabulisque Aeneis Illustrata. Lipsiae: G. Kiesewetter, 1748.
Systema Naturae. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii Holmiae, 1735. [10th ed. 1758].
Amoenitates Academicae. 7 vols. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii Holmiae, 1749-69.
Species Plantarum. 1753; London, 1959.
A Dissertation on the Sexes of Plants. London, 1786.
Lapland Journey (Lachesis Lapponica), trans. Carl Troilius, ed. James Edward Smith. London, 1792.
A Selection of the Correspondence of Linnaeus and Other Naturalists, ed. James Edward Smith.
London, 1821.

ESTUDOS SOBRE O AUTOR:

ALIX, Pierre Michel, 1762-1817. Charles Linné. [graphic] / P.M. Alix Sculpt. ca. 1775-1800.

BOBROV, Evgenii Grigorevich. Karl Linnei. 1707-1778.Leningrad, "Nauka," Leningr. otd-nie, 1970.

CADDY, Florence, 1837- Through the Fields with Linnæus; a Chapter in Swedish History, by Mrs. Florence
Caddy. London, Longmans, Green, and co., 1887.

CALLOT, Emile. La Philosophie de la Vie au XVIIIe Siècle, étudiée chez Fontenelle, Montesquieu,
Maupertuis, La Mettrie, Diderot, d'Holbach, Linne. Paris, M. Rivière, 1965

DICKINSON, Alice, Carl Liannaeus, Pionner of Modern Botany, N. York, 1967.

DURIS, Pascal.Linné et la France, 1780-1850 / Pascal Duris.Genève: Librairie Droz, 1993.

FRANGSMYR,Tore. Linnaeus. The Man and his Work, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los
Angeles, Londres. 1983

FRIES, Robert Elias, 1876-1930. Linné af Rob. E. Fries. Stockholm: H. Geber [1907]

GAGE, A. T. (Andrew Thomas), 1871-1945. A Bicentenary History of the Linnean Society of London /
Andrew Thomas Gage and William Thomas Stearn. London; San Diego, CA: Published for the Linnean
Society of London [by]Academic Press, c1988.
GOERKE, Heinz. Carl von Linné. Arzt, Naturforscher, Systematiker. 1707-1778. Mit 28 Abbildungen.
Stuttgart, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, 1966.

GOURLIE, Norah. The Prince of Botanists, Carl Linnaeus. London, H.F. & G. Witherby [1953]

GREENE, Edward Lee, 1843-1915. Carolvs Linnaevs, by Edward Lee Greene with an Introdvction by Barton
Warren Evermann. Philadelphia, Christopher Sower company [c1912]

HAGBERG, Knut, 1900- Carl Linnaeus / Knut Hagberg. Stockholm: Bokförlaget Natur och Kultur, 1939.
Carl Linnæus, den Linneanska Ttraditionen. Stockholm, Natur och kultur [1951]. Com tradução para
inglês por Alan Blair.
Carl Linnaeus, Translated from the Swedish by Alan Blair.New York, Dutton, 1953.

HAMMARSKJÖLD, Dag, 1905-1961. The Linnaeus Tradition and our Ttime. [Stockholm] Norstedt [1957]

Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society. Botany.Vol./date v. 1-7 ; 1857-1864.London, Linnean
Society, Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green, Williams and Norgate.

KROK, Th. O. B. N. (Th. Ossian Bolivar Napoleon), 1834-1921. Bibliotheca Botanica Suecana ab
Antiquissimis Temporibus ad Finem Anni MCMXVIII, Auctore Th. O.B.N. Krok. Svensk botanisk litteratur
fran äldsta tider t.o.m. 1918, av Th. O.B.N. Krok. Utg. efter författarens död.Uppsala, Stockholm, Almqvist
& Wiksells boktryekeri-a.-b. (i distribution) [1925]

LARSON, James L. Reason and Experience; the Representation of Natural order in the Work of Carl von
Linné, by James L. Larson. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1971.

LEVERTIN, Oscar, 1862-1906. Carl von Linné: Nagra Kapitel ur ett Oafslutadt Arbete / af Oscar Levertin.
Stockholm: Bonnier, 1906.

LIMOGES, Camille (Ed.) , Carlo Linneo. L'Equilibrio della Natura. Edição italiana (com texto de Linneo
«De fundamento scientiae oeconomicae e physica et scientia naturali petendo» de 1740) de Giuliano Pancaldi,
Feltrinelli, Milano. 1982.

Linnaeus, the Man and his Work / edited by Tore Frangsmyr; with contributions by Sten Lindroth, Gunnar
Eriksson, Gunnar Broberg. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1983.

LIOY, Paolo, 1836-1911. Linneo, Darwin, Agassiz: nella Vita Intima / Paolo Lioy. Milano : Fratelli Treves,
1904.

MALMESTRÖM, Elis, 1895- Carl von Linné, Geniets kamp för Klarhet. [Stockholm] Bonnier [1964]
1895- Carl von Linnés Religiösa Askadning ...Stockholm, Svenska kyrkans diakonistyrelse [1926]

MARCUCCI, Silvestro. Bentham e Linneo: una Interpretazione Singolare / Silvestro Marcucci. Lucca: M.
Pacini Fazzi, 1979

MILLER, John. An Illustration of the Sexual System of Linnaeus. London: Miller, 1799.

MYER, Tore Frangs, Linnaeus the Man and his Work, Berkeley, 1983.

NORTON, Charles Eliot, 1827-1908. The Poet Gray as a Naturalist, with Selections from his Notes on the
Systema Naturæ of Linnæus and Facsimiles of some of his Drawings, Boston, C. E. Goodspeed, 1903.

Sandbergs bokhandel, Stockholm. A Catalogue of the Works of Linnaeus Issued in Commemoration of the
250th Anniversary of the Birthday of Carolus Linnaeus, 1707-1778. Stockholm [1957]
STÖVER, Dietrich Johann Heinrich, 1767-1822. The Life of Sir Charles Linnæus ... to which is added, a
Copious List of his Works, and a Biographical Sketch of the Life of his Son: by D. H. Stoever, by D. H.
Stoever, PH.D. Tr. from the original German by Joseph Trapp, A. M. London, B. and J. White, 1794.

SYDOW, Carl Otto von. Carl von Linné 1778-1978: utställning i Uppsala universitetsbibliotek. [Uppsala:
Uppsala universitetsbibliotek, 1978]

UGGLA, Arvid Hj. (Arvid Hjalmar) 1883-1964. Carl von Linné [Aus dem Schwedischen von Herbert A.
Frenzel] Stockholm, Schwedisches Institut [1959]

Universität Tübingen. Universitätsbibliothek. Carl von Linné und die Deutschen Botaniker seiner Zeit:
Ausstellung zum300jährigen Bestehen des Botanischen Gartens im Rahmen des 500 jährigen

University of Kansas. Libraries. A Catalog of an Exhibition Commemorating the 250th Anniversary of the
birth of Carolus Linnaeus, 1707-1957, and the 200th Anniversary of theIissue of the Systema Naturae, 10th
edition, 1758-1958. By Thomas R. Buckman. Lawrence, 1957.

PÁGINAS WEB

The Strandell Collection Hunt Institute, 1997, [on-line] disponível em

http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/HIBD-T/HI-Strandell-T.html "includes all published works, in almost
every known edition and translation, by the great Swedish naturalist-physician Carl Linnaeus as well as most
of those by his many students, and most of the world's literature about Linnaeus and his students".

Carolus Linnaeus, [on-line] disponível em http://mail.utep.edu/~means/linnaeus.html, "Stuart Carran The

Pennsylvania Electronic Edition, Carolus Linnaeus, or Carl Linné, 1707-1778, Swedish botanist".

Peter Sengbusch, CARL von LINNÉ (1707-1778) [on-line] disponível em

http://www.english.upenn.edu/~jlynch/Frank/People/linnaeus.html

CARL von LINNÉ [on-line] disponível em

http://www.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/biologie/b_online/d01/linne.htm

WHITE, Gilbert, 1720-1793.

Antiquities on Selbourne in the County of Southampton.London, Falcon press, [1950]

Selborne, et Sogns Natur og Fugleliv. [Oversat af Niels Haislund] Illustreret af Mads stage.
Kobenhavn, H. Hagerup, 1951.
Selections. 1993 Passages from the Natural History of Selborne, Naturalist's Journal and other
Writings / selected and introduced by Colin Campbell; wood engravings by Thomas Bewick. Cambridge:
Silent Books, 1993.
The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne / Gilbert White; introduced by Ian Niall ;
engravings by Chris Wormell.London: Folio Society, 1994 (1995 printing)

TEXTOS SOBRE O AUTOR:

CARNOCHAM, W. B., Cultural Landscapes. Gilbert White and the Natural History of Selbourne, Stanford,
Cal., 1989.
CHRISTOPHER, John. Gilbert White and his Selborne.London, Kimber, 1970.

EALING, Eng. Public Libraries. Selborne Society Library; a Catalogue of mss., Books and Periodicals
Devoted to Gilbert White and Natural History. [Ealing] Ealing Reference Library, 1958.

EMDEN, Cecil Stuart. Gilbert White in his Village. Illus. by Lynton Lamb.London, New York, Oxford
University Press, 1956.

HODGSON, John (John R.) Matter of Curious Inquiry: Gilbert White and the Natural History of Selborne /
text by John Hodgson.1st ed. [Manchester] : JRULM, 1993.

HOLT-WHITE, Rashleigh. The Life and Letters of Gilbert White of Selborne. Written and edited by
Rashleigh Holt-White.New York, AMS Press [1969]

JOHNSON, Walter, 1867- Gilbert White, Pioneer, Poet, and Stylist, by Walter Johnson ...London, J. Murray
[1928]

MARTIN, Edward Alfred, 1864- A Bibliography of Gilbert White, the Natural Historian and Antiquarian of
Selborne [by] Edward A. Martin.Westminster, Roxburghe Press [1897]
A Bibliography of Gilbert White, the Naturalist & Antiquarian of Selborne. With a biography and a
descriptive account of the village of Selborne, London, Halton & co, 1934
SCOTT, Walter S. (Walter Samuel), 1870-1951. White of Selborne and his Times. [London] J. Westhouse,
1946.

SHELLEY, Henry C. (Henry Charles). Gilbert White and Selborne. Illustrated from photographs by the
author. New York, C. Scribner's Sons [1909]

WRIGHT, John Charles, 1852- "Saint" Gilbert: the Story of Gilbert White and Selborne / by J.C.
Wright.London: Elliot Stock, 19-

PÁGINAS WEB

Hampshire County Council, Hantsweb - Selborne Parish Council, 1997 [on-line] disponível em
http://selborne.parish.hants.gov.uk/

Hampshire County Council, Gilbert White's House & Selborne, 1998 [on-line] disponível em
http://www.hants.gov.uk/leisure/house/gilbwhit/index.html

Gilbert White (1720-1793) A Walk around Selborne [on-line] disponível em

http://www.townpages.co.uk/fitness/walks/literary/white.htm

Banks, Joseph Sir, 1743-1820

Banks' Florilegium: 1900 London: Alecto Historical Editions in association with the British Museum
(Natural History), <1981 >-1988.
A Short Account of the Cause of the Disease in Corn, ca 1805 London, Printed for J. Harding, 1805.
The Journal of Joseph Banks in the Endeavour / 1980 Guildford, Surrey, England: Genesis
Publications in association with Rigby, 1980.
The Sheep and Wool Correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks, 1979 [London]: British Museum (Natural
History) [for] the Library Council of New South Wales, 1979.
ESTUDOS SOBRE:

BEASLEY, A. W. Fellowship of Three: the Lives and Association of John Hunter (1728-1793), the Surgeon;
James Cook (1728-1779), the Navigator; and Joseph Banks (1743-1820), the Naturalist / A.W. Beasley.
Kenthurst, N.S.W.: Kangaroo Press, c1993.

British Museum (Natural History) Catalogue of the Natural History Drawings Commissioned 1984 Westport,
CT; London: Meckler Publishing in Association with British Museum (Natural History), 1984-1987.

Captain Cook's Florilegium; 1973 London, Lion and Unicorn Press, 1973.

CARTER, Harold Burnell His Majesty's Spanish Flock; Sir Joseph Banks and the Merinos of George III of
England, by H. B. Carter. [Sydney] Angus & Robertson [1964]
Sir Joseph Banks (1743-1820): a Guide to Biographical and Bibliographical Sources / by Harold B.
Carter.Winchester, UK: St Paul's Bibliographies in Association with British Museum (Natural History), 1987/
1988.

COOK, James, 1728-1779. The Journal of H.M.S. Endeavour 1768-1771 / by Lieutenant James
Cook.Guildford, Surrey, England: Genesis Publications; Adelaide [South Australia]: Rigby Limited, 1977.

CORSI, Pietro. The Age of Lamarck: Evolutionary Theories in France 1790-1830 / Pietro Corsi. Berkeley:
University of California Press, c1988.

DAWSON, Warren R. (Warren Royal), 1888- The Banks letters; a calendar of the manuscript
correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks, preserved in the British Museum, the British Museum (Natural History)
and other collections in Great Britain. Edited by Warren R. Dawson.London, Printed by order of the Trustees
of the British Museum, 1958.

GASCOIGNE, John, Ph. D., Joseph Banks and the English Enlightenment: useful knowledge and polite
culture / John Gascoigne.Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

LYSAGHT, Averil M., comp. Joseph Banks in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1766; his diary, manuscripts,
and collections. [Edited by] A. M. Lysaght. With a foreword by Joseph Smallwood. Berkeley, University of
California Press [1971]

LYTE, Charles. Sir Joseph Banks: 18th century explorer, botanist, and entrepreneur / Charles Lyte. Newton
Abbot, Devon; North Pomfret, Vt.: David & Charles, c1980.

MAIDEN, J. H. (Joseph Henry), 1859-1925, Sir Joseph Banks, the "Father of Australia," / by J. H. Maiden.
Sydney: W. A. Gulick; London: K. Paul, 1909.

O'BRIAN, Patrick, 1914- Joseph Banks, a life / Patrick O'Brian. London: C. Harvill, 1987//Boston, 1993.

RUTHERFORD, Homer Vincent, 1921-, Banks, K.B., P.R.S.; the autocrat of the philosophers. London,
Batchworth Press [1952]

Sir Joseph Banks: a global perspective / editors, R.E.R. Banks ... [et al.]; production editor, S. Dickerson.
[Richmond, England]: Published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew on behalf of the co-sponsors, c1994.
Rydén, Stig, 1908-1965.

SMITH, Edward, 1839-1919. The life of Sir Joseph Banks, president of the Royal society, with some notices
of his friends and contemporaries, by Edward Smith, with a photogravure frontispiece and sixteen other
illustrations. London, John Lane; New York, John Lane, 1911.
PÁGINAS WEB

The Natural History Museum. A unique resource. The Banks Archive 1997 [on-line] disponível em
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/info/banksarchive/

Jim Devine, Hunterian Museum, Univ of Glasgow, Captain Cook Voyages of Discovery: Sir Joseph Banks
1743- 1820, [on-line] disponível em http://www.gla.ac.uk/Museum/HuntMus/cook/banks.html

Alan Ventress, State Library of New South Wales Sir Joseph Banks' papers [on-line] disponível em
http://www.slnsw.gov.au/Banks/

Stuart Curran, English Department at the Univ of Pennsylvania , People, Joseph Banks, 1998 [on-line]
disponível em http://www.english.upenn.edu/~jlynch/Frank/People/banks.html

AUDUBON, John James, 1785-1851

The art of Audubon: the complete birds and mammals / John James Audubon ; with an introd. by
Roger Tory Peterson, New York : Times Books, c1979.
Audubon and his journals, by Maria R. Audubon, with zoölogical and other notes by Elliott Coues
..., New York, C. Scribner's Sons, 1899.
Audubon birds from the original water colors in the New York historical society; Audubon's text
with notes by Donald A. Shelley., New York, Hastings house [1946]
Audubon, by himself; a profile of John James Audubon from writings selected, arranged, and edited,
by Alice Ford., [1st ed.], Garden City, N.Y., Published for the American Museum of Natural History [by] the
Natural History Press [1969
Audubon in Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana State Museum; Friends of the Cabildo, 1966.
Audubon in the West Compiled, edited, and with an introd. by John Francis McDermott, [1st ed.],
Norman, University of Oklahoma Press [1965]

Audubon reader: the best writings of John James Audubon / edited by Scott Russell Sanders,
Bloomington : Indiana University Press, c1986.
Audubon watercolors and drawings, [Utica? 1965]
Audubon's America; the narratives and experiences of John James Audubon, edited by Donald
Culross Peattie; illustrated with facsimiles of Audubon's prints and paintings, Boston, Houghton Mifflin
Company, 1940.
Audubon's story of his youth. Introduction by Maria R. Audubon, [New York] C. Scribner's Sons,
c1893.
Audubon's wildlife.With selections from the writings of John James Audubon. [Editor:] Edwin Way
Teale, New York, Viking Press [1964]
Bird biographies. Selected and edited by Alice Ford, New York, Macmillan, 1957.
Birds of America.Audubon's Birds of America. Introduction and descriptive captions by Ludlow
Griscom, Popular ed., New York, Macmillan Co., 1950.
The birds of America, from drawings made in the United States and their territories, New York, J.J.
Audubon; Philadelphia, J.B. Chevalier, 1840-44.
Delineations of American scenery and character, by John Audubon; with an introduction by Francis
Hobart Herrick ..., New York, G.A. Baker & Company, 1926.
Journal The 1826 journal of John James Audubon. Transcribed with an introd. and notes by Alice Ford
from the original in the collection of Henry Bradley Martin. Edition [1st ed.], Norman, University of
Oklahoma Press [1967]
Journal of John James Audubon made during his trip to New Orleans in 1820-1821, edited by
Howard Corning, foreword by Ruthven Deane., Boston, The Club of odd volumes, 1929.
Journal of John James Audubon made while obtaining subscriptions to his "Birds of America"1840-
1843, edited by Howard Corning, foreword by Francis H. Herrick., Boston, The Club of odd volumes, 1929.
The life and adventures of John James Audubon, the naturalist. Ed., from materials supplied by his
widow, by Robert Buchanan, London, S. Low, son, & Marston, 1868.
The original water-color paintings by John James Audubon for The birds of America. Reproduced in
color from the collection at the New-York Historical Society. Introd. by Marshall B. Davidson.Original ed.
New York: American Heritage Pub. Co.; Distributed by Crown Publishers, 1966.
Ornithological biography, or An account of the habits of the birds of the United States of America;
accompanied by descriptions of the objects represented in the work entitled The birds of America, and
interspersed with delineations of American scenery and manners. By John James Audubon . . ., Edinburgh, A.
Black; [etc., etc.] 1831-1849 [i.e. 1839]
Works. 1979 The complete Audubon / a precise replica of the complete works of John James Audubon,
comprising the Birds of America (1840-44) and the Quadrupeds of North America (1851-54) in their entirety,
75th Anniversary ed.Kent [Ohio]: Published for the National Audubon Society by Volair Books, 1979, c1978.
Scènes de la nature dans les États-Unis et le Nord de l'Améríque / ouverage traduit par Eugène
Bazin. Paris : P. Bertrand, 1857.
A synopsis of the birds of North America. By John James Audubon ..., Edinburgh, A. and C. Black;
[etc., etc.] 1839
The viviparious quadrupeds of North America / [text] by John James Audubon and John Bachman,
New York : Audubon, 1846-53.
Works. 1979 The complete Audubon / a precise replica of the complete works of John James
Audubon, comprising the Birds of America (1840-44) and the Quadrupeds of North America (1851-54) in
their entirety, 75th Anniversary ed., Kent [Ohio]: Published for the National Audubon Society by Volair
Books, 1979, c1978.

Estudos Sobre o Autor

ADUBON, Maria(ed.), John James Audubon and His Journals, N. York, Putman, 1900.

ADAMS, Alexander B. , John James Audubon; a biography, New York, Putnam [1966]

BURROUGHS, John, 1837-1921. , John James Audubon, Woodstock, N.Y. : Overlook Press, 1987.

FORD, Alice, 1906- , John James Audubon: a biography, Norman, univ. of Oklahoma Press., 1954/ New
York : Abbeville Press, c1988

FOSHAY, Ella M., 1948-, John James Audubon, New York : Harry N. Abrams, in association with the
National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, 1997.

GRAHAM, JR, Frank, The Audubon Ark. A History of the National Audubon Society, Austin, Univ, of Texas,
1990.

John James Audubon, peintre naturaliste américain, 1785-1851: [exposition], Centre Culturel Américain
octobre-novembre 1960, Paris : Le Centre, [1960]Julho 15, 1998

John James Audubon, The birds of America and other important printed books by Audubon, Mark Catesby
and John Gould: the properties of the University of Edinburgh, The Roman Catholic Dioceseof Lexington, the
Redwood Library and Athenaeum : Friday, April 24, 1992 at 2:00 p.m., New York, N.Y. : Christie, Manson
& Woods International, 1992.

KASTNER, Joseph, John James Audubon , New York : H.N. Abrams, [1992]

KIERAN, Margaret Ford, 1905-, John James Audubon, by Margaret and John Kieran; illustrated by Christine
Price, New York, Random House [1954]

OWENS, Carlotta J., John James Audubon : The birds of America ,Washington, D.C. : National Gallery of
Art, c1984.Christie, Manson & Woods International Inc.

PROBY, Kathryn Hall, 1921-, Audubon in Florida. With selections from the writings of John James
Audubon, Coral Gables, Fla., University of Miami Press c1974.

REYNOLDS, Gary A, John James Audubon & his sons: catalog, New York, N.Y. (33 Washington Pl., New
York) : Grey Art Gallery and Study Center, c1982.

WEED, Clarence Moores, 1864-1947, comp., Bird life stories, comp. from the writings of Audubon, Bendire,
Nuttall, and Wilson, by Clarence Moores Weed., Chicago [etc.] Rand, McNally & company [1904]

DARWIN, Charles, 1809-1882.

A Calendar of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin, New York: Garland Pub., 1985. /Cambridge;
New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
A Concordance to Charles Darwin's Notebooks, 1836-1844, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990.
A Monograph of the sub-class Cirripedia, Washington Square, N.Y. : New York University Press,
1988.
Charles Darwin, 1809-1882, Napoli: Macchiaroli, 1982/ Wellington, N.Z.: Nova Pacifica, 1982.
Charles Darwin's Beagle diary, Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]; New York: Cambridge University
Press, 1988.
Charles Darwin's Letters, Cambridge; New York, NY, USA: University of Cambridge, 1996.
Charles Darwin's Marginalia, New York: Garland, 1990
Charles Darwin's Natural Selection, London; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1975.
Charles Darwin's Notebooks, 1836-1844, [London]: British Museum (Natural History) ; Ithaca,
N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.
Darwin a Barcelona, Barcelona: Promocions Publicacions Universitaries, c1984.
Darwin en Chile, Santiago de Chile: Editorial Universitaria, 1996.
Darwin en el Archipielago de Galapagos, [Quito, Ecuador?]: Comision Permanente para la Defensa
del Patrimonio Nacional, [1985]
Darwin on Man: A Psychological Study of Scientific Creation, New York, E. P. Dutton, 1974.
Darwin, Charles, 1809-1882. Metaphysics, Materialism, & the Evolution of Mind , Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1980.
Darwin's Forgotten World, Los Angeles: Reed Books, 1978.
Diary of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, New York: New York University Press, 1987.
Darwin and Henslow: the Growth of an Idea; Letters 1831-1860. Edited by Nora Barlow for the
Bentham-Moxon Trust.Berkeley, University of California Press, 1967
[Extracts from Letters Addressed to Professor Henslow], [Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: J.S.
Henslow, 1835]
Fertilization of Orchids by Insects, Stanfordville, N.Y.: E. M. Coleman, 1979.
Human Nature, Darwin's View, New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.
Insectivorous Plants, New York: New York University Press, 1989.
Journal of Researches, New York: New York University Press, 1987.
Monographs of the fossil Lepadidae and the fossil Balan, Washington Square, N.Y.: New York
University Press, 1988.
On Evolution, Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub., c1996.
On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants, (Bruxelles, Culture et civilisation, 1969)
On the Origin of Species, 1859, Washington Square, N.Y.: New York University Press, 1988.
Por Darwin en el Centenario de su Muerte, 1882-1982, Ciudad de La Habana: Editorial Cientifico-
Tecnica, c1985.
The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, 1809-1882, New York: Norton, 1969, 1993.
 The Collected Papers of Charles Darwin, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977./Chicago :
University of Chicago Press, 1980, c1977.
The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, Cambridge [England]; New York: Cambridge University
Press, 1985-<1994 >
The Darwin Reader, New York: Norton, 1987. /New York: Norton, 1996.
The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, Franklin Center, Pa.: Franklin Library, 1980./
1981 Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981./ 1989 New York: New York University Press, 1989. /
Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1997.
The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species, Bruxelles, Civilisation, 1969]. /
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, c1986. /New York: New York University Press, 1989.
The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetation, New York: New York University Press,
1989.
The Essential Darwin, Boston: Little, Brown, c1984.
The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals, London: Julian Friedmann; New York: St.
Martin's Press, 1979. / London ; Dover, N.H.: F. Pinter, 1983. /Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press,
1989.
The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Bruxelles, Impression Anastaltique
Culture et Civilisation, [1970]. / Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985. /1989 New York: New York
University Press, 1989.
The Foundations of the Origin of Species, New York: New York University Press, 1987.
The Geology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, New York: New York University Press, 1987.
The Illustrated Origin of Species, New York: Hill and Wang, 1979/ London: Faber and Faber, 1979.
The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, New York, Johnson Reprint Corp. [1969]
The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants, Washington Square, N.Y.: New York University
Press, 1988.
The Origin of Species, London: Dent; New York: E. P. Dutton, 1972. /Franklin Center, Pa.: Franklin
Library, 1975./Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
The origin of species / 1975 New York: Norton, [1975]
The Origin of Species: Complete and Fully Illustrated, Harmondsworth, Penguin, Franklin Center,
Pa.: Franklin Library, 1978. /New York: Gramercy Books, c1979. /New York: Avenel Books:distributed by
Crown Publishers, [1979] / Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., c1990. / New York: Modern Library,
1993.
The Origin of Species, 1876, Washington Square, N.Y.: New York University Press, 1988.
The Portable Darwin, New York: Penguin Books, 1993.
The Power of Movement in Plants, New York: New York University Press, 1989.
The Red Notebook of Charles Darwin, [London]: British Museum (Natural History); Ithaca: Cornell
University Press, 1980.
The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press, c1984.
The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1998.
The Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilise, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1984. / Washington Square, N.Y. New York University Press, 1988.
The Voyage of Charles Darwin, New York: Mayflower Books, [1979] /1986 New York : Parkwest
Publications; London: British Broadcasting Corp., 1986.
The Voyage of the Beagle, London: Dent; New York: Dutton, 1967. / London, England; New York,
N.Y., USA: Penguin Books, 1989.
The Works of Charles Darwin, New York: New York University Press, 1987-1989.
The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. The Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the
command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N.,during the years 1832 to 1836 : published with the approval of the Lords
Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury, edited and superintended by Charles Darwin, Esq. London:
published by Smith, Elder and Co., 1839-1843./ New York: New York University Press, 1987.
Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication., Washington Square, N.Y.: New York
University Press, 1988.
What Darwin Saw in his Voyage round the World …, New York: Weathervane Books: distributed by
Crown Publishers, [1978]
ESTUDOS SOBRE:

ALEXANDER, Richard D., Darwinism and Human Affairs / Richard D. Alexander.Seattle: University of
Washington Press, c1979

APPLEMAN, Philip, 1926- comp. Darwin / edited by Philip Appleman.2d ed. New York: Norton, c1979.
Darwin's Ark: Poems / by Philip Appleman; illustrations by Rudy Pozzatti.Bloomington: Indiana
University Press, c1984.

ARNOULD, Jacques, Frère. Darwin, Teilhard de Chardin et cie: l'Eglise et l'évolution / Jacques Arnould.
Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, c1996.

Autobiographies / Charles Darwin, Thomas Henry Huxley; edited with an introd. by Gavin de Beer. London;
New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.

BALDWIN, James Mark (1910), Darwin and the Humanities, 2nd ed (London: Swann Sonnenschein).

BANTON, Michael P. ed. Darwinism and the Study of Society, a Centenary Symposium. With contributions
by Michael Banton [and others] Edited by Michael Banton. With an introd. by J.Bronowski.London,
Tavistock Publications; Chicago, Quadrangle Books [1961]

BARKOW, Jerome H. Darwin, Sex, and Status Biological Approaches to Mind and Culture / Jerome
H.Barkow. Toronto; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, c1989.

BARRETT, Paul H., A Concordance to Darwin's Origin of Species, first edit, Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell
University Press, 1981.

BARZUN, Jacques, 1907- Darwin, Marx, Wagner: Critique of a Heritage. Rev. 2d ed. Garden City, N.Y.,
Doubleday, 1958.

BECKSTROM, John H., 1932- Darwinism Applied: Evolutionary Paths to Social Goals / John H.
Beckstrom.Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1993.

BEER, Gillian. Darwin's Plots: Evolutionary Narrative in Darwin, George Eliot, and Nineteenth-Century
Fiction / Gillian Beer.London; Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983.

BELL, Peter Robert. ed. Darwin's Biological Work; Some Aspects Reconsidered, by P.R. Bell [and others]
Edited by P.R. Bell.Cambridge [Eng.] University Press, 1959.

BEVERLEY, Robert Mackenzie, 1796(?)-1868. The Darwinian Theory of the Transmutation of Species
Examined by a Graduate of the University of Cambridge.London: J. Nisbet, & Co., 1867.

BOWLER, Peter J. Darwinism / Peter J. Bowler.New York: Twayne Publishers; Toronto : Maxwell
Macmillan Canada; New York Maxwell Macmillan International, c1993.

BRADFORD, Gamaliel, 1863-1932. Darwin, by Gamaliel Bradford Boston, New York, Houghton Mifflin
company, 1926.

BROWN, Ron. Darwin Dilemmas / by Ron Brown and Pat Studdy-Clift.Carlisle, W.A.: Hesperian Press,
1992.

BURNABY, John Darwin and the Human Situation.Cambridge, W. Heffer [1959]

CAUDILL, Edward. Darwinism in the Press: the Evolution of an Idea / Edward Caudill. Hillsdale, N.J.: L.
Erlbaum Associates, c1989.
COBBE, Frances Power, 1822-1904. Darwinism in Morals, and other Essays. Reprinted from the Theological
and Fortnightly reviews, Fraser's and Macmillan's magazines, and the Manchester friend. By Frances Power
Cobbe.London, Edinburgh, Williams and Norgate, 1872.

COMFORT, Alex, 1920- Darwin and The Naked Lady; Discursive Essays on Biology and Art. London,
Routledge & K. Paul, [c1961]

CONRY, Yvette. Correspondance entre Charles Darwin et Gaston de Saporta. Précédée de Histoire de la
Paléobotanique en France au XIXe siècle. Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1972.

CROOK, D. P. (David Paul) Darwinism, War, and History: the Debate over the Biology of war from the
"Origin of species" to the First World War / Paul Crook.Cambridge [England]; New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1994.

DALE, Peter Allen (1989), In Pursuit of a Scientific Culture: Science, Art, and Society in the Victorian Age
(Madison: U. of Wisconsin Press).

DARLINGTON, C. D. (Cyril Dean), 1903- Darwin's Place in History. Oxford, Blackwell, 1959.

Darwin and Evolution / David Corbett, editor.[Adelaide]: Dept. of Continuing Education, University of
Adelaide, 1980

Darwin in Retrospect / H.H.J. Nesbitt, editor; J.C.S. Wernham [et al.]Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1960.

Darwin to Einstein: Historical Studies on Science and Belief / edited by Colin Chant and John
Fauvel.London; New York: Longman, 1980.

Darwin, Marx, and Freud: their Influence on Moral Theory / edited by Arthur L. Caplan and Bruce Jennings.
New York: Plenum Press, c1984.

Darwinism and Divinity: Essays on Evolution and Religious Belief / edited by John Durant. Darwinisme et
Société / sous la direction de Patrick Tort. 1 re éd. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1992. Paper
presented at a conference held June 4-6, 1991, in Paris, France.Includes bibliographical references and index.

Darwin's Laboratory: Evolutionary Theory and Natural History in the Pacific /edited by Roy M. MacLeod
and Philip F. Rehbock.Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, c1994.

DE LA FUENTE, Carlo A. Darwin e il Cammino Verso il DNA / [a cura di Carlo A. de la Fuente].- Roma :
Cremonese, 1974

DENNETT, Daniel Clement. Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life / Daniel C.
Dennett.New York: Simon & Schuster, c1995.

DESMOND, Adrian, 1947- Darwin / Adrian Desmond and James Moore. London: Michael Joseph, 1991.
Appleman, Philip, 1926- comp. Darwin. [1st ed.] New York, Norton [1970]

DORDOLOT, Canon, 1855-1929. Darwinism and Catholic Thought, by Canon Dorlodot. Translated by the
Rev. Ernest Messenger.London [etc.] Burns, Oates and Washbourne, ltd., 1922-

DUROUX, Paul Émile. Les Darwin.Paris, Éditions Universitaires [1972]

EISELEY, Loren C., 1907-1977. Darwin and the Mysterious Mr. X: new Light on the Evolutionists / by Loren
C.Eiseley. 1st ed. New York: Dutton, c1979.
FISKE, John, 1842-1901 Darwinism and other Essays, by John Fiske. New ed., rev. and enl.Boston and New
York, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1900.

GLICK, Thomas F. Darwin y el Darwinismo: en el Uruguay y en América Latina / Thomas F. Glick.

[Montevideo, Uruguay]: Universidad de la República, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Departamento de
Publicaciones, [1989]

GRAY, Asa, 1810-1888. Darwiniana; Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism. Edited by A. Hunter
Dupree.Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1963.

GREENE, John C. Darwin and the Modern World View.Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press
[1961]

GRINNELL, George James. The Darwin Case, a Computer Analysis of Scientific Creativity [by George
James Grinnell] Berkeley, Cal., 1969.

GRUBER, Howard E. Darwin on Man: a Psychological Study of Scientific Creativity / Howard E. Gruber;
foreword to the 1st ed. by Jean Piaget.2nd ed Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.

HAYCRAFT, John Berry, d. 1922. Darwinism and Race Progress, by John Berry Haycraft. London, S.
Sonnenschein; New York, Scribner, 1895.

HEADLEY, F. W. (Frederick Webb), 1856-1919. Darwinism and Modern Socialism / by F. W. Headley.

London: Methuen, 1909

HENKIN, Leo Justin, 1906- Darwinism in the English Novel, 1860-1910; the Impact of Evolution on
Victorian Fiction. New York, Russell & Russell, 1963 [c1940]

HIMMELFARB, Gertrude. Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution. London, Chatto & Windus, 1959.

HINGSTON, R. W. G. (Richard William George), 1887- Darwin, by F. W. G. Hingston

HOPKINS, Robert S. Darwin's South America [by] Robert S. Hopkins. New York, John Day Co. [1969]

HULL, David L. Darwin and his Critics: the Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by the Scientific
Community / David L. Hull.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983, c1973.

HUXLEY, Thomas Henry, 1825-1895. Darwiniana; Essays. New York, D. Appleton and Company, 1897.

Il Darwinismo in Italia: Testi / di Filippo De Filippi ... [et al.]; a cura di Giacomo Giacobini e Gian Luigi
Panattoni. Torino: Unione tip.-editrice torinese, 1983.

Il Darwinismo nel Pensiero Scientifico Contemporaneo.Napoli: Guida, [1984]

IRVINE, William (1959), 'The influence of Darwin on literature', Proceedings of the American Philosophical
Society, vol. 103 (October), pp. 616-28.

ISAACS, Leonard, 1939- Darwin to Double Helix: the Biological Theme in Science Fiction / Leonard Isaacs.
London; Boston: Butterworths, 1977.

JOHNSON, Phillip E., 1940- Darwin on Trial / Phillip E. Johnson. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press,
c1991.

JONES, Arthur Edward (1950), Darwinism and its Relationship to Realism and Naturalism in American
Fiction, 1860 to 1900 (Madison: Drew University Press).
KEITH, Arthur, Sir, 1866-1955. Darwin Revalued. London, Watts [1955]

KOHN, David ed (1986), The Darwinian Heritage (Princeton: Princeton University Press).

LACK, David Lambert. Darwin's Finches; an Essay on the General Biological Theory of Evolution by David
Lack.New York, Harper [1961]

LADOUS, Régis. Darwin, Marx, Engels, Lyssenko et les Autres / par Régis Ladous. Paris: J. Vrin; Lyon:
Institut interdisciplinaire d'études epistemologiques, 1984.

LANDUCCI, Giovanni. Darwinismo a Firenze: tra Scienza e Ideologia (1860-1900) / Giovanni Landucci.
Firenze: L. S. Olschki, 1977.

LEROY, Jean-F. Darwin, Paris, Seghers, 1966.

LEVINE, George, 1931- Darwin and the Novelists: Patterns of Science in Victorian Fiction / George
Levine.Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988.

LOEWENBERG, Bert James, 1905- Darwin, Wallace, and the Theory of Natural selection; including the
Linnean Society papers. Cambridge, Arlington Books, 1959.

LOEWENBERG, Bert James, 1905- ed. Darwinism; Reaction or Reform? New York, Rinehart [1957]

LOVTRUP, Soren. Darwinism: the Refutation of a Myth / Soren Lovtrup.New York: Croom Helm in
association with Methuen, c1987.

MACHIN, Alfred, 1888- Darwin's Theory Applied to Mankind, by Alfred Machin ... With a foreword by Sir
Arthur Keith, F.R.S.London, New York [etc.] Longmans, Green and Co. [1937]

MCNEIL, Maureen. Under the Banner of Science: Erasmus Darwin and his Age / Maureen McNeil.
Manchester, UK; Wolfeboro, NH, USA: Manchester University Press, c1987.

MITCHELL, P. Chalmers (Peter Chalmers), Sir, 1864-1945. Evolution and the War. French Le Darwinisme
et la Guerre / par P. Chalmers Mitchell; traduit de l'anglais par Maurice Solovine; lettre-préface de Émile
Boutroux. Paris: F. Alcan, 1916.

MOORE, James R. (James Richard), 1947- The Darwin Legend / James Moore.Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker
Books, c1994.

MOOREHEAD, Alan, 1910- Darwin and the Beagle / Alan Moorehead. New York: Crescent Books:
Distributed by Crown Publishers, 1983, c1969.

MORTON, Peter (1984), The Vital Science: Biology and the Literary Imagination 1860-1900 (London: Allen
& Unwin).

MURPHY, Elymer J., Beyond Darwin, Sussex, England: Book Guild, c1982.

NADVI, Khurshid S. Darwinism on Trial / Khurshid S. Nadvi.2nd rev. ed. London: Ta-Ha, 1993

NOBEL CONFERENCE (18th 1982: Gustavus Adolphus College) Darwin's Legacy / Nobel Conference
XVIII, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, Minnesota edited by Charles L. Hamrum; with contributions by
Stephen Jay Gould ... [et al.].1st ed. San Francisco: Harper & Row, c1983.

NORRIS, Margot (1985), Beasts of the Modern Imagination: Darwin, Nietzsche, Kafka, Ernst and Lawrence
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP).
O'HANLON, Redmond (1984). Joseph Conrad and Charles Darwin: The Influence of Scientific Thought on
Conrad's Fiction (Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press).

OLDROYD, David Roger. Darwinian Impacts: an Introduction to the Darwinian Revolution / David Roger
Oldroyd.Kensington, Australia: New South Wales University, c1980.

ONG, Walter J., ed. Darwin's Vision and Christian Perspectives; [Papers] Foreword by John Wright. New
York, Macmillan, 1960.

ORMSBY, Robert McKinley, 1814-1881. Darwin / by Robert McK. Ormsby.New York: Printed by P.F.
McBreen, [1876]

OSPOVAT, Dov, 1947-1980. The Development of Darwin's Theory: Natural History, Natural Theology, and
Natural Selection, 1838-1859 / Dov Ospovat. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981 (1995 [printing])

PANCALDI, Giuliano. Darwin in Italia. English Darwin in Italy: Science Across Cultural Frontiers /
Giuliano Pancaldi; translated by Ruey Brodine Morelli.Updated and expanded ed. Bloomington: Indiana
University Press, c1991.

PARODIZ, Juan J. (Juan José) Darwin in the New World / J.J. Parodiz.Leiden: Brill, 1981.

PECKHAM, Morse (1959), 'Darwinism and Darwinisticism', Victorian Studies, vol. 3 (September), pp. 3-40.

PELLEGRINO, Charles R. Darwin's Universe: Origins and Crises in the History of Life / Charles R.
Pellegrino, Jesse A. Stoff. 2nd ed. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: TAB Books, 1986.

PLAINE, Henry L., ed. Darwin, Marx, and Wagner; a Symposium. [Columbus] Ohio State University Press
[1962]

PLOTKIN, H.C. (Henry C.) Darwin Machines and the Nature of Knowledge / Henry Plotkin. Cambridge,
Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994.

QUATREFAGES DE BRÉAU, Armand de, 1810-1892. Darwin et ses Précurseurs Français étude sur le
Ttransformisme, par A. de Qutrefages.2. éd. rev. et augm.Paris, G. Baillière, 1892.

RICHARDS, Robert John, 1942- Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Ttheories of Mind and Behavior
/Robert J. Richards.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

RITCHIE, David George, 1853-1903. Darwin and Hegel, with other Philosophical Studies, by David G.
Ritchie.London, S. Sonnenschein & Co.; New York, Macmillan & Co., 1893.

RITVO, Lucille B., 1920- Darwin's Influence on Freud: a Tale of two Sciences / Lucille B. Ritvo. New
Haven: Yale University Press, c1990.

ROBERTS, Jon H. Darwinism and the Divine in America: Protestant Intellectuals and Organic Evolution,
1859-1900 / Jon H. Roberts.Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988.

ROPPEN, George (1956), Evolution and Poetic Belief. A Study in Some Victorian and Modern Writers (Oslo:
Oslo University Press).

ROUTH, Harold Victor (1937), Towards the Twentieth Century: Essays in the Spiritual History of the
Nineteenth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

RUSE, Michael. Darwinism Defended: a Guide to the Evolution Controversies / Michael Ruse; foreword by
Ernst Mayr.Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, Advanced Book Program/World Science Division, 1982.
RUSE, Michael. The Darwinian Paradigm: Essays on its History, Philosophy, and Religious Implications /
Michael Ruse. London; New York: Routledge

Selections. 1956 The Darwin Reader; edited by Marston Bates and Philip S. Humphrey. New York, Scribner
[1956]

SIMPSON, George Gaylord, 1902- The Book of Darwin, New York: Washington Square Press, c1982.

SIMS, Michael, 1958- Darwin's Orchestra: an Almanac of Nature in History and the Arts / Michael Sims.1st
ed. New York: Henry Holt, 1997.

SNELL, Reginald. Darwin [by] L. B. Pekin [pseud.] London, L. and Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press,
1937.

STEVENSON, Lionel, 1902- Darwin Among the Poets, Lionel Stevenson.Chicago, Ill., The University of
Chicago press [c1932
'Darwin and the novel', Nineteenth-Century Fiction, vol. 15 (June), 1960, pp. 29-38.

STORNAIOLO, Ugo. Darwin, Marx, Freud, Einstein: l'Avventura del Pensiero Occidentale / Ugo
Stornaiolo.Milano, Italy: Centro studi Terzo mondo, [1992]

The Darwinian Heritage: Including Proceedings of the Charles Darwin Centenary Conference, Florence
Center for the History and Philosophy of Science, June 1982 / edited by David Kohn, with bibliographic
assistance from Malcolm J. Kottler. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, in association with Nova
Pacifica, c1985.

The Fragile Environment: the Darwin College Lectures / edited by Laurie Friday and Ronald
Laskey.Cambridge [England] ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1989.

THORNTON, Ian W. B. Darwin's Islands: a Natural History of the Galápagos [by] Ian Thornton. [1st
ed.]Garden City, N. Y., Published for the American Museum of Natural History [by] Natural History Press,
1971.

TODES, Daniel Philip. Darwin without Malthus: the Struggle for Existence in Russian Evolutionary Thought
/ Daniel P. Todes.New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

TURNER, John Mills (1944), 'The Response of Major American Writers to Darwinism, 1859-1910',
unpublished PhD thesis, Harvard University.

VANDERPOOL, Harold Y., comp. Darwin and Darwinism; Revolutionary Insights Concerning Man,
Nature, Religion, and Society. Edited and with an introd. by Harold Y. Vanderpool. Lexington, Mass., Heath
[1973]

VUCINICH, Alexander, 1914- Darwin in Russian Tthought/ Alexander Vucinich. Berkeley : University of
California Press, c1988.

WEINDLING, Paul. Darwinism and Social Darwinism in Imperial Germany: the Contribution of the cell
Biologist Oscar Hertwig (1849-1922) / Paul Julian Weindling. Stuttgart; New York: G. Fisher, 1991.

WHITE, Michael, 1959- Darwin: a Life in Science/ Michael White and John Gribbin. London: Simon &
Schuster, 1995.

WINSLOW, John H., 1932- Darwin's Victorian Malady; Evidence for its Medically Induced Origin [by] John
H. Winslow. Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, 1971.
YOUNG, Robert Maxwell. Darwin's Metaphor: Nature's Place in Victorian Culture/ Robert M. Young.
Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

ZIMMERMAN, Paul Albert, 1918- ed. Darwin, Evolution, and Creation [by] Paul A. Zimmerman, editor
[and others] Saint Louis, Concordia Pub. House, 1959.

ZIRKLE, Conway (1959), Evolution, Marxian Biology, and the Social Scene (Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press).

PÁGINAS WEB

Dr Graham Smith Darwin, Charles (author), Darwin, Charles (author) [on-line] disponível em
http://indigo.stile.le.ac.uk/~sgj/STILE/t0002448.html

Internet Infidels, Charles Darwin [1809 - 1882], 1995-1998, [on-line] disponível em

http://infidels.org/library/historical/charles_darwin/
livros: The Descent Of Man (1871) On the Origin of Species (1859) The Voyage Of The Beagle (1909)

Sébastien Rouget , Charles Darwin et L'évolution, 08 novembre 1997 [on-line] disponível em

http://users.aol.com/darwinisme/index.html

James Cook University, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural, Selection, or the Preservation of
Favoured, Races in the Struggle for Life. Charles Darwin, M.A, 1996[on-line] disponível em
http://www.cimm.jcu.edu.au/hist/stats/galton/darwin/index.htm

Discover Galapagos - Darwin's Enchanted Islands [on-line] disponível em

http://www.discovergalapagos.com/

Stuart Curran, Pennsylvania Electronic Edition of Frankenstein, Charles Darwin, 1809-1882 [on-line]
disponível em http://www.english.upenn.edu/~jlynch/Frank/People/cdarwin.html

Johannah E. Barry, International Galapagos Tour Operators Association, The Charles Darwin Foundation [on-
line] disponível em http://www.igtoa.org/darwin.htm.

Descent of Man [ 1871]Charles Darwin [ 1809 - 1882 ]1995-1998, [on-line] disponível em

http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/charles_darwin/descent_of_man/

Department of Rare Books and Special University of South Carolina, Collections.The C. Warren Irvin, Jr.,
Collection of Charles Darwin and Darwiniana, 16 July 1997[on-line] disponível em
http://www.sc.edu/library/spcoll/nathist/darwin/darwin.html

The Secular Web, On the Origin of Species (1859) Charles Darwin [on-line] disponível em
http://www.secular.org/library/historical/charles_darwin/origin_of_species/

The Secular Web, The Voyage of The Beagle (1909) Charles Darwin[on-line] disponível em
http://www.secular.org/library/historical/charles_darwin/voyage_of_beagle/

THOREAU, David Henry, 1817-1862.

A Pig Tale, New Fairfield, Conn.: Bruce Rogers, 1947.

 A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, Avon, Conn.: Limited Editions Club,
1975./Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980. /Franklin Center, Pa.: Franklin Library, 1983./ New
York : AMS Press, 1982. /New York, N.Y.: Literary Classics of the United States: Distributed to the trade in
the U.S. and Canada by Viking Press, c1985.
A Yearning toward Wildness, Atlanta: Peachtree Publishers, c1991. / New York: Penguin Books,
1993.
An American Landscape, New York: Paragon House, 1991.
Autumnal Tints, Bedford, Mass.: Applewood Books, [1996]
Backwoods and along the Seashore, Boston: Shambhala, 1995.
Cape Cod, Portland, Me., Printed at the Anthoensen Press for the members of the Limited Editions
Club, 1968/ New York: AMS Press, [1982] /Boston: Little, Brown, c1985. / Princeton, N.J.: Princeton
University Press, 1988/City at bay: 1979 New York: Arbor House, c1979 Princeton, N.J.: Princeton
University Press, 1993.
Civil Disobedience, and other Essays, New York: Dover Publications, 1993.
Civil Disobedience, Boston, D. R. Godine, 1969.
Clear Dky, Pure Light, Lincoln, Mass.: Penmaen Press, c1978.
Consciousness in Concord, New York: AMS Press, [1985]
Dynasty of Power, New York: Arbor House, c1982.
Early Essays and Miscellanies, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975.
Excursions, and Poems, New York: AMS Press, [1982]
Faith in a Seed, Washington, D.C.: Island Press/Shearwater Books, c1993.
Familiar Letters, New York: AMS Press, [1982]
Great Short Works of Henry David Thoreau, New York: Harper & Row, 1982.
Henry D. Thoreau, Paris: L'Herne, c1994.
Henry David Thoreau, New York: Gramercy; Avenel, N.J.: Distributed by Outlet Book Co., c1993.
House-warming and Winter Visitor, Camden, N.J.: Haddon Craftsmen, 1936.
In the Footsteps of the artist, Wilmington, Del.: Middle Atlantic Press, c1986.
In the Woods and Fields of Concord, Salt Lake City, Utah: G.M. Smith, 1982.
In Wildness is the Preservation of the World, San Francisco: Sierra Club, [1988], c1962.
Journal, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981-<1992 > / New York: AMS Press, [1982]
Letters to Various Persons, Folcroft, Pa.: Folcroft Library Editions, 1975./ Norwood, Pa.: Norwood
Editions, 1976. / Philadelphia: R. West, 1978.
Life without Principle, Folcroft, Pa.: Folcroft Library Editions, 1977./ Norwood, Pa. : Norwood
Editions, 1978.
Political Writings, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Reflections at Walden, [Kansas City, Mo., Hallmark, 1971]
Selected Writings, Arlington Heights, Ill.: H. Davidson, [1988]
Selections 1988 Thoreau's Comments on the art of Writing / edited and with an introduction by
Richard Dillman. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, c1987.
Selections from the Journals, New York: Dover Publications, c1995.
Simplify, Simplify and other Quotations from Henry David, New York: Columbia University Press,
c1996.
Solitude, New York: Modern Library, 1996.
Some Unpublished Letters of Henry D. and Sophia E. Thor, New York: AMS Press, [1985]
Sweet, Wild World, Boston: Charles River Books, c1982.
The Annotated Walden: Walden; New York, C. N. Potter; distributed by Crown Publishers [c1970]
The Bluebird Carries the Sky on his Back. , [Los Angeles] Stanyan Books [1970]
The green Thoreau, San Rafael, Calif.: New World Library, c1992.
The Illustrated A Week on the Concord and Merrimack river, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University
Press, 1983.
The Journal of Henry David Thoreau, Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith Books, 1984.
The Maine Woods, New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, 1988.
The Maine woods. 1982 New York: AMS Press, [1982] / New York: Perennial Library, 1987, c1864.
The Moon, New York: AMS Press, [1985]
The Natural History Essays, Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith, 1980. / 1989 Salt Lake City: Peregrine
Smith Books, [1989]
 The Natural Man, Wheaton, Ill.: Theosophical Pub. House, 1978.
The Poet's Delay, New York: Rizzoli, 1992.
The Portable Thoreau, New York: Penguin Books, 1977, c1964.
The Santanic Condition, New York: Arbor House, c1981.
The Service, New York: Gordon Press, 1976, c1902.
The Thoreau Calendar, Norwood, Pa.: Norwood Editions, 1977.
The Thoughts of Thoreau, New York: L. Dodd, Mead, 1987.
The Winged Life, Covelo, Calif.: Yolla Bolly Press, c1986. /San Francisco: Sierra Club Books,
c1986/ New York: HarperPerennial, 1992.
The Works of Henry David Thoreau, Stamford, Conn.: Longmeadow Press, 1995.
The Writings of Henry David Thoreau, New York: AMS Press, [1982]
Thoreau Country, San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1975.
Thoreau in the Mountains, writings by Henry David Thoreau; commentary by William Howarth.
New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, c1982.
Thoreau on Birds, Bosto : Beacon Press, c1993.
Thoreau on Writing, Conway, AR: University of Central Arkansas Press; Lanham, MD Distributed
by arrangement with University Pub. Associates, c1989.
Thoreau Today; Selections from his Writings. Edited by Helen Barber Morrison. With an introd. by
Odell Shepard. New York, Comet Press Books, 1957.
Thoreau's Cape Cod, with the early photographs of Herbert W. Gleason. Edited, with an introd., by
Thea Wheelwright. Barre, Mass., Barre Publishers, 1971.
Thoreau's Comments on the Art of Writing, Lanham, MD: University Press of America, c1987.
Thoreau's Garden , Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, c1996.
Thoreau's Literary Note-book 1840 [1840-1848?] in the Library of Congress. Facsimile text edited
by Kenneth Walter Cameron. Hartford, Transcendental Books [c1964]
Thoreau's Minnesota Journey, New York: AMS Press, [1985]
Thoreau's Vision: the Major Essays. Edited by Charles R. Anderson. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.,
Prentice-Hall [1973]
Thoreau's Walde, Waukesha, Wis.: Country Beautiful, c1976.
Thoreau's World; Miniatures from his Journal, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall [1971]
Two Fragments from the Journals, Iowa City: Windhover Press, University of Iowa, c1968.
Walden,/ 1969 Columbus, Ohio, C. E. Merrill [1969] / London : W. Scott, [1886]/1981. /1982 New
Yor: AMS Press, [1982] / Walden; 1970 [London] Distributed by Heron Books [c1970] / Salt Lake City:
G.M. Smith, 1981. /Philadelphia, Pa: Running Press, c1987./Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press,
1989. /Philadelphia, Pa: Courage Books, c1990. /London: J.M. Dent; Rutland, Vt.: C.E. Tuttle, c1992./
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1995 /Stamford, CT : Longmeadow Press, 1996. /Boston: Beacon Press, c1997.
Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Walden; and, Civil Disobedience, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England; New York, N.Y.: Penguin
Books, 1983.
Walden; and, Resistance to Civil Government, New York: W.W. Norton, c1992.
Walden and other Writings of Henry David Thoreau, New York: Modern Library, 1992.
Walden, a Concordance, New York: Garland Pub., 1985.
Walden, and other Writings, Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday [1970] / New York; Modern Library,
c1981.
Walden, or Life in the Woods; On the duty of Civil dis , New York: Collier Books, 1986, c1962. /
Philadelphia: H. Altemus, [1899?] / New York: A.A. Knopf, c1992/ Walden, or, Life in the woods / 1973
Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press/ Doubleday, 1973. /Franklin Center, Pa.: Franklin Library, 1981. / Franklin
Center, Pa.: Franklin Library, 1983. / New York: Vintage Books/The Library of America, 1991./ New York:
Dover Publications, 1995.
Walden Salt Lake City, G.M. Smith, / Franklin Center, Pa: Franklin Library, 1976.
Walking, Boston: Applewood Books, 1987. / Dallas: Heritage Press, 1989/ San Francisco: Harper
San Francisco, c1994.
Where I Stand, Greensboro, N.C.: Tudor Publishers, c1992.
Wild Apples, [Bedford, Mass.]: Applewood Books; Chester, CT: Distributed by Globe Pequot Press,
[1992]
Wood-notes Wild: 1995 Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, c1995.
 Works of Henry David Thoreau, New York: Avenel Books: distributed by Crown Publishers, c1981./
New York, NY: Longmeadow Press, 1986, c1981.

ESTUDOS SOBRE:

ANDERSON, Charles. The Magic Circle of Walden. New York, 1968.

BENNETT, Jane, 1957- Thoreau's Nature: Ethics, Politics, and the Wild / Jane Bennett. Thousand Oaks,
Calif.: Sage Publications, c1994.

BICKMAN, Martin. Walden: Volatile Truths. New York, 1992.

BOONE, Joseph Allen. "Delving and Diving for Truth: Breaking through to Bottom in Thoreau's Walden."
ESQ 27 (1981): 135-46.

BOUDREAU, Gordon V. The Roots of Walden and the Tree of Life. Nashville, 1990.

CAVELL, Stanley. The Senses of Walden. New York, 1972.

CAMERON, Kenneth Walter, 1908- The Thoreau Secondary Bibliography. Supplement two (1836-1940):
with an Appendix of Commentary and Documents / by Kenneth Walter Cameron. Hartford: Transcendental
Books, c1997.
ed. Thoreau's Harvard Years; Materials Introductory to new Explorations, Record of fact and
Background. Hartford, Transcendental Books [1966]

CHANNING, William Ellery, 1817-1901. Thoreau: the Poet-naturalist; with Memorial Verses / by William
Ellery Channing; new ed., enl., edited by F. B. Sanborn.New York: Biblo and Tannen, 1951

CHRISTIE, John Aldrich. Thoreau as World Traveler. New York: Columbia University Press with the
cooperation of the American Geographical Society, 1965.

DICKENS, Robert. Thoreau: the Complete Individualist; his Relevance--and Lack of it--for our Time.[1st
ed.]New York, Exposition Press [1974]

DOMBROWSKI, Daniel A. Thoreau the Platonist / Daniel A. Dombrowski.New York: P. Lang, c1986.

FLAK, Micheline. Thoreau; ou la Sagesse au Service de l'Action. [Paris] Seghers [1973]

GARBER, Frederick. Thoreau's Fable of Inscribing / Frederick Garber. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University
Press, c1991.
. Thoreau's Redemptive Imagination / Frederick Garber. New York: New York University Press,
1977.

GOLEMBA, Henry L. Thoreau's Wild Rhetoric / Henry Golemba. New York: New York University Press,
c1990.

GURCHE, Charles. Thoughts from Walden Pond by Henry David Thoreau, San Francisco: Pomegranate,
1998.

HAMILTON, Franklin W. Thoreau on the Art of Writing, by Franklin W. Hamilton. [n.p., 1967]

HANSON, Elizabeth I. Thoreau's Indian of the Mind / Elizabeth I. Hanson. Lewiston, N.Y. : Edwin Mellen
Press, c1991.
HARDING, Walter Ray, 1917- A Thoreau Handbook / Walter Harding.New York: New York University
Press, c1959.
The New Thoreau Handbook. New York, 1980.
ed. Thoreau: a Century of Criticism. Dallas, Southern Methodist University Press, 1954.
ed. Thoreau, Man of Concord. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston [1960]
Thoreau's Library.Charlottesville, University of Virginia Press, 1957.

Harvard University. Class of 1837. Memorials of the Class of 1837 of Harvard University Thoreau and his
Harvard Classmates; Henry Williams' Memorials of the Class of 1837. With a commentary and an index by
Kenneth Walter Cameron. Hartford, Transcendental Books [1965]

HICKS, John H. (John Harland), 1919- ed. Thoreau in our Season, edited with an introd. by John H. Hicks.
[Amherst] University of Massachusetts Press [1966]

HILDEBIDLE, John, 1946-, Thoreau, a Naturalist's Liberty / John Hildebidle. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard
University Press, 1983.

HOUGH, Henry Beetle, 1896- Thoreau of Walden; the Man and his Eventful Life. New York, Simon and
Schuster, 1956.

JOHNSON, Linck C., 1946-, Thoreau's Complex Weave: the Writing of A Week on the Concord and
Merrimack Rivers, with the Text of the First Draft / Linck C. Johnson. Charlottesville: Published for the
Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, by the University Press of Virginia, 1986.

JONES, Samuel Arthur, 1834-1912. Thoreau Amongst Friends and Philistines, and other Thoreauviana / by
Samuel Arthur Jones; edited by George Hendrick. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, c1982.

KEYES, Langley Carleton. Thoreau, Voice in the Edgeland; a Biography in Sonnets. Chapel Hill, University
of North Carolina Press [1955]

LANE, Lauriat, Jr. ed. Approaches to Walden. Belmont, 1961.

LEBEAUX, Richard, 1946- Thoreau's Seasons / Richard Lebeaux. Amherst: University of Massachusetts
Press, 1984.

MCINTOSH, James, 1934- Thoreau as Romantic Naturalist; his Shifting Stance Toward Nature.Ithaca.
Cornell University Press [1974]

MELTZER, Milton, 1915- ed. A Thoreau Profile, by Milton Meltzer and Walter Harding. New York, Crowell
[1962]

METZGER, Charles Reid, 1921- Thoreau and Whitman: a Study of their Esthetics. Seattle, University of
Washington Press, 1961.

MOLLER, Mary Elkins, 1929- Thoreau in the Human Community / Mary Elkins Moller.Amherst: University
of Massachusetts Press, 1980.

PAUL, Sherman. ed. Thoreau, a Collection of Critical Essays.Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall [1962]
The Shores of America: Thoreau's Inward Exploration. Urbana, 1958

PECK, H. Daniel. Thoreau's Morning Work, memory and perception in A week on the Concord and
Merrimack rivers, The journal, and Walden / H. Daniel Peck. New Haven: Yale University Press, c1990.

REDDY, V. Narayan Karan. Thoreau, Gandhi, Vinoba/ by V. Narayan Karan Reddy. Hyderabad : India
Sahitilata Publications, [1962?]
RULAND, Richard, ed. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Walden: A Collection of Critical Essays.
Englewood Cliffs, 1968.

SATTELMEYER, Robert. Thoreau's Reading: a Study in Intellectual History with Bibliographical Catalogue
/ Robert Sattelmeyer.Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, c1988.

SAYRE, Robert F. Thoreau and the American Indians / Robert F. Sayre.Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University
Press, c1977.

SCHNEIDER, Richard J., Henry David Thoreau, Boston, 1987.

SEAL, Cheryl, 1951-, Thoreau's Maine Woods, photographs by Robert F. Bukaty. Emmaus, Pa.: Yankee
Books; New York: Distributed by St. Martin's Press, 1992.

SEEFURTH, Nathaniel Henry. Thoreau; a View from Emeritus, by Nathaniel H. Seefurth.Chicago, Seefurth
Foundation [1968]

SEYBOLD, Ethel. Thoreau; the Quest and the Classics. New Haven, Yale University Press, c1951

SHANLEY, J. Lyndon. The Making of Walden. Chicago, 1957.

STOWELL, Robert Frederick, 1920- A Thoreau Gazetteer, by Robert F. Stowell. Edited by William L.
Howarth.Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1970.

The Thoreau log: a Documentary Life of Henry David Thoreau, 1817-1862 /[compiled by] Raymond R.
Borst.New York: G.K. Hall; Toronto: Maxwell Macmillan Canada; New York :Maxwell Macmillan
International, c1992.

Thoreau Abroad; twelve Bibliographical Essays. Edited by Eugene F. Timpe. With a foreword by Walter
Harding. [Hamden, Conn.] Archon Books, 1971.

Thoreau as Seen by his Contemporaries / edited by Walter Harding.New York: Dover Publications, 1989.

Thoreau Country: Photographs and Text Selections from the Works of H. D. Thoreau / by Herbert W.
Gleason; edited by Mark Silber; introd. by Paul Brooks. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1975.

Thoreau: Philosopher of Freedom; Writings on Liberty by Henry David Thoreau, selected, with an
introduction, by James MacKaye New York, The Vanguard Press, 1930

Thoreau's Psychology: Eight Essays/ edited by Raymond D. Gozzi.Lanham, MD: University Press of
America, c1983. Essays originally presented at a conference held in Apr., 1978 at the State University
College of Arts and Sciences at Geneseo, N.Y. and sponsored by the Conversations in the Disciplines
Program of the State University of New York.Includes bibliographical references.

WOLF, William J. Thoreau: Mystic, Prophet, Ecologist [by] William J. Wolf. Philadelphia, United Church
Press [1974]

PUBLICAÇÕES PERIÓDICAS:

Thoreau Journal Quarterly. Vol./date v. 1-13; Jan. 1969-July/Oct. 1981.Orono, Me. [etc.] Published by the
Thoreau Fellowship.

The Thoreau Quarterly. Vol./date Vol. 14, no.1 (winter 1982)-v. 17, no.1 & 2 (winter/spring 1985).
[Minneapolis, Minn.] : Thoreau Quarterly, Inc., 1982-1985.
The Thoreau Society Bulletin.Chapel Hill, N. C. [etc.]Irregular, 1941-43; quarterly, 1944-Published by the
Thoreau Society.

PÁGINAS WEB

TEXTOS:
A Plea for Captain John Brown [on-line] disponível em gopher://gopher.vt.edu:10010/02/149/2
Life Without Principle [on-line] disponível em gopher://gopher.vt.edu:10010/02/149/3
Slavery In Massachussetts [on-line] disponível em gopher://gopher.vt.edu:10010/02/149/4
Another site with Walden [on-line] disponível em gopher://gopher.vt.edu:10010/02/149/5

Thoreau, Henry David: Walden [on-line] disponível em gopher://gopher.vt.edu:10010/02/149/5

David Henry Thoreau [on-line] disponível em http://burn.ucsd.edu/~anow/ppl/wri/thoreau/index.html

University of Toronto, The Maine Woods , [on-line] disponível em

http://dev.library.utoronto.ca/utel/nonfiction/thoreauh_mw/mw_titlepage.html

Josh Knauer, Henry David Thoreau a biography , 1995 [on-line] disponível em

http://envirolink.org/elib/enviroethics/thoreaubio.html

Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) , [on-line] disponível em http://history.hanover.edu/19th/thoreau.htm

Henry David Thoreau [on-line] disponível em http://members.tripod.com/~TortiseShell_Cottage/t-

thoreau.htm

Jone Johnson, Henry David Thoreau,1995 [on-line] disponível em http://miso.wwa.com/~jej/1thorea.html

Links to all the sources of Thoreau's writings on the Web

Jone Johnson, Henry David Thoreau,1995 [on-line] disponível em http://miso.wwa.com/~jej/1thorea.html

TEXTOS: Civil Disobedience: 1849 Life Without Principle: 1863 Plea for Captain John Brown:
1859 Slavery in Massachusetts: 1854 Walden; or Life in the Woods: 1854

Index of Walden [on-line] disponível em

http://rotten.egg.com/ReadingRoom/Literature/OnWaldenPond/index.html

University of Maryland , Sean Mahoney, CyberSaunter: Henry David Thoreau [on-line] disponível em
http://umsa.umd.edu/thoreau/

University of Maryland, The Life of Henry David Thoreau [on-line] disponível em

http://umsa.umd.edu/thoreau/history.html

Civil Disobedience , [on-line] disponível em http://www.cs.indiana.edu/statecraft/civ.dis.html

Cynthia Melville and Dara Murray, Henry David Thoreau, 1997 [on-line] disponível em
http://www.delta.edu/~anburke/amlit/studentwork/thoreau.html

Walden [on-line] disponível em http://www.ecomall.com/wood.htm

Walking by Henry David Thoreau [on-line] disponível em http://www.glue.umd.edu/~pdouglas/walking.html

Writings of Henry D. Thoreau: The Journal [on-line] disponível em http://www.gsu.edu/~wwwhdt/

Ray Angelo, Botanical Index to Henry Thoreau's Journal. Web Introduction, 1998 [on-line] disponível em
http://www.herbaria.harvard.edu/~rangelo/BotIndex/WebIntro.html
New England Literary Tour [on-line] disponível em http://www.inc.net/~fhs/littour/walden.html

Universit of California, ElizabethWhiterell, The Writing of Henry D. Thoreau , 1998 [on-line] disponível
em http://www.library.ucsb.edu/depts/thoreau/

Universit of California , The Writings of Henry D. Thoreau: Frequently Asked Questions [on-line] disponível
em http://www.library.ucsb.edu/depts/thoreau/bfaq.html

WALDEN Mailing list, [on-line] disponível em http://www.mcelhearn.com/thoreau/waldenlist.html

WALDEN is a mailing list dedicated to Henry David Thoreau (July 12, 1817 to May 6, 1862)

Thoreau, Henry David, [on-line] disponível em http://www.netwalk.com/~vireo/Thoreau_Henry_David.html

Genius Ignored. Chapter 5. Thoreau, [on-line] disponível em

http://www.serve.com/Lucius/Thoreau.index.html

The Electronic Drummer(The Thoreau Institute), 1998 [on-line] disponível em

http://www.teleport.com/~rot/index.html

The Thoreau Society [on-line] disponível em http://www.waldenfont.com/thoreau/thorsoc.htm

Henry David Thoreau Pages, 1996 [on-line] disponível em http://www.wwander.com/hdtp.html

HUXLEY, Thomas Henry 1825-1895

A Course of Elementary Instruction in Practical Biology, 1876 London and New York, Macmillan
and co., 1876./ 1879 London, Macmillan and co., 1879. / 1883 London, Macmillan and co., 1883.
A Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals. 1871 London, J. & A. Churchill, 1871. / New
York, D. Appleton and company, 1872. /1886 New York, D. Appleton and company, 1886. /
Agnosticism and Christianity, and other Essays / 1992 Buffalo, N.Y. : Prometheus Books, 1992.
American Address, with a Lecture on the Study of Biology, 1877 London, Macmillan and co., 1877.
An Introduction to the Classification of Animals. 1869 London, J. Churchill & sons, 1869
Animal Autotism, and other Essays, Science and Culture; 1884 [New York, J. Fitzgerald & co.,
1884]
Autobiography and Selected Essays, 1909 Boston, New York [etc.] Houghton Mifflin company
[c1909] / 1910 New York, Chicago, D. Appleton and company, 1910/1911/1912 / 1896 [New York, D.
Appleton and company, 1896-1902] /1968 New York, Greenwood Press [1968]
Critiques and Addresses. 1873 London, Macmillan and co., 1873. / 1873 New York, D. Appleton
and company, 1873.
Darwiniana. 1896 New York, D. Appleton and company, 1896.
Discourses, Biological and Geological; 1968 New York, Greenwood Press [1968]
Essays upon some Controverted Questions, 1892 New York, D. Appleton, 1892. / 1929 New York,
The Macmillan company, 1929.
Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature. 1863 London and Edinburgh, Williams and Norgate, 1863. /
1871 New York, D. Appleton and company, 1871/1880 New York, The Humboldt publishing co. [1880]
Evolution and Ethics and other Essays, 1893 London, New York, Macmillan and co., 1893/1896
New York, D. Appleton and company, 1896. /, 1893-1943, 1947 London, Pilot Press, 1947. /, 1902 New
York, D. Appleton and company, 1902. // 1960 St. Clair Shores, Mich., Scholarly Press [196-?] /1989
Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, c1989
Freedom in Science and Tteaching. 1879 London, C. K. Paul & co., 1879.
 Hume, 1879 New York, Harper & brothers [1879]/ 1884 New York, J. W. Lovell company [1884] /
New York, Harper & brothers [1887] / 1902 New York, D. Appleton and company, 1902. /1968 New York,
AMS Press [1968]
Hume, with Helps to the Study of Berkeley; 1894 New York, D. Appleton and company, 1894./ 1896
New York, D. Appleton and company, 1896.
Huxley's Autobiography and Selected Essays from Lay Sermons, 1910 New York [etc.] Longmans,
Green, and co., 1910.
Introduccion al Estudio de las Ciencias. 1890 Nueva York, D. Appleton y compania, 1890.
Introductory [science primer] /1880 London, Macmillan and co., 1880. /1882 New York, D.
Appleton and company, 1882. /1890 New York, Cincinnati [etc.] American book company [189-?]
Lay Sermons, Addresses and Reviews. 1870 New York, D. Appleton & company, 1870. / 1871 New
York, D. Appleton & company, 1871.
Lectures & Lay Sermons, 1926 London & Toronto, J. M. Dent & sons, ltd.; New York, E. P. Dutton
& co. [1926]
Lectures and Essays, 1902 New York, The Macmillan Company, 1902.
Lectures on Evolution: with an Appendix on the Study of Biology. 1882 [New York, J. Fitzgerald &
co., 1882]
Lectures on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy. 1864 London, J. Churchill and sons, 1864.
Lessons in Elementary Physiology, 1900 New York, The Macmillan company; [etc., etc.] 1900.
Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley, 1913 London, Macmillan and co., ltd., 1913.
Man's Place in Nature, and other Anthropological Essays, 1890 New York, Hurst and company
[189-?] / 1894 New York, D. Appleton and company, 1894. / 1896 New York, D. Appleton and company,
1896. / 1902 New York, D. Appleton and company, 1902. / 1904 New York, J. A. Hill and company, 1904. /
[Ann Arbor] University of Michigan Press [1959]
Method and Results; Essays 1893 New York, D. Appleton and company, 1893. / New York, D.
Appleton and company, 1896. /. 1902 New York, D. Appleton and company, 1902./ 1933 London, J. M. Dent
& sons, ltd.; New York, E. P. Dutton & co., inc.[1933] /1968 New York, Greenwood Press [1968]
More Criticisms on Darwin, and Administrative Nihilism. 1883 New York, D. Appleton and
company, 1883.
On a Piece of Chalk. 1967 New York, Scribner [1967]
On Education in Universitites. 1876 [n.p.] 1876.
On our Knowledge of the Causes of the Phenomena of Organic Nature. 1863 London, R. Hardwicke,
1863.
On the Educational Value of the Natural History Sciences. 1854 London, J. Van Voorst, 1854.
On the Origin of Species: 1863 New York, D. Appleton and company, 1863/ New York, D.
Appleton and company, 1872. / 1878 New York, D. Appleton and company, 1878. / 1968 Ann Arbor,
University of Michigan Press [1968]
On the Physical Basis of Life. 1869 New Haven, Conn., The college courant, 1869. /1870 New
Haven, Conn., C. C. Chatfield, 1870.
On Yeast, Protoplasm, and the Germ Theory. 1873 Boston, Estes & Lauriat [1873]
Physiography: 1888 New York, D. Appleton and company, 1888.
Physiography: an Introduction to the Study of Nature. 1877 London, Macmillan and co., 1877. /
1878 London, Macmillan and co., 1878. / 1892 New York, D. Appleton & company, 1892. / 1893 London
and New York, Macmillan and co., 1893. /1900 New York, D. Appleton and co., limited; London, Macmillan
and co., limited, 1900. / 1934 New York, Harcourt, Brace and company [c1934]
Science and Christian Tradition. 1894 New York, D. Appleton and company, 1894. / 1896 New
York, D. Appleton and company, 1896. /1902 New York, D. Appleton and company, 1902./ New York,
Greenwood Press [1968]
Science and Culture, and other Essays. 1882 New York, D. Appleton and company, 1882.
Science and Education Essays 1896 New York, D. Appleton and company, 1896. /New York, D.
Appleton and company, 1901. /1904 New York, J. A. Hill and company, 1904./ 1925 London, Macmillan and
co., limited, 1925. /1964 New York, Philosophical Library [1964]
Science and Hebrew Tradition; Essays 1894 New York, D. Appleton and company, 1894. / 1897
New York, D. Appleton and company, 1897. /1901 New York, D. Appleton and company, 1901.
Selected Essays and Addresses of Thomas Henry Huxley; 1910 New York, The Macmillan
company, 1910.
 Selections from Huxley, 1912 New York, H. Holt and company, 1912.
Selections from Huxley, Embracing the Autobiography; On the Advisableness of Improving Natural
Knowledge; A Liberal Education and where to find it; On a Piece of chalk. 1911 Boston, New York [etc.]
Ginn and company [c1911]
Selections from the Essays of Thomas Henry Huxley. 1948 New York, F. S. Crofts, 1948. /1986
Arlington Heights, Ill. : H. Davidson, [1986] printing, c1948.
Social Diseases and Worse Remedies. 1891 New York, The Humboldt publishing co. [1891] /1891
London, and New York, Macmillan and co., 1891.
Social Diseases and Worse Remedies; Letters to the "Times" on Mr. Booth's Scheme with a pref. and
reprinted introductory essay. 1891 London, New York, Macmillan, 1891.
T. H. Huxley's Diary of the Voyage of H. M. S. Rattlesnake. 1935 London, Chatto and Windus,
1935. / 1936 Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Doran & company, inc., 1936.
Technical education, and other essays. 1885 New York, J. Fitzgerald, 1885.
The Advance of Science in the last Half-century, 1887 New York, D. Appleton and company, 1887.
/ 1888 New York, D. Appleton and company, 1888.
The Crayfish. 1880 New York, D. Appleton and company, 1880. / 1881 London, C. K. Paul & co.,
1881.
The Elements of Physiology and Hygiene; 1868 New York, D. Appleton and company, 1868. / 1873
New York, D. Appleton and company, 1873. / 1896 New York, Cincinnati [etc.] American book company
[c1896]
The Essence of T. H. Huxley: Selections from his Writin 1967 London, Melbourne [etc.] Macmillan,
New York, St. Martin's P.,1967
London. University. Imperial College of Science and Technology. The Huxley Papers; a Descriptive
Catalogue of the Correspondence, Manuscripts and Miscellaneous Papers of the Rt. Hon. Thomas Henry
Huxley ... 1946 London, Published for the Imperial College of Science and Technology by Macmillan, 1946.
The Major Prose of Thomas Henry Huxley / 1997 Athens: University of Georgia Press, c1997
The Oceanic Hydrozoa; a Description of the Calycophoridae and Physophoridae Observed during
the Voyage of H.M.S. "Rattlesnake," 1859 London, Printed for the Ray society, 1859.
The Scientific Memoirs of Thomas Henry Huxley, ed. --Supplementary volume 1903 London,
Macmillan and co., limited; New York, D. Appleton and company, 1903.
Touchstone for Ethics, 1893-1943 1947 New York, Harper [1947]

ESTUDOS SOBRE:

AINSWORTH DAVIS, J. R. (James Richard), 1861-1934. Thomas H. Huxley; by J.R. Ainsworth Davis
...London, J.M. Dent & co.; New York, E.P. Dutton & co., 1907

AYRES, Clarence Edwin, 1891-1972. Huxley, by Clarence Ayres. New York, W.W. Norton & Company, inc.
[c1932]

BIBBY, Cyril. T. H., Huxley; Scientist, Humanist and Educator. London, Watts [1959]

CLODD, Edward, 1840-1930. Thomas Henry Huxley, by Edward Clodd ... New York, Dodd, Mead and Co.,
1902.

COLLIE, Michael. Huxley at Work: with the Scientific Correspondence of T.H. Huxley and the Rev. Dr
George Gordon of Birnie, near Elgin / Michael Collie.Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan,
1991.

COURTNEY, Janet Elizabeth (Hogarth) 1865-, Freethinkers of the Nineteenth Century, by Janet E. Courtney.
New York, E.P. Dutton, 1920.

DESMOND, Adrian J., 1947-, Huxley: the Devil's Disciple / Adrian Desmond. London: Michael Joseph ;
New York, N.Y. : Viking Penguin, 1994.
HUXLEY, Leonard, 1860-1933. Thomas Henry Huxley, a Character Sketch, by Leonard Huxley. London,
Watts & Co., 1920.

Imperial College of Science and Technology. The Huxley Papers; a Descriptive Catalogue of the
Correspondence, Manuscripts and Miscellaneous Papers of the Rt. Hon. Thomas Henry Huxley ... Preserved
in the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, by Warren R. Dawson. London, Published for
the Imperial College of Science and Technology by Macmillan, 1946.

IRVINE, William, 1906-1964. Thomas Henry Huxley.[London] Published for the British Council by
Longmans, Green [1960]

JENSEN, J. Vernon (John Vernon), 1922-, Thomas Henry Huxley: Communicating for Science / J. Vernon
Jensen.Newark: University of Delaware Press; London; Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, c1991.

MITCHELL, P. Chalmers (Peter Chalmers), Sir, 1864-1945. Thomas Henry Huxley; a Sketch of his Life and
Work, by P. Chalmers Mitchell. New York [etc.] G.P. Putnam's sons, 1900.

PARADIS, James G., 1942-, T. H. Huxley: Man's Place in Nature / James G. Paradis. Lincoln: University of
Nebraska Press, c1978.

PETERSON, Houston, 1897- Huxley, Prophet of Science, by Houston Peterson. [1st ed.] London, New York,
Longmans, Green, 1932.

PINGREE, Jeanne. Thomas Henry Huxley: a list of his Scientific Notebooks, Drawings and other Papers,
Preserved in the College Archives. London, Imperial College of Science and Technology, 1968.

SHAFER, Robert, 1889-1956. Christianity and Naturalism; Essays in Criticism, second series, by Robert
Shafer. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1926

VOORHEES, Irving Wilson, 1878- The Teachings of Thomas Henry Huxley, by Irving Wilson Voorhees.
New York, Broadway Publishing Co., 1907

PÁGINAS WEB

Valencia Community College, Hudson, William Henry (1841-1922), 1997[on-line] disponível em

http://valencia.cc.fl.us/lrcwest/hudson.html

Alan Pert, Green Mansions, [on-line] disponível em

http://www.harbour.sfu.ca/~hayward/van/glossary/mansions.html

The Secular Web, Thomas Henry Huxley [1825-1895] Christianity and Agnosticism (1889) Collected Essays
- Volume V (1893) [on-line] disponível em
http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/thomas_huxley/

James Cook Univ., Thomas Henry Huxley, 1997[on-line] disponível em

http://www.cimm.jcu.edu.au/hist/stats/hux/index.htm

Thomas Henry Huxley (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) 1996[on-line] disponível em

http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/huxley.htm

Darwin, Huxley and the Natural Sciences, [on-line] disponível em

http://www.routledge.com/psmedia/darwhuxl.htm
 HAECKEL, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August, 1834-1919.

HAECKEL, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August, 1834-1919. The Evolution of Man: a Popular Exposition of the
Principal Points of Human Ontogeny and Phylogeny. New York: Appleton, 1879.
Aus Insulinde Malayische Reisebrief. Bonn:Emil Strauss, 1901.

ESTUDOS SOBRE O AUTOR:

CARNERI, B. Bartholomäus von Carneri's Briefwechsel mit Ernst Haeckel und Friedrich Jodl,
Herausgegeben von Margarete Jodl. Leipzig, K.F. Koehler, 1922.

HECHT, Gerhard. Botanická Cinnost Ernsta Haeckela na Teplicku 1852: príspevek k zivotopisu pokrokového
nemeckého prírodovedce = Botanische Tätigkeit Ernst Haeckels in der Teplitzer Gegend 1852; ein Beitrag
zur Biographie eines fortschrittlichen deutschen Wissenschaftlers/ Gerhard Hecht.Teplice: Oblastní muzeum,
1974.

HUBBARD, Elbert, 1856-1915. Little Journeys to Homes of Great Scientists ... written by Elbert Hubbard ...
East Aurora, N.Y., The Roycrofters, 1905

KLEMM, Peter. Ernst Haeckel, der Ketzer von Jena; ein Leben in Berichten, Briefen und Bildern. Leipzig,
Jena, Berlin, Urania-Verlag (1966)

MAURER, Friedrich, 1859- Ernst Haeckel und die Biologie. Festrede zur Feier von Ernst Haeckels 80.
Geburtstag. Jena, Fischer, 1914

PARTENHEIMER, Maren. Goethes Tragweite in der Naturwissenschaft: Hermann von Helmholtz, Ernst
Haeckel, Werner Heisenberg, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker/ von Maren Partenheimer. Berlin: Duncker &
Humblot, c1989.

PÁGINAS WEB

Ernst Haeckel (foto) [on-line] disponível em

http://www.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/biologie/bonline/d36/hackel.htm

The Museum of Paleontology, University of California at Berkeley Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) , [on-line]
disponível em http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/haeckel.html

MUIR, John, 1838-1914.

A Thousand-mile Walk to the Gulf, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, [1981] c1916. /Atlanta, Ga.: Cherokee
Pub., 1990./ San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, c1991. /New York: Penguin Books, 1992.
A Foot to Yosemite, San Francisco: Published for its members by the Book Club of California, 1936,
c1924.
Alaska, the Harriman Expedition, 1899, New York: Dover Publications, 1986.
 All the World Over, San Francisco, Calif.: Sierra Club Books, 1996.
John Muir, London : Diadem Books; Seattle: Mountaineers, [1992] / London : Baton Wicks; Seattle
: Mountaineers, 1996.
John Muir: his Life and Letters and other Writings / edited and introduced by Terry Gifford.
London: Baton Wicks; Seattle: Mountaineers, 1996.
John Muir Summering in the Sierra, Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984. ."Articles
written by John Muir for the San Francisco Daily evening bulletin in the years 1874-1875"--Pref.
John Muir, in his own Words , Lafayette, Calif.: Great West Books, 1988.
John Muir's Guide to Cape Town and the Western Cape / photos. by Sally Whately-Smith ; shopping
guide by Trisha Campbell & Carol J. Foy, Cape Town : H. Timmins, 1976
John Muir's Longest Walk: John Earl, a Photographer, Traces his Journey to Florida; with Excerpts
from John Muir's Thousand-mile Walk to the Gulf.
John of the Mountains, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, [1979] c1938.
Letters from Alaska, Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, c1993.
Letters to a Friend, Written to Mrs. Ezra S. Carr, 1866, Atlanta, Ga.: Cherokee Pub., 1990.
Mountaineering Essays, Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith Books, 1984. / Salt
Lake City: Peregrine Smith Books, [1989] / Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, c1997.
Muir among the Animals the Wildlife Writings of John Muir / Lisa Mighetto, editor. San Francisco,
CA: Sierra Club Books, c1986.
My First Summer in the Sierra, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979, c1916. / New York, NY: Penguin
Books, 1987/.Covelo, Calif. : Yolla Bolly Press, 1988. /1990 Atlanta, Ga.: Cherokee Pub., 1990. / San
Francisco: Sierra Club Books, [1990
Nature Writings, New York, N.Y.: The Library of America : distributed to the trade in the U.S. by
Penguin Books USA, c1997.
Northwest Passages, Palo Alto, Calif.: Tioga Pub. Co., c1988.
Our National Parks. Boston, Houghton Mifflin [1901] St. Clair Shores, Mich., Scholarly Press
[1970?] /Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, [1981] /San Francisco : Sierra Club Books, c1991.
Rambles in King's River Country, Ashland, Or.: L. Osborne, 1977.
Rambles of a Botanist Among the Plants and Climates of 1974 Los Angeles: Dawson's Book Shop,
1974.
South of Yosemite, Berkeley: Wilderness Press, c1988.
Steep Trails. Edited by William Frederic Bade. Dunwoody, Ga., N. S. Berg, 1970 [c1918] / Atlanta,
Ga.: Cherokee Pub. Co., 1990, c1909./ San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, c1994.
The Cruise of the Corwin, San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, c1993.
The John Muir Papers / R.H. Limbaugh and K.E. Lewis, editors. Alexandria, VA: Chadwyck-
Healey, 1985. Accompanied by guide: The guide and index to the microform edition of the John Muir papers,
1858-1957 (1986)
The Mountains of California, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.: Penguin, 1985. / San Francisco: Sierra Club
Books, c1988. / Atlanta, Ga.: Cherokee Pub., 1990. /New York: Penguin Books, 1993.
The Story of my Boyhood and Youth, San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, c1988.
The Wild Muir, Yosemite National Park, Calif.: Yosemite Association, c1994.
The Yosemite, Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986, c1912. /San Francisco: Sierra
Club Books, c1988. / San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, c1989.
To Yosemite and beyond: Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1980.
Trails of Wonder; [Kansas City, Mo., Hallmark, c1972] /New York: AMS Press, 1978, c1915.
/Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979. / San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, c1988. /New York: Penguin Books,
1993.
West of the Rocky Mountains, Philadelphia: Running Press, c1976.
Wilderness Essays, Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith, 1980-1988.

ESTUDOS SOBRE:

ANDERSON, Peter, 1956- John Muir: Wilderness Prophet / by Peter Anderson. New York: Watts, c1995.

DINES, Glen. John Muir / 1974 New York: Putnam, [1974]

DUNHAM, Montrew. John Muir: 1975 Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, c1975.
John Muir: Young Naturalist / by Montrew Dunham; illustrated by Al Fiorentino. 1st Aladdin
Paperbacks ed. New York: Aladdin Paperbacks, 1998.

EMANUELS, George. John Muir, Inventor / by George Emanuels. 1st ed. Fresno, Calif.: Panorama West
Books, 1985.

FORCE, Eden. John Muir / 1990 Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Silver Burdett Press, c1990

FOX, Stephen R. John Muir and his Legacy: the American Conservation Movement / Stephen Fox. 1st ed.
Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, c1975.

FULLER, O. Muiriel. John Muir of Wall Street: a Story of Thrift/ by O. Muiriel Fuller.New York: The
Knickerbocker Press, c1927.

GRAVES, Charles Parlin, 1911-1972. John Muir, 1973 New York, Crowell, [1973]

ITO, Tom. John Muir / 1996 San Diego, CA: Lucent Books, c1996.

John Muir / by Thomas J. Lyon; editors, Wayne Chatterton, James H. Maguire. Boise, Idaho: Boise State
College, c1972.

JONES, Dewitt. John Muir's America / photos. by Dewitt Jones; text by T. H. Watkins. 1st ed. New York:
Distributed by Crown Publishers, c1976.

JONES, Holway R. John Muir and the Sierra Club; the Battle for Yosemite, by Holway R. Jones. San
Francisco, Sierra Club, 1965.

KIMES, William F. John Muir: 1977 Palo Alto, Calif.: W. P. Wreden, 1977.
John Muir, a Reading Bibliography. Chronologically compiled and annotated by William F. Kimes
& Maymie B. Kimes. Foreword by Lawrence Clark Powell. Palo Alto, Calif. W. P. Wreden, 1977. 1986

LEDBETTER, Cynthia E., 1950- John Muir/ 1993 Vero Beach, Fla.: Rourke Publications, c1993.

LIMBAUGH, Ronald, John Muir's "Stickeen" and the Lessons of Nature, Fairbanks, Alaska: University of
Alaska Press, c1996.

LYON, Thomas J. (Thomas Jefferson), 1937- John Muir / 1972 Boise, Idaho: Boise State College, c1972.

National Broadcasting Company, inc. John Muir, a Great American Conservationist. [Washington, Forest
Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture [1938]

NORMAN, Charles, 1904- John Muir, Father of our National Parks. New York, Messner [1957]

SEATTLE. John Muir School. John Muir; a Pictorial Biography, 1938 [Seattle, Wash., Printed by Lowman
and Hanford co., c19

SMITH, Herbert F. (Herbert Franklin), 1933- John Muir, by Herbert F. Smith.New York, Twayne Publishers
[1965]

TALMADGE, Katherine S. John Muir: 1993 New York: Twenty-first Century Books, 1993.
John Muir: at Home in the Wild / Katherine S. Talmadge; illustrated by Antonio Castro. 1st ed. New
York: Twenty-first Century Books, 1993.
The Guide and Index to the Microform Edition of the John Muir Papers, 1858-1957 / edited by Ronald H.
Limbaugh and Kirsten E. Lewis.Alexandria, VA: Chadwyck-Healey Inc., 1986.

TOLAN, Sally. John Muir: Naturalist, Writer, and Guardian of the North American Wilderness / by Sally
Tolan. Gareth Stevens Children's Books ed. Milwaukee: G. Stevens Children's Books, 1990.

WILKINS, Thurman. John Muir: Apostle of Nature/ by Thurman Wilkins. Norman: University of Oklahoma
Press, c1995.

WINKLEY, John W. John Muir, Naturalist; a Concise Biography of the Great Naturalist. Martinez, John
Muir Historical Park Assn. [1959]

PÁGINAS WEB

Muir, John: Steep Trails[on-line] disponível em

ftp://uiarchive.cso.uiuc.edu/pub/etext/gutenberg/etext95/sttrl10.txt

Larry Spencer, The John Muir Homepage, [on-line] disponível em http://oz.plymouth.edu/~lts/muir.html

Mountain Thoughts

Texts (anchored html) John Muir [on-line] disponível em http://pantheon.cis.yale.edu/~thomast/texts/

TEXTOS: Mountain Thoughts , A Near View of the High Sierra , Snow-Storm on Mount Shasta
Illustrated, Wild Wool

texts (anchored html) John Muir [on-line] disponível em

http://pantheon.cis.yale.edu/~thomast/texts/snow/snow.html
TEXTOS: Steep Trails: California - Utah - Nevada - Washington - Oregon - The Grand Canyon,
Storm on Mount Shasta, Wild Wool

Strathclyde University, John Muir Centre Welcome , 1994 [on-line] disponível em

http://www.cs.strath.ac.uk/contrib/JMC/

Horacio Arevalo's Muir Woods, 1997[on-line] disponível em

http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/Rapids/3439/index-i.html

Denis Mollison , The John Muir Trust [on-line] disponível em http://www.ma.hw.ac.uk/jmt/ “The John Muir
Trust was formed in 1983 to safeguard and conserve wild places and to increase awareness and understanding
of the value of such places.”

Don Weiss , John Muir & I, The Man, The Trail, and The Wilderness Ideal, 1990, [on-line] disponível em
http://www.mandala.co.jp/echoes/JMI/JMIhome.html

Sierra Club--John Muir, 1996, [on-line] disponível em http://www.sierraclub.org/history/muir/

TEXTOS: The Water Ouzel, Stickeen

Harold Wood and Harvey Chinn, The John Muir Exhibit, 1996[on-line] disponível em
http://www.sierraclub.org/john_muir_exhibit/
TEXTOS: A Rival of the Yosemite, Man's Place in the Universe, Mt. Ritter, My First Summer in the
Sierra, Our National Parks, The Earthquake , The Story of my Boyhood and Youth, The Treasures of the
Yosemite, Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park,

College of the Siskiyous Library Mount Shasta Collection John Muir, 1997 [on-line] disponível em
http://www.siskiyous.edu/Library/ShastaCollection/Literature/jmuir/index.html
Artigos: Modoc Memories (1874), Notes from Shasta (1877), Salmon Breeding (1874), Shasta Bees
(1874), Shasta Game (1874) , Shasta in Winter (1874), Snow-Storm on Mount Shasta (1877)
College of the Siskiyous Library Mount Shasta Collection John Muir, 1997 [on-line] disponível em
http://www.siskiyous.edu/Library/ShastaCollection/Mountaineering/snowstrm.htm
TEXTOS: Snow-Storm on Mount Shasta

HUDSON, W. H. (William Henry), 1841-1922

A Shepherd's Life: Impressions of the South Wiltshire Downs / by W.H. Hudson; illustrated by
Bernard C. Gotch. London: Methuen, 1910.
Far Away and long Ago: a Childhood in Argentina / W.H. Hudson; introduction by Sir Nicolas
Cheetham. London: Century, 1985.
Green Mansions: a Romance of the Tropical Forest, by W.H. Hudson. New York, G.P. Putnam's
Sons; London, Duckworth & Co., 1904.
Idle Days in Patagonia, by W. H. Hudson ... Illustrated by Alfred Hartley and J. Smit. London,
Chapman & Hall, ltd., 1893.
Landscapes and Literati: unpublished letters of W.H. Hudson and George Gissing / edited and
introduced by Dennis Shrubsall and Pierre Coustillas. Salisbury, Wiltshire: M. Russell, 1985.
Letters from W. H. Hudson, 1901-1922, edited and with an introduction by Edward Garnett. New
York, E.P. Dutton & company [c1923]
Men, Books and Birds, by W.H. Hudson; with notes, some letters, and an introduction, by Morley
Roberts. London, E. Nash & Grayson, Limited [1925
South American Sketches / by W. H. Hudson. London: Duckworth, 1909.
The Land's End; a Naturalist's Impressions in West Cornwall, by W. H. Hudson. With forty-nine
illustrations by A. L. Collins.London, Hutchinson & Co., 1908.
The Purple Land: Being the Narrative of one Richard Lamb's Adventures in the Banda Orientál in
South America, as told by himself / W.H. Hudson; illustrated by Keith Henderson. [2d ed.]New York: Three
Sirens Press, [1904?]
W. HW. H. Hudson's Tales of the Pampas. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1939.

SOBRE AUTOR

GODDARD, Harold Clarke, 1878-1950. W. H. Hudson: Bird-man, by Harold Goddard. New York, E.P.
Dutton & Company [c1928]

HAMILTON, Robert, 1908- W. H. Hudson; the Vision of Earth, by Robert Hamilton. London, J.M. Dent and
sons ltd. [1946]

LIANDRAT, Fancisque. W. H. Hudson, 1841-1922, Naturaliste; sa Vie et son Oeuvre.Lyon, M. Audin, 1946.

MILLER, David, 1950- W.H. Hudson and the Elusive Paradise/ David Miller. Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire: Macmillan, 1990.

ROBERTS, Morley, 1857-1942. W.H. Hudson: a Portrait / by Morley Roberts. London: Eveleigh Nash &
Grayson, 1924

RONNER, Amy D. W.H. Hudson: the Man, the Novelist, the Naturalist / Amy D. Ronner. New York: AMS
Press, c1986.

SHRUBSALL, Dennis. W. H. Hudson: Writer and Naturalist / [by] Dennis Shrubsall.Tisbury [Eng.]:
Compton Press, c1978.
TOMALIN, Ruth. W. H. Hudson. London, H. F. & G. Witherby [1954]

WILSON, George Francis. A Bibliography of the Writings of W.H. Hudson, by G.F. Wilson. London, The
Bookman's Journal, 1922.

PÁGINAS WEB
Valencia Community College, Hudson, William Henry (1841-1922), 1997[on-line] disponível em
http://valencia.cc.fl.us/lrcwest/hudson.html

LEOPOLD, ALDO, 1886-1948.

A Sand County Almanac Illustrated, Madison, Wis.: Tamarack Press; New York: distributed by
Oxford University Press, 1977/1987 New York: Oxford University Press, 1987, c1949.
Aldo Leopold, Ankeny, Iowa: Soil Conservation Society of America, c1987.
Aldo Leopold's Southwest, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995.
Aldo Leopold's Wilderness, Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, c1990.
Game Management, Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986, c1961.
Round River, Minocqua, WI: NorthWord Press, 1991/ New York: Oxford University Press, c1993.
The River of the Mother of God and other Essays, Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press,
c1991.

ESTUDOS SOBRE:

Aldo Leopold: the Man and his Legacy / Thomas Tanner, editor; foreword by Stewart L. Udall. Ankeny,
Iowa: Soil Conservation Society of America, c1987.

CALLICOTT, J. Baird. In Defense of the Land Ethic: Essays in Environmental Philosophy / J. Baird
Callicott.Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, c1989.

FLADER, Susan. Thinking like a Mountain: Aldo Leopold and the Evolution of an Ecological Attitude toward
Deer, Wolves, and Forests / Susan L. Flader. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1974. .] London
University of Nebraska Press, 1978. Madison, WI London University of Wisconsin Press [1994?]

MCCLINTOCK, James I., 1939- Nature's Kindred Spirits: Aldo Leopold, Joseph Wood Krutch, Edward
Abbey, Annie Dillard, and Gary Snyder / James I. McClintock. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin
Press, c1994

MEINE, Curt. Aldo Leopold: his Life and Work / Curt Meine.Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press,
1988.

Round River; from the Journals of Aldo Leopold. Edited by Luna B. Leopold; illustrated by Charles W.
Schwartz. New York, Oxford University Press, 1953.

PÁGINAS WEB

Don Weiss, Ecology Hall of Fame Aldo Leopold 1887-1948,1997 [on-line] disponível em
http://ecotopia.org/ehof/leopold/index.html

Excerpts from the Works of Aldo Leopold, [on-line] disponível em

http://gargravarr.cc.utexas.edu/chrisj/leopold-quotes.html
Textos: Acts of Creation Killing the Wolf Death of a Species Land Ethic Conservation Conservation
and Living from the Land Profit Motive Ecological Education Development Industry vs. Wilderness Safe for
Cows Silphium Idle Spots Various Short Quotes

About Aldo Leopold, [on-line] disponível em http://www.bigeastern.com/eotp/ep_aldol.htm

The Leopold Education Project (LEP) Vicki Vialle, [on-line] disponível em http://www.lep.org/

Kathe Crowley, Aldo Leopold Nature Center, 1997-1998[on-line] disponível em

http://www.naturenet.com/alnc/

Biobibliografias

AHERN, Katherine, Cultural Landscape Bibliography: an Annotated Bibliography on resources in the

National Park System, Washington, 1992.

AHRENTZEN, Sherry. Children and the Built Environment: an Annotated Bibliography of Representative
Research of Children and Housing, School Design, and Environmental Stress / Sherry Ahrentzen. Monticello,
Ill.: Vance Bibliographies, [1982]

ALTSHELER, Brent, Natural History Index-Guide, N. York, 1940.

Ambiente e Territorio: Bibliografia.Bologna: Centro internazionale di studio, ricerca e documentazione

ell'abitare OIKOS, 1986.

ANGLEMYER, Mary e Eleanor R. Seagraves, The Natural Environment: an Annotated Bibliography on

Attitudes and Values; Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1984
A Search for Environmental Ethics: An Initial Bibliography, Washington DC, 1980.

ANNUAL Bibliography of the History of Natural History, vol. I, London, British Museum, 1985.

ASKOW, Catherine, Primary Sourcce Materials on Environmental Impact Studies, Chicago, 1979.

BALACHANDRAN, Sarojini, Encyclopedia of Environmental Information Sources: a subject Guide to about

34,000 Print and Other Sources of Information on all Aspects of the Environment, Detroit : Gale Research,
c1993.

BALDWIN, J. Whole Earth Ecolog: the Best of Environmental Tools & Ideas; foreword by Stewart
Brand.New York: Harmony Books, c1990.

BARKER, Leslie(ed.), Christian Belief and the Built Environment. An Annotate Bibliography,

BAUMAN, Richard W. Critical Legal Studies: a Guide to the Literature,. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press,
c1996.

Belgian Environmental Research Index, vol. 1 e 2(1969-1970), Brussels

BENNETT, Gary F. e Judith C.Bennett Environmental Literature; a Bibliography,.[3d ed.]Park Ridge, N.J.,
Noyes Data Corp., 1973.
BENOIT, Mary Ann, Songbird Ecology in Southwestern Ponderosa Ppine Forests: a Literature Review /
[authors, Mary Ann Benoit … [et al.] ; editors, William M. Block, Deborah M. Finch].Fort Collins, Colo.
(3825 E. Mulberry St., Fort Collins 80524): United States Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky
Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, [1997]

Bibliografia General sobre Ecologia e Ingenieria Ambiental., Caracas: Unesco, 1978.

Bibliographic Guide to the Environment, Boston, 1991-1996

BRIDSON, Gavin D. R., The History of Natural of Science and Bibliography, New York, Garland Pub.,
1994.
Plant, animal & Anatomical Illustration in art & Science: a Bibliographical Guide from the 16th
century to the present day, Winchester, 1990.

BURKE, John Gordon e Jill Swanson Reddig, Guide to Ecology Information and Organizations,.New York :
H. W. Wilson, 1976.

BURKE, Hubert D. Bibliography of Manuals and Handbooks from Natural Resource Agencies: Prepared for
the Coal Project, Western Energy and Land Use Team / compiled by Hubert D. Burke.Rev. ed. Fort Collins,
Colo.: The Team, 1978.

CATALÁ GORGUES, J.L. et alia, "Bibliografía Histórica sobre la Ciencia y la técnica en España.1996", in
Asclepio Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia, vol. XLIX, fasc.2, 1997, pp.223-290.

CESNICK, Michael T. e James E. Crow, Bibliography for the Study of Natural Resorce & Environment
Conflict, 1981

CHADWICH, Chris(ed.), Aberyst Wyth and District- Bibliography of the Earth and Environmental Sciences,
Wales, 1991

CHARLTON, Donald Geoffrey, New Image of the Natural in France. A Study in European Cultural History,
1750-1800, Cambridge, /N. York, 1984

CHENEY, K.A. 1993. A selective bibliography on the endangered species act. Natural Resources and
Environment 8(1): 43-45.

CHESLER, Olga e Dorothy Richardson.Trenton. Annotated Bibliography of Cultural Resource Survey

Reports Submitted to the New Jersey State Historic Preservation Officer through Dec. 31, 1979: in
Accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, as Amended , N.J, Office of Cultural
and Environmental Services, New Jersey Dept. of Environmental Protection, 1980

CORDOZO SARAVIA, Consuelo.; Bibliografía Boliviana de Ecología, en colaboración con Erika Geyger;
editor, Alfred Bittner; compilación bibliográfica, Jutta Buchinger. Tübingen, República Federal de Alemania:
Instituto de Colaboración Científica, c1989.

CORVOL, Andrée e Isabelle Richefort, Nature, Environnement et Paysage: l'Héritage du XVIIIe Siècle:
Guide de Recherche Archivistique et Bibliographique, Paris : L'Harmattan, 1995

CYPHER, Brian L., Ecology and Management of White-tailed Deer in Northeastern coastal Habitats : a
Synthesis of the Literature Pertinent to National Wildlife Refuges from Maine to Virginia / by Brian L.
Cypher and Ellen A. Cypher; project officer, Ronald E. Kirby. Washington, DC : Fish and Wildlife Service,
U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1988.

DANTAS, Mário.; Bibliografia sobre Ecologia de Pastagens,. Brasília: Departamento de Informação e

Documentação, 1981.
DON VILLE, Judith A., Environmental Studies Reviews, Mildetown, 1995

DOW, C. M. 1921. Anthology and Bibliography of Niagara Falls. Albany, N.Y: State of New York.

DURRENBERGER, Robert W., Environment And Man: A Bibliography. Palo Alto: National Press Books
1970

DZAMBA, Nancy, Annotated Bibliography of Cultural Resources Survey Reports Submited to the New
Jersey State Historic Preservation Officier.., Trenton, NJ., 1981.

EAGLE, Selvyn(ed.), Information Sources in Environmental Protection (Guides to Information Sources),

1996

Ecology an the Environment. A Dissertation Bibliography, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1976.

º
ELBERS, Joan S. Changing Wilderness Values, 1930-1990: an Annotated Bibliography / compiled by Joan S.
Elbers. New York : Greenwood Press, 1991

Encyclopedia of Environmental Information Sources. A Subject Guide …, Detroit, 1993.

EDWARDS, Everett Eugene, A Bibliography of the History of Agriculture in the United States, by Everett E.
Edwards. Detroit, Republished by Gale Research Co., 1967.
A Bibliography of the History of Agriculture in the United States, by Everett E. Edwards. New York,
B. Franklin [1970]

EHRMANN, John R., A Bibliography on Natural Resource and Environmental Conflict: Management
Strategies and Processes, Chicago, 1982.

(An)Environmental Bibliography: Publications Issued by UNEP or under its Auspices, 1973-1980, United
Nations Environment Programme, 1981.

Environment and the Community; an Annotated Bibliography.Washington, U. S. Dept. of Housing and Urban
Development; for sale by the Supt. Of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1971.

Environment and Development: An Annotated Bibliography compiled by: Nguyen Ngoc Ly Economic
Development Institute of The World Bank Contents Acknowledgments Introduction General Environmental
management, economics, and policies Project economic...

Environmental Periodicals Bibliography, nº.1-21(1992-1996), Santa Barbara environmental studies

Environment Source Book: a Guide to Environmental Information in Canada/a joint Project of the
Department of the Environment, Ottawa, and Provincial and Territorial Environment and Renewable
Resource Departments; [research: Margaret Dunn, editing: Betsy Comstock] [Ottawa]: Minister of Supply
and Services, 1978.

Environmental Conservation Education; a Selected Annotated Bibliography. Compiled for the Conservation
Education Association.Danville, Ill., Interstate Printers & Publishers [1974]

Environmental History (revista) publica em todos os números uma compilação bibliográfica: "Biblioscope.
An Archival guide & Bibliography".

FAHL, Ronald J., North American Forest and Conservation History: a Bibliography, Santa Barbara, Calif.:
ABC-CLIO Press, 1977

FIELD, Henry, Bibliography on the Southwestern Asia, Coral Gables, 7 vols., Fla., 1953-1962.
FINCH, Robert, John Hay, Edward Hoagland, and Barry Lopez,On Nature: Nature, Landscape, and Natural
History. San Francisco: North Point Press, 1987

FIRTH, John Naylor Millatt, Environmental Bibliography of Wales, 1900-1976, Cardiff, H.M. Stationery
Off., 1978

FORTNER, Diane M. Environmental Studies: an Annotated Bibliography, Metuchen, N.J. : Scarecrow Press ;
Pasadena, Calif.: Salem Press, c1994.

FREEMAN, Richard Broks, British Natural History Books, 1495-1900. A Handlist, Folkestone, Kent, 1980.

GAUDIER, Maryse. Ecologie, Monde du Travail, Participation Sociale: Ttendances de la Documentation et

Bibliographie = Ecology, the World of Work, Social Participation: Trends in the Literature and
Bibliography. Geneve : Institut international dâetudes sociales, c1986.

Geographic Index of Environmental Articles, 1991.Cincinnati, Ohio: Center for Environmental Research
Information, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, [1992]

George Muir Library. The Australian Environment: a Bibliography of Monographs and Audiovisual materials
held in the George Muir Library of the Kuring-gai College of Advanced Education, 1975-1983. [Linfield,
N.S.W.] : The Library, [1984]

GOODLAND, Robert J. A., Bibliography, Agriculture and Ecology of Bangladesh [Dacca : s.n., 1977?],

GUERRINI, Anita, Natural History and the New World, 1524-1770, an Annotated Bibliography of Printed
Materials in the Library of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, American Phiçosophical
Society Library, 1986.

Guía Bibliográfica sobre Agroecología en América Latina / AGRUCO -AGRECOL. Langenbruck, Suiza:
AGRECOL; Cochabamba, Bolivia: AGRUCO [1994]

HAMMOND, Kenneth A., George Macinko, Wilma B. Fairchild, Sourcebook on the Environment : a Guide
to the Literature,. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1978.

HARRAH, David F. e Barbara K. Harrah., 1949- Conservation/Ecology, Resources for Environmental ,

Imprint Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1975.

HASSE, Adelaide Rosalia, 1868-1953. Reports of Explorations Printed in the Documents of the United States
Government: a Contribution Toward a Bibliography / compiled by Adelaide R. Hasse (Office Superintendent
of Documents, Government Printing Office). Washington : G.P.O., 1899.

HEMSLEY, W. Botting, Botanical and Zoological Bibliography of the Lesser Antilles, Caribbes Islands or
Windward and Leward Islands, London, British Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, 1888.

HENDERSON, Francine I. Botswana's Environment: an Annotated Bibliography (revised) / Francine I.

Henderson, Johannes B. Opschoor. Gaborone, Botswana: National Institute of Development and Cultural
Research, 1981.

HIBBS, L. Dale. A Literature Review on Mountain Goat Ecology, [Denver, Dept. of Game, Fish and Parks,
Game Research Division, 1966]

HOLBROOK, David. Changing Attitudes to the Nature of Man; a Working Bibliography, with addenda by
Masud Khan, Andrew Brink and David Boadella. Hatfield, Hertis [1973]

HOLLIMAN, Jonathan. Environment, Resources and Man: an Annotated List / selected by Jonathan
Holliman. London: National Book League, 1972.
Human Settlements: an Annotated Bibliography: Prepared for Habitat, United Nations Conference on Human
Settlements, Vancouver, Canada, 31 May-11 June, 1976 / by International Institute for Environment and
Development. Elmsford, N.Y.: Pergamon Press, 1976.

International Development and the Human Environment: An Anotated Bibliography, N. York, Macmillan
Information, 1974.

JANSMA, P. E. e Jansma.Englewood,Reading About the Environment: an Introductory guide, Colo.:

Libraries Unlimited, 1992.

KRAMER, Joseph(compil.), Environment/Ecology; a Guide to the Library,Sacramento, 1972.

KRUSE, Lenelis. Environment and Behavior: an International and Multidisciplinary Bibliography, 1970-
1981, Reiner Arlt.Paris ; New York : K.G. Saur, 1984.

JACOBS, M., and de Boo, T. J. J. Conservation Literature on Indonesia: Selected Annotated Bibliography.
Rijksherbarium, Leiden, Netherlands, 1982.

JANSMA, Pamela E., Reading About the Environment: an Introductory Guide, Englewood, Colo., 1993

JOHNSON, Carolyn M. Discovering Nature with Young People: an Annotated Bibliography and Selection
Guide / compiled by Carolyn M. Johnson. New York : Greenwood Press, 1987.

JOLMA, Dena Jones, Attitudes Toward the Outdoors: an Annotated Bibliography of U.S. survey and Poll
Research Concerning the Environment, Wildlife, and Recreation / compiled by Dena Jones Jolma. Jefferson,
N.C. : McFarland, c1994.

KNIGHT, David M., Natural Science books in English, 1600-1900, London, 1972.

KURATA, Satoru, 1922- , A Bibliography of Forest Botany in Japan, 1940-1963, edited by S. Kurata, with
the collaboration of K. Aoshima [and others] Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press [c1966]

Latin American Agriculture: a Bibliography on Pioneer Settlement, Agricultural History and Economics,
Rural Sociology and Population (including immigration and foreign minorities), agricultural cooperatives and
credit, from the holdings of the Widener Library, Harvard University / Martin H. Sable. Milwaukee:
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Center for Latin American Studies, 1970.,Milwaukee: University of
Wisconsin--Milwaukee, Center for Latin American Studies, 1970.

LESNICK, Michael T., A Bibliography for the Study of Natural Resource and Environmental Conflict,
Chicago, 1981.

LEYVA Franco, Pablo, Bibliografia sobre Fauna, Flora y Parques Nacionales, Bogota, 1983.

LIEBER , J. W.. Human Ecology and Education: a Catalogue of Environmental Studies, 1957-1970 , Ibadan :
University of Ibadan, 1970.

MACARIE, Gheorge, Sentimentul naturii in Proza Romanesca a secolului XIX, Bucaresti, Minerva, 1978

MALTZ, Nathan Jerry: Interaction with the Physical Environment: Patterns of Living, Socialization,
Behavior, and Environmental Cognition in Various Cultures: Selected Annotated Bibliography, Monticello,
Ill: Vance Bibliographies, 1979

Man and his Environment; Selected Government Publications, 1950-1970. [Bloomington] 1970.
MATHISEN, Ole A. , Ecology of the Bering Sea: a Review of Russian Literature / edited by Ole A. Mathisen
and Kenneth O. Coyle.Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska
Fairbanks, [1996]

MATTHEWS, William Henry, Joseph C. Perkowski ... [et al.]., Resource Materials for Environmental
Management and Education , Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, c1976.

Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo: Aspectos Económicos del Medio Ambiente, prólogo de José Luis
Sampedro.Madrid : CIFCA, 1979

MEISEL, Max, Bibliography of American Natural History. The Pioneer century, 1769-1865, 3 vols, N. York,
1924

MERIDETH, Robert W. The Environmentalist's Bookshelf : a Guide to the Best Books,. New York : G.K.
Hall ; Toronto: Maxwell Macmillan Canada; New York: Maxwell Macmillan International, c1993.

MILLER, Charles Allen, Nature in American life. A Preliminary Bibliographical guide, Princeton, NJ, 1972.

MILLER, Joseph A. e Sarah M. Fieldman(compilação) The Island Press Bibliography of Environmental

Literature, Washington, D.C.: Island Press, c1993

MONTEIRO, Isane Therezinha Zahluth; Bibliografia sobre Ecologia. Belem: Sagri, 1979.

MORRISON, Denton E., Environment. A Bibliography of Social Science and related literature, Washington,
1974

MOSELEY, Charles J., Beacham's Guide to Environmental Issues and Sources, 5 vols, 1993

MUMTAZ, Khawar. Pakistan's Environment: a Historical Perspective and Selected Bibliography with
Annotations / edited and compiled by Khawar Mumtaz and Mehjabeen Abidi-Habib. Karachi, Pakistan: JRC-
IUCN, [1989]

NASSAR, Nazira Leite e Mário Dantas; Bibliografia sobre Ecologia Vegetal. Brasília: EMBRAPA, Centro
de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Trópico Úmido, Departamento de Informação e Documentação, 1981.

Natural Environment and Man in Tropical Mountain Ecosystems: proceedings of the symposium of the
Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz, Kommission für Erdwissenschaftliche Forschung, in
connection with the International Geographical Union, Commission on Mountain Geoecology, February 24-
26, l983 at Mainz = Verhandlungen des Symposiums der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur,
Mainz, Kommission für Erdwissenschaftliche Forschung, in Verbindung mit der International Geographical
Union, Commission on Mountain Geoecology, 24.-26. Februar 1983 in Mainz / Herausgeber, Wilhelm Lauer.
Stuttgart: F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden, 1984.

NEWMAN, Oksana e Allan Foster, European Environmental Information/ compiled by Oksana Newman and
Allan Foster. London; Detroit, Mich.: Gale Research International, c1994.

NORDQUISIT, Joan, Radical Ecology Theory. A Bibliography(social theory- a bibliographic series, nº.30),
1993
Environmental Issues in the Third World: a Bibliography, Santa Cruz, Ca., 1991.

NORTH American Newsletter. Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, vol. I, nº1, N. York, 1977

ORSI, Richard J.(compil.), A List of References for the History of Agriculture in California Davis :
Agricultural History Center, University of California, 1974.
OWINGS, Loren C., Environmental Values, 1860-1972: a Guide to Information, Detroit : Gale Research Co.,
c1976.

PINHEIRO NETO, Francisco A; Resumos Bibliograficos sobre Ecologia, Rio de Janeiro : Ibdf, 1973.

POUYAT, Richard V., The Ecology and Natural Resources of New York City: a Bibliography : a Reference
Guide to Literature for Scientists, Planners, and Natural Resource Managers / Richard V. Pouyat, Mark J.
McDonnell. Millbrook, N.Y.: Institute of Ecosystem Studies, New York Botanical Garden, c1991.

RAMSEY, Ralph H., Livestock and the Environment: a Bibliography with Abstracts / by Ralph H.Ramsey.
Washington: Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency : for sale by the
Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1977.

RAWSON, Margaret B. A Bibliography on the Nature, Recognition, and Treatment of Language Difficulties,
prepared by Margaret B. Rawson for the Orton Society, inc. [Rev. ed. Pomfret, Conn., 1966-

REGIS, Pamela, Describing Early America. Bartram, Jefferson, Crevecoeur, and the Rhetoric of Natural
History, Dekalb, Northern Ill. Press, 1992.

ROGERS, Dilwyn J. A Bibliography of African Ecology: a Geographically and Topically Classified List of
Books and Articles / compiled by Dilwyn J. Rogers. Westport, Conn. Greenwood Press, 1979.

RUSSELL, Terence M. The Built Environment: a Subject Index 1800-1960 ,Godstone [England] : Gregg Pub.
; Brookfield, 1989.

SAHA, Santosh C., A History of Agriculture in West Africa: a Guide to Information Sources , Lewiston,
N.Y., USA: E. Mellen Press, c1990.

SARGENT, Frederick, Human Ecology: a Guide to Information Sources, Detroit, Mich. : Gale Research Co.,
c1983.

SCHADER ,Freddy , A Bibliography of Environmental Education for use Primarily in Grades 1-9, .Little
Rock, Ark., Arkansas Library Commission, 1972

Sciences Humaines et Environnement, Orientations Bibliographiques, Recherche Effectuée à l'Institut de

l'Environnement. Paris (5e), Institut de l'environnement, 14-20, rue Érasme [1971].

SCHLEBECKER, John T. Bibliography of Books and Pamphlets on the History of Agriculture in the United
States, 1607-1967, Santa Barbara, Calif., A[merican] B[ibliographical] C[enter]--Clio, 1969.

SCHOR, Joel(compil.). A List of References for the History of Black Americans in Agriculture, 1619-1980 ,
Davis, Calif.: Agricultural History Center, University of California, [1981]

Select Bibliography of the Natural History of the Kimberley Region of Western Australia / compiled by the
Staff of the J.S. Battye Library of West Australian History. Perth: Library Board of Western Australia, 1981.

SETHI, Narendra Kumar, Social Sciences in Management. An Environmental View,The Hague, Nijhoff, 1972.

SHANDS, William E , Forest Land Use: an Annotated Bibliography of Policy, Economic, and Management
Issues, 1970-1980: a Conservation Foundation Report, Washington, D.C. : The Foundation, c1981

SHELDON, Joseph Kenneth, Rediscovery of Creation: a Bibliographical Study of the Church's Response to
the Environmental Crisis ,. Metuchen, N.J.: American Theological Library Association : Scarecrow Press,
1992.
SCHEUCHZER, Johann Jakob, Bibliotheca Scriptorium Historiae Naturali Omnium Terrae Regionum
Inservientium, Historiae Naturalis Helvetiae Prodromus, Tiguri, Typis Henrici Bodmeri, 1716

SINCLAIR, Patti K., E for Environment: an Annotated Bibliography of Childrens Boks with Environmental
Themes,. New Providence, N.J.; R. R. Bowker, c1992.

SITWELL, Sacheverell, Fine Bird Books, 1700-1900, N. York, Atlantic Monthly Press, 1990.

STAPP, William B.e Mary Dawn Liston, Environmental Education: a Guide to Information Sources.Detroit :
Gale Research Co., [1975]

STERRINGA, Jacob T; Bibliografia sobre Silvicultura y Ecologia Florestal Tropical. Turrialba : Iica/cidia,
1975.

SUGGEST Collection in the Environmental Sciences, Verona, Wis., 1973, 3ª ed.

SWARTZ, Janey and Duane Toomsen, Environmental Literature for Young Readers. Environmental
Education Coordinator, Iowa Department of Public Instruction, Grimes State Office Building, Des Moines,
IA 50319

TAUNY, Afonso E., Achegas para a Bibliographia das Sciencias Naturaes. Resumo de obras, Opusculos e
artigos publicados no Estrangeiro e interessando o Brasil(1917-1921), S. Paulo, 1927.

TAYLOR, George F. Forestry in India: a Selected Bibliography of Sources on Forest History, Forest Policy
and the Forestry/Agriculture Interface, Monticello, Ill.: Vance Bibliographies, 1980.

THOMAS, Morley K., comp. A Bibliography of Canadian Climate 1958-1971. Bibliographie du Climat
Canadien, 1958-1971. Compiled by - compilé par Morley K. Thomas. [Ottawa, Information Canada] 1973.

URIBE, Maruja.. Fuentes de Información sobre Protección del Medio Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales en
América Latina y el Caribe, Gladys Soche. Edition 1. ed., Santafé de Bogotá : El Colegio Verde de Villa de
Leyva, 1992.

VANCE, Mary, Nature Conservation: Monographs, 1983

VON BAEYER, Edwinna, A preliminary Bibliography for Garden History in Canada, Ottawa, Ont., 1983.

WAAGE, Frederick O.ed, Teaching Environmental Literature: Materials, Methods, Resources. N.Y.:Modern
Language Association of Am. 1985

WALMSLEY, D. J., e R. A. Day: Perception and Man-environment Interaction: a Bibliography and Guide to
the Literature, Geographical Society of New South Wales, New England Branch, 1972

WARREN, Betty. The Energy and Environment Checklist: an Annotated Bibliography of Resources San
Francisco: Friends of the Earth: distributed by Friends of the Earth Books, c1980

WHITTAKER, David J. Conserving America: a Bibliographical Guide to Printed Material in the British
Library Relating to American Environmental History and Thought,. [London]: British Library: Eccles Center
for American Studies, 1996.

WINTON, Harry N. M.(ed.), Man and the Environment. A Bibliography of Selected Publications of the
United Nations System, 1946-1971, N.York, Unipub 1972

WINZELER, Elizabeth R. e Gabriel J. Cherem, An Interpretive Research Bibliography, Derwood, Md., 1978

WOHLWILL, Joachim F., e Gerald D. Weisman: The Physical Environment and Behavior : an Annotated
Bibliography and Guide to the Literature , New York: Plenum Press, c1981

WOLFF, Garwood R. Environmental Information Sources Handbook, [New York] Simon and Schuster
[1974]

BIBLIOGRAFIA GERAL

A
ABBEY, Edward.The Brave Cowboy. Salt Lake City: Dream Garden Press, 1956-1994.

ABBOTT, Carl. “The Metropolitan Frontier.” The Modern American West. Ed. Gerald D. Nash. Tucson: U of
Arizona P, 1993

ABRAMS, Le Roy, An Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, & California (Stanford:
Stanford University Press, 1923)

ACKERMAN, Diane. A Natural History of the Senses. New York: Random House, 1990-1994

ACKERMAN, Diane. The Moon by Whale Light: And Other Adventures Among Bats, Penguins, Crocodiles
and Whales. New York: Random House, 1992.
The Rarest of the Rare. New York: Random House, 1995.

ACOT, Pascal, Godron, Michel, Histoire de l'écologie, 1988

Historia da Ecologia, Rio de Janeiro: Campus, 1990.
Storia dell'ecologia / prefazione di Enrico Testa; traduzione di Silvana Nesi Sirgiovanni , Lucarini,
Roma, 1989

ADAMS, Carol J. Ecofeminism and the Sacred. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1992-1995.
The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory. New York: Continuum, 1990.

ADAMS, Noah. Saint Croix Notes: River Mornings, Radio Nights. New York: Norton, 1990.

ADAMS, Robert, e William Stafford. Listening to the River: Seasons in the American West. Aperture, 1994.
Cottonwoods: Photographs by Robert Adams. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Smithsonian Institution P, 1994
Why People Photograph: Selected Essays and Reviews. Aperture, 1994. A fotografia vista sobre a
perspectiva da paisagem.

AESENBERG, Nadya. We Animals: Poems of Our World. San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1990.

Agricoltura Ambiente e Sviluppo Economico nella Storia Europea, Milano, F. Angeli, [1993].

ALAIMO, Stacy. “Cyborg and Ecofeminist Interventions: Challenges for an Environmental Feminism.”
Feminist Studies 20 (1994).

ALBANESE, Catherine L. Nature Religion in America: from the Algonkian Indians to the New Age”
Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1990.
ALBION, R. G., Forests and Sea Power: the Timber Problem of the Royal Navy, 1652-1862, Cambridge,
Mass, 1926

ALBRECHT, D.E. “The Correlates of Farm Concentration in American Agriculture.” Rural Sociology 57, no.
4 (Winter 1992): 512-520.

ALCOCK, John. Sonoran Desert Summer. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 1990

The Masked Bobwhite Rides Again. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 1993. Crónicas sobre o deserto.

ALEXANDER, Joan. Whom the Gods Love: Boyd Alexander's Expedition from the Niger to the Nile 1904-7,
and his last Journey, 1908-10 / [by] Joan Alexander; [maps drawn by Reginald Piggott]. London :
Heinemann, 1977.

ALEXANDER, Pamela. Commonwealth of Wings: An Ornithological Biography. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan

UP, 1991.

ALEXIE, Sherman, The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press,
1993)

ALGLEMEYER, Mary, and Eleanor R. Seagraves. The Natura l'Environment: An Annotated Bibliography on
Attitudes and Values.Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1984.

ALLEN, David Elliston, The Naturalist in Britain a Social History, London, 1976.

ALLEN, Mea, The Tradescant: their Plants, Gardens and Museum, 1570-1662, London, 1964.

ALLEN, Timothy F., and Thomas W. Hoekstra Toward a Unified Ecology. New York: Columbia UP, 1992.

ALLEN, William. Walking Distance: An Ohio Odyssey. Cincinnati, OH: Black Oak Books, 1993.

ALLIN, Craig W. The Politics of Wilderness Preservation. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982.

ALMEIDA, Jozimar Paes de; Errante no Campo da Razão; o Inedito na Historia Contribuição para um
Estudo de Historia e Ecologia: Analise Critica da Racionalidade na Gestão de Meio Ambiente os eias=rimas
no Estado de São Paulo. São Paulo, 1993. Tese (Doutoramento)
A Extinção do Arco- Iris: Ecologia e Historia, Campinas, Sp,Papirus, 1988

ALONSO MILLAN, Jesus, Una Tierra Abierta: Materiales para una Historia Ecologica de España, Madrid
: Compañia literaria, 1995

ALPERS, Paul. What Is Pastoral? Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 1996.

ALT, D.D. & Hyndman, D.W., Northwest Exposure: Geology of the Pacific Northwest (Missoula: Mountain
Press, 1995)

ALTHERR, Thomas L. “The Country We Have Married: Wendell Berry and the Georgic Tradition of
Agriculture.” Southern Studies (1990).

ALVAREZ, Ken. Twilight of the Panther: Biology, Bureaucracy, and Failure in an Endangered Species
Program. Sarasota, FL: Myakka River Publishing, s.d.

ALVERSON, William S., Donald M. Waller, e Walter Khulmann. Wild Forests: Conservation Biology and
Public Policy. Washington, D.C.: Island, 1994.

L’Ambienti nelle Storia d’Italia- Studi e Immagini, Venezia: Cataloghi Marsilio 1989
AMELUNG, T. and M. Diehl.. Deforestation of Tropical Rainforests: Economic Causes and Impact on
Development. Kiel: Institute of World Economics. 1992

AMMONS, A.R. Garbage. New York: Norton, 1993.

ANAYA, Rudlolfo e Francisco Lomeli. Aztlan: Essays on the Chicano Homeland (Albuquerque: University
of New Mexico Press, 1989).

ANCONA, Gregorio, S. Spirito (Bari), Villaggio Rimpianto: Storia, Ecologia, Folklore, Edizioni Levante,
Bari,: 1977

ANDERSON, Alison. “Source Strategies and the Communication of Environmental Affairs.” Media, Culture,
and Society 13.4 (1991): 459-476.

ANDERSON, Chris, Edge Effects: Notes from an Oregon Forest. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1993.

ANDERSON, D., GROVE, R. R., (eds.) Conservation Africa. People Policies and Practices, Cambridge,
1987

ANDERSON, David J. “New England, Ohio’s Western Reserve, and the New Jerusalem in the West.”
Midamerica 18 (1991).

ANDERSON, William. Green Man: The Archetype of Our Oneness with the Earth. Harper Collins: San
Francisco, 1990. Estudo sobre o folclore, arte e literatura

APPLETON, Jay. The Experience of Landscape (London, New York: Wiley, 1975 [1996]).

ARGYROS, Alexander J. “A Blessed Rage for Order: Deconstruction, Evolution, and Chaos.” Studies in
Literature and Science Ann Arbor: UP of Michigan, 1991.

ARMSTRONG, Susan J., & Richard G. Botzler, eds., Environmental Ethics: Divergence and Convergence
(New York: McGraw Hill, 1993)

ARMYTAGE, W. H. G. A Social History of Engineering. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 1961.

ARNO, S. & R. Hammerley, Northwest Trees (Seattle: The Mountaineers, 1972)

ARNOLD, David, The Problem of Nature: Environment Culture and European Expansion (new Perspectives
on the Past),
e Ramchandra Gua (eds.), Nature, Culture, Imperialism: Essays on the Environmental History os
South Asia, Delhi; Oxford univ. Press, 1996

ARNOLD, Richard Sidney. “Conservation and the Uses of Nature in Writings of Thoreau, Muir, and Abbey.”
DAI 54 (1994). Evolução atitudes perante ambiente na literatura e política.

ART, Henry W. , The Dictionary of Ecology and Environmental Science / Henry W. Art, general editor;
foreword by F. Herbert Bormann; contributing editors, Daniel Botkin [et al.]. New York : H. Holt, 1993.

ATWOOD, Margaret. Strange Things: The Malevolent North in Canadian Literature. Toronto: Oxford UP,
1995.

AUDUBON, John James. Delineations of American Scenery andCharacter. New York: G.A. Baker &
Company, 1926.

AUSTIN, Mary, Cactus Thorn. Reno: U of Nevada P, 1994

Australian Environmental History: Essays and Cases / edited by Stephen Dovers Melbourne; New York:
Oxford University Press, 1994

AXELROD, Alan, 1952- The Environmentalists: a Biographical Dictionary from the 17th Century to the
Present / Alan Axelrod and Charles Phillips. New York : Facts on File, c1993.

B
BADINER, Allan Hunt. Dharma Gaia: A Harvest of Essays in Buddhism and Ecology. Berkeley: Parallax
Press, 1990. Colectânea de estudos.

BAGULEY, David, Naturalist Fiction. The Entropic Vision, N. Y., 1990.

BAHN, Flenley, Easter Island - Earth Island, London, 1992.

BAHRE, Conrad Joseph. A Legacy of Change: Historic Human Change on Vegetation in the Arizona
Borderlands. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 1991.

BAILEY, Florence Merriam. No Woman Tenderfoot. College Station: Texas A&M UP, 1993.

BAKER, Alan R. H. , BIGER, Gideon(ed.), Ideology and Landscape in Historical Perspective. Essays on the
Meanings of some Places in the Past, Cambridge, 1992

BAKER, David, Living with the Past: The Historic Environment, Bletsoe, Bedford: D. Baker, 1983.

BAKER, Jennifer Jordan. “’In a Thicket’: Glenway Westcott’s Pastoral Vision.” Studies in Short Fiction 31.2
(1994): 187-195.

BAKER, W.L.. Effects of settlement and fire suppression on landscape structure. Ecology 73, 1992: 1879-
1887.
The landscape ecology of large disturbances in the design and management of nature reserves.
Landscape Ecology 7: 181-194.

BARBER, Dee Seton(ed.).. Woodcraft is Lifecraft, 1902-1992: In Celebration of 90 Years. Santa Fe, NM:
Seton Village Press, 1992. Colecção de textos e poemas sobre o autor

BARILLAS, William. “Placelessness Against Place: Willa Cather’s Nebraska Novels.” Midwestern
Miscellany 19 (1991).

BARKER, Graeme, Ambiente e Società nella Preistoria dell'Italia Centrale, Roma: NIS,1984.

BARKER, Rocky, Saving All the Parts: Reconciling Economics and the Endangered Species Act
(Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1994)

BARNES, Barry, SHAPIN, Stephen, (eds.) Natural order Historical Studies of Scientific Culture, London,
1979.

BARNES, Claude T. The Natural History of a Mountain Year: Four Seasons in the Wasatch Range. Salt Lake
City: U of Utah P, 1996.

BARNES, Trevor J., and James S. Duncan, eds. Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text and Metaphor in the
Representation of Landscape. New York: Routledge, 1992.
BARNETT, Gabrielle. “Performing for the Forest.” Theater 25.1 (1994): 52-61.

BARRELL, J.C., The Idea of Landscape and the Sense of Place 1730-1840, Cambridge, 1972
The Dark Side of the English Landscape the Rural poor in English Painting 1730-1840, Cambridge,
1980.

BARTH, Gunther, Fleeting Moments: Nature and Culture in American History. New York: Oxford UP, 1990.

BARTHES, R. The Blue Guide, Mythologies. (London: Jonathan Cape, 1972).

BARTLETT, Robert, Priya A. Kurian, and Madhu Malik. International Organizations and Environmental
Policy. Westport: Greenhaven Press, 1995.

BASS, Rick. “The Yaak Chronicles.” Outside 15.1 (1990): 66-70.

Platte River. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994. Novelas
The Ninemile Wolves. Livingston, MT: Clark City Press, 1992.
Winter: Notes from Montana. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1991.

BAUER, E., Los Montes de España en la Historia, Madrid, Ministerio de Agrticultura, Pesca y Alimentación,
1980

BEAR, Ray A. Young. The Invisible Musician. Duluth, MN: Holy Cow! Press, 1990.

BEATTIE, A.J. Natural history at the cutting edge. Ecological Economics 13(2) 1995: 93-97.

BEDSWORTH, William. “The Verdict.” Sierra 78.3 (1993): 82-85.

BEGORAY, Noreen Joan. “Ecofeminism: Tracing the Theoretical Roots.” DAI 32 (1994).

BEIMART , William, COATES, Peter. Environment and History the Taming of Nature in the USA and South
Africa, 1995.

BENDING, Stephen. “Re-Reading the Eighteenth-Century English Landscape Garden.” Huntington Library
Quarterly 55 (1992).

BENJAMIN, Nancy Berg. “Traditional Enclosed Gardens in Ninteenth-Century American Fiction: The
Constriction of Adamic Aspirations.” DAI 45 (1985).

BENNET, Jane, and William Chaloupka, eds. In the Nature of Things: Language, Politics, and the
Environment. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1993. Antologia ensaios.

BENNETT, Jane. Thoreau’s Nature: Ethics, Politics, and the Wild. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994.

BENNETT, John W., e Seena B. Kohl. Settling the Canadian-American West, 1890-1915. Lincoln: U of
Nebraska P., 1995.

BENSON, Jackson J. “’Eastering’: Wallace Stegner’s Love Affair with Vermont in Coming to Safety.”
Western American Literature 25.1 (1990): 27-33.

BERAN, Carol L. “The Studhorse Man: Translating the Boundaries of Text.” Great Plains Quarterly 14.3
(1994): 185-94.

BERGER, Bruce. There Was a River: Essays on the Southwest. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 1994

BERGERJY, Harry, Second World and Green World-studies in Rrenaissance Fiction-making, Berkeley,
1988.
BERGMAN, Charles. “Manatees and the Metaphors of Desire.” Orion10 (1991
Wild Echoes: Encounters with the Most Endangered Animals in North America. New York:
McGraw Hill, 1990.

BERKHOFER, Robert F. The American Indian: Essays from the Pacific Historical Review. Santa Barbara,
CA: Clio Books, 1974.

BERMAN, Morris. The Reenchantment of the World. New York: Bantam, 1984.

BERMINGHAM, Ann, Landscape and Ideology - the English Rustic Tradition 1740-1860, Berkeley, 1986.

BERNHARDT, Peter. Natural Affairs: A Botanist Looks at the Attachments between Plants and People. New
York: Villard, 1993.

BERRY, Thomas. The Dream of the Earth. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1988.

BERRY, Wendell. “Getting Along with Nature.” Home Economics: Fourteen Essays by Wendell Berry. San
Francisco: North Point Press, 1987.
Another Turn of the Crank. Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1996.
What Are People For? San Francisco: North Point, 1990.

BESTON, Henry. The Outermost House. (1928)

BEVILACQUA, Piero, Tra Natura e Storia: Ambiente, Economie, Risorse in Italia, Roma: Donzelli, [1996
Fondazione Lelio e Lisli Basso-ISSOCO
Terre del Grano, Terre degli Alberi: l'Ambiente nella Storia del Mezzogiorno, Rionero di Volture:
Calice, stampa 1992
(ed.) Storia delll'Agricoltura Italiana in età Contemporanea. Spazi e Paesaggi, Venezia, Marsilio
Editori, 1989.

BEVIS, William W. Borneo Log: The Struggle for Sarawak’s Forests. Logan: Utah State UP, 1995.

BIEHL, Janet. Rethinking Ecofeminist Politics. Boston: South End P, 1991.

BILSKY, J. Historical Ecology: Essays on Environment and Social Change, N. York, Kennikat Press, 1980

BIRCH, Charles, William Eakin, e Jay B. McDaniel, eds. Liberating Life: Contemporary Approaches to
Ecological Theology. New York: Orbis, 1990.

BISHOP Jr., James. Epitaph for a Desert Anarchist: The Life and Legacy of Edward Abbey. New York:
Atheneum, 1994.

BLACK, Alison Harley, Man and Nature in the Philosophical Thought of Wang Fu-Chih, Seattle, 1989.

BLACK, John. The Domination of Man: The Search for Ecological Responsibility.

BLACKBURN, Thomas C., e Kat Anderson. Before the Wilderness: Environmental Management by Native
Californians. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena P, 1993.

BLAIR, Elizabeth. “The Politics of Place in Linda Hogan’s Mean Spirit.” SAIL: Studies in American Indian
Literature 6.3 (1994): 15-21.

BLATZ, Charles. Ethics and Agriculture: An Anthology on Current Issues in World Context. Moscow: U of
Idaho P., 1995.
BLEVINS, Winfred. Dictionary of the American West. New York: Facts on File, 1993. .

BLUME, Helmut, Geography of Sugar Cane: Environmental, Structural and Economical Aspects of Cane
Sugar Production, Berlin, 1985

BOAG, Peter G., Environment and Experience: Settlement Culture in Nineteenth-century Oregon, Berkeley:
university of California Press, 1992

BOICE, Judith. Mother Earth: Through the Eyes of Women Photographers and Writers. San Francisco: Sierra
Club Books, 1992.

BOLLES, Albert S. Industrial History of the United States: From the Earliest Settlements to the Present
Times: Being a Complete Survey of American Industries... Norwich, CT: The Henry BillPublishing Company,
1878.

BOLLING, David M. How to Save a River: A Handbook for Citizen Action. Washington, D.C.: Island, 1994.

BONAMICO, Sergio,Uomo ed Ambiente nella Storia del Paesaggio Italiano, Roma: Gangemi, [1992]

BONNER, Charles. “Crisis and Responsibility: Environment, Lifeworld and the Elemental.” DAI 55 (June
1995): 1995.

BONTA, Marcia Myers, Appalachian Spring. Pittsburgh: U of Pittsburgh P, 1991.

Women in the Field: America’s Pioneering Women Naturalists. College Station: Texas A&M UP,
1991.

BONYHADY, Tim. “Artists with Axes.” Environment and History 1 (June 1995):221-239.

BOOKCHIN, Murray. The Ecology of Freedom. Palo Alto, CA: Cheshire Books, 1982.

BOOTH, A., and H. Jacobs. “Ties that Bind:Native American Beliefs as a Foundation for Environmental
Consciousness.” Environmental Ethics 12 (1990):27-43.

BORLAND, Hal. “This Hill, This Valley.” American Land Classics . Ed. Charles E. Little. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins UP, 1990 (1957
The History of Wildlife in America. Washington, D.C: National Wildlife Federation. 1975

BORMANN, F. Herbert, e Stephen R. Kellert, eds. Ecology, Economics, Ethics: The Broken Circle. New
Haven: Yale UP, 1991.

BORMANN, F. Herbert, Diana Balmori, e Gordon T. Geballe. Redesigning the American Lawn: A Search for
Environmental Harmony. Editado por Lisa Vernegaard. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press,
1993.

BOSCHMAN, Robert. “Anne Bradstreet and Elizabeth Bishop: Nature, Culture and Gender in
‘Contemplations’ and ‘At the Fishhouses’.” Journal of American Studies 26 (1992).

BOTELHO, Teresa Maria Baker, Tecnologia Popular e Energia no Sector Residencial Rural: um Estudo
sobre o Fogão a Lenha, Rio de Janeiro, 1986

BOTKIN, Daniel B. Discordant Harmonies: A New Ecology for the Twenty-first Century. New York: Oxford
UP, 1990.
Our Natural History: The Lessons of Lewis and Clark. New York: Putnam, 1995.

BOUDREAU, Gordon V. The Roots of Walden and the Tree of Life. Nashville: Vanderbilt UP, 1990.
BOWDEN, Charles. “Children of the Sun.” Buzzworm 4.5 (1992): 44-49.
“Dave Foreman!: In the Face of Reality.” Buzzworm 2.2 (1990): 46-51.
Desierto: Memories of the Future. New York: Norton, 1991.

BOWERS, Janice Emily. A Full Life in a Small Place and Other Essays from a Desert Garden. Tucson: U of
Arizona P, 1993.
The Mountains Next Door. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 1991.

BOWERSOX, Joe William, III. “The Public Space of Environmentalism: Reason, Values, and Legitimacy in
Environmental Ethics and Politics.” DAI 56 (January 1996).

BOWLER, Peter J. The Norton History of Environmental Sciences. New York: Norton, 1993.

BOWMAN, Douglas C. Beyond the Modern Mind: The Spiritual and Ethical Challenge of the Environmental
Crisis. New York: Pilgrim, 1990.

BOYDEN, S. V. Western Civilization in Biological Perspective-patterns in Bio-history, Oxford, 1987.

Biohistory: The Interplay Between Human Society and The Biosphere. Parkridge, NJ; Parthenon
Publishing Group.1992

BRADFORD, John, Ancient Landscapes. Studies in Field Archaeology, Bath, 1957.

BRADLEY, Raymond S. e Philip D. Jones(ed.), Climate since a.d. 1500, London, 1992

BRAMWELL, Anna. Ecology in the Twentieth Century: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.
The Fading of the Greens: The Decline of Environmental Politics in the West. New Haven,
Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1994.

BRANDENBURG, Jim, et al. “The Land They Knew: A Portfolio” (1491: America Before Columbus).
National Geographic 180, no. 4 (October 1991): 14-100.

BRATTON, S.P.. Christianity, Wilderness and Wildlife: The Original Desert Solitaire. Scranton, PA:
University of Scranton Press. 1993

BRENNAN Andrew, Thinking about Nature-on Investigation of Nature, Value, and Ecology, Athens, 1988.

BRESSLER, Sidney. Reynolds Beal: Impressionist Landscapes and Seascapes (Rutherford: Fairleigh
Dickinson University Press, c1989).

BRIERLEY, John, A Natural History of the Man, Rutherford, 1970.

BRIGHT, William. A Coyote Reader. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993.

BRIMBLECOMBE, P. The Big Smoke a History of an Pollution in London since Medieval Times, London,
1987.

BRIMBLECOMBE, P., PFISTER, C. (ed.) The Silent Count Down. Essays in European Environmental,
Berlim, Spinger-Verlag 1990.

BROOKES, J. Gardens of Paradise. The History and Description of the Great Islamic Gardens, London,
1987

BROOKS, George, Landlords and Strangers - Ecology Society, and Trade in Western Africa, 1000-1630,
Boulder, 1993

BROOKS, Robert R. e Dieter Johannes, Phytoarchaelogy, Portland, 1990.

BROWER, David. The Life and Times of David Brower: For Earth’s Sake. Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith,
1990.
Work in Progress. Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith, 1991.

BROWN, Charles S. “Anthropocentrism and Ecocentrism: The Quest for a New World View.” Midwest
Quarterly 36.2 (1995): 191-202.

BROWN, Kerry. “Buddhism and Ecology.” World Religions and Ecology Series . New York: Cassell, 1992.

BROWN, K. and D.W. Pearce (eds.). The Causes of Tropical Deforestation. London: University College
London Press. 1994.

BROWN, Michael H. Laying Waste: The Poisoning of America by ToxicChemicals. New York: Pantheon
Book, 1980.

BROWN, Patricia Claire. “The Spiderweb: A Time Structure in Leslie Silko’s Ceremony.” DAI 47 (1986).

BROX, Jane. “From Here.” Georgia Review 47.1 (1993): 55-59

Here and Nowhere Else: Late Seasons of a Farm and Its Family. Boston: Beacon P, 1995.

BRUCHAC, Joseph. “The Four Directions are Alive.” American Nature Writing Newsletter 6.2 (1994): 8. .

BRULLE, Robert Joseph. “Agency, Democracy, and the Environment: An Examination of United States
Environmental Movement Organizations from the Perspective of Critical Theory.” DAI 56 (November 1995).

BRUNER, Michael, and Max Oelschlager. “Rhetoric, Environmentalism, and Environmental Ethics.”
Environmental Ethics 16.4 (1994): 377-396.

BRYANS, R., Madeira-pearl of Atlantic, London, 1959.

BRYANT, Bunyan, ed. Environmental Justice. Covelo: Island Press, 1995.

BRYSON, Michael Allan. “Explorations of Objectivity: Science, Nature, and Gender in Nineteenth and Early
Twentieth Century America.” DAI 56 (January 1996).

BUCKLEY, Christopher. Cruising State: Growing Up in Southern California. Reno: U of Nevada P, 1994.

BUDIANSKY, Stephen, Nature’s Keepers: The New Science of Nature Managment (New York: Free Press,
1995).

BUISSERET, David, ed. From Sea Charts to Satellite Images: Interpreting North American History Through
Maps (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990).

BULLARD, Robert D. Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality, 1990.

BUNTING, Robert, The Pacific Raincoast: Environment Ecology and Culture in an American Eden, 1778-
1900(Development of Western Ressources),

BURBICK, Joan, Thoreau’s Alternative History - Changing Perspectives on Nature, Culture and Language,
Philadelphia, 1987.

BURGER, Joanna. A Naturalist Along the Jersey Shore. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1996.

BURGESS, R.L. and D.M. Sharpe (eds.). Forest Island Dynamics in Man-Dominated Landscapes. New
York: Springer-Verlag. 1981
BURKERT, Walter. Creation of the Sacred: Tracks in Biology in Early Religions. Cambridge: Harvard UP,
1996.

BURKS, David Clarke. Place of the Wild: A Wildlands Anthology. Covelo, CA: Island Press, 1994.

BURNS, E. Bradford. Kinship with the Land: Regionalist Thought in Iowa, 1894-1942. Iowa City: U of Iowa
P, 1996.

BURROUGHS, Franklin. .Horry and the Waccamaw, Norton, 1992.

The River Home: A Return to the Carolina Low Country. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1993

BURROUGHS, John. Birch Browsings. Ed. Bill McKibben. New York: Penguin, 1992.

BURTON, Lloyd. American Indian Water Rights and the Limits of the Law, 1991.

BURTON, Robert G. Natural and Artificial Minds. Albany: State U of New York P, 1993.

BUSBY, Mark. Larry McMurtry and the West: An Ambivalent Relationship. Denten: U of North Texas P,
1995.

BUSCH, Robert. Wolf Songs. San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1994.

BUTALA, Sharon. The Perfection of the Morning: An Apprenticeship in Nature. Toronto: HarperCollins,
1994.

BUTLIN, Robin A., Ecological Relations in Historical Times: Human Impact and Adaptation / edited by
Robin A. Butlin and Neil Roberts. Oxford; Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1995.

BUTTERFIELD, Bruce A. “The Mediator is the Message: Anne Dawe, Cana-Dawe, and Badlands as a State
of Mind.” Great Plains Quarterly 14.3 (1994): 195-206.

BUTZER, Karl W., Environment and Archeology, Chicago, 1971-

Archaelogy as Human Ecology . Methods of Ttheory for a Contextual Approach, Cambridge, 1982.
Enviromental and Archaelogy an Ecological Approach to Prehistory, London, 1972
Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt. A Study in Cultural Ecology, Chicago, 1976.

C
CALDECOTT, Leonie e Stephanie Leland, eds. Reclaim the Earth: Women Speak Out for Life on Earth.
London: Women’s Press, 1983.

CALLENBACH, Ernest, Ecoptopia: The Notebooks and Reports of William Weston (Berkeley: Banyan Tree
Books, 1975)

CALLICOTT, J. Baird. “A Brief History of the American Land Ethic Since 1492.” InnerVoice 6
(January/February 1994): 5-7.
“Sustainability in Historical-PhilosophicalContext.” George Wright Forum 10, no. 4 (1993):26-33.

CAMPBELL, Bernard Grant, Storia Evolutiva dell'Uomo: l'Adattamento dell'Uomo all'Ambiente Attraverso
l'Evoluzione degli Apparati , Milano, ISEDI, c1974.
CAMPBELL, Faith Thompson, and Scott E. Schlarbaum. Fading Forests: North American Trees and the
Threat of Exotic Pests. New York:Natural Resources Defense Council, 1994.

CAMPBELL, J. L. “’It is as if a green bough were laid across the page’: Thoreau on Eloquence.” Rhetoric
Society Quarterly 20.1 (1990): 61-70.

CANEVA. Isabella e El Geili: The History of a Middle Nile Environment 7000 B.C.-A.D. 1500, Oxford,
England: B.A.R, 1988

CANTRELL, Carol H. “Women and Language in Susan Griffin’s Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside
Her.” Hypatia 9.3 (1994): 225-238.

CANTRILL, James G., and M. Jimmie Killingsworth, et al. Proceedings of the Conference on
Communication and Our Environment. Marquette: Northern Michigan U Printing Services, 1993.

CANU, Antonio, Le Oasi del WWF: Storia, Ambiente, Itinerari dei Paradisi Naturalistici Italiani, Milano, G.
Mondadori, [1989].

CÁRDENAS, Martín, 1899- Por las Selvas, las Montañas y los Valles de Bolivia; Memorias de un
Naturalista. La Paz, Editorial Don Bosco, 1972 [i. e. 1973]

CARACCIOLO, Alberto, L'Ambiente come Storia: Sondaggi e Proposte di Storiografia dell'Ambiente,

Bologna: Mulino, c1988-1989-1990

CARAS, Roger, The Forest (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1979)

CAREY, Ken. Flat Rock Journal: A Day in the Missouri Ozarks. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1994.

CARLI, Enzo, Il Paesaggio: l'Ambiente Naturale nella Rappresentazione Artistica; Milano: A. Mondadori,
1981

CARLSON, Douglas. “Digging for Vulnerability.” Georgia Review 47.1 (1993): 9-14.

CARR, Archie. A Naturalist in Florida: A Celebration of Eden. New Haven: Yale UP, 1994. Ed. Marjorie
Harris Carr.

CARROLL, Peter N. Puritanism and the Wilderness: The Intellectual Significance of the New England
Frontier, 1629-1700. New York: Columbia University Press, 1969.

CARSEN, Curtis E., Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands. The Geoarcheology of an Ancient Society,
Chicago, 1983.

CARSON, Rachel. Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1962.

CARTER, Paul, The Road to Botany Bay - an Exploration of Landscape and History, London, Faber and
Faber, 1987.

CARTMILL, Matt. A View to a Death in the Morning: Hunting and Nature through History. Cambridge,
MA: Harvard UP, 1993. Visão histórica sobre a caça e Natureza .

CASE, Earl C., The Valley of East Tennesse: The Adjustment of Industry to Natural Environment, Nashville,
Tenn.: Dep. Of Education, 1925.

CASEY, Robert L. Journey to the High Southwest—A Traveler’s Guide to Santa Fe and the Four Corners of
Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah (Old Saybrook, Connecticut: The Globe Pequot Press, 1993).
CASSUTO, David N “Waging Water: Hydrology vs. Mythology in The Monkey Wrench Gang.” ISLE:
Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 2.1 (1994): 13-36.
Cold Running River. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1994.

CASTIGLIA, Christopher Dean. “Captive Subjects: The Captivity Narrative and American Women’s
Writing.” DAI 52 (May 1992): 3926-A.

CASTORIADIS, Cornelius e COHN-BENDIY, Daniel, Da Ecologia a Autonomia, trad. Luiz R. Salinas

Fortes, s. Paulo, 1981.

CAUFIELD, Catherine. “Upstream Slowly.” Sierra 78.3 (1993): 74-81, 86-89.

CAVELL, Stanley. The Senses of Walden. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1992.

CAUDILL, Harry M., Night Comes to the Cumberlands, Boston: Littje, Brown, 1963.
My Land is Dying, N. York: E. P. Dutton, 1971
The Watches of the Night, Boston: Little, Brown, 1976.

CAUVIN, Jacques, Religions Néolithiques de Syro-Palestine, Publications du centre de recherches d'écologie

et de préhistoire, Saint-André-de-Cruzières 1 Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient Paris, 1972

CERNICH, Christopher Michael. “’Salvage Lande’: The Puritan Wilderness and the Preservation of the
World.” DAI 54 (1994).

CHAMBERS, F. M.(ed.), Climate Change and Human Impact on the Landscape, London, 1993.

CHAPPELL, Fred. Spring Garden. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1995.

CHARLTON, D. G., New Images of the Natural World: a Study in European Cultural History, 1750-1800,
Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1984

CHAUDHURI, Una, ed. “Theater and Ecology.” Theater 25.1 (1994): 23-71. Special section.
“’There Must Be a Lot of Fish in That Lake’: Toward an Ecological Theater.” Theater 25.1 (1994):
23-31.

CHEEK, Lawrence. A.D. 1250: Ancient Peoples of the Southwest. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 1994.

CHENEY, Jim. “Ecofeminism and Deep Ecology.” Environmental Ethics 9 (no.2: Summer 1987): 115-45.

CHERRIE, George Kruck, 1865-1946. Dark Trails; Adventures of a Naturalist, by George K. Cherrie; with
58 illustrations and a map.New York, London, G. P. Putnam's sons, 1930.

CHIEF Standing Bear. Land of the Spotted Eagle. Boston:Houghton Mifflin, 1933.

CHIRAS, Daniel D. Lessons from Nature: Learning to Live Sustainably on Earth. Washington, D.C.: Island
Press, 1992.

CHRISTIANSON, Gale E. Fox at the Wood’s Edge: A Biography of Loren Eiseley. New York: Henry Holt,
1990.

CLARK, H. Jackson. The Owl in Monument Canyon and Other Stories from Indian Country. Salt Lake City:
U of Utah P, 1994.

CLARK, John G. Energy and the Federal Government: Fossil FuelPolicies, 1900-1946. Champaign:
University of Illinois Press,1987.
CLARK, Kenneth. Landscape into Art (New York: HarperCollins, 1979).

CLARKE, Patricia. Pioneer Writer: the Life of Louisa Atkinson, Novelist, Journalist, Naturalist /Patricia
Clarke. Sydney ; Boston : Allen & Unwin, c1990.

CLARK, Robert D., “Days at Mercer Lake,” Oregon Historical Quarterly 75:301-308 (1974)

CLARK, Tim W., and Steven C. Minta. Greater Yellowstone’s Future. Moose, WY: Homestead, 1994.

CLARKE, George. “The Moving Temples of Stowe: Aesthetics of Change in an English Landscape over Four
Generations.” Huntington Library Quarterly 55 (1992).

CLARKE, Graham. The American Landscape: Literary Sources and Documents. Routledge: New York,
1993. Resenha textos desde 1580-1914

CLARKE, J.J. Voices of the Earth: An Anthology of Ideas and Arguments. New York: George Braziller,
1994.

CLAYTON, Patti Hilliard. “Connection on the Ice: Environmental Ethics in Theory and Practice.” DAI 56
(January 1996).

CLIFTON, James A., ed. The Invented Indian: Cultural Fictions and Government Policies: Transaction
Publishers, 1994.

COATES, Peter e BEINART, W. Environmental and History - the Taming of nature in the USA and South
Africa, NY, 1995

COBB, Edith. The Ecology of Imagination in Childhood. Dallas: Spring Publications, 1993 (1977).

COHEN, M. History of the Sierra Club. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. 1988.

COHN, J.P. 1988. Culture and conservation. BioScience 38: 450-453.

COLEMAN, Jane Candia. Shadows in My Hands: A Southwestern Odyssey. Athens: Ohio UP, 1993.
Stories from Mesa Country. Athens: Ohio UP, l99l.

COLEMAN, William. Biology in the Nineteenth Century, 1977.

COLETTA, W. John. “The Great Web of Being: Ecological and Evolutionary Aesthetics and the Ideology of
Biology.” DAI 50 (March 1990): 2895-A

COLLETT, Jonathan, and Stephen Karakashian, eds. Greening the College Curriculum: A Guide to
Environmental Teaching in the Liberal Arts. Covelo, CA: Island P, 1995.

COLLINGWOOD, R.G. The Idea of Nature. London: Oxford UP, 1945-1960.

A Ideia da Natureza, Lisboa, Editorial Presença, sd.

COLLINS, Martha. A History of Small Life on a Windy Planet. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1993.

COMMONER, Barry, The Closing into Nature, Man, and Technology, New York: Knopf, 1971.

CONARD, Rebecca, Places of Quiet Beauty Parks, Preserves, and Environmentalism, Iowa City, 1997.

CONNOR, Sheila. New England Natives: A Celebration of People and Trees. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP,
1994.
CONRON, John. The American Landscape: A Critical Anthology of Prose and Poetry (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1974).

Conservation and Environmentalism: An Encyclopedia. Garland 1995. An ALA Oustanding Reference

Source for 1996.

CONZEN, Michael P. The Making of the American Landscape. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990.

COOMES, O. A century of rain forest use in Western Amazonia: Lessons for extraction based conservation
of tropical forest resources. Forest and Conservation History 39(3) 1995.: 108-120.

COOPER, Fenimore Susan. Rural Hours. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 1995 (1968).

COOPER, Marc. “Alerce Dreams.” Sierra 77.1 (1992): 122-129

COOPER, Susan, Made from this Earth - American Women Nature, Chapel Hill, 1993.

CORRENTI, Santi, Ecologia e Storia in Sicilia ,Thule, Palermo, 1983

CORRINGTON, Robert S. Ecstatic Naturalism: Signs of the World. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1994.

COSGROVE, Denis E. “America as Landscape.” In Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape, 161- 188.
Totowa, NJ:Barnes & Noble Books, 1984.
Orders and a New World: Cultural Geography 1990-91, Progress in Human Geography 16 (1992):
272-80.

COSGROVE, Dennis and S. Daniels, eds. The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic
Representation, Design and Use of Past Environments. (Cambridge, 1988).

COSTANZA, Robert. Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability. New York:
Columbia UP, 1991.

COWDREY, Albert E. “Pioneering Environmental Law: The Army Corpsof Engineers and the Refuse Act.”
Pacific Historical Review 44 (1975): 331-349.

COWDREY, Albert L. This Land, This South: An Environmental History. Rev. ed. Lexington: UP of
Kentucky, 1995.

COX, Thomas R., Robert S. Maxwell, Philip Drennon Thomas, and Joseph J.Malone. This Well- Wooded
Land: Americans and Their Forestsfrom Colonial Times to the Present. Lincoln and London:University of
Nebraska Press, 1985.

CRANSON, K.R., Crater Lake: Gem of the Cascades (Lansing Michigan: K.R. Cranson Press, 1980)

CRAWFORD, Colin. Uproar at Dancing Rabbit Creek: The Battle over Race, Class, and the Environment in
the New South. Reading: Addison-Wesley, 1996.

CRAWFORD, Pleasance, The Canadian Landscape and Garden History Directory, Calgary, Alberta, 1984.

CRONK, Q.C.B. Islands: Stability, diversity, and conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation 6(3) 1997:
477-493.

CROLL, Elizabeth e David Parkins(ed.), Bush Base, Forest farm: Culture, environment and development,
London : Routledge, 1992 A Antropologia e Ambiente.
CRONON, William, Changes in the Land - Indians, Colonists and the Ecology of New England. N. Y., 1983
ed. Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature. New York: Norton, 1995.
“A Place for Stories: Nature, History, and Narrative.” The Journal of American History 78 (March
1992): 1347-1376.
Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. New York: Hill and
Wang, 1983.
, George Miles, e Jay Gitlin, eds. Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America’s Western Past. New
York: Norton, 1992.

CROSBY, Alfred W. Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1986.
Germs, Seeds, and Animals: Studies in Ecological History. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1994.
The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492.Westport, CT:
Greenwood Press, 1972.
Imperialismo Ecológico e a Expansão Biológica da Europa. 900-1900, S. Paulo, 1993

CRUMLEY, Carole L.(ed.), Historical Ecology. Cultural, Knowledge and Changing Landscapes, Santa Fe,
1994.

CUMBLER, J.T. The Early Making of an Environmental Consciousness: Fish, Fisheries Commissions and
the Connecticut River. Environmental History Review. 15:4 (Winter1991.): 73-91.

CUOMO, Christine June. “Ecological Feminism as Environmental Ethics.” DAI 53 (1993).

CUTRIGHT, Paul Russell, Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists (Urbana, University of Illinois Press,
1969)

CZESTOCHOWSKI, Joseph S. The American Landscape Tradition: A Study and Gallery of Paintings (New
York: E.P. Dutton, 1982).

D
DALY, Herman E. Steady-State Economics. 2nd. ed. Washington, D.C.: Island P, 1991.

DANBOM, David B. Born in the Country: A History of Rural America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins
University Press,1995.

DANIEL, John. “Dance of Denial.” Sierra 78.2.Mar/April (1993): 64-73.

The Trail Home. New York: Pantheon, 1992-1994.

DANIELS, Stephen. “Love and Death across an English Garden: Constable’s Paintings of His Family’s
Flower and Kitchen Garden.” Huntington Library Quarterly 55 (1992).
Fields of Vision: Landscape Imagery and National Identity in England and the United States
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).

DARLINGTON, David. “Return to the River.” Sierra 79.4 (1994): 58+.

DAVIES, John, Douglas of the Forests (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1980)

DAVIS, John. The Landscape of Belief: Encountering the Holy Land in Nineteenth-Century American Art
and Culture. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1996.
DAVIS, Peter, Museums and the Natural Environment. The Role of Natural History Museums in Biological
Conservation, London, 1996.

DAVIS, Randall Craig. “Firewater Myths: Alcohol and Portrayals of Native Americans in American
Literature.” DAI 52 (November 1991): 1746-A.

DAVIS, Richard C. Encyclopedia of American Forest and Conservation History. 2 vols.New York:
MacMillan, 1983
North American Forest History: A Guide to Archives and Manuscripts in the United States and
Canada. Santa Barbara, CA: Forest History Society, 1977.

DAWSON, Jan C. “Landmarks of Home in the Pacific Northwest.” ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in
Literature and Environment 2.2 (1995).

DEAN, John. “The Uses of Wilderness in American Science Fiction.”Science-Fiction Studies 9 (Mar. 1982):
68-81.

DEAN, Tim. Gary Snyder and the American Unconscious: Inhabiting the Ground. New York: St. Martin’s,
1991.

DEBURG, J., Deléage, J. P., Hémey, D., Les Servitudes de la Puissance. Une Histoire de l’Energie, Paris,
1986

DE BUS, Alan, Man and Nature in the Renaissance, Cambridge, 1978.

DE CRÈVECOEUR, J. Hector St. John. Letters From an American Farmer. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1957
[1782].

DEKKERS, Midas. Dearest Pet: On Bestiality. New York: Routledge, 1996.

DELAFOSSE, Peter H. Trailing the Pioneers: The Pioneering of Emigrant Trails, 1846-1850. Logan, UT:
Utah State UP, 1994

DELÉAGE, Jean-Paul, Une Histoire de l'Écologie, Points. Sciences 96, Seuil Paris, 1991-94
Storia dell'Ecologia: una Scienza dell'Uomo e della Natura. Napoli: CUEN, [1994]

DELGRADO, Juan. Green Web. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1994.

DE SILVA, Rachel, ed. Leading Out: Women Climbers Reach the Top. Seattle: Seal P, 1995.

DES JARDINS, Joseph R., Environmental Ethics: An Introduction to Environmental Philosophy (Belmont,
Cal: Wadsworth, 1992-1993)

DES PRES, Terrence. “Self/Landscape/Grid: 20th Centure Poetry and Nuclear Awareness.” New England
Review 15 (1993).

DETERING, Heinrich. “Okologische Krise und asthetische Innovation im Werk Wilhelm Raabes.” Jahrbuch
der Raabe Gesellschaft 1219 (1992).

DEVALL, Bill, & George Sessions, Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered (Salt Lake City: Peregrine
Smith Books, 1985-1984)

DEVALL, Bill. “Planting Seeds.” Buzzworm 5.4 (1993): 18-19.

Clearcut: The Tragedy of Industrial Forestry. San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1994.
Living Richly in An Age of Limits. Salt Lake City: Gibbs-Smith, 1993.
DEVI, Mahaswet. Imaginary Maps. Trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. New York: Routledge, 1995.

DIAMOND, Irene, e Gloria Feman Orenstein(ed). Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism.
San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1990.

DIAMOND, J.M. Island Biogeography and Conservation: Strategy and Limitations. Science 193 1976.: 1027-
1029.

DIANI, Mario, Isole nell'Arcipelago. Il Movimento Ecologista in Italia, Bologna, 1988.

DICKENSON, James R. Home on the Range: A Century on the High Plains. New York: Scribner, 1995.

DILLARD, Annie, The Living. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.

DILSAVER, Lary M. e Craig E. Colten(ed.), The American Environment Interpretations of past Geographics,
Maryland, 1992,
ed. America’s National Park System: The Critical Documents. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman &
Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1994.

DIMBLEBY, Geoffrey W., The Palynology of Archaelogical Sites, London, 1985.

DINNERSTEIN, Dorothy. The Mermaid and the Minotaur: Sexual Arrangements and Human Malaise. New
York: Harper and Row, 1977.

DIZARD, Jan E., Going Wild: Hunting, Animal Rights, and the Contested Meaning of Nature (Amherst:
University of Massachusetts Press, 1994)

DOANE, Benjamin. Following the Sea. Post Mills, VT: Chelsea Green, 1993.

DOBSON, Andrew. The Green Reader: Essays Toward a Sustainable Society. San Francisco: Mercury
House, 1991.

DODD, Elizabeth. Like Memory, Caverns. New York: New York UP, 1992.

DOIG, Ivan, This House of Sky: Landscapes of a Western Mind (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,
1978)

DOMINICH III, Raymond H., The Environmental Movement in Germany.Prophets & Pioneers 1871-1971,
Indiana, 1992

DONOVAN, Josephine. “Animal Rights and Feminist Theory.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and
Society 15 (1990).

DOPPELT, Bob, et al. Entering the Watershed: A New Approach to Save America’s River Ecosystems.
Washington, D.C.: Island, 1994.

DOUGLAS, Ian, Richard Huggett, e Mike Robinson, Companion Encyclopedia of Geography : the
Environment and Humankind. London ; New York : Routledge, 1996.

DOVERS, Stephen(eds.), Australian Environmental History: Essays and cases, Melbourne, Oxford,
University Press, 1994

DOWIE, Mark. Losing Ground: American Environmentalism at the Close of the Twentieth Century.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.
DROSTE, Bernd Von e Harald Plachter, Mechtild Rossler, Cultural Landscapes of Universal Value.
Components of a Global Strategy, Stuttgart, 1995.

DROUIN, Jean-Darc, Réinventer la nature- l’Écologie et son Histoire, Paris, 1991

DROUT, Michael D. C. “Hoisting the Arm of Defiance: Beowulfian Elements in Ken Kesey’s Sometimes a
Great Notion.” Western American Literature 28.2 (1993): 131-141.

DRUCKMAN, Daniel. Global Environmental Change: Understanding the Human Dimensions. Washington,
D.C.: National Academy Press, 1992.

DUNCAN, David James, The River Why (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1983)

DUNCAN, J. and D. Ley, eds. Place/Culture/ Representation (London: Routledge, 1993).

DUNHAM, George. “At Home: The Naturalist as Saunterer.” Sharp Eyes: Proceedings of a Conference on
John Burroughs and Environmental Writing. Ed. C.Z. Walker, K.D. Benjamin, and G. Dunham. New York:
State University College of New York at Oneonta, 1995. 37-48.

DUNHAM, Peter S. 1994. “Into a Mirror Darkly: The Ancient Maya Collapse and Modern World
Environmental Policy,” in James E. Hickey, Jr.& Linda A Longmire (eds.) The Environment: Global
Problems, Local Solutions, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

DUNLAP, Riley E., and Angela G. Mertig, eds., American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental
Movement, 1850-1990.Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis, 1992.

DUNLOP, M.H. Sixty Miles from Contentment: Traveling the Nineteenth-Century Interior. New York:
HarperCollins, 1995.

DUNSMORE, Roger. “Earth’s Mind.” Studies in American Indian Literatures 5.2 (1993): 57-66.

DURAM, Leslie Aileen. “The National Grasslands: Past, Present andFuture.” Rangelands 17 (April 1995):36-
42.

DURNIL, Gordon K. The Making of a Conservative Environmentalist. Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 1995.

DWYER, Jim. Earthworks. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 1995.

E
EASTERBROOK, Greg. A Moment on the Earth: The Coming Age of Environmental Optimism. New York:
Viking-Penguin, 1995.

EASTMAN, Charles Alexander. The Soul of the Indian; An Interpretation by Charles Alexander Eastman
(Ohiyesa). Boston:Houghton Mifflin, 1911.

ECHEVERRIA, John, and Raymond Booth Eby(ed.). Let the People Judge: Wise Use and the Private
Property Rights Movement. Washington, D.C.: Island, 1994-1995.

ECKERSLEY, Robyn. Environmentalism and Political Theory: Toward an Ecocentric Approach. Albany:
State U of New York P, 1992.

Ecologie: Histoire, Philosophie et Politique, Magazine littéraire Paris,1977

EDGERTON, Jr., Samuel J. The Renaissance Rediscovery of Linear Perspective, N. York, 1975.

EDMONDSON, T.C., The Uses of Ecology (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1991)

EDMUNDS, Martin. The High Road to Taos. Urbana, IL: U of Illinois P, 1994.

EDWARDS, P.J., R.M. May, and N.R. Webb. Large Scale Ecology and Conservation Biology. Cambridge,
MA: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1994.

EGAN, David J., and David W. Orr. The Campus and Environmental Responsibility. San Francisco: Sierra
Club Books, 1991

EGAN, Timothy, The Good Rain: Across Time and Terrain in the Pacific Northwest (New York: Knopf,
1990)

EGERTON, Frank. “Ecological Studies and Observations Before1900.” In Issues and Ideas in America,edited
by Benjamin Taylor and Thurman White, 311-51. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976.

EGLER, Frank Edwin, 1911-,The Way of Science; a Philosophy of Ecology for the Layman, by Frank E.
Egler. With an epilogue by Harry E. Van Deusen.New York, Hafner Pub. Co., 1970.

EHRENFELD, David, The Arrogance of Humanism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978)
Beginning Again: People and Nature in the New Millenium. New York: Oxford UP, 1993.

EHRLICH, Gretel. A Match to the Heart. New York: Pantheon, 1994.

Arctic Heart. Santa Barbara, CA: Capra, 1992.
Islands, the Universe, Home. New York: Penguin, 1991.

EHRLICH, Paul. The Population Bomb. New York: Ballantine Books, 1968.

EILERS, Lawrence and Dean M. Roosa. The Vascular Plants of Iowa. Iowa City: U of Iowa Press, 1994.

EKIRCH Jr, Arthur A., Man and Nature in America, N. York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1963/ Lincoln, 1973.

ELBERS, Joan S. Changing Wilderness Values, 1930-1990: An Annotated Bibliography. New York:
Greenwood, 1991.

ELLEN, R.F. Ecology, Culture, and Domestication. Herndon: Berg Publishers, 1996.

ELLIOT, Robert e Arran Gare, Environmental Philosophy, Queensland, 1983.

ELLIS, Steve. The English Eliot: Design, Language and Landscape in Four Quartets. New York: Routledge,
1991.

ELLISON, John, ed., and photographs by Christopher Harris. Beloved of the Sky: Essays and Photographs on
Clearcutting. Seattle: Broken Moon, 1992.

ELTON, Charles. S., The Ecology of Invasions by Plants and Animals, London, 1958

EMMECHE, Claus. The Garden in the Machine: The Emerging Science of Artificial Life. Princeton:
Princeton UP, 1994

The Encyclopedia of Environmental Information Sources. Gale 1994.

ENGEL, Joan Gibb. “Remembering For the Trees.” DAI 52 (December 1991): 2142-A.

Environment: Commonwealth Powers, History of Environmental Law, Administration, Resource Security

Legislation, State Legislation, Sustainable Development, Environmental Impact Statements, Citizen Suits
Policy, Clayton, Vic. : Legal Service Bulletin Co-operative, 1995

The Environmental Encyclopedia. Gale Environmental Library 1994.

Environmental History, (1-15), 1976-1996

Environmentalists' Bookshelf. G.K. Hall 1993.

ENZWEILER, Joseph. Stonework of the Sky. St. Paul, MN: Graywolf, 1994.

EPSTEIN, Barbara. Political Protest and Cultural Revolution: Nonviolent Direct Action in the 1970s and
1980s. Berkeley:University of California Press, 1991.

ERDRICH, Louise. “Skunk Dreams.” Georgia Review 47.1 (1993): 85-94.

ETKIN, Nina L. Eating on the Wild Side: The Pharmacologic, Ecologic, and Social Implications of Using
Noncultigens. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 1994

EVANS, Gwyneth. “The Girl in the Garden: Variations on a Feminine Pastoral.” Children’s Literature
Association Quarterly 19.1 (1994): 20-24.

EVANS, Howard Ensign. Pioneer Naturalists: The Discovery and Naming of North American Plants and
Animals. New York: Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1993.

EVANS, John G., The Environment of Early Man in the British Isles, Berkeley, 1975,
An Introduction to Environmental Archaeology, Ithaca, 1978

EVENDEN, Matthew D. “The Laborers of Nature:Economic Ornithology and the Role of Birds as Agents of
Biological Pest Control in North American Agriculture, ca. 1880-1930.”Forest & Conservation History 39
(October 1995): 172-183.

EVERNDEN, Neil, The Social Creation of Nature, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1992
“Beyond Ecology: Self, Place, and the Pathetic Fallacy.” The North American Review 263 (Winter
1978): 16-20.

FAIRFAX, Sally and Samuel Dana. Forest and Range Policy: Its Development in the U.S., 1980.

FAITH, N. The World the Railways Made. (1993).

FARAGHER, John Mack. Women and Men on the Overland Trail.New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979.

FARMER, Mark. “Mystery in Alaska.” Popular Science September 1995: 78+.

Farming and Gardening in Late Medieval Norfolk. Norfolk : Norfolk Record Society, 1997.
FAUSOLD, M. L. Gifford Pinchot: Bull Moose Progressive. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. 1961.

FEDELI, Paolo, La Natura Violata: Ecologia e Mondo Romano, Palermo, Sellerio, 1990.

FERGUSON, Gary. Walking Down the Wild: A Journey Through the Yellowstone Rockies. New York: Simon
and Schuster, 1993.

FERKISS, Victor C., Nature, Technology, and Society: Cultural Roots of the Current Environmental Crisis,
New York, NY Univ. Press, 1993.

FERNÁNDEZ FIGUEROA, Enrique Juan de Dios, La Historia como Condicionante de la Ordenación del
Territorio, Nicaragua: desde su Conquista y Colonización Española a la Situación Actual. -- [Oviedo]
:Principado de Asturias, Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Urbanismo.

FERRI, Mário Guimarães, Ecologia, Temas e Problemas Brasileiros. [São Paulo] : Editora da Universidade
de São Paulo; Belo Horizonte, Brasil: Livraria Itatiaia Editora, 1974.

FERRY, Luc. The New Ecological Order. Trans. Carol Volk. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1995 (1992).

FEW, Roger. The Atlas of Wild Places: In Search of the Earth’s Last Wildernesses. New York: Facts on File,
1994.

FICKEN, ROBERT, The Forested Land: A History of Lumbering in Western Washington, Corvallis: Oregon
state university Press, 1988

FIENNES, Richard N. T-W-, Ecology and Earth History , London : Croom Helm, 1976

FILEMYR, Ann. “Living at the Crossroads: The Intersection of Nature, Culture and Identity.” DAI 56
(September 1995).

FINCH, Robert, e John Elder. The Norton Book of Nature Writing. New York: Norton, 1990.

FINCH, Robert. “Nature in the Nuclear Age.” New England Review and Breadloaf Quarterly l990.
A Place Apart: A Cape Cod Reader. New York: Norton, l993.

FIORINO, Daniel J. Making Environmental Policy: U of California P, 1995.

FISH, Charles. In Good Hands: The Keeping of a Family Farm. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995.

FISHER, Marvin. “Seeing New Englandly: Anthropology, Ecology, and Theology in Thoreau’s Week on the
Concord and Merrimack Rivers.” Centennial Review 34.3 (1990): 381-394.

FITTKAU, E. J. Biogeography and Ecology in South America, Haia, 1968

FLADER, Susan. Thinking like a Mountain: Aldo Leopold and the Evolution of an Ecological Attitude
Toward Deer, Wolves, and Forests, Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press.1974.

FLECK, Richard F. Critical Perspectives on Native American Fiction. Washington, D.C.: Three Continents,
1993.

FLETCHER, H. R.,BROWN, W. H., The Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 1670-1970, Edinburgh, 1970

FLINK, James J. The Car Culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1975.

FLINT, V. I. J., The Imaginative Landscape of Christopher Columbus, Princeton, N. Y., 1992
FLIPPEN, John Brooks. “The Nixon Administration, Timber, and the Call of the Wild.” Environmental
History Review 19 (Summer 1995): 37-54.

FLORES, Dan. “Place: An Argument for Bioregional History.” Environmental History Review 18 (Winter
1994): 1-18.
Caprock Canyonlands: Journeys into the Heart of the Southern Plains (Austin: University of Texas
Press, 1990).

FLORES, Nona C., ed. Animals in the Middle Ages: A Book of Essays. Hamden: Garland P, 1995.

Fondazione Lelio e Lisli Basso, L'Ambiente nella Storia d'Italia: Studi e Immagini, Venezia: Cataloghi
Marsilio, 1989.

FOOTE, Ken, Peter Hugill, Kent Mathewson and Johnthan Smith. Re-Reading Cultural Geography. (ca.
1994)

FORMAN, R.T.T. Landscape and Regional Ecology. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. 1993

FORMAN, R.T.T. and M. Gordon. Landscape Ecology. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 1986

La Forêt Marocaine: Droit, Économie, Écologie, Orient Afrique, 1988, Actes des journées d'étude organisées
les 15 et 16 avril 1988, La société marocaine pour le droit de l'environnement.

FOSS, F. O., ed. Conservation in the United States: A Documentary History-Recreation. New York: Chelsea
House. 1971.

FOX, Steven. John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement. Boston: Little,
Brown,1981.

FRABBONI, Franco, L' Ambiente come Alfabeto: Beni Culturali, Musei, Tradizione, Storia , Firenze, La
nuova Italia, 1985.

FRADKIN, Philip L. The Seven States of California: A Natural and Human History. New York: Henry Holt
and Co., 1995.

FRANCAVIGLIA, Richard and David Narrett, eds. Essays on the Changing Images of the Southwest.

FRANCAVIGLIA, Richard. Hard Places: Reading the Landscape of America’s Historic Mining Districts.
(University of Iowa, 1993)..

FRANCIONE, Gary L. Animals, Property, and Law. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1995.

FRANKLIN, J.F., & C.T. Dyrness, Vegetation of Oregon and Washington (Corvallis: Oregon State
University Press, 1988)

FRAZIER, Ian. Great Plains. Farrar/Straus/Giroux, 1989.

FREEMARK, K., C. Hummon, D. White, and D. Hulse. Modeling Risks to Biodiversity in Past, Present, and
Future Landscapes. Technical report seriers number 268. Canadian Wildlife Service. 1996

FRENCH, R. K. (Roger Kenneth) Ancient Natural History: Histories of Nature / Roger French. London; New
York: Routledge, 1994.

FRIEDMAN, Sharon. “Two Decades of the Environmental Beat.” Gannett Center Journal 4.3 (1990): 13-23.
FRITZSCHE, Peter. “Landscape of Danger, Landscape of Design: Crisis and Modernism in Weimar
Germany.” Dancing on the Volcano: Essays on the Culture of the Weimar Republic . Ed. Thomas W.
Kniesche and Stephen Brockmann. Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1994.

FROME, Michael. Promised Land: Adventures and Encounters in Wild America. New York: William
Morrow, 1985.
Regreening the National Parks. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 1992.
Strangers in High Places: The Story of the Great Smoky Mountains. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P,
1994.

FROMM, Harold. “Aldo Leopold: Aesthetic ‘Anthropocentrist.’” ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in

Literature and Environment 1.1 (1993): 43-9.
“Ecology and Ideology.” Hudson Review 45 (1992).

FUCHS, Elinor. “Play as Landscape: Another Version of Pastoral.” Theater 25.1 (1994): 44-51.

FULLER, Margaret. Summer on the Lakes, in 1843. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1991.

FUMAGALLI, Vito, L'Uomo e l'Ambiente nel Medioevo, Roma: Laterza, 1992

Landscapes of Fear: Perceptions of Nature and City in the Middle Ages, Cambridge, Uk., Polity
Press, 1994.

G
GAARD, Greta and Lori Gruen. “Comment on George’s ‘Should Feminists be Vegetarians?’.” Signs: Journal
of Women in Culture and Society 21.1 (Autumn 1995): 230-241.

GAARD, Greta. Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1993.

GADD, Ben, Handbook of the Canadian Rockies (Jasper: Corax Press, 1986)

GADGIL, M., F. Berkes, and C. Folke. Indigenous knowledge for biodiversity conservation. Ambio 22(2-3)
1993.: 151-156.

GADGIL, Madhav. This Fissured Land : an Ecological History of India / Madhav Gadgil, Ramachandra
Guha. 1st University of California Press c1992, ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993

GAGNE, W.C. Conservation priorities in Hawaiian natural systems. BioScience 38, 1988.: 264-271.

GALLAGHER, Winifred. The Power of Place: How Our Surroundings Shape our Thoughts, Emotions, and
Actions. New York: Poseidon, 1993.

GALLOPIN, Gilaberto C Manuel Winograd, Isabel A. Gomez, Ambiente y Desarrollo en America Latina y el
Caribe: Problemas, Oportunidades, y Prioridades, Argentina: Grupo de analisis de sistemas ecologicos, 1991

GAMBI, Lucio(ed), Ambiente e Societa alle Origini dell'Italia Contemporanea, 1700-1850, - Milano : Electa,
c1990

GANGEWERE, Robert, ed. The Exploited Eden: Literature on the American Environment. New York:
Harper & Row, 1972.

GATES, Paul W. History of Public Land Law Development. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Printing
Office,1968.
 The Farmer’s Age: Agriculture, 1815-1860. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston,1960.
The Rape of Indian Lands. New York:Arno Press, 1979.

GAYTON, Don. Landscapes of the Interior: Re-Explorations of Nature and the Human Spirit. (New Society
Publishers, 1996).

GEARY, Edward A. The Proper Edge of the Sky: The High Plateau Country of Utah. Salt Lake City: U of
Utah P, 1992.

GEERTZ, C., Agricultural Involution. The Process of Ecological Change in Indonesia, Los Angeles, 1963

GEHLBACH, Frederick R. Mountain Islands and Desert Seas: A Natural History of U.S.-Mexican
Borderlands. College Station: Texas A & M UP, 1993.

GELBSPAN, Ross. “The Heat is On: The Warming of the World’s Climate Sparks a Blaze of Denial.”
Harper’s December 1995: 31-39.

GHIGLIERI, Michael. Canyon. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 1992.

GIDDENS, Elizabeth. “An Epistemic Case Study: Identification and Attitude Change in John McPhee’s
Coming into the Country.” Rhetoric Review 11.2 (1993): 378-99.

GIBBONS, Whit, Keeping all the Pieces: Perspectives on Natural History and the Environment, Washington:
Smithsonian Institution Press, c1993

GIDLEY, Mick, and Robert Lawson-Peebles. Views of American Landscapes. New York: Cambridge UP,
1990.

GIDLEY, MICK, Robert Lawson-Peebles [et al.] Modern American Landscapes, Amsterdam : VU University
Press, 1995.

GIFFORD, Don. The Farther Shore: A Natural History of Perception, l798-1984. New York: Atlantic
Monthly P, 1990.

GILBERT, Roger. Walks in the World: Representation and Experience in Modern American Poetry.
Princeton: Princeton UP, 1991

GILES, Janice Holt. The Plum Thicket. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1996.

GILFILLAN, Merrill C. Moods of the Ohio Moons: An Outdoorsman’s Almanac. Kent, Ohio: Kent State UP,
1991.

GIORGIO, Adalgisa. “Nature vs. Culture: Repression, Rebellion and Madness in Elsa Morante’s Aracoeli.”
MLN 109.1 (1994): 93-116.

GLACKEN, Clarence J. 1967. Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture In Western Thought From
Ancient Times To the End of the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.1967

GLADDING, Jody. Stone Crop. New Haven: Yale UP, 1993.

GLANCY, Diane. Claiming Breath. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1992.

GLASSIE, Henry. Pattern in the Material Folks Culture of the Eastern United States.

GLENDINNING, Chellis. My Name is Chellis, and I’m in Recovery from Western Civilization: Exploring the
Link Between Addiction, Psychological Dysfunction, and the Environmental Crisis. Boston: Shambhala, 1994.
GLUCK, Louise. The Wild Iris. New York: Ecco, 1992.

GOBSTER, Paul H. “Aldo Leopold’s ‘Ecological Esthetic’: Integrating Esthetic and Biodiversity Values.”
Journal of Forestry 93 (February 1995):6-10.

GODELIER, Maurice, "L?Appropriation de la Nature", in Revue La Pensée, Paris, 198, 1978, 7-50.

GOETZMANN, William H. Looking at the Land of Promise: Pioneer Images of the Pacific Northwest
(Pullman: Washington State University Press, 1988).

GOLDSMITH, Edward. The Way: An Ecological World-View. Boston: Shambhala, 1993.

GOLLEY, F. B. Frank Benjamin, A History of the Ecosystem Concept in Ecology: more than the Sum of the
Parts, New Haven; London: Yale University Press, c1993

GONZÁLEZ DE MOLINA, Manuel, "Agroecologia: bases teóricas para una historia agraria alternativa", in
Noticiario de Historia Agraria, nº2, Junio-Dic de 1991, pp.49-78.
Historia y Medio Ambiente , Madrid : EUDEMA , 1993
E J. Martinez Alier(eds.), Historia y Ecologia, Madrid, Marcial Pons, 1993, nº.11 da revista Ayer.

GONZALEZ JACOME, Alba, Ambiente y Agricultura en Cuatro Ecosistemas del Valle Poblano -
Tlaxcalteca: Un Enfoque Sincronico y Diacronico, Mexico: Universidad iberoamericana: Fondo de las
naciones unidas para actividades en materia de poblacion, 1988

GOODWIN, Brian. How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity. New York: Simon
and Schuster, 1996.

GOODYEAR, Frank H. Jr. Thomas Doughty, 1793-1856: An American Pioneer in Landscape Painting
(Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 1973).

GORE, Al. Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1992.

GORMAN, M., Island Ecology, London, 1979.

GOTLIEB, Yosef. Development, Environment, and Global Disjunction: Toward Sustainable Recovery.
DelRay Beach, FL: St Lucie Press, 1995.
Forcing the Spring - the Ttransformation of the American Environmental movement, Covelo, 1993

GOTTLIEB, Robert. “An Odd Assortment of Allies: American Environmentalism in the 1990’s.” Gannett
Center Journal 4.3 (1990): 37-47.
“Reconstructing Environmentalism: Complex Movements, Diverse Roots.” Environmental History
Review 17 (Winter 1993): 1-19.
Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement. Covelo, CA:
Island P, 1993.

GOUBERT, G.P., La Conquete de l’Eau, Paris, 1986

GOUDIE, Andrew. The Human Impact on the Natural Environment. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994.

GOULD, Stephen Jay. Bully for Brontosauras: Reflections in Natural History. New York: Norton, 1991.

GOWDY, John M., and Sabine O’Hara. Economic Theory of Environmentalists. DelRay Beach, FL: St. Lucie
Press, 1995.

GRABER, Linda H. Wilderness as Sacred Space. Washington: Association of American Geographers, 1976.
GRAHAM, A. D., The Gardeners of Eden, London, 1973.

GRATTAN, Virginia. Mary Colter: Builder on the Red Earth (Flagstaff, Arizona: Northland Press, 1980;
reedição, Grand Canyon Arizona: Grand Canyon Natural History Association, 1992).

GRAULICH, Melody. “Facist Fishes, Power Rangers, and Rape-Crisis Feminists: Who Gets to Define?”
ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 2.2 (1995).

GRAY, A. Grace, “David Douglas,” The Beaver March:27-29 (1938)

Wildlife and People. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1993.

GREENBERG, Phillip. “Dreams Die Hard.” Sierra 78.6 (1993): 78-85, 102-103.

GREENBLATT, Stephen. Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World. Chicago: U Chicago P,
1991.

GREENE, John C., The Death of Adam Evolutionism and its Impact on Western Throught, Anes, 1959

GREENE, Mott, Geology in the Nineteenth Century, Ithaca, 1982.

GREER, Edward. “Air Pollution andCorporate Power: Municipal Reform Limits in a Black City.”Politics and
Society 4 (1974): 483-510.

GREMILLION, Kristen J.(ed.), People, Plants and Landscapes. Studies in Paleoethnobotany, London, 1997.

GRIFFIN, Susan. Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her. New York:Harper and Row, 1978.

GRIFFITH, James S. Beliefs and Holy Places: A Spiritual Geography of the Pimeria Alta. Tucson: U of
Arizona P, 1992.

The Grolier World Encyclopedia of Endangered Species. Grolier 1993.

GROOME, J. Helen, Historia de la Política Forestal en el Estado Español, Madrid: Agencia de Medio
Ambiente, D. L. 1990

GROSSMAN, Richard. Heaven and Earth: A Cosmology. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1991.

The Animals. St. Paul: Graywolf, 1990.

GROVE, Richard H. Green Imperialism. Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of
Environmentalism. 1600-1860 Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1995-96
Ecology, Llimate and Empire: Studies in Colonial Environmental History. London, 1997

GRUMBINE, R. Edward. Ghost Bears: Exploring the Biodiversity Crisis. Washington, D.C.: Island P, 1992.

GUHA, P., GADGID, M., This Fissured Land: an Ecological History of India, Delhi: Oxford University
Press, 1992

GUNTHER, Erna, Rev. Ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington (Seattle: University of Washington Press,
1973)

H
HABER, Francis C., The Age of the World - Moses to Darwin, Baltimore, 1959.

HABUSCH, E. Fair Game: A History of Hunting, Shooting, and Animal Conservation. New York: Arco
Publishing. 1980

HAFEN, Lyman. Roping the Wind: A Personal History of Cowboys and the Land. Logan: U of Utah P, 1995.

HAGEN, Joel B. An Entangled Bank: The Origins of Ecosystem Ecology. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1992.

HAHN, Steven, and Jonathan Prude, eds. The Countryside in the Age of Capitalist Transformation. Chapel
Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985.

HAILA, Yrjèo. Humanity and Nature: Ecology, Science, and Society / Yrjèo Haila and Richard Levins.
London; Mass.: Pluto Press, 1992.

HAINES, Frances, “The Western Limits of the Buffalo Range,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 31:389-398
(1940)
The Buffalo: The Story of American Bison and Their Hunters from Prehistoric Times to the Present.
Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1995.

HALIFAX, Joan. The Fruitful Darkness: Reconnecting with the Body. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1993.

HALLIDAY, E.C. An Historical Review of Atmospheric Pollution. In Air Pollution. New York: World Health
Organization / Columbia University Press. 1961.

HALLIDAY, T. Vanishing Birds: Their Natural History and Conservation. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin.
1980.

HALPERN, Daniel (ed.), On Nature - Nature, Landscape and Natural History, S. Francisco, 1987.

HALPERN, Sue e Bill McKibben. “An Archipelago Built for Two.” Sierra 78.4 (1993): 78-84.
“A Mind of Winter.” Sierra 78.2 March/April (1993): 38-39.

HAMILTON, A. C., Environmental History of Last Africa, London, 1982.

HAMILTON, Bruce. “An Enduring Wilderness.” Sierra 79.5 (1994): 46-49.

HAMILTON, Joan. “Babbitt’s Retreat.” Sierra 79.4 (1994):

“Streams of Hope.” Sierra 78.5 (1993): 98-104, 120-122.

HANSEN, A., ed.. The Mass Media and Environmental Issues. New York: Leicester University Press. 1993

HANSEN, Gunnar, Islands at the Edge of Time: A Journey to America’s Barrier Islands. Covelo, CA: Island
P, 1993.

HARAWAY, Donna J. Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge,
1991.
Reinventing Nature: Simians, Cyborgs and Women (New York: Routledge, 1991)
Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science. New York: Routledge,
1989.
Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature.New York: Routledge, 1991. 183-201.

HARCOMBE, Andrew, 1951-, Wildlife habitat handbooks for British Columbia: problem analysis ,
Kamloops: BC, Ministry of Environment, 1984.
HARDESTY, Donald, Ecological Anthropology, N. York, 1977

HARDIN, Garret. Living Within Limits: Ecology, Economics, and Population Taboos. New York: Oxford UP,
1993.

HARDING, Sandra. The Science Question in Feminism. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1986.

HARGROVE, Eugene C. The Animal Rights / Environmental Ethics Debate: The Environmental Perspective.
Albany: State U of New York P, 1992.

HARMS, Robert, Games against Culture: an Eco-cultural History of the Nunu of Equatorial Africa,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. A Antropologia e Ambiente.

HARRIS, L.D. The Fragmented Forest: Island Biogeography Theory and the Preservation of Biotic
Diversity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1984.

HARRIES-JONES, Peter. A Recursive Vision: Ecological Understanding and Gregory Bateson. Toronto: U
of Toronto P, 1995.

HARRISON, Paul. Greening of Africa. French Une Afrique verte / Paul Harrison ; traduit de l'anglais par
Catherine Belvaude.Wageningen, Netherlands: CTA; Paris: Karthala, 1991.

HARRISON, Robert Pogue, Forests: The Shadow of Civilization. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1992.

HART, E. Richard. Zuni and the Courts: A Struggle for Sovereign Land Rights: U of Kansas P, 1995.

HART, John. Storm Over Mono: The Mono Lake Battle and the California Water Future. Berkeley: U of
California P, 1995.

HART, Richard E. Ethics and the Environment. Lanham, MD: UP of America, 1992.

HART, Robert A. de J., Ecosociety. A Historical Study of Ecological Man, New Delhi, 1984

HART, Robert A. de J. (Robert Adrian de Jauralde) , The Inviolable Hills: the Ecology, Conservation and
Regeneration of the British Uplands [by] Robert A. de J. Hart; preface by Lady Eve Balfour. London, Stuart
& Watkins in conjunction with The Soil Association, 1968.

HARTE, John. The Green Fuse: An Ecological Odyssey. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1993.

HARTWIG, Gerald W., PATTERSON (eds.), Disease in African history - an Introductory Survey and case
Histories, Durham, 1978.

HASTINGS, James R. and Raymond Turner. The Changing Mile: An Ecological Study of Vegetation Change
With Time in the Lower Mile of an Aird and Semiarid Region. (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1965).

HASTRUP, Kirsten. Nature and Policy in Iceland, 1400-1800: an Anthropological Analysis of History and
Mentality / Kirsten Hastrup. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press; New York : Oxford University Press, 1990.

HATTER, John G., Tropical Archaeobotany. Applications and New Developments, London, 1994.

HATTON, Raymond R., High Dessert of Central Oregon (Portland, Ore.: Thomas Binford Publisher, 1977)

HAVLICK, Spenser W. The Urban Organism: The City’s Natural Resources from an Environmental
Perspective. New York: Macmillan, 1974.

HAY, John. A Beginner’s Faith in Things Unseen. Boston: Beacon P, 1995.

HAYLES, N. Catherine. Chaos and Order: Complex Dynamics in Literature and Science. Chicago: U of
Chicago P, 1991.
“Simulated Nature and Natural Simulations: Rethinking the Relation Between the Beholder and the
World.” Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature. Ed. William Cronon. New York: Norton, 1995.
409-25.

HAYS, Samuel P. Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985.
Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, s1987.
Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890-1920.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959.

HAZARD, Leland , Law and the Changing Environment: the History and Processes of Law, San Francisco,
Holden-Day [1971]

HAZEN, William Eugene, 1925- ed. Readings in Population and Community Ecology ,. 3d. ed. Philadelphia :
Saunders, 1975.

HEADRICK, Daniel R. The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth
Century, N. Y., 1981.

HEDIN, Robert, and Gary Holthaus. The Great Land: Reflections on Alaska. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 1994.

HEIDTMANN, Peter. Loren Eiseley: A Modern Ishmael. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1991.

HELMS, Douglas, and Susan L. Flader, eds.The History of Soil and Water Conservation, 1985.

HELVARG, David. The War Against the Greens: The “Wise-Use” Movement, the New Right and Anti-
Environmental Violence. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books,1994.

HEMENWAY, Ansel F., “Botanists of the Oregon Country,” The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society
5:207-214 (1904)

HENDRICKS, Gordon. Albert Bierstadt: Painter of the American West (New York: H. N. Abrams, 1974).

HENRY, Donald O., Prehistoric Cultural Ecology and Evolution: Insights from Southern Jordan, N. York,
Plenum Press, 1995.

HEPWORTH, James R. “The Revolutionary: Remembering Wallace Stegner.” Outside (1993).

HERNDL, Carl G., and Stuart C. Brown, eds. Green Culture: Rhetorical Analyses of Environmental
Discourse. Madison: U. of Wisconsin P, 1996.

HESS, Karl, Jr. Visions Upon the Land: Man and Nature on the Western Range. Washington, D.C., 1992.

HESSEL, Dieter T. After Nature’s Revolt: Eco-Justice and Theology. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1992.

HEYLIGERS, P. C , The natural history of the Tasmanian, Manjimup and Eden-Bombala woodchip export
concession areas. / October, 1975. Canb., A.G.P.S., 1977 (Australia. Dept. of Environment, Housing and
Community Developmnet. Studies Bureau. Report 22)

HICKEY, James E., Jr., and Linda A. Longmire. Environment: Global Programs, Local Solutions. Westport,
CT: Greenwood P, 1994.

HIEBERT, Terry Grant. “The Redemption of Creation in Twentieth-Century Eco-Theologies.” DAI 55 (June
1995).
HIGGS, Robert J., Ambrose N. Manning, and Jim Wayne Miller, eds. Appalachia Inside Out: A Sequel to
“Voices from the Hills”. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1995.

HIRSCH, Eric, and Michael O’Hanlon, eds. The Anthropology of Landscape: Perspectives on Space and
Place. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.)

HIRT, Paul W. A Conspiracy of Optimism: Management of the National Forests since World War Two.
Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994.

HITCHCOCK, C. Leo and Arthur Conquist, Flora of the Pacific Northwest: An Illustrated Manual (Seattle:
University of Washington Press, 1973)

HOAGLAND, Edward. “Meat for the Old Man.” Outside 17.8 (1992): 84-89; 172-76.

HOCHMAN, Jhan. “Silence of the Lambs: A Quiet Bestiary.” ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature
and Environment 1.2 (1993): 57-79

HOKANSON, Drake. Reflecting a Prairie Town: A Year in Peterson. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1994.

HOLLEMAN, Marybeth Scotchie. “Searching the Land.” DAI 31 (Spring 1993): 01-82.

HOOKER, Sir W. J., “A Brief Memoir of the Life of Mr. David Douglas with Extracts from His Letters,” The
Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society 5:215-271 (1904)

HOPWOOD, Victor G., “William Fraser Tolmie: Natural Scientist and Patriot: A Review Article,” BC
Studies 5:45-51 (1970)

HORNOCKER, Maurice G., and George F. Mobley. “Learning to Live with Mountain Lions.” National
Geographic 182, no. 1 (July 1992): 52-66.

HOUSTON, C. Stuart, “John Richardson - First Naturalist in the Northwest,” The Beaver Autumn:10-15
(1984)
e Mary Houston, “Samuel Hearne, Naturalist,”The Beaver 67.4 23-27 (1987)

HOWARTH, William. “Thoreau and the Cultural Construction of Nature.” ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in
Literature and Environment 2.1 (1994): 85-89.

HOWE, Henry F. e Lynn C. Westley, Ecological Relationships of Plants and Animals, N. Y., 1988.

HOWIE, John, and George Schedler. Ethical Principles in Contemporary Society. Carbondale: Southern
Illinois UP, 1994

HUECK, Kurt, 1897-1965; As Florestas da América do Sul: Ecologia, Composição e Importância

Econômica, tradução de Hans Reichardt. São Paulo: Polígono, Editora de Universidade de Brasilia, 1972.

HUGHES, J. Donald, "An Ecological Paradigm of the Ancient City," in Human Ecology: A Gathering of
Perspectives, edited by Richard J. Borden. College Park, MD: Society for Human Ecology, University of
Maryland, 1986, 214- 220.
"Ancient Dreams and Dream Interpretation," and "The Environmental History of the Ancient
Mediterranean World," in Ancient History, edited by Sarah B. Pomeroy and Stanley Burstein, in the series,
"Selected Reading Lists and Course Outlines from American Colleges and Universities." New York: Markus
Wiener Publishing, 1984. Second edition, 1986, 135-138,
"Ancient Egypt and the Question of Appropriate Technology," Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 8, No.
1 (March 1997): 125-130.
"Artemis: Goddess of Conservation," Forest and Conservation History 34 (October 1990): 191-197.
 "Bali and the Green Witch of the West," Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 7, No. 2 (June 1996): 139-
145.
"Classical Athens and Ecosystemic Collapse," Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 7, No. 3 (September
1996): 97-102.
"Deforestation, Erosion, and Forest Management in Ancient Greece and Rome," by J. Donald
Hughes in collaboration with J. F. Thirgood, Journal of Forest History 26 (April 1982): 60-75. Reprinted in
The Ecologist (U.K.) 12 (September 1982): 196-208.
"Early Ecological Knowledge of India," in Indian Forestry: A Perspective, edited by Ajay S. Rawat.
New Delhi: Indus Publishing Co., 1993, 13-28.
"Early Greek and Roman Environmentalists," in Historical Ecology: Essays on Environment and
Social Change, edited by Lester J. Bilsky. Port Washington, NY: National University Publications, Kennikat
Press, 1980 45-59. Reprinted in The Ecologist (U.K.) 11 (January 1981): 24-35.
Ecological Consciousness: Essays from the Earthday X Colloquium, University of Denver, April 21-
24, 1980. Edited by Robert C. Schultz and J. Donald Hughes. Washington, DC: University Press of America,
1981. Includes an article by the editors, "The Humanities and the Problems of Human Ecology," 1-22.
"Ecology and Development as Narrative Themes of World History," Environmental History Review
19 (Spring 1995): 1-16.
"Ecology in Ancient Greece," Inquiry 18 (Summer 1975): 115-125.
Ecology in Ancient Civilizations. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1975. Spanish
translation: La Ecologia en las Civilizaciones Antiguas. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 1982.
"Environmental History," Environmental History Review 16, No. 1 (Spring 1992): 16-19.
"Forest Indians: The Holy Occupation," Environmental Review 1 (No. 2, 1977): 2-13.
"Forestry and Forest Economy in the Mediterranean Region in the Time of the Roman Empire in the
Light of Historical Sources," in Evaluation of Land Surfaces Cleared from Forests in the Mediterranean
Region During the Time of the Roman Empire, edited by Burkhard Frenzel. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag,
1994 (Palaeoklimaforschung / Palaeoclimate Research; Vol. 10: European Science Foundation Project
"European Palaeoclimate and Man," Special Issue 5),1-14.
"Forests and Cities in the Classical Mediterranean," in Perspectives in Urban Geography, edited by
C. S. Yadav. Vol. 10, "Morphology of Towns." New Delhi, India: Concept Publishing Co.,
"Francis of Assisi and the Diversity of Creation," Environmental Ethics 18, No. 3 (Fall 1996): 311-
20.
"Gaia: Environmental Problems in Chthonic Perspective," Environmental Review 6 (December
1982): 92-104. Reprinted in The Ecologist (U.K.) 13 (1982): 54-60. Reprinted in short version in Omnibus
(U.K.) 8 (1984): 15-18, and again in a special issue (Autumn, 1991): 60-63. Reprinted in Environmental
History: Critical Issues in Comparative Perspective, edited by Kendall E. Bailes. Lanham, MD: University
Press of America, 1985, 64-82.
"Grand Canyon National Park," in Encyclopedia of American Forest and Conservation History,
edited by Richard C. Davis. New York: Macmillan, 1983, 272-274.
"Grand Canyon" and "John Wesley Powell," in Conservation and Environmentalism: An
Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Paehlke. New York: Garland Publishing, 1995; 306-7, 532-3.
"Great Kivas of the American Southwest," Architecture et Comportement: Architecture and
Behaviour (Lausanne) 9, No. 2, Special Issue: Lay-out of Sacred Places (1993): 177-190.
"How Much of the Earth is Sacred Space?" by J. Donald Hughes and Jim Swan, Environmental
Review 10 (Winter 1986): 247-259.
"How the Ancients Viewed Deforestation," Journal of Field Archaeology 10 (Winter 1983): 437-
445.
"Human Ecology in History," Environmental Review 8, No. 4 (Winter 1984): 312-313.
"Human Ecology in History: The Search for a Sustainable Balance Between Technology and
Environment," Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 77 (December 1987): 109-112.
"Images of Nature: The Historical Influence on Environmental Destruction," The Maine Scholar 7
(Autumn 1994): 189-196.
"Land and Sea," in Civilization of the Ancient Mediterranean: Greece and Rome, edited by Michael
Grant and Rachel Kitzinger. 3 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988. Vol. I, 89-133.
"Les Grecs, l'Orient et le savoir ecologique" ("The Greeks, the East, and Ecological Knowledge"),
Ecologie Politique (Paris) 8 (Autumn 1993): 87-99.
"Medieval Florence and the Barriers to Growth," Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 7, No. 1 (March
1996): 63-68.
"Mencius' Prescriptions for Ancient Chinese Environmental Problems," Environmental Review 13
(Fall / Winter 1989): 15-27.
North American Indian Ecology. 2nd ed. El Paso: Texas Western UP, 1995.
"Now That the Big Trees Are Down," Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 7, No. 4 (December 1996): 99-
104.
"Pan: Environmental Ethics in Classical Polytheism," in Religion and Environmental Crisis, edited
by Eugene C. Hargrove. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1986, 7-24.
Pan’s Travail - Environmental Problems of the Ancient Greeks and Romans, Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins Press.1994
"Rome's Decline and Fall: Ecological Mistakes?" Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 8, No. 2 (June
1997): forthcoming
"Sacred Groves: The Gods, Forest Protection, and Sustained Yield in the Ancient World," in History
of Sustained-Yield Forestry: A Symposium, edited by Harold K. Steen. Durham, NC: Forest History Society,
1984, 331-343.
"Spanish Explorers of the Grand Canyon," Part I, The Western Explorer 3 (August 1964): 34-40;
Part II, The Western Explorer 4 (January 1966): 7-9.
"Spirit of Place in the Western World," in The Power of Place: Sacred Ground in Natural and
Human Environments, edited by James A. Swan. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books, 1991, 15-27.
"Storici e Storia Ambientale" ("Environmental Historians and Environmental History"), Quaderni
Storici (Italy), Nuova Serie 62, No. 2 (August 1986): 505-512.
"Sustainable Agriculture in Ancient Egypt," Agricultural History 66 (1992): 12-22.
"The Ancient Roots of Our Ecological Crisis," National Parks and Conservation Magazine 49
(October 1975): 16-17.
"The Effect of Classical Cities on the Mediterranean Landscape," Ekistics 42 (December 1976): 332-
342.
"The Effect of Knowledge of Indian Biota on Ecological Thought," Indian Journal of History of
Science 30, No. 1 (1995): 1-12.
"The Environmental Ethics of the Pythagoreans," Environmental Ethics 2 (Fall 1980): 195-213.
"The Hunters of Euboea: Mountain Folk in the Classical Mediterranean," Mountain Research and
Development 16, No. 2 (May 1996): 91-100.
"The Integrity of Creation," in Peril of the Planet: Ecology and Western Religious Traditions, edited
by Alice G. Knotts. Denver: Institute for Interfaith Studies of the Center for Judaic Studies at the University
of Denver, 1990, 25-41.
"The Integrity of Nature and Respect for Place," in The Spirit and Power of Place: Human
Environment and Sacrality; Essays Dedicated to Yi-Fu Tuan, edited by Rana P. B. Singh. National
Geographical Journal of India 40 (1994). Varanasi: National Geographical Society of India, Pub. 41, 1994,
11-19.
"The Psychology of Environmentalism: Healing Self and Nature," The Trumpeter: Journal of
Ecosophy (Canada) 8 (Summer 1991): 113-117.
"The View from Etna: A Search for Ancient Landscape Appreciation," The Trumpeter: Journal of
Ecosophy (Canada) 4 (Fall 1987): 7-13.
"Theophrastus and the Mountain Forests of the Ancient Mediterranean," in History of Forest
Utilization and Forestry in Mountain Regions, edited by Anton Schuler. Beiheft zur Schweizerischen
Zeitschrift fuer Forstwesen, No. 74, Zurich, Switzerland, 1985, 7-20.
"Theophrastus as Ecologist," in Theophrastean Studies [Rutgers Studies in Classical Humanities,
Vol. 3], edited by William W. Fortenbaugh and Robert W. Sharples. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books,
1988, 67-75.
"Views of Climatic Change in Classical Antiquity," in International Conference on Climate and
History: Abstracts, University of East Anglia, U.K. (July 1979): 80-82.
"What is Environmental History?" Australian Forest History Society Newsletter 14 (December
1996): 2-5.

HUMMEL, Richard. Hunting and Fishing for Sport: Commerce, Controversy, Popular Culture. Bowling
Green, Ohio: BowlingGreen University Popular Press, 1994.
HUMPHREY, Robert R. 90 Years and 535 Miles: Vegetation Changes Along the Mexican Border.
(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1987).

HURT, Douglas R. American Agriculture: A Brief History. Ames: Iowa State University Press,1994.

HURT, James. Writing Illinois: The Prairie, Lincoln, and Chicago. U of Illinois P, 1992.

HURT, R. Douglas. Agricultural Technology in the Twentieth Century. Manhattan, KS: Sunflower University
Press, 1991.
American Farm Tools: From Hand-Power to Steam-Power. Manhattan, KS: Sunflower
UniversityPress, 1982.
Indian Agriculture in America: Prehistory to the Present. Lawrence, KS: University Press of
Kansas, 1987.

HUTH, Hans, Nature and the american - Three centuries of changing altitudes, Berkeley, Calif.: University
of California Press, 1957-1990.

HVIDING, Edvard. Guardians of Marvovo Lagoon: Practice, Place, and Politics in Maritime Melanesia.
Manoa: U of Hawai’i P, 1996.

I
IGNATOW, David. Shadowing the Ground. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan UP, 1991.

Il Confini della Tterra: Problemi e Prospettive di Storia dell'Ambiente, Milano, Angeli, c1991

Il Mondo dei Vichinghi: Ambiente, Storia, Cultura ed Arte: atti del Convegno internazionale di studi :
Genova, 18-20 settembre 1991, Genova, Sagep, [1992]

Il Padule di Fucecchio: la Lunga Storia di un Ambiente Naturale, Roma, Edizioni di storia e letteratura, 1995.

INGRAM, Gordon Brent, Anne-Marie Bouthillette, and Yolanda Retter, editors. Queers In Space:
Communities / Public Places / Sites of Resistance. (Seattle: Bay Press, 1997).

INSKIP, Peter. “Discoveries, Challenges, and Moral Dilemmas in the Restoration of the Garden Building at
Stowe.” Huntington Library Quarterly 55 (1992).

INTER Press Service. Story Earth: Native Voices on the Environment. San Francisco: Mercury House, 1993.

IRMSCHER, Christoph. “Violence and Artistic Representation in John James Audubon.” Raritan 15.2
(1995): 97-114.

Isola d'Elba: Geologia, Flora, Fauna, Storia, Arte, Ambiente, PRO.GRA.MS Italia, [1996?].

IYER, Pico. “Laureate of the Wild.” Time (1993).

J
JACKSON, A. R. W. e J. M. Jackson. Environmental Science: The Natural Environment and Human Impact.
. Harlow : Longman, 1996.
JACKSON, John Brinckerhoff. Discovering the Verancular Landscape. (New Haven: Yale University Press,
1984)
A Sense of Place, A Sence of Time (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994).

JACKSON, Wes, ed. Meeting the Expectations of the Land: Essays in Sustainable Agriculture and
Stewardship. San Francisco: North Point Press, 1984.
Becoming Native to This Place. Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1993-1996.

JACOBS, Michael, The Green Economy - Environment, Sustainable Development and the Politics of the
Future Pluto, 1991

JACOBSON, George L., Jr., and Ann Dieffenbacher-Krall. “White Pine and Climate Change: Insights from
the Past.” Journal of Forestry 93 (July 1995): 39-42.

JAY, Tom, and Brad Matsen. Reaching Home: Pacific Salmon, Pacific Home. Alaska Northwest Books,
1994.

JENKINS, A. C., The Naturalists. Pioneers of Natural History, London, 1978

JENNINGS, Francis. The Founders of America: How Indians Discovered the Land, Pioneered in It, and
Created Great Classical Civilizations ; How They Were Plunged into a Dark Age by Invasion and Conquest,
and How They are Reviving. New York: Norton, 1993.

JENSEN, Derrick, ed. Listening to the Land: Nature, Culture, and Eros. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books,
1995.

JIGGINS, Janice. Changing the Boundaries: Women-Centered Perspectives on Population and the
Environment. Covelo, CA: Island P, 1994.

JOHNSON, Lawrence E. A Morally Deep World: An Essay on Moral Significance and Environmental Ethics.
Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1991

JOHNSTON, Barbara R. Who Pays the Price? The Sociocultural Context of Environmental Crisis. Covelo,
CA: Island P, 1994.

JOHNSON, L. The History and Legal Phases of the Smoke Problem. Metallurgical and Chemical
Engineering. (15 February 1917.): 199-204.

JONES, Agnes, H. Hudson River School (New York: Crescent Books, 1989).

JONES, H. R. John Muir and the Sierra Club: The Battle for Yosemite. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
1965.

JONES, J. Owen, Index of Human Ecology / [by] J. Owen Jones and Elizabeth, A. Jones.London: Europa
Publications 1974.

JONES, Rowena Revis. “Edwards, Dickinson, and the Sacramentality of Nature.” Studies in Puritan
American Spirituality 1 (1990).

JORDANOVA, L., PORTER, R. (eds.) Images of the Earth: Essays in the History of the Environmental
science, Chalfont Stgiles, 1979.

JOSEPHY JR., Alvin M., ed. America in 1492: The World of the Indian Peoples Before the Arrival of
Columbus. New York: Knopf:Distributed by Random House, 1992.
JOURNET, Debra. “Ecological Theories as Cultural Narratives: F. E. Clements’s and H. A. Gleason’s
‘Stories’ of Community Succession.” Written Communication 8.4 (1991): 446-472.

K
KAEMPFER, Engelbert. Exotic Pleasures: Fascicle III, Curious Scientific and Medical Observations.
Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1994.

KALLAND, Arne, Asian Perceptions of Nature, Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of asian Studies, 1992

KALIL, Susie. The Texas Landscape, 1900-1986 Houston: Museum of Fine Arts, c1986).

KAMIENIECKI, S., ed. Environmental Politics in the International Arena. New York: State University of
New York Press. 1993.

KANE, Sean. Wisdom of the Mythtellers. Ontario: Broadview Press, 1994.

KAPLAN-MAXFIELD, Thomas. “Pan and Nature: Thoreau’s Imagination-Based Epistemology.” DAI 54

(1993).

KATAKIS, Michael. Sacred Trusts: Essays on Stewardship and Responsibility. San Francisco: Mercury
House, 1993.

KATES, J. The Conservationist as Journalist: P.S. Lovejoy and the Fight for the Cutover. American
Journalism. 12:2 (Spring 1995): 123-141.

KAUFFMAN, E.G. and O.H. Walliser (eds.). Extinction Events in Earth History. New York, NY: Springer-
Verlag. 1990.

KAUFMAN, Polly Welts. National Parks and the Woman’s Voice. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico P, 1996.

KAUFMAN, Walllace. No Turning Back: Dismantling the Fantasies of Environmental Thinking. New York:
Basic Books, 1994.

KAYE, Frances W. “International Influences on the Great Plains: An Introduction.” Great Plains Quarterly
14.1 (1994): 3-4.

e Robert Thacker. “’Gone Back to Alberta’: Robert Kroesch Rewriting the Great Plains.” Great
Plains Quarterly 14.3 (1994): 167-83.

KAYNE, Joel, Economy and Nature in the Fourtennth Century: Money, Market Exchange and the Emergence
os Scientific Thougt, Cambrige/NY, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998.

KAZIN, Alfred, A Writer’s America - Landscape in Literature, N York, 1988.

KEALY, Thomas. “The Science of Gaia.” American Nature Writing Newsletter 6.1 (1994): 8-9 .

KEENEY, Elizabeth B., The Botanizers - Amateur Scientists in Nineteenth-century, America, Chapel Hill,
1992.

KEITER, Robert B., and Mark S. Boyce. The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: Redefining America’s
Wilderness Heritage. New Haven: Yale UP, 1994
KELLER, Evelyn Fox. Reflections on Gender and Science. New Haven: Yale UP, 1985.
Secrets of Life, Secrets of Death: Essays on Language, Gender and Science. New York: Routledge,
1992.

KELLERT, Stephen R. The Value of Life: Biological Diversity and Human Society. Covelo, CA: Island P,
1996.
e Edward O. Wilson. The Biophilia Hypothesis. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993. 31-41.
The Value of Life: Biological Diversity and Human Society (Washington, D.C: Island Press, 1995)

KELSO, William M. and Rachel Most, eds. Earth Patterns: Essays in Landscape Archeology (Charlottesville:
University Press of virginia, 1990).

KEUHLS, Thom. Beyond Sovereign Territory: The Space of Ecopolitics. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P,
1996.

KHALID, Fazlud. Islam and Ecology. New York: Cassell, 1992.

KHEEL, Marti. “Ecofeminism and Deep Ecology: Reflections on Identity and difference.” Reweaving the
World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1990.

KILLINGSWORTH, M. Jimmie, and Jacqueline S. Palmer. Ecospeak: Rhetoric and Environmental Politics
in America. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois UP, 1992.

KING, Ynestra. “Healing the Wounds: Feminism, Ecology, and the Nature/Culture Dualism.” Reweaving the
World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism . Ed. Irene Diamond and Gloria Feman. San Francisco: Sierra Club,
1990.

KINGSLAND, Sharon E. Modeling Nature: Episodes in the History of Population Ecology / Sharon E.
Kingsland. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.

KINGSOLVER, Barbara. “Animal Dreams.” Buzzworm 3.4 (1991): 59-65.

High Tide in Tucson: Essays from Now or Never. New York: HarperCollins, 1995.

KINKEAD, Eugene. Central Park: The Birth, Decline, and Renewal of a National Treasure. New York:
Norton, 1990

KINKEL, G., Biogeography and Ecology of the Canary Islands, The Hague, 1974.

KINSEY, Joni L. Plain Pictures: Images of the American Prairie (Washington/London: University of Iowa
Museum of Art by the Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996).

KINSMAN, P. Landscape, Race and National Identity: The Photography of Ingrid Pollard, Area, 27.4,
December 1995.

KIRCHER, Cassie. “Ann Zwinger, An Interview.” ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and
Environment 1.2 (1993): 123-132.

KIRTZ, Mary K. “Inhabiting the Dangerous Middle of the Space Between: An Intramodernist Reading of
Kroetsch’s Gone Indian.” Great Plains Quarterly 14.3 (1994): 207-17.

KISSLINGER, Jerome B., “Some Volcanoes, Volcanic Eruptions, and Earthquakes in the Former Russian
America”: Peter Doroshin’s Account of Volcanic Activity and Earthquakes between 1840 and 1866,” Pacific
Northwest Quarterly 74:59-68 (1983)

KITTREDGE, William, Hole in the Sky (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992) -
Owning It All (St. Paul: Graywolf Press, 1987)
 We Are Not in This Together (St. Paul: Graywolf Press, 1982)

KJEKSJNS, Helge, Ecology Control and Economic Development in East African History: the Case of
Tanganyika, 1850-1950, London: Heinemann, 1977- 1996

KLEIN, Maury. Unfinished Business: The Railroad in American Life. Hanover: University of Rhode Island,
1994.

KLINE, Marcis B., Beyond the Land itself - Views of Nature in Canada and the United States, Cambridge:
Mass. Harvard University Press, 1970.

KLINKENBORG, Verlyn. “The Mustang Myth.” Audubon 96 (January/February1994): 34-43.

KLOPPENBURG JR., Jack Ralph. First the Seed: The Political Economy of Plant Biotechnology, 1492-
2000.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

KNOPP, Lisa. Field of Vision. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1996.

KNOX, Margaret L. “Their Mother’s Keepers.” Sierra 78.2 March/April (1993): 51-57.

KNUDSON, David Suzuki and Peter. Wisdom of the Elders: Honoring Sacred Native Visions of Nature. New
York: Bantam Books, 1992.

KOFALK, Harriet. “Food for Thought.” American Nature Writing Newsletter 6.1 (1994): 13 .

KOLODNY, Annette, The Land Before Her: Fantasy and Experience of the American Frontier, 1630 - 1860.
Chapel Hill: University of NC Press,1984.
The Lay of the Land: Metaphor as Experience and History in American Life and Letters. Chapel
Hill: U of North Carolina P., 1975.
“Letting Go Our Grand Obsessions: Notes Toward a New Literary History of the American
Frontiers.” American Literature 64 (1992).

KORNS, J. Roderic, and Dale Morgan. West from Fort Bridger: The Pioneering of Immigrant Trails Across
Utah. Logan: Utah State UP, 1994.

KOZLOFF, E., Plants and Animals of the Pacific Northwest (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976)

KRALL, Florence R. Ecotone: Wayfaring on the Margins. Albany: State U of New York P, 1994.

KRASNER, James. The Entangled Eye: Visual Perception and the Representation of Nature in Post-
Darwinian Narrative. New York: Oxford UP, 1992.

KRECH III, Shepard, ed. Indians, Animals, and the Fur Trade: A Critique of Keepers of theGame. Athens:
University of Georgia Press, 1981.
The Subarctic Fur Trade: Native Social and Economic Adaptations. Vancouver: University of
British Columbia Press, 1984.

KROEBER, Karl. Ecological Literary Criticism: Romantic Imagining and the Biology of Mind. New York:
Columbia UP, 1994.

KROETSCH, Robert. “Regionalism, Postmodernism, and Robert Kroetsch: An Introduction.” Great Plains
Quarterly 14.3 (l994): 163-66.

KRUCKEBERG, A.R., Natural History of Puget Sound Country (Seattle: University of Washington Press,
1991)
 Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest (Seattle: University of Washington Press,
1982)

KRUPAT, Arnold. Native American Autobiography: An Anthology. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1994

KULIKOFF, Alan. “The Transition to Capitalism in Rural America.” William and Mary Quarterly 46, no.
1(1989): 120-144.

KUMAR, Deepak (ed.) Science and Empire. Essays in Indian Context 1700-1947, Delhi, 1991

KUNSTLER, James Howard. The Geography of Nowhere. (Touchstone: 1993).

L
LABASTILLE, A. Women and Wilderness. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. 1980.

LACHAPELLE, Dolores. Sacred Land, Sacred Sex, Rapture of the Deep. Durango, CO: Kivaki, 1992.

LACEY, Michael J.(ed.), Government and Environment Politics. Essays on Historical Developments since
World War Two, Washington, 1989, 1991.

LACHENAL, Anne-Marie, Écologie des Ostracodes du Domaine Méditerranéen: Application au Golfe de

Gabès (Tunisie Orientale). Les variations du niveau marin depuis 30 000 ans Documents des laboratoires de
géologie de Lyon 108 Université Claude-Bernard. Département des sciences de la terre,Villeurbanne, 1989

LAFFOON, Elizabeth Anne. “Ecofeminism: An Inquiry of Therapeutic Critique Articulated by a Hybrid

Social Movement.” DAI 55 (1994).

LALANDE, Jeff, An Environmental History of the Little Applegate River Watershed, Jackson County,
Oregon (Medford, Or: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rogue River National Forest, 1995)

LAMAY, C. L. and E. E. Dennis. Media and the Environment. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. 1992.

LANDAU, Misia. Narratives of Human Evolution. New Haven: Yale UP, 1991.

LANSDOWN, R. and W.Yule, eds. Lead Toxicity: History and Environmental Impact. Baltimore, Md.: Johns
Hopkins University Press. 1986.

LANKTON, Larry D. Beyond the Boundaries: The Fragmentation of Life and Landscape on the Lake
Superior Copper Mining Frontier, 1840-1875. (Oxford University Press, 1997).

LARRABEE, Mary Jeanne. “An Ethic of Care: Feminist and Interdisciplinary Perspectives.” Thinking
Gender Series . Ed. Linda J. Nocholson. New York: Routledge, 1993.

LARRISON, Earl J., “James Hepburn: Early Resident Naturalist in the Pacific Northwest,” Pacific Northwest
Quarterly 38:243-259 (1947)

LARSEN, Curtis E., Life and Land Udr on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarcheology of an Ancient Society,
Chicago, Univ. of Chicago Pres, 1983.

LARSON, Kelli A. “Kirkland’s Myth of the American Eve: Revisioning the Frontier Experience.”
Midwestern Miscellany 20 (1992
LASLETT, Peter, The World we Have Lost - England before the Industrial Age, New York, 1971.

LAWRENCE, Bill. The Early American Wilderness as the Explorers Saw It. New York: Paragon, 1991.

LEAKE, C.B. Social Aspects of Air Pollution. Proceedings, National Conference on Air Pollution, U.S.
Public Health Service, November 1820, 1958. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1959.

LEAST HEAT-MOON, William. Prairy Erth (a Deep Map). Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991.

LEAVENS, Dennis. “What the River Says, That is What I Say: The World as Parable in William Stafford’s
Poems.” Paintbrush 17 (1990).

LE BROCQUY, Louis, The Irish Landscape / Louis Le Brocquy. Dublin: Gandon Editions, c1992.

LEE, Martha F. Earth First!: Environmental Apocalypse. New York: Syracuse UP, 1995.

LEEDS, A., e A. P. Wayda, Man, Culture and Animals - the Role of Animals in Human Ecological
Adjustements, Wash., 1965.

LEHMAN, Tim. Public Values, Private Lands: Farmland Preservation Policy, 1933-1985. Chapel
Hill:University of North Carolina Press, 1995.

LEHNER, Ernst, 1895- Folklore and Symbolism of Flowers, Plants and Trees, by Ernst and Johanna Lehner.
New York, Tudor Pub. Co. [1960]

LEISS, William. , The Domination of Nature. New York, G. Braziller [1972]/Boston: Beacon Press, 1974.

LEMBKE, Janet. Skinny Dipping (And Other Immersions in Water, Myth, and Being Human). Lyons &
Burford, 1994.

LEONARD, T. The Power of the Press: The Birth of American Political Reporting. New York: Oxford
University Press. 1986.

LEOPOLD, Luna B. A View of the River. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University, 1994.

LERNER, Andrea. Dancing on the Rim of the World. Tucson, AZ: U of Arizona P, 1990.

LESCHAK, Peter M. Seeing the Raven: A Narrative of Renewal. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1994.

LEVIN, Ted. Backtracking: The Way of a Naturalist. Post Mills, VT: Chelsea Green, 1993.
Blood Brook: A Naturalist’s Home Ground. Post Mills, VT: Chelsea Green, 1992.

LEVY, S., and S. Vanwijnbergen. “Transition Problems in Economic Reform: Agriculture in the North
American Free Trade Agreement.” American Economic Review 85, no. 4 (September 1995): 738-754.

LEVY, Walter, and Christopher Hallowell. Green Perspectives: Thinking and Writing about Nature and the
Environment. New York: HarperCollins, 1994.

LEWIS, Henry T., Patterns of Indian Buring in California: Ecology and Ethnohistory, by Henry T. Lewis.
With an introductory article: Some explanations for the rise of cultural complexity in native California with
comments on proto-agriculture and agriculture, by Lowell John Bean and Harry W. Lawton., [Ramona, Calif.,
Ballena Press, 1973]

LEWIS, Marin W. “The Green Threat to Nature.” Harper’s (1992).

 Green Delusions: An Environmental Critique of Radical Environmentalism. Chapel Hill, N.C.: Duke
UP, 1992

LICHFIELD, Nathaniel e Haim Darin-Drabkin, Land Policy in Planning, Boston, 1980.

LINGENFELTER, Richard E., and Richard A. Dwyer. Death Valley Lore: Classic Tales of Fantasy,
Adventure, and Mystery. Reno: U of Nevada P, 1994.

LIROFF, Richard A., A National Policy for the Environment: NEPA and its Aftermath, Bloomington: Indiana
Univ. Press, 1976.

LIST, Peter C. Radical Environmentalism: Philosophy and Tactics. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993.

LITTLE, Charles E. Challenge of the Land. New York: Open Space Action Institute, 1968.
Green Fields Forever: The Conservation Tillage Revolution in America. Washington, D.C.: Island
Press, 1987.
The Dying of the Trees: The Pandemic in America’s Forests. New York: Viking, 1995.

LLOYD, William J., Landscape in Literature, Washington, 1977.

LOCKER, Thomas. Sky Tree: Seeing Science Through Art. New York: HarperCollins, 1995.

LOEFFLER, Jack. “Edward Abbey, Anarchism and the Environment.” Western American Literature 28.1
(1993): 43-49.

LOGSDON, Gene. At Nature’s Pace: Farming and the American Dream. New York: Pantheon, 1994.

LOJEK, Helen. “Casting Flies and Recasting Myths with Norman Maclean.” Western American Literature
25.2 (1990): 145-156.

LOJEK, Helen. “Thoreau’s Bog People.” New England Quarterly 67.2 (1994): 279-97.

LOPEZ, Barry. The Rediscovery of North America. New York: Vintage, 19990-1991-1992.
“Benjamin Claire, North Dakota Tradesman, Writes to the President of the United States.” North
American Review (1992).
“Replacing Memory.” Georgia Review 47.1 (1993): 23-38
Field Notes: The Grace Note of the Canyon Wren. New York: Knopf, 1994.

LOPEZ, Michael. Emerson and Power: Creative Antagonism in the Nineteenth Century. DeKalb: Northern
Illinois UP, 1996.

LORD, Nancy. “A Crying Country.” Sierra 77.2. March/April (1992): 28-29.

“Beluga.” Sierra (1991). .

Lost Sarasvati; Presenting a Study of the new Personality of Early India as Emerging from a Functional-
historical Integration of recent Data on Human Ecology, Archaeology, Anthropology, Linguistics, and
Literature Bearing on the Sarasvati, the 'Lost River of the Indian History', and the Mechanics of the Human
Process. Vallabh Vidyanagar, India, Sardar Patel University [1967]

LOVELOCK, James. Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth. New York: Oxford UP, 1979.

LOXLEY, R. M., The Problematic of Islands, London, 1990

LUEDERS, Edward. “Dirt, Rock, Wind, Rain, Ice, Dust: Notes on the Environment.” Weber Studies (1992).

LUND, T. A. American Wildlife Law. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. 1980.
LUTZ, Tom. American Nervousness. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1991. .

LYNCH, Kevin The Image of the City. (MIT, 1960).

LYONS, Nick. A Flyfisher’s World. New York: Grove/Atlantic, 1996.

LYONS, Norbert. The McCormick Reaper Legend. New York: Exposition Press, 1955.

M
MACAULEY, David, ed. Minding Nature: The Philosophers of Ecology. New York: Guilford, 1996.

MACCANNEL, Juliet Flower. The Other Perspective in Gender and Culture. New York: Columbia UP,
1992.

MACHOR, James. Pastoral Cities: Urban Ideals and the Symbolic Landscape of America. Madison:
University of Wisconsin Press, 1987.

MACK, Clayton. Grizzlies & White Guys: The Stories of Clayton Mack. Vancouver, B.C.: Harbour, 1995.

MACKAY, David, In the Wake of Cook. Exploration Science and Empire, 1780-91, London, 1985

MACKENZIE, J., The Empire of Nature. History Conservation and British Imperialism, Manchester, 1988

MACKINOLTY, Judy, Hope-Caten, Toni, Past Continuous: Learning Through the Historical Environment,
Rozelle, N.S.W.: History Teachers' Association of Australia, 1983

MACLEISH, William H. The Day Before America: Changing the Nature of a Continent. New York: Richard
Todd-Houghton Mifflin, 1994

MADDOX, Gregory, Custodians of the Land: Ecology & Culture in the History of Tanzania / edited by
Gregory Maddox, James L. Giblin & Isaria N. Kimambo. London: James Currey ; Athens : Ohio University
Press, 1996.

MALIN, James C., History and Ecology: Studies of the Grassland. Edited by Robert P. Swierenga. Lincoln:
University of NebraskaPress, 1984

MALONE, J. J., Pine Trees and Politics, the Naval Stores and Forest Policy, London, 1964

MANDELL, Danile R. Behind the Frontier: Indians in Eighteenth-Century Eastern Massachusetts. Lincoln:
U of Nebraska P, 1996.

MANDER, Jerry. In the Absence of the Sacred: The Failure of Technology and the Survival of the Indian
Nations. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1991. .

MANDLER, Peter. “Politics and the English Landscape since the First World War.” Huntington Library
Quarterly 55 (1992).

MANES, Christopher. Green Rage: Radical Environmentalism and the Unmaking of Civilization. Boston:
Little, Brown, 1990.

MANNION, A. M. (Antoinette M.), Global Environmental Change: a Natural and Cultural Environmental
History, Harlow: Longman Scientific & Technical, 1991

MARANGUDAKIS, Manussos. “Emerging Ideologies in the Environmental Movement: The North American
Case of ‘Deep’ and ‘Social Ecology.’” DAI 31 (1993).

MARIE-DALY, Bernice. “The Scream of the Butterly: On Reclaiming the Feminine Divine.” DAI 54 (1994)

MARKOVICH, Nicholas C., Wolfgang F.E. Preiser and Fred G. Sturm, eds. Pueblo Style and Regional
Architecture (New York: Van Norstrand Reinhold, 1990).

MARSH, George Perkins. Man and Nature: Or, Physical Geography As Modified By Human Action.
Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 1965(edições em 1864 e 1869)

MARSHALL, Peter. Nature’s Web: Rethinking Our Place on Earth. New York: Paragon House, 1994. .

MARSHALL, Robert. The People’s Forests. New York: H. Smith and R. Haas, 1933.

MARTIN, Calvin Luther. In the Spirit of the Earth: Rethinking History and Time. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
UP, 1992.

MARTIN, Thomas S., Greening the Past. Towards a Social-Ecological Analysis of History, S. Francisco,
1998.

MARX, Leo. “Does Improved Technology Mean Progress?” American Literature, Culture, and Ideology:
Essys in Memory of Henry Nash Smith. Ed. Beverly R. Voloshin. New York: Peter Lang, 1990
The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1964.
American Institutions and Ecological Ideals. Science 170. (27 November 1970): 945-952..

MASER, Chris. Resolving Environmental Conflict: Towards Sustainable Development. DelRay Beach: St.
Lucia P, 1995.

MASON, Jim. An Unnatural Order: Uncovering the Roots of Our Domination of Nature and Each Other.
New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993.

MATHEWS, Freya. The Ecological Self. Savage, MD: Barnes and Noble, 1991.

MATILSKY, Barbara C. Fragile Ecologies: Contemporary Artists’ Interpretations and Solutions. New York:
Rizzoli, l993.

MATOSSIAN, Mary Allerton Kilbourne. Shaping World History: Breakthroughs in Ecology, Technology,
Science, and Politics , Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe, 1997

MATOUS, Ron. “Cold Solo.” Sierra 77.1.January/February (1992): 136-139

MATTHIESSEN, Peter, ed. North American Indians. New York:Viking, 1989 [1844].
“Into the Ituri.” Outside 15.5 (1990): 70-75; 138-140.

MAY, J. Globalization and the Politics of Place: Place and Identity in an Inner London Neighborhood,
Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 21, No. 1.

MAYR, Ernest, The Growth of Biological Throught-Diversity, Evolution and Inheritance, Cambridge, 1982.

MAZEL, David. “Theresa Yelverton’s Zanita, Ecofeminism, and the American National Parks Debate.”
Annual Proceedings of the Philological Association of Louisiana 1993. Argues that Zanita (1871),
Mountaineering Women: Stories by Early Climbers. College Station, TX: Texas A&M UP, 1994
 Pioneering Ascents: The Origins of Climbing in America, 1642-1873. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole
Books, 1991.

MAZUR, Laurie Ann. Beyond the Numbers: A Reader on Population, Consumption, and the Environment.
Covelo, CA: Island P, 1994.

MC CORMICK, J., Rumo ao Paraíso - a História do Movimento Ambientalista, R. Janeiro,Relume-Dumará,

1992

MCCLINTOCK, James I. Nature’s Kindred Spirits: Aldo Leopold, Joseph Wood Krutch, Edward Abbey,
Annie Dillard, and Gary Snyder. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1994.

MCCOOL, Daniel. Command of the Waters: Iron Triangles, Federal Water Development, and Indian Water.
Tucson: U of Arizona P, 1994.
Command of the Waters: Iron Triangles, FederalWater Development, and Indian Water. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1987.

MCDONAGH, Sean. The Greening of the Church. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1990.

MCDONNELL, Mark J. & Steward T.A. Pickett, (eds.). 1993.

Humans as Components of Ecosystems: The Ecology of Subtle Human Effects and Populated Areas.
New York, NY; Springer-Verlag.

MCFADDEN, Steven S.H. Profiles in Wisdom: Native Elders Speak About the Earth. Sante Fe, NM: Bear
and Co., 1991.

MCFARLAND, Thomas. “Green Savannahs: Wordsworth and the Moral Bonding with Nature.” European
Romantic Review 3 (1992).

MCGAA, Ed Eagle Man. Mother Earth Spirituality: Native American Paths to Healing Ourselves and Our
World. New York: Harper Collins, 1990.

McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Environmental Science / Sybil P. Parker, editor in chief. 2d ed.

MSGREGOR, Gaile, The Noble Savage in the New World Garden. Notes Toard a Syntatics of Place,
Ohio/Toronto, 1988.

MCINTOSH, Robert P., The Background of Ecology. Concept and History, N. Y., 1985, 1991.

MCINTYRE, Rick. A Society of Wolves: National Parks and the Battleover the Wolf. Stillwater, MN:
Voyageur Press, Inc., 1993.

MCKIBBEN, Bill. The End of Nature, 1988. New York: Doubleday, 1989.
“The Adirondacks.” Nature Conservancy (1993). Photographs by Hardie Truesdale.
“The People and the Park.” Sierra 1994. Crisis in Adirondack Park.
The Age of Missing Information. New York: Random House, 1992.

MCKIE, Ian Thomas. “Radical Environmentalism and Modernity: Nature, Ontology, and Meaning in the
Technological Era.” DAI 31 (1993).

MCLOED-EVERETTE, Sharon Esther. “Walk Softly With Me: Adventures of a Woman Big-Game Guide in
Alaska.” DAI 31 (1993).

MCMURPHY, John H., Harriet Kofalk, Amy Martin, and Jeffrey Davis. Speaking of Mother Earth. Eugene,
OR: Peace Place, 1994.
MCNAMEE, Gregory. Gila: The Lie and Death of an American River. New York: Orion/Crown, 1994.

MCNEILL, John Robert, The Mountains of the Mediterranean World: an Environmental History (Studies in
Environment and History), Cambridge, 1992.

MCNEILL, William, Plagues and People, N. Y., 1976

MCPHEE, John. The Control of Nature. NewYork: Farrar, Strauss, Giroux, 1989.

MCQUILLAN, Gene Peter. “Wilderness and Interference: Images of the Trail in American Literature.” DAI
52 (November 1991):

MCWORTER, LaDelle. Heidegger and the Earth: Essays in Environmental Philosophy. Kirksville, MO:
Thomas Jefferson UP, 1991.

MEEKER, Joseph W. “Fields of Danger and the Wilderness of Wisdom.” The North American Review 263
(Mar. 1978): 69-71.

MEFFE, Gary K., and Ronald Carroll. Principles of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, 1994.

MEINIG, D. W., ed. The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes: Geographical Essays (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1979)..
The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History (New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1986)..
Southwest: Three Peoples in Geographical Change, 1600-1970 (New York: Oxford University
Press, 1969).

MELOSI, Martin V. Bibliography on Urban Pollution Problems in American Cities from the Mid-nineteenth
through the Mid-twentieth Centuries. Monticello, IL: Vance Bibliographies, 1981.
Pollution and Reform in American Cities, 1870-1930. Austin: University of Texas Press. 1980.
Coping with Abundance: Energy and Environment in Industrial America. New York: Knopf, 1985.
Garbage in the Cities: Refuse, Reform, and the Environment, 1880-1980. College Station: Texas
A&M University Press, 1981, 1986

MERCHANT, Carolyn, Earthcare: Women and the Environment (New York: Routledge, 1996)
Earthcare: Women and the Environmental Movement. Environment 23:5 (June): 6-15, 38-40.
ed. Key Concepts in Critical Theory: Ecology. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press
International,Inc., 1994
ed., Ecology: Key Concepts in Critical Theory (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1994)
The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution (New York: Harper & Row,
1980-1981-1989)
“The Theoretical Structure of Ecological Revolutions.” Environmental Review 11 (no. 4: Winter
1987): 269-74.
“Ecofeminism and Feminist Theory.” Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism . Ed.
Irene Diamond e Gloria Feman Orenstein. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1990.
Ecological Revolutions: Nature, Gender, and Science in New England. Chapel Hill:University of
North Carolina Press, 1989.
Ecology. New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1994.
Major Problems in Environmental History: Documents and Essays. Lexington, MA: Heath, 1993.
Radical Ecology: The Search for a Livable World. New York: Routledge, 1992.
ed. Women and Environmental History. Environmental Review VIII. 1984.

MERIDETH, Robert. The Environmentalist’s Bookshelf: A Guide to the Best Books. New York: G. K. Hall,
1993.
MERKL, Karen Ann. “Ecopsychology: Exploring Psychological Aspects of Our Relationship to Nature.” DAI
56 (December 1995).

MERRELL, James H. The Indians’ New World: Catawbas and Their Neighbors From European Contact
Through the Era of Removal. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1989.

MERWIN, W. S. Travels. New York: Knopf, 1992.

METZNER, Ralph. The Well of Remembrance: Rediscovering the Earth Wisdom Myths of Northern Europe.
Boston: Shambhala, 1994.

MEYER, William B. Human Impact on the Earth. 1996.

“Past and Present: Land Use and Land Cover in the USA,” Consequences vol.1,nº1 (Spring 1995):

MICHEAUX, Oscar. The Conquest: The Story of a Negro Pioneer. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, l994 (1913).
The Homesteader. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, l994 (1913

MIDDLETON, Harry. On the Spine of Time: An Angler’s Love of the Smokies. New York: Simon and
Schuster, 1991.

MIGHETTO, Lisa, ed. Muir Among the Animals: The Wildlife Writingsof John Muir. San Francisco: Sierra
Club Books, 1986.
Wild Animals and American Environmental Ethics. Tucson Ariz.: U of Arizona P, 1991.

MILES, John. Guardians of the Park: A History of the National Parks and Conservation Association. Bristol:
Taylor and Francis, 1995.

MILES, Roger, Forestry in the English Landscape. A Study of the Cultivation of Trees and their Relationship
to Natural Amenity and Plantation Design, London, 1967.

MILLER, Alan S. Gaia Connections: An Introduction to Ecology, Ecoethics, and Economics. Savage, MD:
Rowman and Littlefield, 1991.

MILLER, Angela. The Empire of the Eye: Landscape Representation and American Cultural Politics, 1825-
1875. Ithaca, New York:Cornell University Press, 1993

MILLER, Char. “Sawdust Memories: Pinchot and the Making of Forest History.” Journal of Forestry 92
(February 1994):8-12.
Jefferson and Nature, an Interpretation, Baltimore, 1988.
e Hal Rothman(ed.), Out of the Woods. Essays in Environmental History, Pittsburgh, 1997.

MILLS, Stephanie. In Praise of Nature. Washington, D.C.: Island P, 1991.

MILNER II, Clyde A., Carol A. O’Connor, and Martha A. Sandweiss. The Oxford History of the American
West. New York: Oxford UP, 1994.

MILTON, Kay, Environmentalism.The view from Anthropology, London, 1993.

Environmentalism and Cultural Theory: Exploring the Role of Anthropology in Environmental
Discourse, New York: Routledge, 1996.

MILWARD, Peter. An Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna in English and American Literature. Lewiston,
N.Y.: Edwin Mellen, 1992

MITCHELL, John G. “Our Disappearing Wetlands.” National Geographic 182, no. 4 (October 1992): 2-46.
MITCHELL, John Hansen. Walking Toward Walden: A Pilgrimage in Search of Place. Reading: Addison-
Wesley,1995.
Living at the End of Time. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990.

MITCHELL, W.J.T. Landscape and Power. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1994.

MITMAN, Gregg. The State of Nature: Ecology, Community, and American Social Thought, 1900-1950.
Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1992.

MONTEIRO, Carlos Augusto de Figueiredo, A questão ambiental no Brasil 1960-1980, S. Paulo, Instituto de
Geografia da USP, 1981.

MORAN, Emilio, Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology, North Scituate, 1979.

MORGAN, Ted. Wilderness at Dawn: The Settling of the North American Continent. New York: Simon and
Schuster, 1993

MORAN, Emilio F., Human Adaptability. An Introduction to Ecological Anthropology, Colorado, 1979,
1982.

MORRIS, Gregory L. Talking Up a Storm: Voices of the New West. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1994.

MORSE, L.E., e Henifin, M.S. (Eds.), Rare Plant Conservation: Geographical Data Organization. The New
York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY., 1981, 377 pp.

MORTON, A. G., A History of Botanical Science. An Account of the Development of Botany from Ancient
Times to the Present Day, London, 1981

MOOS, Rudolf H., The Human Context Environmental Determinants of Behavior, N. Y., 1976.

MOWREY, Marc, e Tim Redmond. Not in Our Backyard: The People and Events that Shaped America’s
Modern Environmental Movement. New York: W. Morrow, 1993.

MOYAL, Ann Mozley. A Bright & Savage Land: Scientists in Colonial Australia / Ann Moyal. Sydney :
Collins, 1986.

MUGERAUER, Robert. Interpreting Environments: Tradition, Deconstruction, Hermeneutics. Austin: U of

Texas P, 1996.

MUIR, John. “The American Forests.” Atlantic Monthly 80 (August 1897): 145-157.
Our National Parks. Boston:Houghton Mifflin, 1901.

MURPHY, David. “Jeich Antonie: Czechs, the Land, Cather, and the Pavelka Farmstead.” Great Plains
Quarterly 14.2 (1994): 85-106.

MURPHY, Patrick D. “The Whole Wide World Was Scrubbed Clean’: The Androcentric Animation of
Denatured Disney.” From Mouse to Mermaid: The Politics of Film, Gender, and Culture. Ed. Elizabeth Bell,
Lynda Hass, and Laura Sells. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1995.
“My Mother’s Name is Evelyn, Not Gaia.” American Nature Writing Newsletter 6.1 (1994): 12-13.
"Prolegomenon for an Ecofeminist Dialogics.” Feminism, Bakhtin, and the Dialogic Voice . Ed. Dale
Bauer and Susan Jaret McKinstry. Albany: State U of New York P, 1991.
“Robinson Jeffers, Gary Synder, and the Problem of Civilization.” Robinson Jeffers and a Galaxy of
Writers. Ed. William B. Thesing. Columbia, SC: U of South Carolina P, 1995.
“Robinson Jeffers’ Heroes: Divided and Resisting.” Quarry West 27 (1990).
“Voicing Another Nature.” A Dialogue of Voices: Feminist Literary Theory and Bakhtin. Ed. Karen
e Helen Wussow Hohne. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1994.
 . Critical Essays on Gary Snyder. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1990.
Literature, Nature, and Other: Ecofeminist Critiques. Albany: State U of New York P, 1995.
Understanding Gary Snyder. Columbia, SC: U of South Carolina P, 1992
“Ground, Pivot, Motion: Ecofeminist Theory, Dialogics, and Literary Practice.” Hypatia 6 (Spring 1991)
146-161
“Prolegomenon for an Ecofeminist Dialogics.” Feminism, Bakhtin, and the Dialogic Voice. Eds.
Dale Bauer and Susan Jaret McKinstry. SUNY Press, 1991.

MURPHY, Sandra. Reckoning the Land. Flagstaff, AZ: Northland P, 1994.

MUSEUM of Modern Art (New York, NY). The Natural Paradise: Painting in America, 1800-1950:
[exhibition], the Museum of Modern Art, New York (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, c1976).

MUTEL, Cornelia F., and Mary Swander. Land of the Fragile Giants: Landscapes, Environments, and
Peoples of the Loess Hills. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1994. “

MYERS, Norman, e Julian L. Simon. Scarcity or Abundance?: A Debate on the Environment. New York:
W.W. Norton, 1994.

N
NABHAN, Gary Paul, and Stephen Trimble. The Geography of Childhood: Why Children Need Wild Places.
Boston: Beacon Press, 1994.

NABHAN, Gary Paul. Counting Sheep: 20 Ways of Seeing Desert Bighorn. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 1993.
Enduring Seeds: Native American Agriculture and Wild Plant Conservation. San Francisco: North
Point Press,1989.
Songbirds, Truffles, and Wolves: An American Naturalist in Italy. New York: Pantheon, 1993.
“Hummingbirds and Human Aggression: A View from the High Tanks.” Georgia Review (1992).

NAESS, Arne. “The Deep Ecological Movement, Some Philosophical Aspects.” Philosophical Inquiry 8
(1986): 10-13.

NARVESON, Robert D. “Vilhjalmur Stefansson: North Dakotan in the Arctic.” Midwestern Miscellany 19
(1991).

NASAR, Jack L. Environmental Aesthetics: Theory, Research, and Application. New York: Cambridge UP,
1992.

NASH, Gerald D. United States Oil Policy,1890-1964: Business and Government in Twentieth Century
America. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1968.

NASH, James A. Loving Nature: Ecological Integrity and Christian Responsibility. Nashville: Abingdon,
1992.

NASH, Roderick F., The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics (Madison: University of
Wisconsin Press, 1989)
ed. The American Environment: Readings in the History of Conservation. Reading, MA: Addison-
Wesley, 1968.
American Environmentalism: Readings in Conservation History. 3rd. ed. New York: McGraw, 1990.
Wilderness and the American Mind. Revisededition, 1973. 3ª edi., 1982. New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press.
 What price nature? BioScience 1991. 41: 677-680.

NASH, Stephan, ed. Facing Eden: 100 Years of Landscape Art in the Bay Area. Berkeley: U of California P,
1995.

NATIONAL Museum of American Art. Between Home and Heaven: Contemporary American Landscape
Photography (Washington D.C.: National Museum of American Art, 1992).

The Nature Almanac: a Handbook of Nature Education. Washington, D.C.: American Nature Association,
1927

Nature, Power, People: Citizens' Report on Sustainable Development, 1995. Islamabad: Sustainable
Development Policy Institute, 1995.

NEIDERHEISER, Clodaugh M. Forest History Sources of the United States and Canada; A Compilation of
theManuscript Sources of Forestry, Forest Industry, and Conservation History, Forest History Foundation.
St. Paul: St. Paul Publications, 1956.

NELSON, Richard. The Island Within. New York: Vintage, 1991 (1989).

NEMEROV, Alex. “Doing the ‘Old America’.” The West as America. Ed. William Treutnner. Washington,
D.C.: Smithsonian Institution P, 1991.

NESBIT, E. G., Leaving Eden - to Protect and Manage the Earth, Cambridge, 1991.

NEWTON, N., Design on the Land: the Development of Landscape, Cambridge, Mass. 1971.

NICHOLS, John. The Sky’s the Limit: A Defense of the Earth. New York: Norton, 1990.

NICHOLSON, M. The Environmental Revolution. London: Hodder and Stoughton. 1970.

NICOLET, Claude, Space, Geography and Politics in the Early Roman Empire, Ann Arbor, 1991.

NORRIS, Kathleen. Dakota: A Spiritual Geography. New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1993

NORRIS, Scott. Discovered Country: Tourism and Survival in the American West. Albuquerque, NM: U of
New Mexico P, 1994.

NORSE, E.A. Ancient Forests of the Pacific Northwest. Washington, DC: The Wilderness Society and Island
Press. 1990.

NORTON, Bryan G. “Thoreau’s Insect Analogies: Or, Why Environmentalists Hate Mainstream
Economists.” Environmental Ethics 13.3 (1991): 235-251.
Toward Unity Among Environmentalists, New York: Oxford University Press, 1991
Why Preserve Natural Variety? (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987)

NORWOOD, Vera, Made from this Earth-american Women and Nature, Chapel Hill, 1993.

NORWOOD, Vera, MOWK, Janice (ed.) The Desert is no Lady: South Western Landscapes in Women’s
Writing and Art, N. Haven, 1987.
Made from this Earth: American Women and Nature. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1993.

NOSS, Reed F., e Allen Y. Cooperrider. Saving Nature’s Legacy. Washington, D.C.: Island, 1994.

NOVAK, Barbara, Nature and Culture: American Landscape Painting, 1825-1875 (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1980-1995)
NOWAK, David J. “Historical Vegetation Change in Oakland and Its Implications for Urban Forest
Management.” Journal of Arboriculture 19 (September 1993): 313-319.

NOVICK, P. That Noble Dream: The Objectivity Question and the Historical Profession. New York:
Cambridge University Press. 1988.

NRIAGU, J. Lead and Lead Poisoning in Antiquity. New York: Wiley Interscience. 1983.

NUMBERS, Ronald L., God and Nature-historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and
Science, Berkeley, 1986.

NYGREN, Edward J., Views and Visions -American Landscape before 1830, Washington, 1986

O’GRADY, Sean P. “Pilgrims to the Wild.” DAI 52 (March 1992): 3285-A .

O’MALLEY, Therese. “Appropriation and Adaptation: Early Gardening Literature in America.” Huntington
Library Quarterly 55 (1992).

ODUM, Eugene Pleasants, 1913-, Ecology: a Bridge between Science and Society , Sunderland, Mass :
Sinauer Associates, 1996.

OELSCHLAEGER, Max. After Earth Day: Continuing the Conservation Effort. Denton: U of North Texas P,
1992.
Caring for Creation: An Ecumenical Approach to the Environmental Crisis. New Haven: Yale UP,
l994.
The Idea of Wilderness: From Prehistory to the Age of Ecology. New Haven: Yale UP, 1991.
The Wilderness Condition: Essays on Environment and Civilization. San Francisco: Sierra Club
Books, 1992.

O'LOUGHTIN, Carleen, Economic and Political Change in the Leeward and Windward Islnads, N. Haven,
1968.

OLSEN, Brett J. “Wallace Stegner and the Environmental Ethic: Environmentalism as a Rejection of Western
Myth.” Western American Literature 29.2 (1994): 123-42.

ONG, Walter S. “Personalism and the Wilderness.” Kenyon Review 21(1959): 297-304.

OPIE, John, ed. Americans and Environment: The Controversy Over Ecology. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath,
1971.
The Law of the Land: Two Hundred Years of American Farm Land Policy. Lincoln and London:
University of NebraskaPress, 1987.

ORR, David W. Ecological Literacy: Education and the Transition to a Postmodern World. Albany: State U
of New York P, l992.

ORTIZ, Simon J. After and Before the Lightening. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 1994. .

ORTIZ MONASTERIO, Fernando, Tierra Profanada: Historia Ambiental de Mexico, Mexico, DF., Instituto
Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, 1987.
OZA, G.M. , "An Indian View of Man and Nature", Environ. Conservation, 10(4), 1983: 331-335.

OSBORNE, Michael, Nature, the Exotic and the Science of French Colonialism, Bloomington, 1994

OWINGS, Coren C., Environmental Values 1860-1972. A Guide to Information Sources, Michigan, 1976.

OWENS, Louis. “The American Indian Wilderness.” American Nature Writing Newletter 6.2 (1994): 7-8. .

PAEHLKE, Robert C., ed. Conservation and Environmentalism: An Encyclopedia. Hamden: Garland P, 1995.

PALMER, Marilyn e Peter Neaverson, Industry in the Landscape, 1700-1900 , London ; New York:
Routledge, 1994

PALMER, Tim. The Case for River Conservation. Washington, D.C.: Island, 1994.

PANESSA, Giangiacomo, Fonti Greche e Latine per la Storia dell'Ambiente e del Clima nel Mondo Greco ,
Pisa, Scuola Normale Superiore, 1991.

PARDÉ, Jean, Ecologie Forestière: la Forêt: son Climat, son Sol, ses Arbres, sa Faune, 1974

PARKMAN, Francis. The Oregon Trail, Illustrated by Frederic Remington. Boston: Little, Brown and
Company, 1904.

PASSMORES, John, Men’s Responsability for Nature. Ecological Problems and Western Traditions,
London, 1974.

PEARCE, Roy Harvey. Savagism and Civilization: A Study of the Indian and American Mind. Baltimore:
Johns Hopkins Press, 1965.

PECORA, Aldo, Ambiente Geografico e Società Umane, Torino Loescher editore 1978

PERKINS, Robert. Into the Great Solitude: An Arctic Journey. New York: Henry Holt, 1991.

PEPPER, David, The Roots of Modern Environmentalism, London: Croom Helm, 1984

PERLIN, John. A Forest Journey: The Role of Wood in the Development of Civilization. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard UP, 1989-1991.

PERRIN, Noel. Last Person Rural. New York: Godine, 1992.

PETER, Charlotte M., The Eagle's Nest. Natural History and American Ideas, 1812-1842, Alabama, 1986.

PETERS, Robert L., e Thomas E. Lovejoy. Global Warming and Biological Diversity. New Haven: Yale UP,
1994.

PETERS, Timothy. “’80s Pastoral: Frederick Barthelme’s Moon Deluxe Ten Years On.” Studies in Short
Fiction 31.2 (1994): 175-185.

PETERSON, Brenda. “Bread Upon the Waters.” Sierra 78.1 (1993): 24-25.
 Living By Water. New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1994.

PETERSON, Linda H. “Gender and the Autobiographical Essay: Research Perspectives, Pedagogical
Practices.” College Composition and Communication 42.2 (1991): 170-183.

PETERSON’S Guides. Education for the Earth: A Guide to Top Environmental Studies Programs. Princeton:
Peterson’s Guides, 1993.

PETTIJEAN, Patrick (eds.) Science and Empires. Historical Studies about Scientific Development and
European Expansion, 1992

PETULLA, Joseph M. American Environmental History; the Exploration and Conservation of Natural
Resources, S. Francisco, 1977.
American Environmental History. 2nd ed. Columbus: Merrill Publishing Co.,1988.

PHYLLIS, Stanley M. American Environmental Heroes. Springfield: Enslow Publishers, 1996.

PIACENTINI, Pablo. Story Earth: Native Voices on the Environment. San Francisco: Mercury House, 1993.

PICKERING, Samuel F. Walkabout Year: Twelve Months in Australia. Columbia: U of Missouri P, 1995.

PIELOU, E. C. A Naturalist’s Guide to the Arctic. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1994.

PILARSKI, Michael. Restoration Forestry: An International Guide to Sustainable Forestry Practices.

Durango, CO: Kivaki P, 1994

PIMM, Stuart L. The Balance of Nature?: Ecological Issues in the Conservation of Species and Communities.
Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1991.

PINCHOT, Gifford. “How Conservation Began inthe United States.” Agricultural History 11 (October 1937):
255-265.
Breaking New Ground.New York: Harcourt Brace, 1947.
The Fight for Conservation. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1910.

PISTORIUS, Alan. Cutting Hill: A Chronicle of a Family Farm. New York: Harper Perennial, 1990.

PLACE, Susan ., Tropical Rainforest, Latin American Nature and Society in Transition, 1993

PLANT, Judith, Healing the Wounds: The Promise of Ecofeminism (Philadelphia: New Society Publishers,
1989)

PLUM, Sydney Landon, ed. Coming Through the Swamp: The Nature Writings of Gene Stratton Porter. Salt
Lake City: U of Utah P, 1996.

PLUMWOOD, Val. Feminism and the Mastery of Nature. London: Routledge, 1993.

POJAR, J. & A. Mackinnon, Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast (Redmond, Wa: Lone Pine Press, 1994)

POJMAN, Louis P., Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application (Boston: Jones & Bartlett,
1994)

POLK, Dora Beale. The Island of California: A History of Myth. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1995.

POLLAN, Michael. Second Nature: A Gardener’s Education. New York: Atlantic Monthly P, 1991. .
PONTING, Clive. A Green History of the World: The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations.
New York: St. Martin’s, 1991-1993.

PORTER, Charlotte M., The Eagle’s nest-Natural History and American Ideas, 1812-1842, Alabama, 1986.

POULSEN, Richard C. “The Landscape of the Mind: Cultural Transformations of the American West.”
American University Studies XXIV: American Literature. New York: Peter Lang, 1992.

POWELL, J., Australian Environmental Management in Australia, 1788-1914, Melbourne: Oxford University
Press, 1976

PRATT, Louise, Imperial Eyes-Travel Writing and Transculturation, London, 1992.

PRESLEY, Kathryn Thompson. “Neglected Popular Fiction of the Gilded Age: A Quest for Certainty.” DAI
53 (July 1993): 152-A.

PREST, J., The Garden of Eden, the Botanic Garden and the Re-creation of Paradise, New Haven, 1981

PRICE, H. C., WHEELER, A.(eds.) From Linmaeus to Darwin: Commentaries on the History of Biology and
Geology, London 1985

PRICE, Jennifer. “Looking for Nature at the Mall: A Field Guide to the Nature Company.” Uncommon
Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature. Ed. William Cronon. New York: Norton, 1995. 186-203.

PRICE, Marie and Martin Lewis. The Reinvention of Cultural Geography, Annals of the Assoc. of American
Geographers 83 (1993): p. 1-17.

PRIMAVESI, Anne. From Apocalypse to Genesis: Ecology, Feminism and Christianity. Minneapolis, MN:
Fortress, 1991.

Proceedings of a Regional Meeting on the Use of Ecological Guidelines for Development in the Tropical
Forest Areas of South East Asia, held at Bandung, Indonesia 29 May to 1 June 1974. Morges, Switzerland :
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1975.

PROSPERI, Adriano, Pianura: Scienze e Storia dell'Ambiente Padano, Cremona, [s. n.], stampa 1988

La Protezione dell'Ambiente Oggi e i Condizionamenti del Passato: il Ruolo della Geografia Fisica nella
Protezione dell'Ambiente; i Problemi dell'Ambiente nella Storia, Bologna, Patron, 1995.

PYLE, Robert Michael. The Thunder Tree: Lessons from an Urban Wildland. New York: Houghton Mifflin,
1993.

PYNE, S. J., World fire. The Culture of Fire on Earth. N. York, Henry Holt, 1995
Vestal Fire. An Environmental History, told Throught Fire of Europe & Europe’s Encounter with
the World.Seattle, Univ. Of Washington Press, 1997.
“Keeper of the Flame: A Survey of Anthropogenic Fire.” In Fire in the Environment: The
Ecological, Atmospheric, and Climatic Importance of Vegetation Fires, edited by P.J. Crutzen and J. G.
Goldammer, 245-66. New York: John Wiley &Sons Ltd., 1993.
Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire. Princeton:Princeton University
Press, 1982.
“Keeper of the Flame: A Survey of Anthropogenic Fire,” in P.J. Crutzen & J.G. Goldammer, eds.,
Fire in the Environment: The Ecological, Atmospheric, and Climatic Importance of Vegetation Fires 245-66
(New York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1993)
 Q

QUAMMEN, David, “The Cats that Fly by Themselves.” Outside 19.1 (1994): 25-29.
“The Disappeared.” Outside 16.4 (1991): 31-32; 34; 36; 38; 40.
“The Economy of Nature.” Outside 17.2 (1992): 25-26; 28; 30; 32; 34. .Estudo sobre o ecoturismo
“The Elusive Creatures of Madagascar.” Outside 15.4 (1990): 62-66; 68; 128-129.
“The White Tigers of Cincinnati.” Outside 16.9 (1991): 35-36; 38; 40; 42; 45.

QUINBY, Lee. “Ecofeminism and the Politics of Resistance.” Reweaving the World: The Emergence of
Ecofeminism. an Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1990.

R
RABILLARD, Sheila. “FEN and the Production of a Feminist Ecotheater.” Theater 25.1 (1994): 62-71.

RABKIN, Eric S., Martin H. Greenberg, Joseph D. Olander. Carbondale(ed.) The End of the World: Southern
Illinois University Press, c1983.

RACKHAM, Oliver. The Making of the Cretan Landscape / Oliver Rackham & Jennifer Moody. Manchester;
New York: Manchester University Press: Distributed exclusively in the USA and Canada by St. Martin's
Press, c1996.

RAILSBACK, Brian E. Parallel Expeditions: Charles Darwin and the Art of John Steinbeck. Moscow: U of
Idaho P, 1995.

RAINEY, Sue. Creating Picturesque America: Monument to the Natural and Cultural Landscape. Nashville:
Vanderbilt UP, 1995.

RAMPINO, Michael R. e John E. Sauders, Walter S. Newman, L. K.Konigsson(ed.), Climate, History,

Periodicity and Predictability, N. Y., 1987.

RAPPAPORT, Doreen. American Women: Their Lives in Their Words. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1990.

RAUBER, Paul. “Last Refuge.” Sierra 77.1 Jan./Feb. (1992): 36-43.

“No River Wilder.” Sierra 78.1 (1993): 34-41, 146-147.

RAVETZ, Alison e Turkington, Richard, Alison, The Place of Home: English Domestic Environments, 1914-
2000 , London : E. & F.N. Spon, 1995

RAWLINS, C.L. Sky’s Witness: A Year in the Wind River Range. Illus. Hannah Hinchman. New York: Henry
Holt, 1993.

RAZAK, Arisika. “Toward a Womanist Analysis of Birth.” Reweaving the World: The Emergence of
Ecofeminism . Ed. Irene Diamond and Gloria Feman Orenstein. San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1990.

REAL, Leslie A., e James H. Brown. Foundations of Ecology: Classic Papers with Commentaries. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1991.

REED, Michael A. The Landscape of Britain: from the Beginnings to 1914 / Michael Reed. London ; New
York : Routledge, 1990.

REICHMAN, O.J. (texto), e Steve Mulligan (fotos). Living Landscapes of Kansas. Lawrence: U of Kansas P,
1995.

REIGER, J. F. American Sportsmen and the History of Conservation. New York: Winchester Press. 1975.

REINGOLD, Nathan ROTHENBERG, M.(eds.) Scientific colonialism. A cross-cultural comparison,

Washington, 1987

REISNER, M. Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water. New York: Viking. 1986

RENEHAN, Edward J., Jr. John Burroughs: An American Naturalist. Post Mills, VT: Chelsea Green, 1992.

RENO, Philip. Mother Earth, Father Sky, and Economic Development: Navajo Resources and Their Use.
Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1981.

RENZ, Deborah Amanda. “Topophobia, Topophilia, and Malcolm Lowery: Environmental Perspectives in
Selected Writing.” DAI 32 (1994).

REUTHER, Rosemary Radford. Gaia and God: An Ecofeminist Theology of Earth Healing. San Francisco:
HarperCollins, 1992.

RICHARDS, Ellen Swallow. Sanitation in Daily Life. Boston: Whitcomb & Barrows, 1910[1907].

RICHARDS, Mary Bradshaw. Camping Out in Yellowstone, 1882. Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 1994.

RICHARDSON, Bonham C., Economy and Environment in the Caribbean: Barbados and the Windwards in
the Late 1800s, Barbados, Press Univ. of West Indies, 1997.

RIFKIN; Jeremy e Ted Howard, Entropy a New World View, Toronto, 1980.

RITVO, Harriet. “At the Edge of the Garden: Nature and Domestication in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-
Century Britain.” Huntington Library Quarterly 55 (1992).

ROBBINS, William G, “Landscape and Environment: Ecological Change in the Intermontane Northwest,”
Pacific Northwest Quarterly 84:140-49 (1993)
American Forestry: A History of National, State, and Private Cooperation. Lincoln and London:
Universityof Nebraska Press, 1985.

ROBERTS, N. (ed.) Ecological Relations in Historical Times Human Impact & adaptation
The Holocene. An Environmental History, Oxford, 1989.
A Guide to Women’s Studies in the Outdoors: Review of Research with Annotated Bibliography.
College Park, MD: Nina Roberts, 1994.

ROBERTSON, David, Mark Wheelis, e Scott McLean. “The Interdepartmental Program in Nature and
Culture.” ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 1.2 (1993): 115-122.

ROBERTSON, David. “Real Matter, Spiritual Mountain: Gary Snyder and Jack Kerouac on Mt. Tamalpais.”
Western American Literature 27.3 (1992): 209-226

ROBINSON, Jane. Wayward Women: A Guide to Women Travellers. New York: Oxford UP, 1990.

ROBINSON, Michael William. “The Rhetoric of Ecofeminism: A Postmodern Inquiry.” DAI 31 (1993).
RODRIGUES, Sergio de Almeida; Ecologia e Historia da Terra; Curso de Extensão Universitaria,. São
Paulo : Fund Parque Zoologico de São Paulo, 1988.

RODRIGUEZ, Sylvia. Art, Tourism, and Race Relations in Taos: Toward a Sociology of the Art Colony
Journal of Anthropological Research 45 (Spring 1989).

RODRÍGUEZ NEILA, Juan Francisco, Ecología en la Antigüedad clásica, Madrid: Arco/Libros, [1996]

ROE, Nicholas. The Politics of Nature: Wordsworth and Some Contemporaries. New York: St. Martin’s
Press, 1992.

ROGERS, Susan Fox. Another Wilderness: New Outdoor Writing by Women. Seattle: Seal, 1994.

ROLLINS, William H., A Greener Vision of Home. Cultural Plitics and Environmental Reform in the
German Heimatschutz Movement, 1904-1918, Ann Arbor, 1997.

ROLSTON, Holmes, III. Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in the Natural World. Philadelphia:
Temple UP. 1990.
Conserving Natural Value. New York: Columbia UP, 1994.
Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in the Natural World. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1990.

ROMINES, Ann. “Writing the Little House: The Architecture of a Series.” Great Plains Quarterly 1994.

ROMTVEDT, David. A Flower Whose Name I Do Not Know. Townsend, WA: Copper Canyon, 1992.

RONALD, Ann, and Stephen Trimble. Earthtones: A Nevada Album. Reno: U of Nevada P, 1995.

ROOT, William Pitt. Trace Elements From a Recurring Kingdom: The First Five Books. Lewiston, ID:
Confluence P, 1994.

ROSEN, Michael J. The Company of Animals: Twenty Stories of Alliance and Encounter. New York:
Doubleday, 1993.

ROSENTHAL, Bernard, City of Nature-journeys to Nature in the Age of American Romanticism, Newark,
1980.

ROSKILL, Mark W., The Languages of Landscape / Mark Roskill. University Park, Pa. : Pennsylvania State
University Press, c1997.

ROSOWSKI, Susan J. “Margaret Fuller, an Engendered West, and Summer on the Lakes.” Western American
Literature 25.2 (1990): 125-144.

ROSS, Andrew. “Earth to Gore, Earth to Gore.” Social Text 41 (1994).

Strange Weather: Culture, Science, and Technology in the Age of Limits. New York: Verso, 1991.
The Chicago Gangster Theory of Life: Nature’s Debt to Society. London: Verso, 1994-1995.

ROSS, Suzanne. “Response to ‘The Lorax and the Ecopolice’ by Ian Marshall.” ISLE: Interdisciplinary
Studies in Literature and Environment 2.2 (1995).

ROSZAK, Theodore, Mary E. Gomes, and Allen Kanner, eds. Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth, Healing
the Mind. San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1995.
“Beyond the Reality Principle.” Sierra 78.2 March/April (1993): 58-62
The Voice of the Earth: An Exploration of Ecopsychology. New York: Touchstone, 1992.

ROTBERG, Robert I., RABB, Theodore K., Climate and History: Studies in Interdisciplinary History,
Princeton, 1981
ROTH, D. The Wilderness Movement and the National Forests. College Station, Texas: Intaglio Press. 1988.

ROTHENBERG, David. Is It Painful to Think? Conversations with Arne Naess. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota
P, 1993.
Wisdom in the Open Air: The Norwegian Roots of Deep Ecology. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P,
1992.

ROUND, Phillip Harris. “Scientific Americans: Natural History and the Rhetoric of National Identity, 1630-
1862.” DAI 51 (May 1991): 3747-A

ROWNTREE, Lester, K. Foote and Mona Domosh. Cultural Geography, Geography in America, Gary Gaile
e Cort Willmott, eds. (1989).

RUBIN, Charles T. The Green Crusade: Rethinking the Roots of Environmentalism. New York: Free Press,
1994.

RUDIG, Wolfgang. Green Politics I. Edwardsville: Southern Illinois UP, 1990.

Green Politics Two 1991. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1992.

RUE, Loyal. By Grace of Guile: The Role of Deception in Natural History and Human Affairs. New York:
Oxford UP, 1994.

RUETHER, Rosemary Radford. Women Healing Earth: Third World Women on Ecology. 1995.

RUNNELS, Curtis N. 1995. “Environmental Degradation in Ancient Greece,” Scientific American v 272 nº
3 (Mar 1995): 96-99.

RUNTE, Alfred. National Parks: The American Experience. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979.

RUSSELL, Alan. The Forest Prime Evil. New York: Walker and Company, 1992.

RUSSELL, Dick. “Environmental Racism: Minority Communities and Their Battle Against Toxics.” The
Amicus Journal 11 (Spring 1989): 22-32.

RUSSELL, Sharman Apt. “The Nature of Gardens.” Nature Conservancy, 1992.

Songs of the Fluteplayer: Seasons of Life in the Southwest. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1991.
When the Land was Young: Reflections on American Archaeology. Reading: Addison-Wesley, 1996.

RUSSELL, William Moy Stratton, Man, Nature, and History; Controlling the Environment, N.Y., Published
for the American Museum of Natural History by the Natural History Press [1969, c1967]

RYDEN, Kent C. Mapping the Invisible Landscape: Folklore, Writing, and the Sense of Place. Iowa City: U
of Iowa P, 1993.
. Remapping the Invisible Landscape: Folklore, Writing, and the Sense of Place. Iowa City: U of
Iowa P, 1993.

S
SAGOFF, Mark, The Economy of the Earth (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988)

SALLARES, Robert. Ecology of the ancient Greek world , London,Duckworth, 1991.

SALE, Kirkpatrick. Rebels Against the Future: The Luddites and Their War on the Industrial Revolution:
Lessons for the Computer Age. 1995.
The Green Revolution: The American Environmental Movement 1962-1992. New York: Hill and
Wang, 1993. .

SALLARES, The Ecology of the Ancient Greek World, London, Duckworth, 1991.

SALLEH, Ariel. “Second Thoughts on Rethinking Ecofeminist Politics: A Dialectical Critique.” ISLE:
Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 1.2 (1993): 93-106.

SALMON, John, e Graham Shipley(eds.), Human Landscapes in Classical Antiquity: Environment and
Culture, London/NY, Routledge, 1996.

SALTER, Christopher (ed.) The Cultural Landscape, Belmont, Mass, 1971

SÁNCHEZ PICÓN, Andrés(ed.), Historia y Medio Ambiente en el Territorio Almeriense, [Almería]:

Universidad de Almería, Servicio de Publicaciones, 1996. Textos colóquio realizado em Março de 1995.

SANDERS, Scott Russell. “Earth’s Body.” North American Review (1992).

Secrets of the Universe. Boston: Beacon, 1991.
Staying Put: Making a Home in a Restless World. Boston: Beacon, 1993.
Wilderness Plots: Tales About the Settlement of the American Land. Columbus, OH: Sandstone-Ohio
State UP, 1988.

SANER, Reg. “What Does ‘Nature’ Name?” Ohio Review 49.4 (1993): 45-64.
. The Four-Cornered Falcon: Essays on the Interior West and the Natural Scene. Baltimore: John
Hopkins UP, 1993.

SANGWAN, Satpal, Science, Technology and Colonization: an Indian Experience 1757 - 1857, Delhi, 1991

SANTMIRE, H. Paul. The Travail of Nature: Evolution, Culture, and Religion. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993.

SARRE, Philip,.Environment, Population and Development / edited by Philip Sarre. London : Hodder &
Stoughton, 1991.

SAUNDERS, Corinne J. Forest of Medieval Romance: Avernus, Broceliande, Arden. Rochester, NY: Boydell
and Brewer, 1993.

SAYRE, Robert F. New Essays on Walden. New York: Cambridge UP, 1992.

SAYRE, Robert F. Take This Exit: Rediscovering the Lowa Landscape. Iowa City: Iowa State UP, 1990.

SCARCE, Rik. Eco-Warriors: Understanding the Radical Environmental Movement. Chicago: Noble Press,
1990.

SCHAEFFER, Francis A., Pollution and the Death of Man-the Cristian View and Ecology Wheaton , 1973.

SCHAMA, Simon. Landscape and Memory. New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1995.

SCHEFFER, Victor B., “The Sea Otter on the Washington Coast,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 31:371-388
(1940)

SCHLENZ, Mark. “Academe in Wonderland: Ecocriticism and the Survival of Institutions.” ISLE:
Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 2.1 (1994): 105-115.

SCHMIDT, Susan. “Finding a Home: Rawlings’s Cross Creek.” Southern Literary Journal 1994.
SCHMITT, Peter J. Back to Nature: The Arcadian Myth in Urban America., New York : Oxford University
Press ; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1990.

SCHNAIBERG, A. The Environment: From Surplus to Scarcity. New York: Oxford University Press. 1980.

SCHNEIDER-HECTOR, Dietmar. “White Sands: National Monument or National Park?” Journal of the
Southwest 37.1 (1995): 53-78.

SCHOLTMEIJER, Marian. Animal Victims in Modern Fiction: From Sanctity to Sacrifice. Toronto: U of
Toronto P, 1993.

SCHUESSLER, Raymond. “A Brief History of the Mighty RailroadTie.” Northern Logger & Timber
Processor 43(April 1995): 34-37, 64.

SCOULER, John, “Journal of a Voyage to N.W. America,” The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society
6:54-75 (1905)

SEGAL, Judy Z. “The Structure of Advocacy: A Study of Environmental Rhetoric.” Canadian Journal of
Communication 16.3/4 (1991): 409-15.

SELCRAIG, “Green Fees.” Sierra 78.4 (1993): 70-77, 86-87.

SEN, Geeti, Indigenous Vision: Peoples of India Attitudes to the Environment. New Delhi ; London : Sage,
1992.

SENNETT, Richard. The Conscience of the Eye. (W.W. Norton, 1990)

SEGRE, Luciano - Casati, Dario - Istituto nazionale di storia dell' agricoltura Agricoltura Ambiente e
Sviluppo Economico nella Storia Europea , Milano: F. Angeli, [1993]

SERRES, Michel. The Natural Contract. Trans. Elizabeth MacArthur and William Paulson. Ann Arbor: U of
Michigan P, 1995.

SERVID, Carolyn. From the Island’s Edge: A Sitka Reader. St Paul: Graywolf P, 1995.

SESSIONS, George, ed. Deep Ecology for the 21st Century: Readings on the Philosophy and Practice of the
New Environmentalism. Boston: Shambala P, 1995.

SEVILLA GUZMÁN, Eduardo e Manuel González de Molina, eds., Ecología, Campesinado e Historia,
Madrid : Las ediciones de La Piqueta, 1993

SHABECOFF, Philip. A Fierce Green Fire: The American Environmental Movement. New York: Farrar,
Straus and Giroux, 1993.
A New Name for Peace: International Environmentalism, Sustainable Development, and
Democracy. 1995.

SHAPIRO, Harry L.(ed.), Man culture and society, N. York, 1971

SHEAL, John, Nature in Trust - the History of Nature Conservation in Britain, Glasgow, 1976
Rabbits and their History, Newton, Abbot, 1971.

SHELDON, Joseph K. Rediscovery of Creation: A Bibliographical Study of the Church’s Response to

Environmental Crisis. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1992.
SHELDRAKE, Rupert. The Rebirth of Nature: The Greening of Science and God. New York: Bantam Books,
1991.

SHELTON, Richard. Going Back to Bisbee. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 1992.

SHEPARD, Paul. “Gaia Doubts.” American Nature Writing Newsletter 6.1 (1994): 11.
Man in the Landscape: A Historic View of the Esthetics of Nature. College Station: Texas A&M UP,
l991 (l967).
. Nature and Madness. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1992.

SHERBROOKE, Wade C., World Desertification: Cause and Effect; a Literature Review and Annotated
Bibliography, by Wade C. Sherbrooke and Patricia Paylore. Tucson, University of Arizona, Office of Arid
Lands Studies, 1973.

SHERRARD, Philip. The Eclipse of Man and Nature: An Enquiry into the Origins and Consequences of
Modern Science. Hudson, NY: Lindisfarne Press, 1991.

SHIPLEY, Graham e John Salmon, Human Landscapes in Classical Antiquity: Environment and Culture,
London; New York: Routledge, 1996

SHIRLEY, Shirley. Restoring the Tallgrass Prairie: An Illustrated Manual for Iowa and the Upper Midwest.
Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1994.

SHORT, C. Brandt. Ronald Reagan and the Public Lands: America’s Conservation Debate, 1979-1984.
College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1989.

SHORT, John Rennie, Imagined Country - Environment, Culture, and Society, London, 1991.

SHORTLAND, Michael, Science and Nature: Essays in the History of Environmental Sciences, [Oxford] :
British Society for the History of Science , c1993

SIERRA EDITORS. “The Sierra Club Bulletin: 100 Years of Activism and Adventure.” Sierra 78.5 (1993):
54-86. Historia Jornal Sierra desde 1853

SIGERIST, H. E. Civilization and Disease. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. 1945.

SILKO, Leslie Marmon. Yellow Woman and a Beauty of the Spirit: Essays on Native American Life Today.
New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996.

SILVER, Timothy. A New Face on the Countryside: Indians, Colonists, and Slaves in the South Atlantic
Forests, 1500-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

SIMMONDS, I., Changing the Earth: Culture, Environment and History, Oxford, 1989-1996.

SIMMONS, I. G (Ian Gordon), Tooley, M. J. The Environment in British Prehistory, London : Duckworth :
BBC Books, 1981.
Changing the Face of the Earth: Culture, Environment, History ,Oxford, UK; New York, NY, USA :
B. Blackwell, 1989

SIMMS, Norman. “Mythic Grandeur or Pastoral Naivete in Tangi by Witi Thimaera.” Recovering Literature:
A Journal of Contextualist Criticism 20 (1994).

SIMON, William J. Scientific Expeditions in the Portuguese Overseas Territories (1873-1808), Lisboa, 1983

SIMONIAN, Cane, Defending the Land of the Jaguar: A History of Conservation in Mexico, Austin, 1995.
SINCLAIR, Pete. We Aspired: The Last Innocent Americans. Logan, UT: Utah State U, 1993-1994.

SINGER, Natalia Rachel. “Alone in the Sand: Landscape and Feminine Desire.” North American Review
(1993).
“Whiteout: Editing the Metaphors for the Land.” AWP Chronicle 26.6 (1994): 1-6.

SKOLIMOWSKI, Henryk. Dancing Shiva in the Ecological Age. Delhi: Clarion Books, 1992.

SLACK, Jennifer Daryl, and Laurie Anne Whitt. “Ethics and Cultural Studies.” Cultural Studies. Ed.
Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson, e Paula A. Treichler. New York: Routledge, 1992.

SLATER, Daska. “Dress Rehearsal for Disaster.” Sierra 79.3 (1994):

SLICER, Deborah. “Is There an Ecofeminism-Deep Ecology ‘Debate’?” Environmental Ethics 17.2 (1995).

SLOAN, P. R., (ed.), From Natural History to the History of Nature: Readings from Buffoon and his
Contemporaries, Notre Dame, 1981

SMITH, Annick. Homestead. Minneapolis: Milkweed, 1995.

SMITH, Duane A., Mining America - the Industry and the Environment, 1800-1980, Lawrence, 1987

SMITH, Henry Nash. Virgin Land.: The American West as Symbol and Myth, Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 1950.

SMITH, N. and L. J. Theberge. Energy Coverage Media Panic. New York: Longman. 1983.

SMITH, Thomas G. “John Kennedy, Steward Udall, and New Frontier Conservation.” Pacific Northwest
Quarterly 64 (August 1995): 329-352.

SNOW, Donald. Inside the Environmental Movement: Meeting the Leadership Challenge. Washington, D.C.:
Island P, 1992.

SNYDER, Gary. The Practice of the Wild. San Francisco: North Point Press, 1990.
“The Watershed.” Sierra 77.3 May/June (1992): 24-25.
A Place in Space: Ethics, Aesthetics, and Watersheds. Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1996.
Gary. Mountains and Rivers Without End. Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1996.
The Practice of the Wild. San Francisco: North Point, 1990.
The Death-Dealing Smog Over Donora, Pennsylvania: Industrial Air Pollution, Public Health Policy
and the Politics of Expertise, 1948-1949. Environmental History Review. (Spring 1994.): 117-138.

SNYDER, Joel. “Territorial Photography.” In Landscape and Power, edited by W.J.T. Mitchell, 175-
201.Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1994.

SOLBRIG, Otto T., and Dorothy J. Solbrig. So Shall You Reap: Farming and Crops in Human Affairs.
Covelo, CA: Island P, 1994.

SOULE, Michael E., and Gary Lease, eds. Reinventing Nature? Responses to Postmodern Deconstruction.
Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1994-1995.

SPERLIN, O. B., ed. The Brackenridge Journal for the Oregon Country (Seattle: University of Washington
Press, 1984)

SPRETNAK, Charlene. States of Grace: The Recovery of Meaning in the Postmodern Age. San Francisco:
HarperCollins, 1991.
SPRING, David and Eileen, (ed.) Ecology and Religion in History, New York, Harper & Row, 1974.

SPRINGER, Haskell. America and the Sea. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1995.

SPURR, Stephen H., and Burton V. Barnes. “The American Forest Since 1600.” In Forest Ecology, 557-571.
NewYork: Ronald Press, 1964.

STAFFORD, B. M., Voyage into Substance - Science, Nature and the Illustrated Travel Account 1770-1840,
Cambridge, Mass. 1984

STAFLEU, F. A., Linnaeus and the linnaeans. The Spreading of their Ideas in Systematic Botany, 1735-1789,
Utrecht, 1971

STAMP, L. Dudley (Laurence Dudley), 1898-1966. Man and the Land, [2d ed., rev.]London, Collins, 1964.

STARBOIN, Christina Fijan. “Cooper’s Critters: Animals in the Leatherstocking Tales.” DAI 54 (1993).

STEADMAN, John M. Nature into Myth: Medieval and Renaissance Moral Symbols / by John M. Steadman.
Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press; Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: distributed by Humanities Press, [1978]

STEADMAN, David W. 1995. “Prehistoric Extinctions of Pacific Island Birds: Biodiversity Meets
Zooarchaeology,” Science vol.267 (24 Feb 1995):1123-1130.

STEARNS, Raymond P., Science in the British Colonies of America, Urbana, 1970

STEBBINS, Jr, Theodore E, TROYEN, Carol, FAIR BROTHER, Trevor J., (comps.) A New World:
Masterpieces of American Painting 1760-1910, Boston, 1983.

STEFFENS, Ron. “Burning the Mountain.” Weber Studies 11.3 (1994): 33-40.
“On Avoiding Tourism: A Journey by Book into the Wilds.” Bloomsbury Review 14.2 (1994): 19.
“Working the Woods.” Wild Earth 2.3 (1992): 71-75.

STEGNER, Wallace, Angle of Repose (New York: Doubleday & Co., 1971)
The American West as Living Space (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1987)
Where the Bluebird Sings to the Lemonade Springs: Living and Writing in the West. New York:
Random House, 1992.

STEINHART, Peter. “Mud Wrestling.” Sierra 78.1 (1993): 54-59, 148-150.

STEPHEN C. Rockefeller, and John C. Elder. Spirit and Nature: Why the Environment is a Religious Issue.
Boston: Beacon, 1992.

STEWART, Hilary, Cedar: Tree of Life to the Northwest Coast Indians (Seattle: University of Washington
Press, 1984)

STEWART, Mart. What Nature Suffers to Groe: Life, Labor, and Landscape on the Georgia coast, 1680-
1920.

STEWART, Veronica. “The Wild Side of The Wide, Wide World.” Legacy: A Jornal of American Women
Writers 11.1 (1994): 1-16.

STILL, Bayrd. Urban America: A History with Documents.Boston: Little, Brown, 1974.

STILLGOE, John R. Common Landscape of America, 1580-1845.New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982.

STINE, Peter. On Nature’s Terms: Contemporary Voices. College Station: Texas A&M UP, l992.
STONE, Christopher. The Gnat is Older than Man: Global Environment and Human Agenda. Princeton:
Princeton UP, 1993.

STRONG, David. “Disclosive Discourse, Ecology, and Technology.” Environmental Ethics 16.1 (1994): 89-
102.

STURROCK, June. “Protective Pastoral: Innocence and Female Experience in William Blake’s ‘Songs’ and
Christina Rossetti’s ‘Goblin Market.’” Colby Quarterly 30.2 (1994): 98-108.

SULLIVAN JR., Garrett A.. “’Arden Lay Murdered in that Plot of Ground’: Surveying, Land, and Arden of
Faversham.” ELH 61.2 (1994): 231-252.

SUMNER, Ray. A Woman in the Wilderness : the Story of Amalie Dietrich in Australia / Ray
Sumner.Kensington, NSW, Australia : New South Australia, 1993.

SUNDERMEIER, Michael. “Of Wet and Of Wildness: Hopkins and the Environment.” Gerard Manley
Hopkins Annual. Omaha, NE: Creighton UP, 1992.

SUSMAN, W. Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth Century. rev. ed.
New York: Pantheon. 1984.

SUTHERLAND, Guilland. An English Arcadia: Landscape and Architecture in Britain and America. San
Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 1992.

SUZUKI, David, and Peter Knudtson, eds. Wisdom of the Elders: Honoring Native Visions of Nature. New
York: Bantam, 1992.

SWAIN, D. C. Wilderness Defender: Horace M. Albright and Conservation. Chicago: University Press. 1970.

SWIFT, J., The other Eden. A new Approach to Man, Nature and Society, London, 1974.

SZASZ, Andrew. EcoPopulism: Toxic Waste and the Movement for Environmental Justice, Social
Movements, Protest, and Contention. Vol. I. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.

T
TACEY, David J. (David John), Edge of the Sacred: Transformation in Australia / David J. Tacey. North
Blackburn, Vic., Australia : HarperCollins, c1995.

TAG, Stan. “English 104: The Wilderness in American Life.” ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature
and Environment 1.2 (1993): 107-114.
"Forest Life and Forest Trees: Thoreau and John S. Springer in the Maine Woods.” ISLE:
Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 2.1 (1994): 77-84.

TALL, Deborah. From Where We Stand: Recovering a Sense of Place. New York: Knopf, 1993.

TAMMARO, Thom. Inheriting the Land: Contemporary Voices from the Midwest. Minneapolis: U of
Minnesota P, 1993.

TARR, Joel A. “Historical Turning Points in Municipal Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal, 1850-1932.”
Civil Engineering 47 (1977): 82-91.
 “Out of Sight, Out of Mind: A Brief History of Sewage Disposal in the United States.” American
History Illustrated 10 (1976):40-47.
The Search for the Ultimate Sink: Urban Pollution in Historical Perspective. Akron, OH:
TheUniversity of Akron press, 1996.

TARTER, Jim. “Collective Subjectivity and Postmodern Ecology.” ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in
Literature and Environment 2.2 (1995).

TASSONI, John Paul. “Lying with Sea-gull: The Ecofeminist Dialogics of Beauty in Robinson Jeffer’s ‘The
Inhumanist’.” ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 2.2 (1995).

TAYLOR, Alan. William Cooper’s Town: Power and Persuasion on the Frontier of the Early American
Republic. New York: Knopf, 1995.

TAYLOR, Bron, ed. Ecological Resistance Movements: The Global Emergence of Radical and Popular
Environmentalism. Albany: State U of New York P, 1995.

TAYLOR, R. Frederick. “The Search For a Sacred Place: Essays Toward a Spirituality of Nature.” DAI 53
(June 1993): 4324-A

TEAGUE, David. “Green Grass in Yellow Sky: Stephen Crane in Southwest Texas.” ISLE: Interdisciplinary
Studies in Literature and Environment 1.2 (1993): 81-91.

TEAGUE, David. The Deserts of Boston and New York: Turn-of-the-Century Monthlies and the American
Southwest. 1995.

TEBRAKE, William Henry, Medieval Frontier: Culture and Ecology in Rijnnland, Texas A&M Univ. Press,
1985.

TEICH, Mikulas, PORTER, Roy, Bogustafsson (ed.), Nature and Society in Historical Context; Texas,
1985/New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997

THAYER, Robert L., Jr. Gray World, Green Heart: Technology, Nature, and the Sustainable Landscape.
(Wiley, 1994).

THIRGOOD, J. V., Man and the Mediterranean Forest. A History of Resource Depletion, London, Academic
Press, 1981.

THOMAS, Heather Smith. “History of Public Land Grazing.”Rangelands 16 (December 1994): 50-55.

THOMAS, K., Man and the Natural World. Changing Attitudes in England 1500-1800, Oxford, 1983

THOMAS, Keith. Man and the Natural World: A History of the Modern Sensibility. New York: Pantheon
Books, 1983.
O Homem e o Mundo Natural, S. Paulo, C. das Letras, 1988.

THOMAS, W. L., (ed.) Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth, Chicago, 1956-1971

THOMASHOW, Mitchell. Ecological Identity: Becoming a Reflective Environmentalist. Cambridge, MA:

MIT Press, 1995.

THOMPSON, Garry, The Museum Environment, London/Boston, 1986.

THOMPSON, George, ed. Landscape in America. Austin: U of Texas P, 1995.Colectânea de ensaios

THOMPSON, William Irwin, ed. Gaia, A Way of Knowing: Political Implications of the New Biology.
Hudson, NY: Lindisfarne Press, 1987.
Gaia Two, Emergence: The New Science of Becoming. Hudson, NY: Lindisfarne Press, 1991.

THURN, Thora Flack. “The Quest for Freedom in the Changing West of Edward Abbey and Larry
McMurtry.” DAI 52 (September 1991): 992-A.

TICHI, Cecilia, New World, New Earth - Environmental Reform in American Literature from the Puritans
through Whitman, N. Haven, 1979.

TIKALSKY, Frank. The Grand Canyon: Intimate Views. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 1992.

TILLEY, Christopher. A Phenomenology of Landscape. (Berg, 1994).

TISDALE, Sallie. Stepping Westward: The Long Search for Home in the Pacific Northwest. New York:
HarperCollins, 1991.

TIVY, Joy. The Organic Resources of Scotland; their Nature and Evaluation, edited by Tivy Joy. Edinburgh,
Oliver & Boyd [1973]

TOBIAS, M., e G. Cowan. The Soul of Nature: Visions of a Living Earth. Continuum, 1994.

TOBIAS, Michael. A Vision of Nature: Traces of the Original World. Kent, OH: Kent State UP, 1995.

TOHE, Laura. “Restoring the Creative Voice Through Landscape.” American Nature Writing Newsletter 6
(1994).

TOMER, John S., and Michael J. Brodhead, eds. A Naturalist in Indian Territory: The Journals of S.W.
Woodhouse, 1849-50. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1996.

TOMPKINS, Jane. West of Everything. New York: Oxford UP, 1992.

TOTMAN, C., The Green Archipelago. Forestry and Conservation in Seventeenth Century Japan , Berkley,
Calif, 1989

TOWNSEND, John K., Narrative of a Journey Across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River (Lincoln:
University of Nebraska Press, 1978)

TRAINA, Giusto. Ambiente e Paesaggi di Roma Antica, Roma: NIS, 1990.

TRASK, Haunani-Kay. From a Native Daughter: Colonialism and Sovereignty in Hawai’i. Common Courage
P, 1994.

TRENTO, Salavatore Michael. A Field Guide to Mysterious Places of the West. Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1994.

TRUETT, Joe E. Circling Back: Chronicle of a Texas River Valley. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1996.

TRUSSELL, Denys. “The Arts and Planetary Survival, Part II.” The Ecologist 20 (1990).

TUAN, Yi-Fu. Passing Strange and Wonderful: Aesthetics, Nature, and Culture. Washington, D.C.: Island
Press, l993.
Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979).
Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,
1977)..
Landscapes of Fear (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979).
TUCKER, Lindsey. “Walking the Red Road: Mobility, Maternity, and Native American Myth in Alice
Walker’s “Meridian”.” Women’s Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 19.1 (1991): 1-17.

TUCKER, R. P., RICHARDS, J. F. (eds.) Global Deforestation and the Nineteenth Century World Economy,
Durham, 1983-1989.

TUCKER, Richard P., RICHARDS, J. F., World Deforestation in the Twentieth Century, Durham, N. C.,
1988

TUDELA, Fernando, Desarollo y Medioambiente en America Latina y el Caribe, Madrid, 1991.

TURNER, B. L., et. al. The Earth as Transformed by Human Action. 1990.

TURNER, Brian. United Nations List of National Parks and Protected Areas (1993). World Conservation
Monitoring Centre and the IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, Covelo 1994.

TURNER, Frederick Jackson.The Significance of the Frontier in American History.Edited by Martin Ridge.
Madison, WI: Silver Buckle Press, 1994.

TURNER, Frederick “Cultivating the American Garden:Toward a Secular View of Nature,” Harper’s (Aug
19**): 45-52.
A Border of Blue: Along the Gulf of Mexico from the Keys to the Yucatan. New York: Holt, 1993.
Beauty: The Value of Values. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1992.
Beyond Geography: The Western Spirit Against the Wilderness. New York: Viking, 1980.
Natural Classicism. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1992.
Rebirth of Value: Meditations on Beauty, Ecology, Religion, and Education. Albany: State U of New
York P, 1991.
Spirit of Place: The Making of an American Literary Landscape. Washington, D.C.: Island, 1992
(1989).

TURNER, Jack. “Creating a Tradition of “The Deep Wild”.” The Leader (Publication of the Outdoor
Leadership School), 1992.

TURRI, Eugenio, Gli Uomini delle Tende: i Pastori Nomadi tra Ecologia e Storia, tra Deserto e Bidonville,
Edizioni di Comunita,: Milano,1983

TURRILL, William Bertram, 1890-1961. The Royal Botanic Gardens; Kew, past and Present. London, H.
Jenkins [1959]

U
UDALL, Sharyn R. Contested Terrain: Myth and Meaning in Southwest Art (Albuquerque: University of
New Mexico Press, 1996).

UDALL, Stewart. The Quiet Crisis. NewYork: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1963.

UNGER, Douglas. Leaving the Land. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1995.

UPTON, Barbara Jean. “Towards an Environmental Ethic: A Whiteheadean Perspective.” DAI 33 (December
1995).

URSCHEL, Linda K. “Emerson’s ‘The Snow-Storm.’” Explicator 50 (1991).

URTEAGA, L., La Tierra Esquilmada - Las Ideas sobre la Conservación de la Naturaleza en la Cultura
Espanola del siglo XVIII, Barcelona, 1981

V
VAN BUREN, John. “Critical Environmental Hermeneutics.” Environmental Ethics 17.3 (1995).

VAN DYKE, John C. The Autobiography of John C. Van Dyke. Ed. Peter Wild. Salt Lake City: Utah UP,
1993.

VAN GIESON, Judith. Raptor: A Neil Hamel Mystery. New York: Pocket Books, 1990.
The Wolf Path: A Neil Hamel Mystery. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.

VAN HISE, Charles R., The Conservation of Natural Resources in the United States, New York: Macmillan,
1910.

VAN SLYCK, Abigail A. Manana, Manana: Racial Stereotypes and the Anglo Rediscovery of the
Southwest’s Vernacular Architecture, 1890-1920. Gender, Class, and Shelter: Perspectives in Vernacular
Architecture V, Elizabeth Cromley e Carter L. Hudgins, eds. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press,
1995).

VANDEVEER, Donald, & Christine Pierce, eds., People, Penguins and Plastic Trees (Belmont, Cal:
Wadsworth, 1986)
The Environmental Ethics and Policy Book: Philosophy, Ecology, Economics. Belmont, CA:
Wadsworth, 1994.

VECSEY, Christopher, and William A. Starna, eds. Iroquois Land Claims. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse
University Press, 1988.
E Robert W. Venables, American Indian Environments: Ecological issues in Native American
History, Syracuse, NY., Syracuse Univ. Press,1980.

VERBURG, Carol F. The Environmental Predicament: Four Issues for Critical Analysis. Boston: Bedford
Books of St. Martin’s, 1995.

VERSLUIS, Arthur. Sacred Earth: The Spiritual Landscape of Native America. Rochester, VT: Inner
Traditions International, 1991.

VEST, Jay Hansford C. “The Philosophical Significance of Wilderness Solitude.” Environmental Ethics 9
(Dec. 1987): 303-30.

VICKERY, Jim dale. Open Spaces. Minocqua, WI: North Word P, 1991.

VIPOND, Douglas, and Russell A. Hunt. “The Strange Case of the Queen-Post Truss: John McPhee on
Writing and Reading.” College Composition and Communication 42.2 (1991): 200-210.

VIOLA, Eduardo e outros, Ecologia e Política no Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, IUPERJ/ Espaço e Tempo, 1987

VOROS, Gyorgyi. “’A Cure of the Ground and of Ourselves’: The Ecological Poetry of Wallace Stevens.”
DAI 54 (1994).
“Transparencies of Sound: From Tropes of Seeing to Tropes of Hearing in the Poetry of Wallace
Stevens.” West Virginia University Philological Papers 37 (1991).
W
WAAGE, Frederick O., (ed.) Environmental Literature-materials, Methods, Resources, N. York, 1985.
The Paradoxes of Black Agrarianism. Modern Language Association Conference. Chicago, IL,
1995.

WADDELL, Craig. “Perils of a Modern Cassandra: Rhetorical Aspects of Public Indifference to the
Population Explosion.” Social Epistemology 8 (1994).

WAGSTAFF, J. M., The Evolution of Middle EasternLandscapes an Outline to A. D. 1840, London, 1985.
Landscape and Culture. Geographical and Arcaelogical Perspectives, Cornwall, 1987.

WALKER, Charlotte Zoe, Key D. Benjamin, and George Dunham, eds. Sharp Eyes: Proceedings of a
Conference on John Burroughs and Environmental Writing. New York: State U of New York at Oneonta,
1995.

WALKER, John D. “Plains and Prairie: Space, History, and the Literary Imagination in Australia and the
United States.” Great Plains Quarterly 14.1 (1994): 29-48.

WALL, Derek. Green History: A Reader in Environmental Literature, Philosophy, and Politics. New York:
Routledge, 1994.

WALLACE, Allison Bulsterbaum. “’The Prospect Hence Is Infinite’: Ecocentrism in Twentieth Century
American Nature Writing.” DAI 53 (May 1993): 3914-A

WALLACE, Aubrey. Eco-Heroes: Twelve Tales of Environmental Victory. San Francisco: Mercury House,
1993.

WALLACE, David Rains, The Untamed Garden and other Personal Essays, Ohio, 1984.

WALTH, Brent. Fire at Eden’s Gate: Tom McCall and the Oregon Story: Oregon Historical Society Press,
1995.

WARD, R.C. “The Spirits Will Leave: Preventing the Desecrationand Destruction of Native American Sacred
Sites on FederalLand.” Ecology Law Quarterly 19, no. 4 (1992):795- 846.

WARREN, Karen J. “The Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism.” Environmental Ethics 12 (1990).
. Ecological Feminism. London: Routledge, 1994.
“Feminism and Ecology: Making Connections.” Environmental Ethics 9 (no. 1: 1987): 3-20.

WATERMAN, Laura, and Guy Waterman. Wilderness Ethics: Preserving the Spirit of Wildness. Woodstock,
VT: Countryman P, 1993.

WATKINS, Paul. Archangel. New York: Random House, 1995

WATKINS, T.H., and Patricia Byrnes, eds. The World of Wilderness: Essays on the Power and Purpose of of
Wild Country. Niwot, CO: Roberts Rhinehart, 1995.

WATSON, Lyall. Dark Nature: A Natural History of Evil. New York: HarperCollins, 1996.

WATTS, May Thielgaard. Reading the Landscape in America (New York: Collier Books, 1975).

WATTS, Sheldom, Epidemics and History. Disease, Power and Imperialism, New Haven, 1997.
WEBER, David. The Spanish Frontier in North America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).

WEIDENSAUL, Scott. Mountains of the Heart: A Natural History of the Appalachians. Golden, CO:
Fulcrum, 1994.

WEIGLE, Marta e Barbara Babcock. The Great Southwest of the Fred Harvey Company and the Santa Fe
Railway (Phoenix: The Heard Museum, 1996).

WEINER, J. S., The Natural History of Man, N. Y., 1973.

WERGER, M. J. a.(ed.), Biogepgraphy and Ecology of Southern Africa, 2 vols, Hajne, 1978.

WALL, D. Green History: A Reader in Environmental Literature, Philosophy and Politics. London:
Routledge. 1994.

WENZ, Peter, Environmental Justice (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988)

WEST, Carrol Van. “The Best Kind of Building: The New Deal Landscape of the Northern Plains, 1933-42.”
Great Plains Quarterly 14.2 (1994): 129-41.

WESTLING, Louise H. The Green Breast of the New World: Landscape, Gender, and American Fiction.
Athens: U of Georgia P, 1996.
. “Joy Harjo and Louise Erdrich: Speaking for the Ground.” American Nature Writing Newsletter 5
(1993).

WESTON, Anthony. Back to Earth: Tomorrow’s Environmentalism. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1995.

WESTPHAL, Dale, and Fred Westphal, eds. Planet in Peril: Essays in Environmental Ethics. New York:
Harcourt, 1994.

WESTRA, Laura & Peter D. Wenz, Faces of Environmental Racism: Confronting Issues of Global Justice
(Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield, 1995)
E Thomas M. Robinson(ed.), The Greeks and the Environment, Lanham, 1997.

WHEELER, O. D. Nathaniel Pitt Langford: The Vigilante, the Explorer, the Expounder and First
Superintendent of the Yellowstone Park. Minnesota Historical Society Collections. 1915.

WHEELER, Richard. “The Park and Garden Survey at Stowe: The Replanting and Restoration of the
Historical Landscape.” Huntington Library Quarterly 55 (1992).

WHELAN, T. (ed.). Nature Tourism: Managing for the Environment. Washington DC: Island Press. 1991.

WHISENHUNT, Donald W., The Environment and the American Experience: a Historian Looks at the
Ecological Crisis, Port Washington, NY, Kennikat Press, 1974.

WHITE, Evelyn C. “Black Women and the Wilderness.” The Stories That Shape Us. Ed. Teresa Jordan and
James Hepworth.

WHITE, Jonathan. Talking on the Water: Conversations About Nature and Creativity. San Francisco: Sierra
Club, 1994.

WHITE, Lynn, Jr. “The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis.” Science 155 (10 March 1967): 1203-1207

WHITE, Richard, Land Use, Environment, and Social Change: A History of Island County, Washington
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1979)
 “Native Americans and the Environment.”In Scholars and the Indian Experience, edited by
W.R.Swagerty, 179-204. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1984.
. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republicsin the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815.
Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws,
Pawnees, and Navajos. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983.
American Environmental History: The Development of a New Historical Field. Pacific Historical
Review 54. (August 1985): 297-335.

WHYTE, Robert Orr, 1903- , Land and Land Appraisal, The Hague: Junk, 1976.

WHITELOCK, Derek, Conquest to Conservation: History of Human Impact on the South Australian
Environment , Cowandilla, S. Aust.: Wakefield Press, 1985

WHITNEY, Gordon G. From Coastal Wilderness to Fruited Plain: A History of Environmental Change in
Temperate North America, 1500 to the Present. New York: Pantheon, 1994.

WHITTLESEY, Lee H., ed. Lost in Yellowstone: Truman Evert’s ‘Thirty-seven Days of Peril’. Salt Lake
City: U of Utah P, 1995.

WHORTON, James. Before Silent Spring: Pesticides and Public Healthin Pre-DDT America. Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press,1974.

WILDER, Kathryn. Walking the Twilight. Flagstaff, AZ: Northland, 1994.

WILEY, John P., Jr. Natural High. Hanover, NH: UP of New England, 1993.

WILLERS, Bill. Learning to Listen to the Land. Washington, D.C.: Island P, 1991.

WILLIAMS, George C. Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary
Thought. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1996.
Wilderness and Paradise in Christian Thought; the Biblical Experience of the Desert in the History
of Christianity & the Paradise theme in the Theological Idea of the University. New York, Harper [c1962]

WILLIAMS, Joy. “The Imaginary Everglades.” Outside 19.1 (1994): 38-43; 90-95.
“The Sly Season.” Outside 16.9 (1991): 66-68.

WILLIAMS, M., The Americans and their Forest: A Historical Geography, Cambridge, 1989

WILLIAMS, Raymond. The Country and the City. New York:Oxford University Press, 1976.

WILLIAMS, Terry Tempest. “All That is Hidden.” Sierra 78.2 March/April (1993): 74-77.
An Unspoken Hunger: Stories from the Field. New York: Pantheon, 1994.
Desert Quartet: An Erotic Landscape. New York: Pantheon, 1995.
Refuge: An Unnatural History of Family and Place. New York: Pantheon, 1991.

WILLIS, Paul J. No Clock in the Forest. New York: Avon, 1991.

WILMERDING, John, ed. American Light: The Luminist Movement, 1850-1875 (New York: Harper & Row,
1980)

WILSON, Alexander. The Culture of Nature: North American Landscape from Disney to the Exxon Valdez.
Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1992.
WILSON, Chris and David Kammer. Community and Continuity: The History, Architecture and Cultural
Landscape of La Tierra Amarilla (Santa Fe, New Mexico: Historic Preservation Division, Office of Cultural
Affairs, 1989).

WILSON, Chris. The Myth of Santa Fe: Tourism, Ethnic Identity, and the Creation of a Modern Regional
Tradition (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997). .
New Mexico in the Tradition of Romantic Reaction Pueblo Style and Regional Architecture
Nicholas C. Markovich, Wolfgang F.E. Preiser, and Fred G. Sturm, eds. (New York: Van Norstrand
Reinhold, 1990).

WILSON, David. The Wasting of America’s Built Environment. Rowman and Littlefield, 1992.

WILSON, Edward O. Naturalist. Covelo, CA: Island P, 1994.

The Diversity of Life. New York: Norton, l992.

WILSON, Peter J., The Domestication of the Human Species, New Haven, 1988.

WINTHROP, Theodore, The Canoe and Saddle, or: Klalam and Klickatat (Tacoma: J. Williams, 1913)

WISSLER, Clark, 1870-1947. The Relation of Nature to Man in Aboriginal America, by Clark Wissler ...
New York, London [etc.] Oxford University Press, 1926.

WOLFE, Cary. “Alone with America: Cavell, Emerson, and the Politics of Individualism.” New Literary
History 25.1 (1994): 137-57.

WOLKE, Howie. Wilderness on the Rocks.. Foreword by Edward Abbey. Tucson, AZ: Ned Ludd Books,
1991.

WONG, Thomas Toone, The Chinese Response to the American Environment, 1849-1902, Ann Arbor, MI. :
UMI, 1994.

WOOD, C.T. Big Muddy: Down the Mississippi through America’s Heartland. New York: Plume, 1992.

WOOLBBRIDGE, K., Landscape and Antiquity: Aspects of English Culture at Stourhead, 1718-1838,
Oxford, 1970.

World Who is Who and Does what in Environment & Conservation / edited by Nicholas Polunin; compiled by
Lynn M. Curme. London: Earthscan, 1997.

WORSTER, Donald (ed.). 1988. The Ends of the Earth: Perspectives on Modern Environmental History.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
ed. American Environmentalism: The Formative Period, 1860-1915. New York: Wiley, 1973.
Nature’s Economy: The Roots of Ecology (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2d ed. 1977-
1985-1994)
“Transformations of the Earth: Toward an Agroecological Perspective in History,” The Journal of
American History v.76 nº 4 (Mar 1990): 1087-1110
An Unsettled Country: Changing Landscapes of the American West. Albuquerque, NM: U of New
Mexico P, 1994.
The Wealth of Nature: Environmental History and the Ecological Imagination. New York: Oxford
UP, 1993.
Under Western Skies: Nature and History in the American West. New York: Oxford UP, 1992.

WPA Guide to 1930’s Montana. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 1994

WRIGHT, Will. Wild Knowledge: Science, Language, and Social Life in a Fragile Environment.
Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1992.
Y
YAFFEE, Stephen Lewis. The Wisdom of the Spotted Owl: Policy Lessons for a New Century. Washington,
D.C.: Island P, 1994.

YAHR, Warren J. Smokechaser. Moscow: U of Idaho P, 1995.

YAMAZATO, Katsunori. “Kitkitdizze, Zendo, and Place: Gary Snyder as a Reinhabitory Poet.” ISLE:
Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 1 (1993).

YEAGER, Rodger. Wildlife, Wild Death: Land use and Survival in Eastern Africa / Rodger Yeager, Norman
N. Miller. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press in association with the African-Caribbean
Institute, c1986.

YETMAN, David. Sonora: An Intimate Geography. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico P, 1996.

Z
Zangheri, Pietro , Repertorio Sistematico e Topografico della Flora e Fauna Vivente e Fossile della Romagna
:in base ai Materiali Contenuti nel Museo Zangheri (nel Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona), con
Cenni sull'Ambiente Naturale ed una Sintesi Biogeografica: Saggio d'Illustrazione Naturalistica d'una
Regione Italiana, Verona, Museo civico di storia naturale, 1966-1970.

ZAJONC, Arthur. Catching the Light: The Entwined History of Light and Mind. New York: Bantam, 1993.

ZAKIN, Susan. Coyotes and Town Dogs: Earth First! and the Environmental Movement. New York: Viking,
1993.

ZASLOWSKY, Dyan, e T. H. Watkins. These American Lands: Parks, Wilderness, and the Public Lands.
Washington, D.C.: Island P, 1994.

ZEIST, Willen Van, Krystyna Wasylikowa, Karl Ernst Behre(ed.), Progress in Old World
Palaeoethnobotany. A Retrospective View on the Occasion of 20 Years of the International Work Group of
Palaeoethnobotany, Rotterdam, 1991.

ZELINSKY, Wilbur. The Cultural Geography of the United States. (1973, rev. 1992). .
Exploring the Beloved Country: Geographic Forays into American Society and Culture (Iowa City:
University of Iowa Press, 1994).

ZEVELOFF, Samuel, and Cyrus Mckell. Wilderness Issues in the Arid Lands of the Western United States.
Albuquerque: U of New Mexico P, 1992.

ZIMMERMAN, M. E., Contesting Earth’s Future Radical Ecology & Post Modernity, Berkeley, 1994.
e J. Baird Callicott, George Sessions, Karen J.Warren, and John Clark, eds. Environmental
Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice, 1993.
“Feminism, Deep Ecology, and Environmental Ethics.” Environmental Ethics 9 (Spring 1987): 21-
44.

ZOETMAN, Kees. Gaiasophy: The Wisdom of the Living Earth. Hudson, NY: Lindisfarne Press, 1991.
ZWINGER, Ann H. “Of Pebbles and Place.” Audubon (l993)
“What’s a Nice Girl Like Me Doing in a Place Like This?” Western American Literature 27.2
(1992): 99-107.

ZWINGER, Susan. Stalking the Ice Dragon: An Alaskan Journey. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 1991.
“Story Telling and Science: Writing as Balancing Act.” Writing Nature. 1994.
GRANDES TEMAS
 HISTÓRIA DA CIÊNCIA

The first step of Science is to know one thing from another.This knowledge consits in their specific
distinctions; but in order that it may be fixed and permanent distinct names must be given to different things
and those names must be recorded and remembered.
Carolus Linaeus[1707-1778]

O século XVIII é sem duvida o grande momento de afirmação da ciência. O século XVIII é na
verdade o século da ciência. Tudo isto é fruto de um triunvirato de cientistas que estão na origem de
academias em Paris, Gottingen e Uppsala: George Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1701-88), Albrecht von
Haller (1708-77), Carl von Linné (Linnaeus) (1707-78)25.
Não obstante a curiosidade do homem sobre a Natureza ter-se iniciado no séc. III A.C. com o Museu
de Ptolomeu em Alexandrina26.Todavia os rumos da actual ciência, na sua busca incessante de descoberta da
natureza declinaram-se a partir do século XVI tendo como principais alicerces os museus de História Natural
e os jardins botânicos. Os jardins são primeiro definidos como hortus medicas, locais de cultivo de plantas
com valor medicinal. O mais antigo surgiu em 1545 em Pisa, Florença e Heidelberg. A estes seguiram-se
outros: Zurique (1560), Bolonha (1547), Leiden (1577), Leipzig (1579) Montpellier e Heidelberg (1594),
Jardin des Plantes-Paris /1635) The Royal Botanical Garden of Edimburgh (1690), Capetown (1694),
Mauritius /1735), Oxford (1621), Cambridge (1761), Chelsea Physic Garden (1673)27.
A estes seguiram-se no século XVIII os museus de História Natural: Coimbra (1772), Charleston
(1773), Madrid (1776), Filadelfia (1786), Rio de Janeiro (1818), Buenos Aires e Bogotá (1823), Santiago do
Chile (1830), Boston e N. York(1860), Belem (1871), Milwaukee (1880) S. José da Costa Rica (1887),
Chicago e S. Francisco (1890) e S. Paulo (1894), Praga (1894), Bruxelas (1903), Viena (1889)28.
No caso inglês o Royal Botanic Garden exerceu também um papel fundamental na afirmação
colonial. Segundo Lucille M. Brockway (1979) - the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew... served as a control
centre which regulated the flow of botanical information from of the metropolis to the colonial satellites, and
disseminated information emanating from them.". Tal como afirma N. Reingold (1987, p. 354) ao referir-se
ao Bristish Museum (1881) o edifício é um "templo de ciência".
Jardins botânicos e museus de História Natural detêm um papel fundamental na afirmação da ciência
e no apoio aos cientistas, mas são as instituições que servem de suporte a toda uma rede de contactos que a
revelação das descobertas tornava necessária a sua divulgação. As sociedades científicas desde o século XVII
quebram o isolamento dos cientistas 29. A Royal Society em Londres (1662) foi o embrião deste suporte
institucional. Os seus ideais alargaram-se às colónias e difundiram-se em toda a Europa:
1760 - American Philosophical Society
1768 - American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia
1805 - Charleston Botanical Society and Garden
1846 - Smithsonian Institution
1848 - American Association for the Advancement of Science
1854 - Société Zoologique d'Acclimatation (Paris)
1890) - Botanical Society of America 30
25
. J. L. Larson (1994).

26
. Nathan Reingold (1987), p. 352.

27
. P. Petitjean (1992), R. P. Stearns (1970), Lucille M. Bockway (1979).

28
. P. Petitjean (1992), Ch. M. Porter (1986), N. Reingold (1987); W. J. Simon (1983), H. R. Fletcher (1970).

29
. David Elliston Allen (1976). A primeira associação foi o Royal College of Physicians of London (1518).

30
. Elizabrth B. Keeney (1992), P. Petitjean (1992), R. P. Stearns (1970).
 A par disso este enquadramento institucional é reforçado no século XIX com o aparecimento de
publicações periódicas especializadas. Esta iniciativa está associada a uma retaguarda institucional. Assim a
Royal Society edita desde 1665 "the Philosophical Transactions". Do outro lado do Atlântico tivemos desde
1818 o "American Journal of Science"31.

GUIAS DE DOCUMENTOS E OBRAS RARAS

A Directory of History of Medicine Collections. Compiled by Elizabeth Tunis. Seventh edition. Bethesda:
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, History of
Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, 1997.

American Museum of Natural History, New York. Library. Research Catalog of the Library of the American
Museum of Natural History: Authors. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1977.

British Museum Library (Natural History Department). Catalogue of the Books, Manuscripts, Maps and
Drawings in the British Museum (Natural History). London: Printed by order of the Trustees, 1903-40.

BRUEMMER, Bruce. Resources for the History of Computing: a Guide to U.S. and Canadian Records.
Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute, Center for the History of Information Processing, University of
Minnesota, 1987.

Chemical, Medical, and Pharmaceutical Books Printed Before 1800, in the Collections of the University of
Wisconsin Libraries. Edited by John Neu. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965.

GOTTLIEB, Jean. A Checklist of the Newberry Library's Printed Books in Science, Medicine, Technology,
and the Pseudosciences ca. 1460-1750. New York: Garland, 1992.

HARPER, Peter. Guide to the Manuscript Papers of British Scientists Catalogued by the Contemporary
Scientific Archives Centre and the National Cataloguing Unit for the Archives of Contemporary Scientists
1973-1993. Bath : NCUACS, 1993.

John Crerar Library, Chicago. A List of Books on the History of Science. Prepared by Aksel G. S. Josephson.
Chicago: Printed by order of the Board of Directors, 1911; New York: Kraus Reprint Corp., 1966.
Supplement, 1916. New York: Kraus Reprint Corp., 1967.

LAYTON, Edwin T. A Regional Union Catalog of Manuscripts Relating to the History of Science and
Technology Located in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio. Cleveland: Program in the History of Science and
Technology, Case Western Reserve University, 1971.

LINDBERG, David C. A Catalogue of Medieval and Renaissance Optical Manuscripts. Toronto: Pontifical
Institute of Medieval Studies, 1975.

Linnean Society of London. Catalogue of the Printed Books and Pamphlets in the Library of the Linnean
Society of London. New edition. London: The Society, 1925.

Linnean Society of London. Library. Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of the Linnean Society.
London: Linnean Society, 1934-48.

MCGURK, Patrick. Astrological Manuscripts in Italian Libraries Other Than Rome. London: Warburg
Institute, 1966.

MOORE, Keith. A Guide to the Archives and Manuscripts of the Royal Society. London: Royal Society, 1995.

31
. Elizabeth B. Keeney (1992). Confronte-se capítulo sobre as Publicações Periódicas.
MOYAL, Ann Mozley. A Guide to the Manuscript Records of Australian Science. Canberra: Australian
Academy of Science in association with Australian National University Press, 1966.

NEBEKER, Frederik. Astronomy and the Geophysical Tradition in the United States in the Nineteenth
Century: a Guide to the Manuscript Sources in the Library of the American Philosophical Society.
Philadelphia: The Society, 1991.

Rare Books and Special Collections in the Smithsonian Institution Libraries. Ellen B. Wells and Leslie K.
Overstreet. Washington, D.C.: The Libraries, c1995.

Royal Society of London. Catalogue of Scientific Papers, 1800-1900. Metuchen: Scarecrow Reprint Corp.,
1968.
Catalogue of Scientific Papers, 1800-1900: Subject Index. Metuchen: Scarecrow Reprint Corp.,
1968.

SINGER, Dorothea. Catalogue of Latin and Vernacular Alchemical Manuscripts in Great Britain and
Ireland, Dating from Before the XVI Century. Brussels: M. Lamertin, 1928-31.

Smithsonian Institution. Manuscripts of the Dibner Collection in the Dibner Library of the History of Science
and Technology of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Libraries,
1985.

STANTON, William. American Scientific Exploration, 1803-1860: Manuscripts in four Philadelphia

Libraries. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society Library, 1991.

SUMMERS, Anne. How to find Source Materials: British Library Collections on the History and Culture of
Science, Technology and Medicine. London: The British Library, Science Reference and Information Service,
1996.

Union Catalogue of Scientific Libraries in the University of Cambridge: Scientific Conference Proceedings,
1644-1972. London: Mansell, 1975.

University of California, Los Angeles. A Descriptive list of Arabic Manuscripts on Medicine and Science at
the University of California, Los Angeles. Edited by A.Z. Iskandar. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1984.

BIOBIBLIOGRAFIAS

BATSCHELET, Margaret. Early American Scientific and Technical Literature: an Annotated Bibliography of
Books, Pamphlets, and Broadsides. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1990.

BERETTA, Marco. Bibliotheca Lavoisieriana: the Catalogue of the Library of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier.
Firenze: L.S. Olschki, 1995.

Bibliografia Italiana di Storia della Scienza. Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza. Firenze: L. S. Olschki,
1985 --.

Bibliografia Kopernikowska. Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawn. Naukowe, 1958.

Bibliographia Kepleriana. Edited by Max Caspar. Munich: Beck, 1936.

Bibliography of Astronomers: Books and Pamphlets in English by and about Astronomers. Volume one: The
spirit of the nineteenth century. Compiled by Paul Luther. Bernardston Mass.: Astronomy Books, 1989.
Bibliography of Reports by the National Academy of Sciences, 1945-1985. Prepared by the Task Force on
Science Policy, Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives. Washington: U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1986.

Bibliography of Studies and Reports on Science Policy and Related Topics, 1945-1985. Prepared by the Task
Force on Science Policy, Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives. Washington:
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987.

Bibliography of the History of Medicine. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda: U.S. Dept. of Health and
Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography on the History of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, 17th to the 19th century. Edited by
Valentin Wehefritz; with the assistance of Zoltan Kovats. Munchen: K.G. Saur, 1994. Three volumes.

Biblioteca Galileiana. Edited by Giampaolo Rocco di Torrepadula. Firenze, Sansoni, 1957.

BISKUP, Marian. Regesta Copernicana: Calendar of Copernicus' Papers. Wroclaw: Ossolineum, 1973.

BLACK, George W. American Science and Technology: a Bicentennial Bibliography. Carbondale: Southern
Illinois University Press, 1979.

BLACKWELL, Richard J. A Bibliography of the Philosophy of Science, 1945-1981. Westport: Greenwood

Press, 1983.

BOFFITO, Giuseppe. Bibliografia Galileiana, 1896-1940. Rome: Libreria dello stato, 1943. See also Carli,
and Galileo, Man of Science.

BRIDSON, Gavin and James White. Plant, Animal and Anatomical Illustrations in Art and Science: a
Bibliographic Guide from the 16th Century to the Present Day. Detroit: Omnigraphics, 1990.

BRIDSON, Gavin. The History of Natural History: an Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1994.

BRUSH, Stephen G. The History of Geophysics and Meteorology: an Annotated Bibliography. New York:
Garland Publishing, 1985.
The History of Modern Physics: an International Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing,
1983.
The History of Modern Science: a Guide to the Second Scientific Revolution, 1800-1950. Ames:
Iowa State University Press, 1988.

CALDWELL, Lynton Keith. Science, Technology, and Public Policy: a Selected and Annotated
Bibliography. Volumes 1-3. Bloomington: Indiana University, 1968.

CARLI, Alarico and A. Favaro. Bibliografia Galileiana: 1568-1895. Firenze: Bencini, 1896. See also Boffito,
and Galileo, Man of Science.

CHANNELL, David. The History of Engineering Science: an Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland,
1989.

CHUBIN, Daryl E. Sociology of Sciences: an Annotated Bibliography on Invisible Colleges, 1972-1981. New
York: Garland Publishing, 1983.

COHEN, Morris, L. Law and Science: a Selected Bibliography. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1980.

COLE, William A. Chemical Literature, 1700-1860: a Bibliography with Annotations, Detailed Descriptions,
Comparisons, and Locations. London: Mansell, 1988.
Companion to the History of Modern Science. Edited by R.C. Olby. London: Routledge, 1990.

CORSI, Pietro. Information Sources in the History of Science and Medicine. Boston: Butterworth Scientific,
1983.

CORTADA, James W. A Bibliographic Guide to the History of Computer Applications, 1950-1990. Westport:
Greenwood Press, 1996.
A Bibliographic Guide to the History of Computing, Computers, and the Information Processing
Industry. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990.
An Annotated Bibliography on the History of Data Processing. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1983.
Second Bibliographic Guide to the History of Computing, Computers, and the Information
Processing Industry. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1996.

DAUBEN, Joseph Warren. The History of Mathematics from Antiquity to the Present: a Selective
Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, 1985.

DEVORKIN, David H. The History of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics: a Selected, Annotated
Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, 1982.

DUNBAR, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: an Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. New
York: Garland Publishing, 1985.

DURBIN, Paul. A Guide to the Culture of Science, Technology, and Medicine. New York: Free Press, 1980.

DUVEEN, Denis I. A Bibliography of the Works of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, 1743-1794. London, Dawson,
1954. Supplement. London: Dawson, 1965.

EISEN, Sydney. Victorian Science and Religion: a Bibliography with Emphasis on Evolution, belief, and
Unbelief, Comprised of Works Published from 1900-1975. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1984.

ELLIOTT, Clark A. History of Science in the United States: a Chronology and Research guide. New York:
Garland, 1996.

ERNEST Rutherford, a Bibliography of his Non technical Writings. Berkeley: Office for History of Science
and Technology, University of California, 1979.

FERGUSON, Eugene S. Bibliography of the History of Technology. Cambridge: Society for the History of
Technology, MIT, 1968.

FERGUSON, John. Bibliotheca Chemica: a Bibliography of Books on Alchemy, chemistry, and

Pharmaceutics. London: Derek Vershoyle, Academic and Bibliographical Publications, 1954.

FINE, Bernard S. The History of Electrical Technology. New York: Garland, 1991.

FREEMAN, Richard Broke. The Works of Charles Darwin: an Annotated Bibliographical Handlist. London:
Dawsons of Pall Mall, 1965. Second edition.

Front Page Physics: a Century of Physics in the News. Compiled by A.J. Meadows and M.M. Hancock-
Beaulieu. Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Pub., 1994.

FRUTON, Joseph Stewart. A Bio-bibliography for the History of the Biochemical Sciences since 1800.
Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1982. Supplement, 1985.

Galileo, Man of Science. Includes the "Bibliografia Galileiana, 1940-1964: being the second supplement to
the original Carli-Favaro Bibliografia Galileiana," p. I-lxxxii. Edited by Ernan McMullin. New York: Basic
Books, 1967. See also Carli, and Boffito.
GIPPERT, Jost. Index Galenicus: Wortformenindex zu den Schriften Galens. Dettelbach: J.H. Roll, 1997.
Two volumes.

GUERRINI, Anita. Natural History and the New World, 1524-1770: an Annotated bibliography of printed
materials in the Library of the American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia: American Philosophical
Society Library, 1986. See Meisel, above for coverage after 1769.

Guide to Sources for History of Solid State Physics. Compiled by Joan Warnow-Blewett and Jurgen
Teichmann. New York: Center for History of Physics, American Institute of Physics, 1992.

Guide to the Archival Collections in the Niels Bohr Library at the American Institute of Physics. College
Park: American Institute of Physics, 1994.

HAHN, Roger. A Bibliography of Quantitative Studies on Science and its History. Berkeley: Office for
History of Science and Technology, University of California, 1980.
The New Calendar of the Correspondence of Pierre Simon La Place. Berkeley: Office for History of
Science and Technology, University of California at Berkeley, 1994.

HARKANYI, Katalin. The Natural Sciences and American Scientists in the Revolutionary era: a
Bibliography. New York: Greenwood Press,1990.

HAZEN, Robert M. American Geological Literature, 1669 to 1850. Stroudsburg, Pa.: Dowden, Hutchinson &
Ross, 1980.

HEILBRON, J. L. Literature on the History of Physics in the 20th Century. Berkeley: Office for History of
Science and Technology, University of California,1981.

HIGBY, Gregory. The History of Pharmacy: a Selected Annotated Bibliography. New York : Garland Pub.,
1995.

HOME, Roderick Weir. The History of CLassical Physics: a Selected, Annotated bibliography. New York:
Garland Publishing, 1984.

HOUZEAU, Jean Charles. Bibliographie Generale de l'Astronomie Jusqu'en 1880. London: Holland Press,
1964.

HURT, Douglas. The History of Agricultural Science and Technology: an International Annotated
Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1994.

ISIS Cumulative Bibliography 1966-1975: A Bibliography of the History of Science Formed from Isis Critical
Bibliographies 91-100. Indexing Literature Published From 1965 Through 1974. Edited by John Neu.
London: Mansell, 1980-1985.
Cumulative Bibliography 1976-1985: A Bibliography of the History of Science Formed From Isis
Critical Bibliographies 101-110. Indexing Literature Published From 1975 Through 1984. Edited by John
Neu. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1989.
Cumulative Bibliography 1986-1995: A Bibliography of the History of Science Formed from the
Annual Isis Current Bibliographies. Edited by John Neu. Canton: Published for the History of Science
Society by Science History Publications, 1997. Four volumes.
Cumulative Bibliography: A Bibliography of the History of Science Formed from Isis Critical
Bibliographies 1-90, 1913-65. Edited by Magda Whitrow. London: Mansell, 1971-1984.
Isis Current Bibliography of the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences. 1-- (1913 -- ).

JANSSENS, Jules L. An Annotated Bibliography on Ibn Sina (1970-1989): Including Arabic and Persian
Publications and Turkish and Russian References. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1991.
JAYAWARDENE, S. A. The Scientific Revolution: an Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1996.
Reference Books for the Historian of Science. London: Science Museum, 1982.

KANTHA, Sachi Sri. An Einstein Dictionary. Westport: Greenwood, 1996.

KNIGHT, David M. Natural Science Books in English, 1600-1900. New York: Praeger, 1972.
Sources for the History of Science, 1660-1914. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975.

KREN, Claudia. Alchemy in Europe: a Guide to Research. New York: Garland, 1990.
Medieval Science and Technology: a Selected, Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland
Publishing, 1985.

La Collezione Galileiana della Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze. Edited by Angiolo Procissi. Rome: Istituto
poligrafico dello Stato, Libreria dello Stato, 1985. <Picture> Also 1959.

MANDER, W J. A Selective Bibliography of the Philosophy of Science. Oxford: Oxford University Sub-
Faculty of Philosophy, 1988.

Manuscript Sources of Medieval Medicine: a Book of Essays. Edited by Margaret R. Schleissner. New York:
Garland, 1995

MAY, Kenneth Ownsworth. Bibliography and Research Manual of the History of Mathematics. Toronto:
University of Toronto Press, 1973.

MEISEL, Max. A Bibliography of American Natural History: the Pioneer Century, 1769-1865. New York:
Hafner Publisher Co., 1967. See Guerrini, below for coverage before 1791.

MIELI, Aldo. La Science Arabe et son Role dans l'Evolution Scientifique Mondiale. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1966.

MILLER, Genevieve. Bibliography of the History of Medicine of the United States and Canada, 1939-1960.
Second edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1964. Morton, Leslie T. Morton's medical bibliography: an
annotated check-list of texts illustrating the history of medicine. Edited by Jeremy M. Norman. 5th edition.
Brookfield: Gower, 1991.

MILLER, Gordon. The History of Science: an Annotated Bibliography. Pasadena: Salem Press, 1992.

MOLLOY, Peter M. The History of Metal Mining and Metallurgy: an Annotated Bibliography. New York:
Garland Publishing, 1986.

MOTTELAY, Paul Fleury. Bibliographical History of Electricity & Magnetism. New York: Arno Press,
1975.

NASR, Seyyed Hossein. An Annotated Bibliography of Islamic Science. Tehran: Imperial Iranian Academy of
Philosophy, 1975.

OLESON, John Peter. Bronze Age, Greek, and Roman Technology: a Select, Annotated bibliography. New
York: Garland Publishing, 1986.

OORT, Jan Hendrik. The Letters and Papers of Jan Hendrik Oort: as Archived in the University Library,
Leiden. Compiled by J.K. Katgert-Merkelijn. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997.

OVERMIER, Judith A. The History of Biology: a Selected, Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland
Publishing, 1989.

Particle Physics: one Hundred Years of Discoveries: an Annotated Chronological Bibliography. V.V. Ezhela,
et al. Woodbury: American Institute of Physics, 1996.
PORTER, Roy. The Earth Sciences: an Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, 1983.

PRITCHARD, Alan. Alchemy, a Bibliography of English-language Writings. London: Routledge & Kegan
Paul, 1980.

RIDER, Kenneth John. The History of Science and Technology: a Select Bibliography for Students. Second
edition. London: Library Association, 1970.

RIDER, Robin. A Bibliography of Early Modern Algebra, 1500-1800. Berkeley: Office for the History of
Science and Technology, University of California, 1982.

RINK, Evald. Technical Americana: a Checklist of Technical Publications Printed before 1831. Millwood,
N.Y.: Kraus International Publications, 1981.

ROBERTS, Verne L. and Ivy Trent. Bibliotheca Mechanica. New York City: J.A. Hill, 1991.

ROTHENBERG, Marc. The History of Science and Technology in the United States: a Critical and Selective
Bibliography. New York:Garland Publishing, 1993.

ROYAL, Samuel. Medicine in Great Britain from the Restoration to the Nineteenth Century, 1660- 1800: an
Annotated Bibliography. New York: Greenwood Press, 1992.

RUSSO, Francois. Elements de Bibliographie de l'Histoire des Sciences et des Techniques. Second edition.
Paris: Hermann, 1969.

SARTON, George. A Guide to the History of Science: a First Guide for the Study of the History of Science,
with Introductory Essays on Science and Tradition. New York: The Ronald Press Company, 1952.

Science in Society: an Annotated Guide to Resources. Toronto: Wall & Thompson, 1989.

SEAL, Robert A. A Guide to the Literature of Astronomy. Littleton: Libraries Unlimited, 1977.

SELIN, Helaine. Science Across Cultures: an Annotated Bibliography of Books on non-Western Science,
Technology, and Medicine. New York: Garland, 1992.

SHIERS, George. Bibliography of the History of Electronics. Metuchen: N.J., Scarecrow Press, 1972.

SKEMPTON, A. W. British Civil Engineering, 1640-1840: a Bibliography of Contemporary Printed Reports,

Plans, and Books. London: Mansell, 1987.

SMIT, Pieter. History of the Life Sciences: an Annotated Bibliography. New York: Hafner 1974.

STAPLETON, Darwin H. The History of Civil Engineering since 1600: an Annotated Bibliography. New
York: Garland Publishing, 1986.

STILLWELL, Margaret Bingham. The Awakening interest in Science during the first Century of Printing,
1450-1550: an Annotated Checklist of first Editions Viewed from the Angle of their Subject Content. New
York: Bibliographical Society of America, 1970.

Studies of Scientific Disciplines: an Annotated Bibliography. Washington D.C.: Division of Planning and
Policy Analysis, Office of Planning and Resources Management, National Science Foundation, 1982.

Teaching in the History of Science: Resources and Strategies. Philadelphia: History of Science Society, 1989.
The History of Women and Science, Health, and Technology: a Bibliographic Guide to the Profession and the
Disciplines. Edited by Phyllis Holman Weisbard. Second edition. Madison: University of Wisconsin System,
Women's Studies Librarians, 1993.

THORNTON, John Leonard. Scientific Books, Libraries and Collectors: a Study of Bibliography and the
Book Trade in Relation to Science. 2d. rev. ed. London, Library Association, 1962. <Picture> Third revised
edition. London: Library Association, 1971. Supplement, 1969-75. London: Library Association, 1978.

Three Copernican Ttreatises: the Commentariolus of Copernicus, the Letter Against Werner, the Narratio
Prima of Rheticus. Translated with introduction and notes by Edward Rosen. Third revised edition. Contains a
biography of Copernicus and Copernicus bibliographies, 1939-1958 and 1959-1970. New York, Octagon
Books, 1971.

WALLIS, R.V. and P.J. Wallis. Biobibliography of British Mathematics and its Applications. Part II: 1701-
1760. Letchworth, Herts: Epsilon Press, 1986.
Index of British Mathematicians. Part III: 1701-1800. Newcastle upon Tyne: PHIBB, 1993.

WHEATON, Bruce. Inventory of Sources for History of Twentieth Century Physics: Report and Microfiche
Index to 700,000 Letters. Stuttgart: GNT-Verlag, 1992.

WIEGELE, Thomas. The Social Impacts of Biotechnology: an Annotated Bibliography of Recent Works.
DeKalb: Association for Politics and the Life Sciences, Northern Illinois University, 1986.

WILLIAM, Cooper's, A Catalogue of Chymicall Books, 1673-88. Edited by Stanton Linden. New York:
Garland, 1987.

Women and Science: an Annotated Bibliography. Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie with Kerry Lynne Meek. New
York: Garland, 1996.

ZINNER, Ernst. Geschichte und Bibliographie der Astronomischen Literatur in Deutschland zur Zeit der
Renaissance. Stuttgart: A. Hiersemann, 1964.

BIBLIOGRAFIA

ABBRI, Ferdinando, e Mazzolini, Renato G. (eds.), Storia delle Scienze. Natura e Vita. Dall'Antichità
all'Illuminismo, torino, Giulio Einaudi editore,

ADAMS, A. B. Eternal Quest: The Story of the Great Naturalists. New York: Putnam, 1969.

ADAMS, Percy G., William Byrd's Natural History of Virginia, or the Newly Discovered Eden, Richmond,
1940.

A Historical Catalogue of Scientists and Scientific Books from the Earliest Times to the Close of the
Nineteenth Century. New York: Garland Publishing, 1984.

AGASSIZ, L. Recherches sur le Poissons Fossiles. 5 vols. Neuchatel, 1833-43.

Etudes sur les Glaciers. Neuchatel (1840). Trans. A. V. Carozzi. New York: Hafner,1967.
On the Succession and Development of Organized Beings at the Surface of the Terrestrial Globe.
Edinburgh, New Philosophical Journal 23 (1842): 388-99.

ALLEN, David E., The Naturalist in Britain; a Social History, London, Penguin,1976
A Travers un Siècle: 1780-1865, Science et Histoire, Paris, 1888

ÁLVAREZ PELÁEZ, Raquel, La Conquista de la Naturaleza Americana, Madrid, Consejo Superior de

Investigaciones Cientificas, 1993(Cuardernos Galileo de historia de la Ciencia nº.14).
ANDRADA E SILVA, José Bonifácio de, Memoria sobre a Necessidade e Utilidade do Plantio de Novos
bosques em Portugal, Lisboa, Academia Real das Sciencias, 1815, 187pp.

ANDRADE, Antonio Alberto Banha de, O Naturalista José de Anchieta, Lisboa, 1989.

An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology. Edited by Ian McNeil. London: Routledge, 1990.

ANGEL, Heather. Kew, A World of Plants, London: Collins & Brown: published in association with Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1993.

ANGELES CALATAYUD, Maria, Catálogo de las Expediciones y Viajes Científicos a América y Filipinas
(siglos XVIII y XIX), Madrid, CSIC, 1984

APA, Mariano. Visio Mundi: Arte e Scienza dal Medioevo al Rinascimento: Saggi e Interventi Critici.
Urbino: QuattroVenti, c1986.

A Philosophical Essay on Fecundation; or, an Impartial Inquiry into the first Rudiments of Progression of
Animal Generation, particularly of the Human Species, by a member of the Society [for Propagating Human
Nature and Knowledge]. London: J. Roberts, 1742.

ARBER, Agnes, Herbals. Their Origin and Evolution, London, Cambridge Univ. Press, 3º ed. 1988.

ARBER, Edward, ed., Travels and Works of Captain John Smith, 2 vols, Edinburg, 1910.

ARISTOTELES, Generation of Animals, vols. 1-2, , London, Heinemann, 1953

AYRES, Christovão, Para a História da Academia das Sciencias de Lisboa, Coimbra, 1927.

BANKS, Sir Joseph: A Global Perspective / editors, R.E.R. Banks ... [et al.]; production editor, S. Dickerson.
[Richmond, England]: Published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew on behalf of the co-sponsors, c1994.

BARBER, L. The Heyday of Natural History: 1820-1870. London: Johnathan Cape, 1980.

BARROW, John. An Account of Travels into the Interior of Southern Africa in the Years 1797 and 1798.
London, 1801.

BARTON, William P. C. Medical Botany. Philadelphia: Carey and Lea, 1825.

BARTRAM, John. Observations on the Inhabitants, Climate, Soil, Rivers, Productions Worthy of Notice,
made by John Bartram in his Travels from Pennsylvania to Onondaga, Oswego, and the Lake Ontario in
Canada. London: J. Whiston & B. White, 1751.
A Description of East Florida with a Journal kept by John Bartram, of Philadelphia, Botanist to His
Majesty for the Floridas. London, 1766.

BARTRAM, William. The Travels of William Bartram (1791). New York, 1955.
Travels Through North & South Carolina, Georgia, East & West Florida. London: James and
Johnson, 1791.

BAYLIS, Edward. A New and Compleat Body of Practical Botanic Physic from the Medicinal Plants of the
Vegetable Kingdom. London: Stace and Maids, 1791.

BEAUX, Nathalie. Le Cabinet de Curiosités de Thoutmosis III: Plantes et Animaux du "Jardin Botanique" de
Karnak / par Nathalie Beaux. Leuven: Dép. Oriëntalistiek: Uitgeverij Peeters, 1990.

BECK, William Samson, Modern Science and the Nature of Life. [1st ed.] New York, Harcourt, Brace [1957]
BEER, G. R., Sir Hans Sloane and the British Museum, London, 1953.

BELL, Thomas. A History of British Reptiles. London: J. Van Voorst, 1839.

BENASSY, M: Cécile e Jean Pierre Clément, Nouveau Monde et Renouveau de l'Histoire naturelle I e II,
Paris, Univ. Paris II, 1986 e 1993.

BERNARD, N., Microbiologie, L'Oeuvre de Pasteur et ses Consequénces, Masson, Paris, 1937.

BEWICK, Thomas. A History of British Birds. Newcastle: Cook, 1832.

Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. Edited by Ian McNeil and Lance Day. London:
Routledge, 1996.

Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists. Edited by John Daintith. Second edition. Philadelphia: Institute of
Physics, 1994.

Biographical Sources in the Sciences. Compiled by Janet Turner, Constance Carter, and Ruth Freitag.
Washington: Science Reference Section, Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress, 1988.

BLANCKAERT, Claude, Jean-Louis Fischer, Roselyne Rey, Nature, Histoire, Société: Essais en Hommage à
Jacques Roger. [Paris]: Klincksieck, c1995.

BLUNT, Wilfrid, El naturalista. Viajes, Obra y Vida de Carl von Linné(1707-1778), Barcelona, Ediciones del
Serbal, 1971-1982

BONNEUIL, Christophe, Des Savants pour l'Empire. La Structuration des Recherches Scientifiques
Coloniales au Temps "de la Mise en Valeur des Colonies Fançaises", 1917-1945, Paris, 1991

BOTELHO, José Justino Teixeira, «Subsídios para a Historia das Sciencias Naturais em Portugal. O
Naturalista Manuel Galvão da Silva e as suas excursões scientificas em Moçambique nos fins do século
XVIII» Boletim da Segunda Classe da Academia das Sciencias de Lisboa, Vol 18 (1923-1924), pp. 170-183.

BRIEUX, Alain. Curiosités Scientifiques Modernes / Alain Brieux. Paris: A. Brieux, [between 1963 and
1966]

BROC, Numa, La Geógraphie des Philosophes: Geographes et Voyayeurs Français au XVIII Siècle, Paris,
1975

BROCKWAY, L. H., Science and Colonial Expansiom: The Role of the British Botanical Gardens, New
York: Academic Press, 1980.

BROCKWAY, Lucile, Science and Colonial Expansion: the Rule of the British Royal. Botanic Gardens, N.
York, 1979

BROOKS, E. St. John, Sir Hans Sloane: the Great Collector and his Circle, London, 1954.

BROSSE, J., La Vuelta al Mundo de los Exploradores, Barcelona, Ed. Serbal, 1985

BROTERO, Felix de Avelar, Historia Natural dos Pinheiros, larices, e abetos…, Lisboa, Impressão Regia,
1827, 152pp.

BROWM, Harcourt, Scientific Organizations in Seventeenth Century France, 1620-1680, Baltimore, 1934.

BRUCE, James. Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile. London, 1790.
BUCKLAND, W. Notice on the Megalosaurus, or Great Fossil Lizard of Stonesfield. Transactions of the
Geological Society of London (1824) 1:119-30.Geology and Mineralogy Considered with Reference to
Natural Theology. 2 vols. London: William Pickering, 1836.

BUFFON, G. L. Leclerc, Las Épocas de la Natureza, Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 1977. Eición de Antonio
Beltrán Mari.
Histoire Naturelle, Généralle et Particulière, Paris, Imprimerie Royale, 1749-1767, 15 vols.
Histoire Naturelle, Généralle et Particulière… Suppléments, Paris, Imprimerie Royale, 1774-1789, 7
vols.

BURCHELL, William J. Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa. London, 1822.

BURNETT, T. The Sacred Theory of the Earth. 2 vols. London: Walter Kettilby, 1690.

CALDER, Nigel, Nature in the Round; a Guide to Environmental Science, edited by Nigel Calder. London,
Wedenfeld [sic] & Nicolson [1973]

CALDWELL, Lynton Keith, Between two Worlds: Science, the Environmental Movement, and Policy Choice
Cambridge [England]; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

CALLON, M. (ed.), La Science et ses Réseaux, Paris, 1989

CAMERON, Hector Charles, Sir Joseph Banks, London: Batchworth Press, 1952.

CANDOLLE, A., Histoire des Sciences et des Savants depuis deux Siècles d'aprés l'Opinion des Principales
Académies on Sociétés Scientifiques, Paris, 1987

CARVALHO, Francisco Assis de, Instrucções sobre o modo de Preparar, e Conservar accidentalmente os
differentes exemplares zoologicos, que houverem de ser conduzidos das possessoes portuguezas ultramarinas
até a sua definitiva preparação, Lisboa, Typ. Da Academia, 1836, 83pp.

CARVALHO, José Monteiro de, Diccionario Portuguez das Plantas, Arbustos, Matas, Arvores, Animaes
Quadrupedes, e Repteis, Aves, Peixes, Mariscos, Insectos, Gomas. Mataes, Pedras, Terras, Mineraes, etc…,
Lisboa, Miguel Manescal da Costa, 1765, 600pp.

CARVALHO, Rómulo de, História Natural em Portugal no Século XVIII, Lisboa, Instituto de Cultura e
Língua Portuguesa, 1987.

CATESBY, Mark. The Natural History of the Carolinas, Florida, and the Bahamas. London: George
Edwards, 1754

CAZENAVE, Michel e Basarab Nicolescu, L'Homme, la Science et la Nature: Regards Transdisciplinaires .

Aix-en-Provence: Editions Le Mail, c1994.

CHAMBERS, R. Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. London: Churchill, 1844. Reimpresso em 1969.

CARDON, Carlos E., Los Naturalistas en la America Latina, Ciudad Trujillo, 1949.

CHENU, J., Francisco José de Caldas, un Peregrino de las Ciencias, Madrid, Hª 16, 1992.

CITTADINO, Eugene. Nature as the Laboratory: Darwinian Plant Ecology in the German Empire, 1880-
1900 / Eugene Cittadino. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

CLAMORGAN, Jean de, La Chasse du loup, Necessaire a la Maison Rustique…, Lyon, Gabirel Cartier,
1597, 43pp.
CLARK, George, A History of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 2 vols, Oxford, 1964-66.

CLARKSON, Rosetta E., The Golden Age og Herbs and Herbalists, N. Y, Doer Publ. Inc., 1972.

CLIFTON, Gloria C. Directory of British Scientific Instrument Makers 1550-1851. London: Zwemmer in
association with the National Maritime Museum, 1995.

COCHRANE, Archibald. A Treatise Shewing the Intimate Connection that Subsists Between Agriculture and
Chemistry. London: J. Murray and S. Hoghley, 1795.

COLM, Kiernan, Science and the Enlisghtenment in EIghteenth Century France (Studies on Voltaire and the
Eighteenth Century), Gennéve, 1968

Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences. Two volumes. Edited
by I. Grattan-Guinness. London: Routledge, 1994.

Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. Two volumes. Edited by W.F. Bynum and Roy Porter.
London: Routledge, 1993.

Comprendre et Maîtriser la Nature au Moyen Age: mélanges d'histoire des sciences offerts à Guy Beaujouan.
Genève: Libr. Droz ; Paris: Libr. Champion, 1994.

COMSTOCK, J. L. Natural History of Birds. Hartford: Robinson, 1830.

CONDARCO, R., História de la Ciencia en Bolivia, La Paz, Academia Nacional de Ciencia, 1978

CONYBEARE, W. D. On the Discovery of an almost Perfect Skeleton of the Plesiosaurus. Transactions of

the Geological Society of London (1824) 1: 381-89.

COOK, James and James King. A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean (1776-80). Dublin: Chamberlaine, 1784.

CORTADA, James. Historical Dictionary of Data Processing-- Biographies. New York: Greenwood Press,
1987.

CRAVENS, Hamilton, The Triumph of Evolution: American Scientists and the Heredity - Environment
Controversy, Philadelphia, Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1978

CROKER, Robert A., Pioneer Ecologist. The Life and Work of Victor Ernest Shelford, 1877-1968,
Washington, 1991.

CROMBIE, A. C. (Alistair Cameron), Science, Art, and Nature in Medieval and Modern Thought / A.C.
Crombie. London; Rio Grande, Ohio: Hambledon Press, 1996.

CROOK, J. Mordaunt, The British Museum, London: Osford Univ. Press, 1972.

CROSLAND, M., The Society of Arcueil. A View of French Science at the Time of Napoleon I, London, 1967

CROSLAND, Maurice, Science under Control: The French Academy of Sciences, 1795-1914, Cambridge,
1992

CULPEPER, N. A Physical Directory; or, A Translation of the London Dispensatory Made by the College of
Physicians in London. London, 1649.
The Complete Herbal. London, 1847.
CURRIE, George e John Graham, The Origins of CSIRO: Science and the Commonwealth Governmant,
1901-1926, Melbourne, 1966.

CUVIER, G. Recherches sur les Ossemens Fossiles de Quadrupedes. 4 vols. Paris: Chez Deterville, 1812.
[1835 ed. in English]
Essay on the Theory of the Earth. Trans. R. Kerr. Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1813.
Le Regne Animal Distribue d'apres son Organisation. 4 vols. Paris, 1817.
Memoirs pour Servir a l'Histoire et a l'Anatomie des Mollusques. Paris, 1817.

DANIELS, George H., Science in American Society. A Social History, NY, 1971.

DARWIN, Charles, Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the various Vountries
Visited by H. M. S. Beagle, from 1832 to 1836, London, 1839
The Autobiography of Charles Darwin and Selected Letters, Dover, NY, 1892 e 1958

DARWIN, Erasmus. The Botanic Garden, Containing The Loves of Plants, a Poem with Philosophical Notes.
London: Litchfield, 1789.
The Botanic Garden: A Poem in Two Parts. London: J. Johnson, 1791-94.
Zoonomia, or the Laws of Organic Life. 2 vols. London: Johnson, 1794-96.

DARWIN, Robert Waring. Principia Botanica; or, a Concise and Easy Introduction to the Sexual Botany of
Linnaeus. Newark: M. Hage, 1810.

DAVIES, G. L., The Earth in Decay: a History of British Geomorphology 1578-1878, N. Y, American
Elsevier, 1969

DAVIS, Henry B. O. Electrical and Electronic Technologies: a Chronology of Events and Inventors to 1900;
from 1900 to 1940; from 1940 to 1980. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1981-1985.

DEMONTE, Yvonne. Fauna e Flora do Brasil = Fauna and Flora of Brazil / Yvonne, Rosália e Ludmyla
Demonte; texto, Chrystiane D. Ferraz Blower. Rio de Janeiro: Salamandra, [1990]

DESMOND, Kevin. The Harwin Chronology of Inventions, Innovations and Discoveries: from Pre-history to
the Present Day. London: Constable, 1987.

DESMOND, Ray, Dictionary of British an Irish Botanists and Horticulturalists including Plant Collectors
and Botanical Artists, London, 1977.

DIAZ, E. et alia, La Ciencia Periférica: Ciencia y Sociedad en Venezuela, Caracas, Monte Avila Editores,
1983.

DICKSON, James, Fasciculus Plantarum Cryptogamicarum Brittaniae Lusitanorum Botanicorum in Usum,

Lisboa, Typ. Chalcographicae ac Litterariae ad Aecum Caeci, 1800, 94pp.

Dictionary of American Medical Biography. Edited by Martin Kaufman, Stuart Galishoff, and Todd L. Savitt.
Westport: Greenwood Press, 1984.

Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York, Scribner 1970-.

Distinguished African American Scientists of the 20th Century. James H. Kessler and others. Phoenix: Oryx
Press, 1996.

DUCHESNE, Raymond, La Science et le Pouvoir au Québec, 1920-1965, Québec, 1978

DUVIOLS, Jean Paul, Voyageurs Français en Amérique, Paris, 1978.

ELLIOT, Clark A., Biographical Dictionary of American Scientists, the Seventeenth through the Nineteenth
Centuries, Westport, 1978

ELLIOTT, Clark A. Biographical Dictionary of American Science: the Seventeenth Through the Nineteenth
Centuries. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1979.
Biographical Index to American Science: the Seventeenth Century to 1920. New York: Greenwood
Press, 1990. Supplements the 1979 edition, above. Gascoigne, Robert Mortimer.
A. History of Science in the United States: a Chronology and Research Guide. New York: Garland,
1996.

Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-western Cultures. Edited by
Helaine Selin. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1997.

Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science. Edited by Roshdi Rashed in collaboration with Regis Morelon.
Three volumes. London: Routledge, 1996

ENGSTRAND, Iris H. Wilson, Spanish Scientist in the New World. The Eighteenth-Century Expeditions,
Washington, Univ. Washington Press, 1981.

ESTRELLA, Eduardo, José Mejía, Primer Botánico Ecuatoriano, Quito, Abya-Yala, 1988.

FERNÁNDEZ , Joaquín e Ignacio González Tascón, Ciencia, Técnica y Estado en la España Ilustrada,
Zaragoza, Ministerio de Educación y ciencia, 1990.

FERREIRA, Alexandre Rodrigues, «Diario da Viagem Philosophica pela Capitania de São José do Rio
Negro...» Revista Trimestral do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, vols. 48, 49, 50, 51 Rio de
Janeiro. 1885-1888.
«Observações Geraes e Particulares, sobre a Ciasse de Mammaes observados, nos territorios dos
Rios das Amazonas, Negro e da Madeira...» Revista do Instituto Historico e Geografico da Bahia, nº. 60,
Bahia. 1934, pp. 5-217.
«Roteiro das Viagens que fez o Dr. Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira no Brasil, 1783-1792» Boletim do
Museu Nacional, vol. XI, nº. 2, Rio de Janeiro, 1933, DD. 103-115
Viagem Filosófica pelas capitanias do Grão Pará, Rio Negro Mato Grosso e Cuiabá. vol. Il.
Memórias-Antropologia (1974), vol. I Memórias Zoologica-Botânica(1972), Conselho Federal de Cultura:
Vol. I Geologica e Antropologica (140 gravuras) and Vol. Il Zoologia (168 gravuras), Editora Monumental,
São Paulo, 1971.

FERRI, M. e MOTOYAMA, S. (eds.), História das Ciências no Brasil, 3 vols, S. Paulo, EPU: Edusp, 1979-
1981

FIGUEREDO, Fidelino, ed., «Viajantes Espanhois em Portugal,» Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia,

Ciências e Letras, nº. 3, São Paulo, 1947

FLEMING, John, The Philosophy of Zoology, Edinburg, Archibald Constable & Co, 1822.

FLETCHER, Harold Roy e William H. Brown. The Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, 1670-1970,
Edinburgh, H.M.S.O., 1970.

FLOWER, W. H., Essay on Museums and other Subjects Connected with Natural History, London, 1898.

FONTES, Glória Marly Duarte Nunes de Carvalho, «Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira (Aspectos da sua Vida e
Obra» Cadernos da Amazônia, número 10, Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas
da Amazônia, Rio de Janeiro, 1966.

FOX, Robert e Weisz, George, The Organization of Science and Technology in France 1808-1914,
Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1980
FRANÇA, Carlos, «Doutor Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira (1756-1815); Historia de uma Missão Scientifica
no Brasil no Século XVIII,» Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, vol. 1, 2.a serie, Coimbra. 1922.

FRANGSMAYR, Tore, Linnaeus. The Man and his Work, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1983.
(ed.) Science in Sweden: the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1739-1989, Canton, Mass. Science
History Publications, 1989.

FREYRE, Gilberto, Contribuição Para Uma Sociologia da Biografia: O Exemplo de Luis de Albuquerque,
Governador de Mato Grosso no fim do Século XVIII, 2 vols, Lisboa, 1968.

GADILLE, Jacques. Des Sciences de la Nature aux Sciences de l'Homme / par Jacques Gadille et Régis
Ladous. Paris: J. Vrin; Lyon: Institut interdisciplinaire d'études épistémologiques, 1984.

GALERA, Andrès, La Ilustración Española y el Conocimiento del Nuevo Mundo, Madrid, CSIC, 1988.

GAMA, Manoel Jacinto Nogueira da[1º Marquez de Baependy], Memoria sobre o Loureiro Cinnamomo
Vulgo Caneleira de Ceylão por ordem de Sua Alteza Real o Principe…para Acompanhar a remessa das
plantas, que pelas reaes ordens vão serr transportadas ao Brasil, Lisboa, Officina Patriarcal, 1787, 38pp.

GARCIA, Rodolfo, «Dr. Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira» (Conferência), Collecção Brasileira de Divulgação,
série II Biografia, nº. 3, Rio de Janeiro, 1946.

GARDNER, George, Travels in the Interior of Brazil, Principally Through the Nothern Provinces, and the
Gold and Diamond Districts, During the Years 1836-1841, London, Reeve Bothers, 1846, 562pp.

GASCAR, Pierre, Humbolt l'Explorateur, Paris, 1985

GASCHENKO, A., The British Museum and other Zoological Institutions of the West of Europe, St.
Petersburg, 1894

GASCOIGNE, Robert Mortimer. A Chronology of the History of Science, 1450-1900. New York: Garland
Publishing, 1987.

GEOFFROY SAINT-HILLAIRE, E. Philosophie Anatomique. Paris: Mequignon-Marvis, 1818.

GODE, Alexander, 1906-1970. Natural Science in German Romanticism / by Alexander Gode-von Aesch.
New York: Columbia University Press, 1941.

GODMAN, John D. American Natural History. Philadelphia: Carey and Lea, 1828.

GOLDSMITH, Oliver. An History of the Earth and Animated Nature. 8 vols. London, 1774.

GONZÁLEZ BUENO, Antonio, La Expedición Botánica al Virreinato del Perú(1777-1788), Barcelona,

Lunwerg, 1988.

GOODMAN, Nathan G. Benjamin Rush: Physician and Citizen. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1934.

GORTARI, E., La Ciencia en la Historia de Mexico, Mexico, Fondo de Cultura, Económica, 1963.

GOULD, Dtephen Jay, La Flecha del Tiempo. Mitos y Metáforas en el Descubrimiento del Tiempo
Geológico. Tad. De Carlos Acero Sanz, Madrid, alianza Ed., 1992

GRANSTEIN, Joannette E., Naturalist Explorations in America. 1808-1841, Cambridge, 1967.

GRATZER, Walter(ed.) A Bedside Nature: Genius and Eccentricity in Science, 1869-1953; [foreword by
Stephen Jay Gould]. London: Macmillan Magazines, 1996.

GRAY, Asa. A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States. Boston & Cambridge, 1848.

GRAY, Thomas. The Poet Gray as Naturalist (1903). [BL Cup.510.Sac.3].

Great Events from history II. Science and Technology. Edited by Frank N. Magill. Pasadena: Salem Press,
1991.

GREENE, John C., The Death of Adam. Evolution and its Impact on Western Thought, Ames, Iowa, The Iowa
State univ. Press, 1959

GRIMARD, Edouard, Le Jardin d'Aclimation: Le Tour du Monde d'un Naturaliste, Paris, 1876

GRISEBACH, A. H. R., Flora of the British West Indies Islands, London, 1864.

GUNTHER, Albert E. e J. E. Gray, A Century of Zoology at the British Museum through the Lives of two
Keepers, 1815-1914, London: British Museum, 1975

GUNTHER, Albert, The History of the Collections contained in the Natural History Departments of British
Museum, London: Longmans & Co, 1912

HABER, Francis C., The Age of the World: Moses to Darwin, Baltimore, John Hopkins Univ. Press, 1959.

HAFERTEPE, Kenneth, The Evolution of the Smithsonian Building and its Institution, 1840-1878,
Washington, DC: Smithsoniann Institution Press, 11984

HAHN, R., The Anatomy of a Scientific Institution. The Paris Academy of Sciences, 1666-1803, Berkeley,
1971

HAMY , E. T., «La Mission de Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire en Espagne et en Portugal (1808)» Nouvelles Archives
du Musée d'Histoire Naturelle, quatriéme série, tome dixième, premier fascicule, Paris. 1908.

HANKS, Lesley, Buffon avant l'«Histoire Naturelle», Paris, Presses Univ. de France, 1966.

HANLEY, Wayne. Natural History in America: From Mark Catesby to Rachel Carson. New York:
Quadrangle, 1977.

HARBER, Agnes, Herbals, their Origin and Evolution…1470-1670, 2º ed. Cambridge, 1938, 1953.

HEADDRICK, Daniel R., The Tentacles of Progress: Technology Transfer in the Age of imperialism, 1850-
1940, N. Yor, 1988.

HECK, J. G. Iconographic Encyclopedia. Trans. Spencer Fullerton Baird. 4 vols. New York: Garrigue, 1851.

HELLEMANS, Alexander. Timetables of Science: a Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in
the History of Science. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988.

HERSCHEL, J. F. W. Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy. London: Longman, Rees,
Orme, Brown, and Green, 1831.

HERZENBERG, Caroline L. Women Scientists from Antiquity to the Present: an International Reference
Listing and Biographical Directory of some Notable Women Scientists from Ancient to Modern Times. West
Cornwall, CT: Locust Hill Press, 1986.

HETHERINGTON, Barry. A Chronicle of pre-telescopic Astronomy. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
HILLMAN, Geoffrey, Bankers, Bones and Beetles: The first Century of The American Museum of Natural
History, Garden City, N.York: Natural History Press, 1969.

HINDLE, Brooke, The Pursuit of Science in Revolutionary America, 1735-1789, Chapel Hill, 1956.

HINSLEY, Curtis, Savages and Scientists: The Semithsonian Institution and the development of American
Anthropology, 1846-1910, Washington Dc.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981.

History of Astronomy: an Encyclopedia. Edited by John Lankford. New York: Garland Pub., 1997.

HOENINGER, J. F. e F. D. M., The Development of Natural History in Tudor England, Charlottesville, 1969
The Growth of Natural History in Stuaret England from Gerard to the Royal Society, Charlottesville,
1969

HOME, Rod. W., Kohstedt, Sally Gregory, International Science and National Scientific Identify: Australia
between Britain and America, Dordrecht, 1991

HOOKE, R. Micrographia: or some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying

Glasses, with Observations and Inquiries thereupon. London, 1665.
The Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke, M.D. London: Smith and Walford, 1705.

HUTTON, J. Theory of the Earth; or an Investigation of the Laws Observable in the Composition,
Dissolution, and Restoration of Land upon the Globe. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1788)
1:209-304.
Theory of the Earth, with Proofs and Illustrations. 2 vols. Edinburgh, 1795.

Instruments of Science: an Historical Encyclopedia. Edited by Robert Bud and Deborah Jean Warner. New
York: Garland, in association with Science Museum, London, and National Museum of American History,
Smithsonian Institution, 1998.

ISENBURG, Teresa, Viagggiatori Naturalisti Italiani in Brasile nell'Ottocento, Milano, 1989.

JARDINE, N. e J. A. Secord, E. C. Spary(ed.), Cultures of Natural History, Cambridge, 1996.

JARDINE, Sir William. The Natural History of Monkeys. Edinburgh: Lizars, 1833.

JENNER, Edward. A Flora of Tunbridge Wells. Tunbridge Wells: J. Colbran, 1845.

JORDANOVA, L. J., Lamarck, New York,1984

KALM, Peter. Travels in North America, ed. Carl Adolph Benson. New York, 1937.

KARR, Alphonse, 1808-1890. A Tour Round my Garden. Tr. from the French of Alphonse Karr. Rev. and ed.
by the Rev. J.G. Wood .A new ed. London, New York, G. Routledge, 1855.

KASTNER, Joseph. A Species of Eternity. New York: Knopf, 1977.

KEENEY, Elizabeth. The Botanizers : Amateur Scientists in Nineteenth-century America / Elizabeth B.

Keeney. Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, c1992.

KERR, Robert. A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels. Edinburgh: Ramsay, 1811.

KING, Maria M., Mrs. Principles of Nature as Discovered in the Development and Structure of the Universe,
the Solar System and the Earth Hammonton, N.J., King, 1880-1881, c1865-1880.
KLAITS, Joseph e Barrie(eds), Animals and Man in Historical Perspective, N.York, Harper & Row, 1974.

KNIGHT, David M., Natural Science Books in English 1600-1900, New York,1972.

KRAGH, H., An Introduction to the Historiography of Science, Cambridge University Press, 1987

KRASNER, James, The Entangled Eye Visual Perception and the Representation of Nature in post Darwinan
Narrative, New York,1992.

KUMAR, Deepak (ed.), Science and Empire: Essays in Indian Context, 1700-1947, Delhi, 1991

LA ROUCE FOUCAULT-LIANCOURT, Francois A. F., Duke de.Travels through the United States of North
America. London: R. Phillips, 1799.

LACERDA, J. B. de, Os Museus de História Natural e os Jardins Zoológicos de Paris ew de Londres. O Kew
Garden, Rio de Janeiro, Papelaria Macedo, 1912.

LAFUENTE, Antonio e Jose Sala(cords.), La Ciencia Española en Ultramar, Madrid, Alianza Ed., 1992

LAMARCK, J. B. La Flore Francais, Paris, 1778. Systeme des Animaux sans Vertebres. Paris: Chez
Deterville, 1801.Philosophie Zoologique.. Paris: Chez Dentu, 1809; H. Elliott, trans. Macmillan, London
1914, U of Chicago 1984.
Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres. 7 vols. Paris, 1815-22

LANGLE, F. de, La Tragique Expedition de la Pérouse et la Langle, Paris: Hachette, 1954.

LARSON, James L. Interpreting Nature: the Science of Living Form from Linnaeus to Kant / James L.
Larson. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, c1994.

LAUDAN, Rachel, From Mineralogy to Geology. The Foundations of a Science 1650-1830, Chicago, The
Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987.

LAURENT, Goulven, Paleóntologie et Évolution en France de 1800 a 1860: une Histoire des Idées de
Cuvier et Lamarck à Darwin, Paris, 1987

LAWRENCE, William. An Introduction to Comparative Anatomy, being two Introductory Lectures Delivered
at the Royal College of Surgeons. London, 1816
Lectures on Physiology, Zoology and the Natural History of Man. London: Callow, 1819.

LECOURT, Dominique. A quoi sert donc la Philosophie?: des Sciences de la Nature aux Sciences Politiques/
Dominique Lecourt. 1. éd. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1993.

LEITÃO, C. F. de M., História das Expedições Científicas no Brasil, São Paulo, Cia. Ed. Nacional,
1941(colecção brasiliana nº.209)

LESLIE, John, The End of the World: the Science and Ethics of Human Extinction London ; New York :
Routledge, 1996.

LIMA, Américo de, O Doutor Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira: Documentos Coligidos e Prefaciados, Agência
Geral do Ultramar, Lisboa, 1953.

LISBOA, Balthazar da Silva, Discurso Histórico e Politico, e Economico dos Progressos e Estado Actual da
Filosofia Natural Portugueza, Acompanhado de Algumas Reflexoens sobre o Estado do Brasil..., Lisboa,
1786.

LOGAN, James. Experiments and Considerations on the Generation of Plants. London: C. Davis, 1747.
LONDON, John Claudius, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum, 2ª ed, 8 vols, London, 1654.

LYELL, C. Principles of Geology: Being an Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the Earth's Surface by
References to Causes Now in Operation. 3 vols. London, 1830-33.
Life, Letters, and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell. New York: AMS, 1881,

LYON, John e Phillip R. Sloan, From Natural History to the History of Nature. Readings from Buffon and his
Critics, London/Notre Dame, 1981.

LYTE, Charles, Sir Joseph Banks: Eighteenth Century Explorer, Botanist, and Entrepreneur, London,: David
& Charles, 1981

MACFARLANE, C. W. e L. A. Triebel, eds., French Explorers in Tasmania and the Southern Seas, Sydney:
Australasian Publishing company, 1937

MACGILLIVRAY, William. A History of British Birds. London: Scott, Webster and Geary, 1837.

MACKAY, David, In the Wake of Cook: Exploration, Science and Empire 1780-1801, London, 1985.

MAGY, François, 1822-1887. De la Science de la Nature; Essai de Philosophie Première, par F. Magy .
Paris, Librairie philosophique de Ladrange, 1865.

MARREY, Bernanrd e Monnet, Jean-Pierre, La Grande Histoire des Serres et des Jardins d'Hiver, France
1780-1900, Paris, 1984

MARSH, William M Environmental Geography : Science, Land use, and Earth Systems / William M. Marsh,
John Grossa, Jr. New York : J. Wiley, c1996.

MASSAC, Pierre Louis de , Memoria sobre a Qualidade e sobre o Emprego dos Adubos, ou Estrumes,
Lisboa Typ. Do Arco do Cego, 1801, 89pp.
e Patullo, Ensayo sobre o modo de Melhorar as Terras, Lisboa Typ. Do Arco do Cego, 1801, 137pp.

MCGREW, Roderick E. Encyclopedia of Medical History. New York : McGraw-Hill, 1985.

MCKELVEY, Susan Delano. Botanical Exploration of the Trans-Mississippi West, 1790-1850 / Susan
Delano McKelvey ; foreword by Joseph Ewan ; introduction by Stephen Dow Beckham. Corvallis, Or.:
Oregon State University Press, c1991.

MEISEL, Max, Bibliography of American Natural History, 3 vols, N. York: Premier Publishing Co, 1924

MENDES, João Ribeiro, «Instruções a Viagem Philoso-Phico Effectuada pelo Naturalista Dr. Alexandre
Rodrigues Ferreira, nos Anos de 1783-1792.» Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Geografia, tomo LIII, Rio
de Janeiro, 1946.

MERCHANT, Carolyn, Ecological Revolutions: Nature, Gender, and Science in New England Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press, c1989.

MIKKELI, Heikki. An Aristotelian Response to Renaissance Humanism: Jacopo Zabarella on the Nature of
Arts and Sciences / Heikki Mikkeli. Helsinki: SHS, 1992.

MILLS, John FitzMaurice. Encyclopedia of Antique Scientific Instruments. New York: Facts on File, 1983.

MORENO, M. A., Odisea 1874. Primer Viaje Internacional de Científicos Mexicanos, México, Fondo de
Cultura Económica, 1986.
MORTON, Leslie T. and Robert J. Moore. A Chronology of Medicine and Related Sciences. Aldershot:
Scolar Press, 1997.

MOUNT, Ellis. Milestones in Science and Technology: the Ready Reference Guide to Discoveries,
Inventions, and Facts. Second edition. Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1994.

MOYAL, Ann Mozley, (ed.) Scientists in Nineteenth Century Australia- A Documentary History, Sydney,
Cassell, 1976

MURRAY, John A., editor. Wild Africa: Three Centuries of Nature Writing from Africa. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1993.

NEEDHAM, Joseph, Science and Civilization in China, 7 vols., Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1954.

NEIVA; A. Esboço Historico sobre a Botanica e Zoologia no Brasil. De Gabriel de Souza, 1587, a 7 de
setembro de 1922, S. Paulo, 1922.

NETO, L., Le Muséum National de Rio de Janeiro et son Influence sur les Sciences Naturelles au Brésil,
Paris, Librairie Ch. Delagrave, 1899. Investigações Históricas e Científicas sobre o Museu Imperial
eNacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 1870.

NEWMAN, John B. The Illustrated Botany. New York: Wellman, 1846.

Notable Twentieth-century Scientists. Edited by Emily J. McMurray, Jane Kelly Kosek and Roger M. Valade
III. Detroit: Gale Research, 1995. Four volumes

Notable Women in the Life Sciences: a Biographical Dictionary. Edited by Benjamin F. Shearer and Barbara
S. Shearer. Westport: Greenwood Press,1996.

NUTTALL, Thomas. A Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and Canada. Boston: Hillard, Gray,
1834.

NYE, Mary Jo, Science in the Provinces: Scientific Communities and Provincial Leadership in France, 1860-
1930, Berkeley, 1986

OGILVIE, Marilyn Bailey. Women in Science: Antiquity Through the Nineteenth Century: a Biographical
Dictionary with Annotated Bibliography. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1986.

OLESON, Alexandra, Brown, Ganborn C. (ed.), The Prusuit of Science in the Early American Republic:
American Scientific and Learned Societies from Colonial Times to the Civil War, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
Univ. Press, 1976

OLIVER, F. W., ed., Makers of British Botany, Cambridge, 1913.

ORNSTEIN, Martha, The Role of the Scientific Societies in the Seventeenth Century, New York, 1913.

OSBORN, Henry Fairfield, Impressions of Great Naturalists. Reminiscences of Darwin, Huxley, Balfour,
Cope and others, N. Y., 1924.

OSBORNE, Michael A., Nature, the Exotic and the Science of French Colonialism, Bloomington, 1994

OUTRAM, Dorinda, Georges Cuvier. Vocation, Science and Authority in post-revolutionary France,
Manchester, 1984.

PANE, H. W., From Knowledge to Power: The Rise of the Science Empire in France, 1860-1939, Cambridge,
1985
PARK, Mungo. Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa. London, 1799.

PARKINSON, Claire L. Breakthroughs: a Chronology of Great Achievements in Science and Mathematics,

1200-1930. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1985.

PARSONS, James. Philosophical Observations on the Analogy Between the Propagation of Animals and that
of Vegetables: In which are Answered some Objections against the Indivisibility of the Soul, which have been
Inadvertently drawn from the late curious and useful Experiments upon the Polypus and other Animals, with
an Explanation of the Manner in which each Piece of a divided Polypus becomes another perfect animal of
the same species. London: C. Davis, 1752.

Particle Physics: one Hundred Years of Discoveries: an Annotated Chronological Bibliography. V.V. Ezhela,
et al. Woodbury: American Institute of Physics, 1996.

PAUL, Harry W. , From Knowledge to Power: The Rise of the Science Empire in France, 1860-1939,
Cambridge, 1985

PEATTIE, Donald Culross, Green Laurels. The Lives and Achivements of the Great Naturalists, N. Y., 1938.

PENNANT, Thomas. History of Quadrupeds. 3rd. ed. London: White, 1793.

PESCOTT, R.T.M., Collections of a Century: The History of the first Hundred Years of the National Museum
of Victoria, Melbourne, National Museum of Victoria, 1954.

PESET, J. L(ed.), La Ciencia Moderna y el Nuevo Mundo, Madrid, CSIC-SLHC, 1985. Ciencia, Via y
Eespacio en Iberoamerica, Madrid, CSIC, 1989.
E M. SELLÉS, A. LAFUENTE(cords.), Carlos III y la Ciencia de la Ilustración, Madrid, Alinza ed.,
1988.

PETIT, Jeen (eds.), Science and Empires: Historical Studies about Scientific Development and European
Expansion, Dordrecht, 1992

PHILLIPS, J. Figures and Descriptions of the Paleozoic Fossils of Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset.
London, 1841.

PICTET, F. J. Traite de Paleontologie, ou Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Fossiles Consideres dans leurs
Rapport Zoologiques et Geologiques. Paris, 1844-46.

PINHEIRO, José Feliciano Fernandes[1º Visconde de S. Leopoldo] e Antonio Carlos Ribeiro de Andrada
Machado e Silva, Cultura Americana que contem huma Relação do terreno, Clima, producção, e Agricultura
das Colonias Britanicas no Norte da America, e nas Indias Occidentais, com observações sobre as vantagens
de se estabelecer nellas, em comparação com a Grão Bretanha, e Irlanda, 2 vols, Lisboa, Officina de
Antonio Rodrigues Galhardo, 1799, 598pp.

PISO, Willem e George Marcgraf, Indiae Utriusque re Naturali et Medica…, Leyden, F. Haack, and
Amesterdam L. Elsevier, 1658, 592pp e 400 ilustrações

POGGI , Stefano e Maurizio Bossi Romanticism in Science: Science in Europe, 1790-1840, Dordrecht [The
Netherlands] ; Boston: Kluwer Academic, c1994.

PORTER, Roy, The Making of Geology. Earth Science in Britain. 1660-1815, London, Cambridge Univ.
Press., 1977.

PRATT, Mary Louise, Imperial Eyes. Travel Writing and Transculturation, London, 1992.1995
PRINGLE, Laurence P., comp Discovering the Outdoors; a Nature and Science Guide to Investigating Life in
Fields, Forests, and Ponds. Edited by Laurence P. Pringle. [1st ed.] Garden City, N. Y., Published for the
American Museum of Natural History [by] Natural History Press, 1969.

Prominent Scientists: an Index to Collective Biographies. Compiled by Paul Pelletier. Third edition. New
York: Neal-Schuman, 1994.

PUERTO, Javier, La Ilusión Quebrada. Botánica, Sanida y Política Científica en la España Ilustrada,
Barcelona, Serbal, 1988.
Ciencia de Cámara, Madrid, CSIC, 1992.(estudo sobre C. Gómez Ortega)

PUIG-SAMPER, Miguel Ángel, Las Expediciones Científicas del siglo XVIII, Madrid, Akal, 1991.

PYENSON, Lewis, Cultural Imperialism and the Exact Sciences: German Expansion Overseas, 1900-1930,
N. York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1985
Civilizing Mission: Exact Sciences and French Overseas Expansion, 1830-1940, Baltimore, 1993
Empire of Reason. Exact Sciences in Indonesia 1840-1940, N. York, 1989

RAVEN, Charles E., John Ray, Naturalist, his Life and Works, Cambridge, 1950.

RAY, John. Catalogus Plantarum circa Cantabrium Nascentium. Cambridge: J. Field, 1660.
The Ornithology of Francis Willoughby. London: John Martyn, 1678.
Historia Plantarum. 3 vols. London: Henry Faithorne, 1686-1704
The Wisdom of God Manifested in Works of Creation. London: Samuel Smith, 1691.
Miscellaneous Discourses Concerning the Dissolution and Changes of the World London: Samuel
Smith, 1692.

REASE, D. Meredith. Rudiments of Zoology. Philadelphia: Sorin and Ball, 1847.

REINGOLD, Nathan e Rothenberg, Marc, Scientific Colonialism. A Cross-cultural Comparison, Washington,

1987

REIS, Artur Cesar Ferreira, «A Amazonia Vista Pelo Dr. Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira» Boletim da
Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, Julho-Setembro, 1957, pp. 323-336.

RIBEIRO, José Silvestre, História dos Estabelecimentos Scientificos, Litterarios e Artisticos de Portugal nos
Sucessivos Reinados dn Monarchia. tomo I, Lisboa. 1875.

RICHARDSON, Edgar P. et al. Charles Willson Peale and His World. New York: Abrams, 1982.

RITTERBUSH, Ralph C., Overtures to Biology: The Speculations of Eighteenth- Century Naturalists, New
Haven, 1964.

RIVARA, J. H. da Cunha, ed., Observações sobre a Historia Natural de Goa feitas no anno de 1784 por
Manue1 Galvão da Silva, Nova-Goa, 1862.

ROBBINS, Lionel Charles Robbins, Baron, 1898- An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic
Science / Lord Robbins. 3rd ed. / foreword by William J. Baumol. London : Macmillan, 1984.

ROBERTSON, George [et al.].(ed.) Future Natural: Nature, Science, Culture. London; New York :
Routledge, 1996.

RODRIGUES, João Barbosa, Les Palmiers Observations sur la Monographie de cette Famille dans la Flora
Brasiliensis, Rio de Janeiro, 1882, 53pp. e 4 litografias.

ROSSITER, Margaret, Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940, Baltimore, 1982
ROUSSEAU, Jean Jacques. Letters on the Elements of Botany Addressed to a Lady. Trans. By Thomas
Martyn. London: B. White, 1785.

RUDWICK, M. J. S. The Meaning of Fossils: Episodes in the History of Paleontology. Chicago: U of

Chicago P, 1985.

RUPKE, Nicolaas A., Richard Owen. Victorian Naturalist, Yale, 1994.

RUSH, Benjamin. An Inquiry Into the Natural History of Medicine Among the Indians, 1789 (originally read
in 1774 before the American Philosophical Society).
Three Lectures Upon Animal Life. Philadelphia: Budd and Bartram, 1799. Account of the Bilious
Remitting Yellow Fever. Philadelphia: Dobson, 1794.

SÁ, José António de, Compêndio de Observaçoens que formão o Plano da Viagem Politíca e Filosofica que
se Deve Fazer dentro da Patria, Lisboa, 1783.

SACHS, Julius Von, History of Botany 1530-1860, N. Y., 1890, 1967.

SAINZ OLLERO, Héctor e outros, José Sanchez Labrador y los Naturalistas Jesuitas del Río de la Plata,
Madrid, OPU, 1989.

SALMON, W. Botanologia. The English Herbal: or History of Plants. London, 1710.

SÁNCHEZ, B. A., M. A. Puig-Samper e J. Sota, La Real Expedición Botánica a Nueva España, Madrid, Real
Jardin Botânico, 1987.

SCROPE, G. P. Memoir on the Geology of Central France, Including the Volcanic Formations of Auvergne,
the Velay and the Vivarais. London, 1827.

SEBRIGHT, John Saunders. The Art of Improving the Breeds of Domestic Animals, in a Letter Addressed to
the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, K. B. London: J. Harding, 1809.

SHARROCK, Robert. The History of the Propagation and Improvement of Vegetables by the Concurrence of
Art and Nature. Oxford: T. Robinson, 1660; 2nd ed. 1672.

SHAW, George, The Naturalist's Miscellany, London, Nodder& Co, 1799(?)

SHEETS-PYENSON, S., Cathedrals of Science. The Development of Colonial Natural History Museums
during the late 19 th. Century, McGill-Queens University Press, 1988

SHTEIR, Ann B., Cultivating Women Cultivating Science, Baltimore, 1996.

SHORTLAND, Michael, Science and Nature: Essays in the History of the Environmental Sciences [Oxford?]:
British Society for the History of Science, c1993.

SIEGEL, Patricia Joan. Women in the Scientific Search: an American Bio-bibliography, 1724-1979.
Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1985.

SILVA, D. A. Tavares da, O Cientista Luso-Brasileiro Dr. Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira (Notas para o seu
Estudo), Lisboa, 1947.

SIMON, William J., Scientific Expeditions in the Portuguese Overseas Territories (1783-1808) and the Role
of Lisbon in the Intellectual Scientific Community of the late Eighteenth Century, Lisboa, 1983
SMITH, J. C. Georges Cuvier: An Annotated Bibliography of his Published Works. Washington D.C.:
Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993.

SMITH, Samuel Stanhope. An Essay on the Causes of the Variety of Complexion and Figure in Human
Species.New Brunswick: J. Simpson, 1810.

SMITH, W. Strata Identified by Organised Fossils. London, 1816.

SOTO ARANGO, Diana e M. a. Puig-Samper, Luis Carlos Arboleda(eds.), La Ilustración en América

Colonial, Madrid, CSIC Ed. Doce Calles/Colciencias,1995

SOTOS, C., Flora y Fauna Cubanas del Siglo XVIII, Madrid, Turner, 1984.

STAFFORD, Robert A., Scientist of Empire: Sir Roderick Murchison, Scientific Exploration, and Victorian
Imperialism, Cambridge, 1989

STAFLEU, F. A., Linnaeus and the Linnaeans, Utrech, 1971.

STEARN, William T., The Natural History Museum at South Kensington: A History of the British Museum
(Natural History) 1753-1980, London: Heinemann, 1981

STEARNS, Raymond P., Science in the British Colonies of America, Urbana; Univ. of Illinois Press, 1970

STERLING, Keir B. Natural Science in America. New York: Arno Press, 1974.

STRAHAN, Ronald, Rare and Curious Specimens: An Illustrated History of the Australian Museum, 1827-
1979, Sydney: Australian Museum, 1979.

TARACENA, A, La Expedición Botánica al Reino de Guatemala, Guatemala, Ed. universitaria, 1983.

TARUGI , Luisa Rotondi Secchi, L'Uomo e la Natura nel Rinascimento. 1. ed. Milano: Nuovi orizzonti,
1996.

TEXERA, Yolanda. La Exploración Botánica en Venezuela 1754-1950 / Yolanda Texera Arnal. 1. ed.
Caracas: Fondo Editorial Acta Científica Venezolana, 1991.

The Cambridge Dictionary of Scientists. David Millar and others. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1996

The History of Science and Technology: a Narrative Chronology. New York: Facts on File, 1988.

THIERY DE MENONVILLE, Nicolas-Joseph, Memoria sobre a Cultura da Urumbeba, e sobre a Criação da

Conchonilha, Lisboa, Officina de Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, 1799, 45pp.

THOMPSON, Susan J. A Chronology of Geological Tthinking from Antiquity to 1899. Metuchen: The
Scarecrow Press, 1988.

TRABULSE, E., Ciencia y Religión en el siglo XVII, México, El Colégio de México, 1974
Historia de la Ciencia en México, vol.I, México, Conacyt-Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1983.

TYSON, E. Orang-Outang, sive Homo Sylvestris ["Man of the Woods"]. London, 1699.

VANDELLI, Domingos, Florae Lusitanicae et Brasiliensis Specimen, et Epistolae ab Eruditis Viris Carolo a
Linne, Antonio de Haen and Dominicum Vandelli scriptae, Coimbra, Typographia Academico-Regia 1778,
96pp.
VANDERPOOL, Harold Y., comp. Darwin and Darwinism; Revolutionary Insights Concerning Man,
Nature, Religion, and Society. Edited and with an introd. by Harold Y. Vanderpool. Lexington, Mass., Heath
[1973]

VARNHAGEN, Frederico Luiz Gulherme de, Manual de Instruções Praticas sobre a Sementeira, Cultura e
Corte dos Pinheiros, e Conservação da Madeira dos mesmos, Lisboa, Typ. Da Academia, 1836, 101pp.

VELOSO, José Mariano da Conceição(?), Memoria sobre a Caneleira para acompanhar a remessa das
plantas, que o Principe N. Senhor manda transportar para o Brazil, Lisboa, Regia Officina Typographica,
1797 ou 1798, 11p.
Naturalista Instruido nos diversos Methodos Antigos, e Modernos de Ajuntar, Preparar, e Conservar
as producções dos tres reinos da natureza, Lisboa, Afficina da Casa Litteraria do Arco do Cego, 1800, 90pp.

Voyage aux îles d'Amerique, Paris, Archives Nationales, 1992.

WOLF, Abraham, A History of Science, Technology, and Philosophy in the 16th and 16th centuries, London,
1950.

WOLF, Harry, The Transits of Venus: A Study of Eigteenth-Century Science, Princeton, 1959.

Women in Chemistry and Physics: a Biobibliographic Sourcebook. Edited by Louise S. GRINSTEIN, Rose
K. Rose, and Miriam H. Rafailovich. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1993.

Women in the Biological Sciences: a Biobibliographic Sourcebook. Edited by Louise S. GRINSTEIN, Carol
A. Biermann and Rose K. Rose. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1997.

WOODWARD, J. An Essay Toward a Theory of the Earth and Terrestrial Bodies, Especially Minerals; and
also of the Seas, Rivers, and Springs. London: Wilkin, 1695.

World who's who in Science: a Biographical Dictionary of Notable Scientists from Antiquity to the Present.
Edited by Allen G. Debus. Chicago: Marquis-Who's Who, Inc., 1968.

YASCHENKO, A., The British Museum and other Zoolozical Institutions of the West of Europe, St.
Petersburg, 1894

YOUNG, David. The Discovery of Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1992.

 RELIGIÃO

"Christianity taught that man had dominion over natural and so man has treated nature in a
destrutive way. "

(Francis A. Schaeffer, Pollution and the Death of Man, Illinois, 1973)

O debate entre a Religião e a Ciência parece eterno a partir dele parte o referente à relação
entre este e a Ecologia. A forma como o homem se relaciona com o quadro natural prende-
se muito com as suas crenças religiosas. Insiste-se que o Cristianismo com base na Bíblia
defende uma relação dominadora do homem face ao meio que o envolve. O texto que
encima esta breve referência assim o reitera. Todavia a partir da década de setenta muitos
teólogos e pastores da igreja participam activamente no movimento ambientalista, dando-
nos uma imagem distinta da relação do Cristianismo com a Ecologia. Neste domínio
salientam-se os livros de Richard Austin(1987), Daniel Spring[1974, John Camody(1983),
Ian Bradley(1992), Ian Barbour(1966 e 1977), P. W. Bakken(1955).

Neste quadro justifica-se a valorização dada à vida e obra de S. Francisco de Assis,

considerado o patrono da Ecologia. Ele é a resposta aos detractores do Cristianismo.
Confira-se por exemplo os textos de Maio Marzi(1981), Roger Souell(1988), P. D.
Allen(1996).

Todavia o mais destacado deste tema e a polémica ateou-se em torno da Religião e da Ciência, tendo como
principal palco a centúria oitocentista mercê dos avanços da Ciência que para muitos foi uma reacção aos
dogmas da Bíblia. Os dois mais destacados expoentes deste debate são John W. Draper[1811-1882] e Andrew
Dickson White[1832-1918] com textos clássicos publicados, respectivamente, em 1874 e 1896. A sua
aportação é corolário do debate que se ateou desde 1859 com Origin of Species de Charles Darwin. A
bibliografia propicia-nos alguns textos orientadores da descoberta deste debate. Chama-se a atenção dos
interessados para Francis C. Haber(1959), T. Cosslett(1984), David C. Lindberg(1986).

AGAR, William Macdonough, 1894- Catholicism and the Progress of Science, New York, The Macmillan
company, 1940.

ALLEN, Paul Marshall e Joan de Ris Allen. Francis of Assisi's Canticle of the Creatures: a Modern Spiritual
Path.New York : Continuum, 1996.

ALON, Azariah. The Natural History of the Land of the Bible / [by Azaria Alon]. Garden City, N.Y.:
Doubleday, 1978

ANDERSON, Alexander Walter, Plants of the Bible. New York, Philosophical Library [1957]
Creation in the Old Testament, Philadelphia: Fortress Press; London: SPCK, 1984.

ANDERSON, Paul Russell, 1907- Science in Defense of Liberal Religion; a Study of Henry More's Attempt to
link Seventeenth Century Religion with Science, New York and London, G. P. Putnam's sons, 1933.

ARMSTRONG, Edward A., Saint Francis: Nature Mystic- The Derivation and Significance of the Nature
Stories in the Franciscan Legend, Berheley, 1973
AUSTIN, Richard Cartwright, Hope for the Land: Nature in the Bible / Richard Cartwright Austin. Atlanta,
Ga.: John Knox Press, 1988.
Environmental Theology. Atlanta, Ga.: J. Knox Press; Abingdon, Va.: Creekside Press, c1987-c1990.

BAILEY, Liberty Hyde, The Holy Earth, 1980, c1915.

BAKKEN, Peter W., 1957-, Ecology, Justice, and Christian Faith: a Critical Guide to the Literature / Peter
W. Bakken, Joan Gibb Engel, e J. Ronald Engel.Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1995.

BARBOUR , Ian G., Issues in Science and Religion, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1966
Earth Might be Fair; Reflections on Ethics, Religion, and Ecology. Edited by Ian G. Barbour.
Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall [1972]
(ed.) Western Man and Environmental Ethics, Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1973
Religion and Science: [San Francisco] : HarperSanFrancisco, 1997.

BARNETTE, Henlee H., The Church and the Ecological Crisis, 1972

BERGER, Carl Science, God, and Nature in Victorian Canada / Carl Toronto; Buffalo: University of Toronto
Press, c1983.

BERRY, Thomas Mary, Teilhard in the Ecological Age, Cambersburg, Pa., 1982
e Clarke, Thomas E., Befriending the Earth: a Theology of Reconciliation Between Humans and the
Earth, 1991.

BERRY, Thomas Mary, The Dream of the Earth 1990, c1988.

BERRY, Wendell, The Unsetttling of America, 1977

The Gift of Good Land, 1981

BOFF, Leonardo. Ecologia, Mundialização, Espiritualidade: a Emergencia de um Novo Paradigma. São

Paulo, SP: Editora Atica, 1993.

BOLIN, Robert C. Race, Religion, and Ethnicity in Disaster Recovery / Robert Bolin and Patricia Bolton.
[Boulder. Colo.]: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, 1986.

BOUMA-PREDIGER, Steven. The Greening of Theology: the Ecological Models of Rosemary Radford
Ruether, Joseph Sittler, and Juergen Moltmann / Steven Bouma-Prediger. Atlanta, Ga. : Scholars Press,
c1995.

BOWMAN, Douglas C., Beyond the Modern Mind: the Spiritual and Ethical Challenge of the Environmental
Crisis, 1990.

BOZEMAN, Theodore Dwight, Protestants in an Age of Science: the Baconian Ideal and Antebellum
American Religious Thougt, Chapel Hill: Univ. of N. Carolina Press, 1977

BRADLEY, Ian C. God is Green: Ecology for Christians / Ian Bradley; foreword by Jonathon Porritt. New
York: Image Books, 1992.

BREUILLY, Elizabeth, and Palmer, Martin, Christianity and Ecology, / edited by Elizabeth Breuilly and
Martin Palmer.London; New York: Cassell, 1992.

BROWNE, Janet, The Secular Ark: Studies in the History of Biogeography, New York, 1983.

BROOKE, John Hedley, Science and Religion. Some Historical Perspectives, London, 1991.
CALEGARI, Giulio, La Religione della Sete: l'Uomo e l'Acqua nel Sahara: atti del Ciclo di Incontri
Organizzato dal Centro Studi Archeologia Africana di Milano (ottobre-novembre 1992) = La religion de la
soif: l'homme et l'eau dans le Sahara: Centro studi archeologia africana, 1993.

CARMODY, John, 1939-, Ecology and Religion: Toward a new Christian Theology of Nature, New York :
Paulist Press, c1983.

CARRASCO, Davíd(ed.), The Imagination of Matter: Religion and Ecology in Mesoamerican Traditions
Oxford, England : B.A.R., 1989.

CARUS, Paul, 1852-1919. God; an Enquiry into the Nature of Man's Highest Ideal and a Solution of the
Problem from the Standpoint of Science. Open Court Pub. Co. [c1908]

CASON, John Walter, The Growth of Christianity in the Liberian Environment. [New York] 1962.(tese
Columbia University.)

CHENU, M.-D., O.P., Nature, Man, and Society in the Twelfth Century: Essays on new Theological
Perspectives in the Latin West, Chicago, 1968

CLARK, Gordon Haddon. The Philosophy of Science and Belief in God. Nutley, N.J., Craig Press, 1964.

COBB, John B. A Christian Natural Theology: Based on the Thought of Alfred North Whitehead,
Philadelphia, 1965
Is it too Late?: a Theology of Ecology / John B. Cobb, Jr.Rev. ed. Denton, Tex.: Environmental
Ethics Books, Beverly Hils, Cali. 1972/1995.

COLLINS, Paul, God's Earth: Religion as if Matter Really Mattered / Paul Collins. North Blackburn, Vic.:
Dove, 1995.

CONLON, James, 1936- Geo-justice: a Preferential Option for the Earth / by James Conlon; [foreword by
Thomas Berry].Winfield, BC, Canada: Wood Lake Books; San Jose, CA: Resource Publications, c1990.

CONSER, Walter H. God and the Natural World: Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, c1993.

COSSLETT, Tess(ed.), Science and Religion in the Nineteenth Century, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press,
1984.

COSTE, René, Dieu et l'Écologie: Environnement, Théologie, Spiritualité, Tout simplement. Débattre, Ed. de
l'atelier Paris, 1994

Crisis, Ecologia y Justicia Social: Ponencias Plenarias del 2do. Encuentro Latinoamericano de Cultura,
Etica y Religion Frente al Desafio Ecologico, Buenos Aires, 2 al 5 de diciembre de 1990 / [organizacion]
CIPFE, Fundacion del Sur. Montevideo, Uruguay : CIPFE, [1991]

CROSBY, Donald A. Religious Experience and Ecological Responsibility / edited by Donald A. Crosby &
Charley D. Hardwick.New York : P. Lang, c1996.

DE MARZI, Mario. San Francesco d'Assisi e l'Ecologia / De Marzi Mario. Padova: Edizioni laurenziane
Cappuccini S. Croce, [1981].

DERR, Thomas Sieger, 1931- Environmental Ethics and Christian Humanism / Thomas Sieger Derr; with
critical responses by James A. Nash and Richard John Neuhaus; introduction by Max L .
Stackhouse.Nashville : Abingdon Press, c1996.

DERRICK, Christopher, The Delicate Creation: Towards aTheology of the Environment, 1972
DEWITT, Calvin B. Missionary Earthkeeping / edited by Calvin B. DeWitt and Ghillean T. Prance;
introduced by J. Mark Thomas. Macon, Ga. : Mercer University Press, 1992.
The Environment and the Christian: What Does the New Testament say about the Environment? /
edited by Calvin B. DeWitt.Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Book House, c1991.

DILLARD, Annie, Holy the Firm, 1988, c1977.

Pilgrim at Tinker Creek, 1988, c1974.
Teaching a Stone to Talk: Expeditions and Encounters, 1988, c1982.

DILLENBERGER, John, Protestant Thought and Natural Science: A Historical Interpretation, Garden City;
N. Y., 1960,1961

DOUGLAS, David, Wilderness Sojourn: Notes in the Desert Silence, 1987.

DOWD, Michael, Earthspirit: a Handbook for Nurturing an Ecological Christianity, 1991.

DRAPER, John William, [1811-1882]. History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science. New York, D.
Appleton and company, 1875. 1927

DREES, Willem B., 1954- Religion, Science, and Naturalism. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University
Press, 1996.

DUBOS, Rene J., A God within : a Positive Philosophy for a more Complete Fulfillment of Human
Potentials, 1984, c1972.

DWIVEDI, O. P. Environmental Crisis and Hindu Religion / O.P. Dwivedi and B.N. Tiwari. New Delhi :
Gitanjali Publishing House, 1987.

ELDER, Frederick, Crisis in Eden: A Religious Study of Man and Environment, Nashville, Tenn., 1970

Encontro Latino-americano de Teologia da Terra (1st : 1989: Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) A Teologia se
fez Terra / Primeiro Encontro Latino-americano de Teologia da Terra. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Centro Ecumenico
de Documentação e Informação; Sao Leopoldo, RS: Editora Sinodal; Genebra, Suiça: Rede Latino Americana
de CPID, 1991.

Encuentro de Cultura, Etica y Religion Frente al Desafio Ecologico (2nd: 1990: Buenos Aires, Argentina)

EPPERLY, Bruce Gordon, At the Edges of Life: a Holistic Vision of the Human Adventure, 1992.

FELIKS, Yehuda. Nature and Man in the Bible: Chapters in Biblical Ecology / Yehuda Feliks. London; New
York: Soncino Press, c1981.

FLEMING, Donald, John William Draper and the Religion of Science , Philadephia, Univ. of Pennsylvania
Press, 1950

FOLSOM, Paul, And Thou Shalt Die in a Polluted Land, 1971

FORCE, James E. e Richard H. Popkin. Dordrecht(ed.), The Books of Nature and Scripture: Recent Essays on
Natural Philosophy, Theology, and Biblical Criticism in the Netherlands of Spinoza's Time and the British
Isles of Newton's Time Boston: Kluwer Academic, c1994.

FRANCIS, OF ASSISI, Saint, 1182-1226. Canticle of the Sun = Cantico di Frate Sole / Saint Francis of
Assisi; illustrated by Carol J. Blinn. Easthampton, Mass.: Warwick Press, 1983.
. The Hymn of the Sun / by St. Francis of Assisi; illustrations by Tony Wright.Rhinebeck, N.Y.:
Broken Glass, c1990.
FRITSCH, Albert J. Eco-church: an Action Manual / Albert J. Fritsch with AngelaIadavaia-Cox. San Jose,
Calif.: Resource Publications, c1992.

GANOCZY, Alexandre. Theologie der Natur / Alexandre Ganoczy. Zurich: Benziger, c1982.

GILKEY, Langdon Brown, 1919- Nature, Reality, and the Sacred: the Nexus of Science and Religion
/Langdon Gilkey.Minneapolis: Fortress Press, c1993.

GILLISPIE, Charles Coulston. Genesis and Geology: A Study in the Relations of Scientific Thought, Natural
Theology, and Social Opinion in Great Britain, 1790-1850; New York, Harper/Mass. Harvard Univ. Press
[1959, c1951]

GILLISPIE, Neal C., Charles Darwin and the Problem of Creation, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1979.

GOSLING, David L., 1939- Science and Religion in India / 1976 Madras: Published for Christian Institute for
the Study of Religion and Society, Bangalore, by Christian Literature Society, 1976.

GOTTFRIED, Robert R. Economics, Ecology, and the Roots of Western faith: Perspectives from the Garden /
Robert R. Gottfried.Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, c1995.

GOTTLIEB, Roger S. (ed.) This Sacred Earth: Religion, Nature, .New York: Routledge, 1996.

GRANBERG-MICHAELSON, Wesley. A Worldly Spirituality: the Call to Redeem Life on Earth / Wesley
Granberg-Michaelson. 1st ed. San Francisco: Harper & Row, c1984

GREGERSEN, Niels H., Michael W.S. Parsons e Christoph Wassermann(ed.),The Concept of Nature in
Science and Theology, Switzerland: Labor et Fides, c1997-

GREGORY, Frederick, Nature Lost?: Natural Science and the German Theological Ttraditions of the
Nineteenth Century / Frederick Gregory. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992.

GREENE, John C., The Death of Adam: Evolution and its Impact on Western Thought, Ames: Iowa State
Univ. Press, 1959.

HABER, Francis C., The Age of the World: Moses to Darwin, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1959.

HALLMAN, David G., A Place in Creation: Ecological Visions in Science, Religion, and Economics, 1992.
Ecotheology: Voices from South and North / edited by David G. Hallman. Geneva, Switzerland:
WCC Publications; Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 1994.

HAMILTON, Lawrence S. e Helen F. Takeuchi (ed.)Ethics, Religion and Biodiversity: Relations between
Conservation and Cultural Values. Cambridge: White Horse, 1993.

HAMILTON, Michael(ed.), This Little Planet, 1970

HAREUVENI, Nogah. Nature in our Biblical Heritage / Nogah Hareuveni; translated from Hebrew and
adapted by Helen Frenkley. Kiryat Ono, Israel: Neot Kedumim, c1980.

HARGROVE, Eugene C. (ed.) Religion and Environmental Crisis Athens: University of Georgia Press,
c1986. Papers presented at a colloquium held at the University of Denver made possible by a grant from the
Phillips Foundation of Minneapolis through the University Denver's Center for Judaic Studies Bibliography:
p. 213-220.

HART, John, The Spirit of The Earth: A Theology of the Land, N. York, 1984
HAYS, Samuel P., Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: the Progressive Conservation Movement
1890-1920, New York: Atheneum, 1969

HEDLEY, George Percy, 1899- Religion and the Natural World. Seattle, Distributed by the University of
Washington Press, 1962.

HENDRY, George Stuart, 1904- Theology of Nature / George S. Hendry. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Westminster
Press, c1980.

HERVIEU-LÉGER, Danièle, Religion et Écologie. [colloque] / sous la direction de Daniele Hervieu-Leger.

Paris: Editions du Cerf, 1993.

HOBART, Michael E., Science and Religion in the Thought of Nicolas Malebranche, Chapel Hill: Univ. of
North Carolina Press, 1982.

HOUGH, Adrian Michael. God is not 'Green': a Re-examination of Eco-theology / Adrian Michael
Hough.Leominster: Gracewing, 1997.

HOVEMKAMP, Herbert, Science and Religion in America 1800-1860, Philadelphia, University of

Pennsylvania Press, 1978

HOOYKAAS, R., Religion and the Rise of Modern Science, Mich., Wm. E. Eerdmans, 1972

HULL, Fritz, Earth & Spirit: the Spiritual Dimension of the Environmental Crisis, 1993.

HUME, C. W., The Status of Animals in Christian Religion, London, 1957

International Congress on the History of Sciences (18th: 1989: Hamburg, Germany, and Munich, Germany)
Religion and Environment. Bochum: Universitatsverlag Dr. N. Brockmeyer, 1990.

International Paul Tillich Symposium (4th: 1992: Frankfurt am Main,Germany) Natural Theology Versus
Theology of Nature?: Tillich's Thinking as Impetus for a Discourse among Theology, Philosophy, and
Natural Sciences: proceedings of the IV. International Paul Tillich Symposium, held in Frankfurt/Main, 1992
/ edited by Gert Hummel = Naturliche Theologie

JORANSON , Philip N. Cry of the Environment: Rebuilding the Christian Creation Tradition / edited by
Philip N. Joranson, Ken Butigan (the Center for Ethics and Social Policy).Santa Fe, N.M.: Bear, c1984.

KAISER, Christopher B. Creational Ttheology and the History of Physical Science 1997 Leiden; New York:
Brill, 1997.

KELLY, Franklin, Frederic Edwin Church and the National Landscape, Washington, 1988

KINSLEY, David R. Ecology and Religion: Ecological Spirituality in Cross-cultural Perspective / David
Kinsley. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, c1995.

KLAAREN, Eugene M, Religious Origins of Modern Science: Belief in Creation in Seventeenth-Century

Thought, Mich., Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1977.

KOCHER, Paul H., Science and Religion in Elizabethan England, San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library,
1953.

KOWALSKI, Gary A. Green Mountain Spring and other Leaps of Faith / Gary A. Kowalski. Boston, Mass.:
Skinner House Books, c1997.

LANGFORD, Jerome J., Galileo, Science and the Church, Ann Arbor: Univ. Of Michigan Press, 1971.
LARSON, Edward J., Trial and Error: the Popularization of Darwinism in Germany, 1860-1914, Chapel
Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1981.

LA TORRE, Maria Antonietta. Ecologia e Morale: l'Irruzione dell'Istanza Ecologica nell'Etica

dell'Occidente / M. Antonietta La Torre.Assisi: Cittadella, c1990.

LAUNAY, Louis de, 1860- L'Eglise et la Science. Paris, B. Grasset [1936]

LEAX, John, Standing Ground: a Personal Story of Faith and Environmentalism, 1991.

LEISS, William, The Domination of Nature, New York, George Brazilier, 1972

LINDBERG , David C. e Ronald L. Numbers(ed.) God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter
between Christianity and Science, Berkeley: University of California Press, c1986.

LOW, Mary, 1952- Celtic Christianity and Nature: Early Irish and Hebridean Traditions / Mary
Low.Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, c1996.

LUBAC, Henri de, 1896- A Brief Catechesis on Nature and Grace / Henri de Lubac; translated by Richard
Arnandez.San Francisco: Ignatius Press, c1984.

MCCOOK, Henry C. (Henry Christopher), 1837-1911. The Gospel in Nature: a Series of Popular Discourses
on Scripture Truths Derived from Facts in Nature / by Henry C. McCook.

MCCRACKEN, Andrew Vance, 1897- The Theological Reactions of the Victorian Poets to the Natural
Sciences and Evolutionism ... Chicago, Ill., 1935.

MCDANIEL, Jay B., Earth, Sky, Gods & Mortals: Developing an Ecological Spirituality, 1990.

MCDONAGH, Sean, 1935-, To Care for the Earth: A Call for a New Theology, Santa Fe, N. Mex., 1987
The Greening of the Church / Sean McDonagh. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books; London: G.
Chapman, 1990.

MCFAGUE, Sallie, Models of God: Theology for an Ecological, Nuclear Age,1987.

MEYER, Art, and Meyer, Jocele, Earth-keepers: Environmental Perspectives on Hunger, Poverty, and
Injustice, 1991.

MICK, Lawrence E., 1946- Liturgy and Ecology. Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1997.

MILNE, Courtney, The Sacred Earth, 1993, c1991.

MOLTMANN, Jurgen. God in Creation: a new Theology of Creation and the Spirit of God / Jurgen
Moltmann. 1st HarperCollins pbk. ed. [San Francisco]: Harper San Francisco, 1991.

MOONEY, Christopher F. Theology and Scientific Knowledge, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press,
c1996.

MOORE, James R., The post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant _Stuggle to come to Terms
with Darwin in Great Britain and America, 1870-1900, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1979

MOORE, Judy Hull. God's Plan for Air / by Judy Hull Moore; edited by Delores Shimmin. Chicago, Ill.:
Moody Press, c1980.

MORGAN, Robert, The Nature of New Testament Theology. The Contribution of William Wrede and Adolf
Schlatter, edited, translated, and with an introd. by Robert Morgan. Naperville, Ill., A. R. Allenson [1973]

MORTON, John Edward. Christ, Creation, and the Environment / John Morton. Auckland : Anglican
Communications, c1989.

MOULE, C. F. D., Man and Nature in the New Testament, Philadelphia, 1964

MURTHY, S. R. N., 1936- Ancient Indian Ttheories of the Earth. Pune: University of Poona, 1992.

NEEDHAM, Joseph(ed.), Science and Reality, N. York, George Braziller, 1955.

NASR, Seyyed Hossein. Religion & the Order of Nature. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996

NEUSNER, Jacob, 1932-, The Ecology of Religion: from Writing to Religion in the Study of Judaism / Jacob
Neusner. / Atlanta, Ga.: Scholars Press, c1997./Nashville: Abingdon Press, c1989.

NORRIS, Kathleen, Dakota: a Spiritual Geography, 1993.

North American Conference on Christianity and Ecology (1st: 1987:Epworth Forest Center) Christian
Ecology: Building an Environmental Ethic for the Twenty-first Century: the Proceedings from the First North
American Conference on Christianity and Ecology / edited by Frederick W. Krueger. San Francisco, Calif.:
The Conference, c1988.

NORTHCOTT, Michael S. The Environment and Christian Ethics / Michael S. Northcott. Cambridge
[England]; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996

OELSCHLAEGER, Max, Caring for Creation: an Ecumenical Approach to the Environmental Crisis, New
Haven: Yale University Press, c1994.

OGUTU, Gilbert E.M. (ed.) God, Humanity & Mother Nature; Masaki Publishers, c1992.

OSPOVAT, Dov, The Development of Darwin's Theory: Natural History, Natural Theology, and Natural
Selection, 1838-1859, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1981

PACINI, Roberto, 1958- Questione Ecologica e Responsabilita del Cristiano / Roberto Pacini.Cinisello
Balsamo, Milano: Edizioni paoline, c1991.

PALEY, William, Natural Theology, Bosoton, Greg international, 1970.

PANNENBERG, Wolfhart, 1928- Toward a Theology of Nature: Essays on Science and Faith / Wolfhart
Pannenberg; edited by Ted Peters. 1st ed. Louisville, Ky.: Westminster/J. Knox Press, c1993.

PARKINSON, George Hathaway, 1875- Charles Darwin's Influence on Religion and Politics of the Present
Day ... by George H. Parkinson. [n.p., n.d.]

PARMELEE, Alice. All the Birds of the Bible; their Stories, Identification and Meaning. New York, Harper,
[1959]

PASSMORE, John, Man's Responsibility for Nature: Ecological Promise of Christian Theology,
Philadelphia, 1985

Pastoral, Mensaje y Homilia sobre Problemas Ecologicos. Santo Domingo, Republica Dominicana:
Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra, 1990.

PAUL, Harry W., The Edge of Contingency: French Catholic Reaction to Scientific Change from Darwin to
Duhem, Gainesville: Univ. Press of Florida, 1979.
PEACOCKE, A. R.(ed.), The Sciences and Theology in the Twentieth Century, Notre Dame, Ind.: Univ. of N.
Dame Press, 1981.

PEDERSEN, Olaf. The Book of Nature / by Olaf Pedersen. Vatican City State: Vatican Observatory
Publications; Notre Dame, Ind Distributed by The University of Notre Dame Press, 1992

PEELMAN, Nancy, The Beasts, Birds, and Fish of the Bible / by Nancy Peelman; illustrated by Ben F.
Kocian. New York: Morehouse-Barlow Co., [1975]

PERKO, F. Michael (Francis Michael), A Time to Favor Zion: the Ecology of Religion and School
Development on the Urban Frontier, Cincinnati, 1830-1870 / F. Michael Perko.DeKalb, Ill.: Educational
Studies Press, Northern Illinois University, 1988.

PUIG-SAMPER, Miguel Angel, Cronica de una Expedicion Romantica al Nuevo Mundo La Comisión
Científica del Pacifico(1862-1866), Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Centro de
Estudios Históricos, 1988.

RANGANATHANANDA, Swami. Religious and Scientific Culture of India. Waltair: Andhra University
Press, 1978

RAPPAPORT, Roy A., Ecology, Meaning, and Religion, Richmond, Calif.: North Atlantic Books, c1979.

RAVEN, Charles Earle, 1885- Natural Religion and Christian Ttheology, First Series: Science and Religion.
Cambridge [Eng.] University Press, 1953.

REDWOOD, John, Reason, Ridicule and Religion: the Age of Enligthnment in England 1660-1750,
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1976.

REYNOLDS, Vernon. The Social Ecology of Religion / Vernon Reynolds, Ralph Tanner. New York : Oxford
University Press, 1995.

ROBERTS, Windsor Hall, 1892- The Reaction of Amercian Protestant Churches to the Darwinian
Philosophy, [Chicago] 1939

ROCKEFELLER, Steven C., and Elder, John, Spirit and Nature: why the Environment is a Religious Issue:
an Interfaith Dialogue, 1992.

RUBIO, A. Garcia, Reflexão Cristã sobre o Meio Ambiente / A. Garcia Rubio ... [et al.]. São Paulo, Brasil:
Edições Loyola, c1992.

RUSSELL, Bertrand Russell, 3d earl, 1872- Religion and Science. New York, H. Holt [1935]

RUSSELL, C. A.(ed.), Science and Religion Belief: a Selection of Recent Historical Studies, London, 1973
The Earth, Humanity, and God: the Templeton Lectures, Cambridge, 1993 /Colin A. Russell.London
: UCL Press, 1994.

RUST, Eric C., Nature and Man in Biblical Thought, London, 1953

SANTMIRE, H. Paul, Brother Earth: Nature, God and Ecology in Time of Crisis, N. York, 1970.
The Travail of Nature: the Ambiguous Ecological Promise of Christian Theology, Philadelphia, 1985

SARASOLA, Simon, 1871- La Obra de los Catolicos y Creyentes en las Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y
Naturales. Habana, Cultural, 1944.
SCHAEFFER, Francis A., Pollution and the Death of Man: the Christian view of Ecology, Wheaton, ill.:
Tndale House, 1973.

SCHARPER, Stephen B. The Green Bible / compiled and edited by Stephen B. Scharper and Hilary
Cunnningham. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books; Leominster, England: Gracewing, c1993

SCHMIDT, Peter J., Back to Nature. The Arcadian Myth in Cuban America, N. York, 1969

SCHONBERG, David, 1946- Ecology and Beyond: a Biblical Approach to Life, Relationships, and
Environment / by David Schonberg. Alexandria, MN: Caravan Books, c1995.

SERRANO PEREZ, / Vladimir, Teologia de la Ecologia / Vladimir Serrano Perez, editor. 1. ed. Quito,
Ecuador: CEDECO : Ediciones ABYA-YALA, 1991.

SHAPIRO, Barbara J., Probability and Certainty in Seventeenth-Century England: A Study of the
Relationships between Natural Science, Religion, History, Law and Literature, Princeton: Princeton Univ.
Press, 1983.

SHELDON, Joseph Kenneth, Rediscovery of Creation: a Bibliographical Study of the Church's Response to
the Environmental Crisis / by Joseph K. Sheldon. Metuchen, N.J.: American Theological Library Association:
Scarecrow Press, 1992.

SHEPARD, Paul, Man in the Landscape: a Historic View of the Esthetics of Nature, 1991, c1967.

SHERRARD, Philip. The Rape of Man and Nature: an Enquiry into the Origins and Consequences of
Modern Science / Philip Sherrard. Colombo: Sri Lanka Institute of Traditional Studies, c1987.

SHERRELL, Richard(ed.), Ecology: Crisis and New Vision, 1971

SHIPLEY, Maynard, The War on Modern Science: A Short History of the fundamentalist Attacks on
Evolution and Modernism, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1927.

SINGER, Charles, Religion and Science Considered in their Historical Relations, N. York, Robert M.
Mcbride, s.d..

SKOLIMOWSKI, Henryk, Eco-Theology: Toward a new Religion for Our Times, Madras, India, 1985

SMITH, Willard S. Animals, Birds, and Plants of the Bible, by Willard S. Smith. Drawings by William
Duncan. London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1973, c1971.

SORRELL, Roger D. (Roger Darrell), 1954- St. Francis of Assisi and Nature: Tradition and Innovation in
Western Christian Attitudes Toward the Environment / Roger D. Sorrell. New York: Oxford University Press,
1988.

SOSIS, Howard Justin, The Colonial Environment and Religion in Haiti: an Introduction to the Black Slave
Cults in Eighteenth Century Saint-Domingue / Howard Justin Sosis. 1971.

SOUZA FILHO, João A. de (João Antonio) Ecologia a Luz da Biblia: Deve a Igreja Exercer uma Acção
Pratica no Sentido de Preservar o Meio Ambiente? / João A. de Souza Filho. São Paulo, SP: Editora Vida,
c1992.

SPRING, David., Ecology and Religion in History / edited by David and Eileen Spring. New York: Harper &
Row, 1974.

SPURWAY, Neil (ed.) , Humanity, Environment, and God: Glasgow Centenary Gifford Lectures . Oxford,
UK; Cambridge, Mass., USA: Blackwell, 1993.
STEFANI, Piero, Gli Animali e la Bibbia: i Nostri Minori Fratelli,. Roma: Garamond, c1994.

STEIN, David E., A Garden of Choice Fruit: 200 Classic Jewish Quotes on Human beings and the
Environment, 1991.

STEWART, Jr, Claude Y., Nature in Grace: A Study in the Theology of Nature, National Association of
Baptist Professors of Religion Dissertation Series, nº.3, Macon, Ga. 1983

STOLL, Mark, 1954- Protestantism, Capitalism, and Nature in America / Mark Stoll. 1st ed. Albuquerque:
University of New Mexico Press, c1997.

THOMAS, Keith, Man and the Natural World: an History of Modern Sensibility, New York, 1983

TRABULSE, Elias. Arte y Ciencia en la Historia de Mexico Mexico, D.R.: Fomento Cultural Banamex,
1996.
Ciencia y Religion en el Siglo XVII. [1. ed. Mexico] El Colegio de Mexico [1974]
Critica y Heterodoxia: Ensayos de Historia Mexicana / Elias Trabulse.1. ed. Guadalajara, Jal.:
Universidad de Guadalajara/Xalli, 1991.
. El Circulo Roto: Estudios Historicos sobre la Ciencia en Mexico / Elias Trabulse.1a ed. Mexico:
Fondo de Cultura Economica, 1982.
Historia de la Ciencia en Mexico: Estudios y Textos / [recopilacion e introduccion de] Elias
Trabulse.1a ed. Mexico, D.F.: Conacyt: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 1983-c1989.
Historia de la Ciencia y la Tecnologia / introduccion y seleccion de Elias Trabulse; German
Somolinos d'Ardois ... [et al.].1. ed. Mexico, D.F.: El Colegio de Mexico, 1991.
Jose Maria Velasco y La Flora del Valle de Mexico / por Elias Trabulse. [Mexico]: Instituto
Mexiquense de Cultura, 1991-1992.
La Ciencia Perdida: fray Diego Rodriguez, un Sabio del Siglo XVII 1a ed. Mexico: Fondo de
Cultura Economica, 1985.

TUAN, Yi-Fu, Man and Nature, Washington, D. C., 1971

TUCKER, Mary Evelyn e John A. Grim. Maryknoll(ed.), Worldviews and Ecology: Religion, Philosophy,
and the Environment , N.Y. : Orbis Books, c1994.

TURNER, Frank Miller, Between Science and Religion: The Reaction to Scientific Naturalism in later
Victorian England, New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1974.

TURNER, Frederick, Rebirth of Value: Meditations on Beauty, Ecology, Religion, and Education /Frederick
Turner. Albany : State University of New York Press, c1991.

TURNER, James, Without God, Withoutcred: the Origins of Unbelief in America, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
Univ. Press, 1985

VERSLUIS, Arthur, Sacred Earth: the Spiritual Landscape of Native America / Arthur Versluis. Rochester,
Vt.: Inner Traditions International: Distributed to the book trade in the U.S. by American International
Distribution Corp., c1992.

VIDYARTHI, L.P., Ecology, Economy, and Religion of Himalayas /edited by L.P. Vidyarthi, Makhan
Jha.Delhi: Orient Publications, 1986.

WALLACE-HADRILL, D. S. (David Sutherland) The Greek Patristic View of Nature [by] D. S. Wallace-
Hadrill. Manchester, Manchester U.P.; New York, Barnes & Noble [1968]

WALKER, Winifred, All the Plants of the Bible. London, Lutterworth [1958, c1957]
WALSH, James Joseph, 1865- The Popes and Science; the History of the Papal Relations to Science During
the Middle Ages and Down to our own Ttime, New York, Fordham University Press, 1908.

WATTS, Allan W., Man, Nature and Woman, N. York, 1958

WESTFALL, Richard S. Science and Religion in Seventeenth-century England. New Haven, Yale University
Press, 1958.//Ann Arbor e Londres, Univ. of Michigan Press, 1973.

WHITE, Andrew Dickson[ 1832-1918], The Warfare of Science, New York, D. Appleton and Co, 1876.
A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom, New York D. Appleton, 1896
(em 2 vols) / New York, Dover Publications [1960]

WHITE, Edward Arthur, 1907- Science and Religion in American thought; the Impact of Naturalism.
Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1952.

WHITE, Lynn, Jr, Machina ex Deo: Essays in the Dynamism of Western Culture, Cambridge, 1968.

WILBERT, Johannes. Mindful of Famine: Religious Climatology of the Warao Indians / JohannesWilbert.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Center for the Study of World Religions: Distributed by Harvard
University Press, c1996.

WILKINSON, Loren, ed., Earthkeeping: Christian Stewardship of Natural Resources, Grand Rapids, Mich.,
1980

WILLIAMS, Arnold, The Common Expositor: an Account of the Commentaries on Genesis, 1527-1633,
Chapel hill, 1948

WILLIAMS; Georgett, Wilderness and Paradise in Christian Thought, N. York, 1960/1962

WOOD, John Karl. The Nature of Conflicts between Science and Religion. Logan, Utah State University
Press, 1962.

WRIGHT, Nancy G. Ecological Healing: a Christian Vision / Nancy G. Wright and Donald Kill.Maryknoll,
N.Y.: Orbis: Codel, c1993.
 A ARTE

Uma das fontes privilegiadas para estudo do impacto humano no quadro natural é a gravura e
pintura. É nos EUA que esta fonte tem merecido nos últimos anos destacada atenção32. Na verdade a pintura
americana do século XIX revela um desusado apego ao quadro natural do continente numa onda de
fundamentação do sentimento nacional33. É o período de Hudson River School. Note-se que desde meados do
século XIX há na pintura americana uma busca pelo espaço não produtivo, dominado pelos pântanos e selva.
Situação que dá lugar após à guerra civil aos temas exóticos.
Por outro lado a pintura é também um meio de estudo ou a expressão da actividade e exploração dos
cientistas. Humbolt teve a noção disso 34. Deste modo o período que decorre de 1840 a 1880 é o momento do
livro ilustrado em toda a Europa35.
Tenha-se em conta que a fotografia é a memória estática do momento do "click"., enquanto a gravura
regista tudo isso pelo olhar do desenhador ou pintor. No primeiro caso tudo depende da qualidade da
objectiva, da película e câmara enquanto no segundo é o crivo do olhar do seu autor, os seus interesses,
objectivos e formação cultura que fazem saltar para a tela ou papel os pormenores desse quadro e a sua
disposição e tamanho. É comum questionar-se sobre uma imagem, quem, quando e o quê, mas poucos se
perguntam sobre o porquê destes ou daqueles motivos e quais os objectivos que os regeram. Note-se que as
diversas leituras ecológicas da pintura e gravura valorizam a luz e a paisagem e nesta última a presença do
arvoredo, os lagos, as montanhas e as quedas de água. A figura do homem varia da Europa para a América.
Enquanto no velho continente a presença humana é assídua e de escala bastante notória, já do outro lado do
Atlântico é evidente essa ausência e quando aparece é em pose contemplativa36. Note-se que no fim do
século é evidente a atenção nos aspectos geológicos, as rochas são as protagonistas. Assim John Barrow
[1792-1793] é atraído pela "Loo Rock of Funchal"37. Já na década de sessenta do século XIX foi evidente o
gosto pelas árvores milenares, que fizeram a fama de algumas localidades, correndo mundo em descrição e
ilustrações38.

Os jardins são outra forma do homem se relacionar com o meio natural. Aliás, Paul Shepard (1991)
confirma que através deles o homem comunica com a natureza do mundo. E Duck Clifford (1963) precisa:
"garden is man's idealized view of the world... Gardens cannot be considered in detachment from the people
who made them"39
O jardim no mundo cristão esta inevitavelmente ligado à ideia de Paraíso. E a ideia de Paraíso está
associada a flores e fontes 40. Todavia esta comunhão do homem com a natureza não é apenas apanágio do
mundo cristão.
A ideia de jardim com o espaço de retiro, reflexão e comunhão com a natureza está presente na
civilização muçulmana oriental desde a China ao Japão. Daqui resulta a forte presença dos jardins
muçulmanos41, chinês42, ou japonês que influenciaram de forma decisiva os do mundo cristão. Uma das
visões mais completas disso é-nos dada por Cristopher Thacher (1979) e Marie Luise Gothein (1966).
32
. Barbara Novak (1980), Ann Bermingham (1986), David Miller (1989) e Angela Miller (1993)

33
. A. Miller (1993), p.8.

34
. "Landscape painting in its influence on the study of nature",in Cosmos, 1850.

35
. B. Novak (1980), pp. 116-117.

36 Barbara Novak, 1980, pp.35, 184-189

37 Barbara Stafford, 1984, 68-72
38 Hans Hunt, 1990, p.142
39
. Derek Clifford (1963), p. 15.

40
. K. Thomas (1983), p. 243.

41
. R. Stewart Johnston (1991).

42
. J. G. Simmons (1996), p. 166.
 O Primeiro jardim terá surgido na China no tempo do imperador Wu Ti(140-86 A.C.). Na Europa os
primeiros jardins surgiram em Itália - Pisa(1543), Padua (1545) -mas foi o de Versailles (1662) aquele que
mais fama adquiriu e foi alvo de cópias43. Todavia o século XVII anuncia já um novo tipo de jardim que tem
como referência os jardins de Oxford (1621), Chelsea (1673), Edimburgh (1680)e Kew (1759)44 É o início
dos actuais jardins botânicos que se afirmam como repositórios de plantas exóticas de todo o mundo.
Por outro lado os séculos XVI/XVIII são o momento da grande revolução na arte da jardinagem. Os
jardins tornam-se populares, sucedendo-se inúmeras edições de livros sobre flores e jardins.
Existem vários tipos de jardins que se popularizam no mundo ocidental. O jardim italiano do século
XVII é dominado pela água estatuária e uma ponte central. Já o jardim francês é um espaço traçado a
esquadria, situação que vai influenciar a jardinagem até ao século XX altura em que estes sob influência do
Japão perde a sua geometria45. Todavia, em Inglaterra temos desde fins do século XVII o chamado "Tudor
Garden" em que a geometria cede lugar ao quadro natural46.
Os elementos fundamentais dos jardins são as flores, árvores, água e elementos arquitectónicos
(pontes, estátuas) que se articulam de forma harmónica de acordo com a sensibilidade cultural da cada região
e época47. Tudo isto porque o jardim não é apenas "design" e estilo mas também é fruto de inspiração da
pintura e literatura.
Note-se ainda que o culto pelas árvores é já evidente no século XVII. São elas que orientam a
afirmação das classes possidentes e lhe dão grandiosidade em avenidas em frente das suas casas48. O próprio
acto de plantar uma árvore, que hoje se celebra com grande pompa no dia dedicado à mesma, está já
documentado no século XVIII49.
A Europa parte no século XV à procura do Éden, bíblico ou descrito na literatura
clássica greco-romana50. Foi este um dos motivos do empenho de Colombo, mas também
dos navegadores portugueses. O seu reencontro era encarado como uma conciliação com
Deus, o apagar do pecado original de Adão e Eva. Esta imagem persegue quase todos os
navegadores quinhentistas e deverá estar por detrás do empenho daquelas que aportaram à
Madeira . Tenha-se em conta que as duas primeiras crianças nascidas na ilha, filhas de
Gonçalo Aires Ferreira tiveram nomes bíblicos de Adão e Eva51. Era o retorno ao Éden,
que aos poucos foi sendo perdido, tal como sucedera aos primogénitos Adão e Eva. A
recuperação desta imagem acontecerá mais tarde no século XVIII em que a ilha é de novo o
paraíso redescoberto para o viajante ou tísico ingleses, recuperado e revelado ao cientista,
seja ele inglês, alemão ou francês, através das recolhas ou da recriação através dos jardins
botânicos.

BIBLIOGRAFIA

ADAMS, William Howard, Nature Perfected Gardens Through History, NY, 1991.

43
. J. G. Simmons (1996), p.166.

44
. K. Thomas (1983), p. 227.

45
. P. Shepard (1991), pp. 78-117.

46
. Johan Dixom Hunt e P. Willis (1975).

47
. Terry Comito (1971)

48
. K. Thomas (1983), pp. 297-209)

49
. K. Thomas (1983), pp. 210-221.

50 Cf. Jean DELUMEAU, Une Histoire du paradis- le jardin des délices, Paris, 1992; John PREST, The Garden od Eden: the botanic
garden and the re-creation of paradise, New Haven, 1988, pp.30-33.
51 Ernesto GONÇALVES, Portugal e a ilha, Funchal, 1992, pp.13-17
ADHÉMAR, Jean. Les Joies de la Nature au XVIIIe Siècle. [Paris, 26 mai-31 août] 1971. [Catalogue par Jean
Adhémar. Avec la collaboration de Marie-Cécile Barthe. Préface par Étienne Dennery.] Paris, Bibliothèque
nationale, 1971
Les lithographies de paysage en France à l'époque romantique. [Paris, F. De Nobele, 1976]

ANDERSON, Patricia, The Course of Empire: The Eric Canal and the New York Landscape, 1825-1875,
Rochester, 1984

ANDREWS, Malcolm. The Search for the Picturesque: Landscape Aesthetics and Tourism in Britain, 1760-
1800 / Malcolm Andrews. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989.

ANGEL, Heather. Nature Photography; its Art and Techniques. London, Fountain Press, 1972.

ASQUITH, Pamela H. e Arne Kalland(ed.), Japonese Images of Nature. Cultural Perspectives, Richmond,
1997.

AUBRUN, Marie Madeleine. Aspects du Paysage Néo-classique en France de 1790 à 1855: exposition du 30
mai au 22 juin 1974 / [catalogue établi par Marie-Madeleine Aubrun]. Paris: Galerie du fleuve, [1974]

BARBIER, Carl Paul, William Gilpin: his Drawing, Traching, and Theory of the picturesque, Oxford, 1963

BARRELL, John, The Idea of Landscape and the Sense of Place, 1730-1840, Cambridge, 1972
The Dark Side of the Landscape: The Rural Poor in English Painting, 1730-1840, Cambridge,
Eng.,1974

BATEY, Mavis. Jane Austen and the English Landscape / Mavis Batey. London: Barn Elms ; Chicago, Ill.:
Chicago Review Press, 1996.

BENINGFIELD, Gordon. Beningfield's English Landscape / Gordon Beningfield.Salem, N.H.: Salem House,
1986, c1985

BERMINGHAM, Ann, Landscape and Ideology. The English Rustic Ttradition, 1740-1860, Berkeley,
University of California Press, 1986

BICKNELL, Peter. Beauty, Horror and Immensity: Picturesque Landscape in Britain, 1750-1850 / exhibition
selected and catalogued by Peter Bicknell. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press; Cambridge:
Fitzwilliam Museum, 1981

BLANGRUND, Annette e Novak, Barbara (eds.), Next to Nature; Landscape Paintings from the National
Academy of Design, N. York, 1990

BLUM, Ann Shelby, Picturing Nature. American Nineteenth-Century Zoological Illustration, Princetown,
1993.

BORN, Wolfang, American Landscape Painting an Interpretation, New Haven, 1948

BURLE MARX, Roberto, Arte & Paisagem: Conferências Escolhidas / Roberto Burle Marx. São Paulo, SP:
Nobel, 1987.

BRYANT, William Cullen, Philosophy of Landscape Painting, St. Louis, 1882

CANTOR, Jay, The Landscape of Change: View of Rural new England, 1790-1865, Stenbridge, 1976

CARITA, Helder e H. Cardoso, Portuguese Gardens, Lisboa, 1991.

CARROLL-SPILLECKE, Maureen, Landscape Depictions in Greek Relief Sculpture: Development and
Conventionalization, Frankfurt am Main; New York: P. Lang, 1985.

CARR, Gerald L., The Early Landscapes of Frederic Edwin Church, 1845-1854, Fort Worth, 1987

CATALANO, Gary, An Intimate Australia: the Landscape & Rrecent Australian Art / Gary Catalano.
Sydney, NSW: Hale & Iremonger, c1985.

CAUQUELIN, Anne. L'Invention du Paysage / Anne Cauquelin. Paris: Plon, c1989.

CHIARINI, Marco, Mostra di DisegniItaliani di Paesaggio del Seicento e del Settecento. Firenze, L. S.
Olschki, 1973.
- I Disegni Italiani di Paesaggio dal 1600 al 1750. [Venezia, Sodalizio del libro]; [Treviso], Libreria
editrice Canova, 1972.Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. Museum.

CLARK, Kenneth, Landscape into Art, N. York, 1950

CLEWIS, Beth. Index to Illustrations of Animals and Plants / Beth Clewis. New York: Neal-Schuman, c1991.

CLIFORD, Derek, A History of Garden Design, NY, 1963.

COFFIN, David R., The English Garden. Meditation and Memorial, Princetown, 1994.

COMITO, Terry, The Idea of the Garden in the Renaissance, N. Brunswick, 1971.

CONSTABLE, John, Various Subjects of Landscape Characteristic of English Scenery from Pictures Painted
by John Constable, R.A. London, 1830.

COSGROVE, Denis e Stephen Daniels(eds.), The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic
Representation, Design and Use of Past Environments, New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988

DANCE, S. Peter. The Art of Natural History, New York: Arch Cape Press: distributed by Crown Publishers,
1990

DAVIES, John, The Landscape of Belief. Encountering the Holy Land in Nineteenth-Century American art
and Culture, Princeton, 1996.

DICK, John Henry, Other Edens The sketchbook of an Artist Naturalist, Connecticut, 1979.

DOUGHTY, Thomas, 1793-1856. Thomas Doughty, 1793-1856; an American Pioneer in Landscape

Painting. Selection and catalogue by Frank H. Goodyear, Jr. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine
Arts [1973]

EMBODEN, William A., Leonardo da Vinci on Plants and Gardens, Portland, 1987.

ENTWISLE, E. A. French Scenic Wallpapers, 1800-1860, by E. A. Entwisle. Leigh-on-Sea, F. Lewis, 1972.

FAIRBROTHER, Nan. The Nature of Landscape Design: as an Art Form, a Craft, a Social Necessity. With a
foreword by F. Fraser Darling. [1st American ed.] New York, Knopf, 1974.

FERBE, Linda, William Trost Richards: American Landscape and Maritime Painter 1833-1905, N. York,
1973

FLEMING-WILLIAMS, Ian, Constable: Landscape Watercolours and Drawings, London, 1976

FONG, Wen. Summer Mountains: the Timeless Landscape / Wen Fong. New York: Metropolitan Museum of
Art, 1975.

FORD, Brian J. Images of Science: a History of Scientific Illustration / Brian J. Ford. London : British
Library, 1992.

FOSHAY, Ella M., e Sally Mills, All Seasons and Every Light: Nineteenth Century American Landscapes
from the Collection of Elias Cyman Magoon, Pough Keepsi N. Y., 1983

FREEDBERG, David. Dutch Landscape Prints of the Seventeenth Century / David Freedberg. London:
British Museum Publications, c1980.

FRIEDMAN, Martin et alia, Visions of America: Landscapes as Metaphor in the late Twentieth Century
[Denver, Colo.]: Denver Art Museum; [Columbus, Ohio]: Columbus Museum of Art; [New York]:
Distributed by H.N. Abrams, 1994.

GAEHTGENS, Thomas W., Heinz Ickstadt (eds.), American Icons - Transatlantic Perspectives on Eighteenth
- and Nineteenth - Century Amercian Art, Santa Monica, 1992

GANAY, Ernest , Bibliographie del'Art des Jardins, Paris, 1989.

GOETZMANN, William H. Looking at the Land of Promise: Pioneer Images of the Pacific Northwest
/William H. Goetzmann. Pullman, Wash.: Washington State University Press, 1988

GOOD YEAR, Frank, Thomas Doughty, 1793-1856: An American Pioneer in Landscape painting,
Philadelphia, 1973

GOTHEIN, Marie Luise, A History of Garden Art, NY, 1966, 2 vols. Com a priemeira edição em Alemão de
1913.

GUPTA, Shakti M., Plants in Indian Temple Art / Shakti M. Gupta. Delhi: B.R. Pub. Corp.: Sales office, D.K.
Publishers Distributors, c1996.

HARRIS, John, The Artist of the Country House. A History of Country House and Garden view Painting in
Britain 1540-1870, N. Jersey, 1979.

HASSELT, Carlos van. Dessins de Paysagistes Hollandais du XVIIe Siècle, de la Collection Particulière
Conservée à l'Institut Néerlandais de Paris. Expositions. Bruxelles, Bibliothèque Albert Ier, 22 octobre-24
novembre 1968; Rotterdam, Musée Boymans-Van Beuningen, 1er décembre 1968-12 janvier 1969; Paris,
Institut néerlandais, 1er février-16 mars 1968; Berne, Musée des beaux-arts, 1er avril-11 mai 1969.
[Bruxelles, Bibliothèque royale de Belgique], 1968.

HAWES, Louis. The American Scene 1820-1900; an Exhibition of Landscape and Outdoor Genre held in
Honor of the Sesquicentennial of Indiana University. [Bloomington, Indiana University Art Museum, 1970]
Presences of Nature: British Landscape, 1780-1830, New Haven, Conn., 1982

HEMINGWAY, Andrew. Landscape Imagery and Urban Culture in Early Nineteenth-Century Britain /
Andrew Hemingway.Cambridge [England]; New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

HEMMING, Charles. British Landscape Painters: a History and Gazetteer / Charles Hemming. London:
Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1989.

HEPPER, J. N., Royal Botanic Garden Kew. Gardens for Science and Pleasure, HMSO, Londrres, 1982.

HERDEG, Walter, The Artist in the Service of Science. Der Künstler im Dienst der Wissenschaft. L'Artiste au
Service de la Science. Editor: Walter Herdeg. Zürich, W. Herdeg, The Graphis Press [c1973]
HERRMANN, Luke. British Landscape Painting of the Eighteenth Century. New York, Oxford University
Press, 1974 [c1973]

HITCHCOCK, Henry Russell, In the Nature of Materials, 1887-1941; the Buildings of Frank Lloyd Wright.
New foreword and bibliography by the author. New York, Da Capo Press, 1973 [c1942]

HODGES , Elaine R.S. .[et al.]. The Guild Handbook of Scientific Illustration New York: Van Nostrand
Reinhold, c1989.

HOLMES; C. J., Constable and his Influence in Landscape Painting, Westminster: Archibald Constable and
Co, 1902.

HOWARD, Peter, Landscapes: the Artists' Vision / Peter Howard. London; New York: Routledge, 1991.

HUNT, John Dixon, The Figure in the Landscape: Poetry, Painting, and Gardening, during the Eighteenth
Century, Baltimore, 1976
e Peter Willis(ed.) The Genius of the Place. The English Landscape 1620-1820, NY, 1975.

HUNTINGTON, David, The Landscapes of Frederic Edwin Church: Vision of an American era N. York,
1966

HUTH, Hans, Nature and the American: three Centuries of Changing Attitudes, Berkeley, 1957

HYAMS, Edward, A History of Gardens and Gardening , N. York, Praeger, 1971.

KROEBER, Karl, Romantic Landscape Vision: Constable and Wordsworth, Madison, Wis., 1975

L'Image et la Science: actes du 115e Congrès nationale des sociétés savantes, Avignon, 1990. Paris: Ed. du
CTHS, 1992

JOHNSTON, R. Stewart, Scholar Gardens of China. A Study and Analysis of the Spatial Design of the
Chineses Private Garden, Cambridge, 1991.

JON, Dennis Michael. Poetic Horizons: the Landscape Tradition in Britain, 1750-1850: Prints, Drawings,
Watercolors / Dennis Michael Jon. Minneapolis: Minneapolis Institute of Arts, c1996.

KELLY, Franklin e Gerald L. Carr, The Early Landscape of Frederic Edwin Church, 1845-1854, Forth
Worth, 1987

KEYNES, Donald D., Catherine Campbell, Robert Mcgrath e R. Stuart Wallace, The White Mountains: Place
and Perceptions, Hanover, 1980

KLONK, Charlotte. Science and the Perception of Nature: British Landscape Art in the late Eighteenth and
Early Nineteenth Centuries / Charlotte Klonk.New Haven: Published for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies
in British Art by Yale University Press, c1996.

KOKE, Richard J., American Landscape and Genre Paintings in the New-York Historical Society, Boston,
1982

LARTIGUE, Charles de. Les Paysages de Paul Cézanne / Charles de Lartigue. Lyon: Créations du Pélican,
c1995.

LAWALL, David B. Asher B. Durand: A Documentary Catalogue of the Narrative and Landscape Paintings,
N. York
LAWSON, Elizabeth. The Natural Art of Louisa Atkinson / Elizabeth Lawson. Sydney, Australia: State
Library of New South Wales Press, c1995.

LAWSON, Prebles, Robert, Landscape and Written Expression in Revolutionary America: the World turned
upside Down, N. York, 1988

LITVAK, Lily, El Tiempo de los Trenes: el Paisaje Español en el Arte y la Literatura del Realismo(1849-
1918) / Lily Litvak.1. ed. Barcelona: Ediciones del Serbal, 1991.

MACHOTKA, Pavel. Cézanne: Landscape into Art / Pavel Machotka. New Haven: London: Yale University
Press, c1996.

MACCUBBIN, Robert P. e Peter Martin(ed.), British and American Gardens in the Eighteenth Century:
Eighteen Illustrated Essays on Garden History, Williamsburg, 1984.

MADDOX, Kenneth e Susan Danly Walthers, The Railroad in the American Landscape, 1850-1950,
Wellesley, 1981

MANTHORNE, Emma, Tropical Renaissance: North American Artists Exploring Latin America, 1839-1879,
Washington, 1989

MCBURNEY, Henrietta. Mark Catesby's Natural History of America: the Watercolours from the Royal
Library, Windsor Castle / Henrietta McBurney; with an introduction by Amy R.W. Meyers. Houston, Tex.:
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, 1997.

MCKINSUY, Elizabeth, Niagara Falls: Icon of the American Sublime, N. York, 1985

MCTIGUE, Bernard, Nature Illustrated: Flowers, Plants, and Trees, 1550-1900: from the Collections of the
New York Public Library; foreword by Eleanor Perenyi. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1989.

MERCIER, André. De la Science à l'Art et à la Morale Neuchâtel, Éditions du Griffon [1950]

MERRITT, Howard, To Alk with Nature, the Drawings of Thomas Cole, Yonkers, 1982

MILLER, Angela, The Empire of the Eye. Landscape Representation and American Cultural Politics, 1825-
1875, Washington, 1993

MILLER, David (ed.), American Iconology: Situating the Image in Nineteenth-century Culture, New Haven,
1993
American Iconology: New Approaches to Nineteenth-century Art and Literature, New Haven, 1993

MILLER, Jo, Drawings of the Hudson River School, 1825-1875, Brooklyn, N.Y.] Brooklyn Museum
[1969]30 de novembro de 1997

MILLER, Naomi F. e Kathryn L. Gleason(ed.), The Archaeology of Garden and Field, Philadelphia, 1994.

MIQUEL, Pierre, Le Paysage Français au XIXe siècle / Pierre Miquel. Maurs-la-Jolie: Éditions de la
Martinelle, 1975-1985.

MOLLET, André, Le Jardin de Plaisir, Paris, 1981.

MYERS, Kenneth, The Catskills: Painters, Writers and Tourists in the Montains, 1820-1895, Yonkers, 1987

NEVIUS, Blake. Cooper's Landscapes: an Essay on the Picturesque Vision / Blake Nevius. Berkeley:
University of California Press, c1976.
NORMAN Mackenzie Art Gallery. In Search of America: 19th Century Painters and Writers; [exhibition]
Norman Mackenzie Art Gallery, October 29-November 28, 1971.[Regina? Canada, 1971]

NOUVEL-KAMMERER, Odile(direcção de ) Papiers Peints Panoramiques Paris: Musée des arts décoratifs:
Flammarion, c1990.

NOVAK, Barbara, American Painting in the Nineteenth Century, N. York, 1969

Nature and Culture. American Landscape and Painting, 1825-1875, N. York, 1980
The Natural Paradise: Painting in America, 1800-1950, N. York, 1976

NYGREN, Edward J. e al, Views and Visions: American Landscape Before 1830, Washington, 1986

Il Paesaggio nel Disegno del Cinquecento Europeo. Mostra all'Academia di Francia, Villa Medici. Roma, 20
novembre 1972-31 gennaio 1973. Roma, De Luca, 1972.

PANTHORNE, Katherine Emma, Tropical Renaissance: Norht American Artists Exploring Latin America,
1839-1879, Washington, 1989

PARRIS, Leslie. Landscape in Britain c.1750-1850. [Foreword by Sir Norman Reid. London] Tate Gallery,
1973.
e Conal Shields, Constable: the Art of Nature, London, 1971

PELUFFO LINARI, Gabriel. El Paisaje a través del Arte en el Uruguay / Gabriel Peluffo Linari.
Montevideo: Edición Galería Latina, [1994 or 1995]

PETERSON, Jeanette F. (ed.) Flora and Fauna Imagery in Precolumbian Cultures: Iconography and
Function =Imágenes de Flora y Fauna en Culturas Precolumbinas: Iconografía y Función. Oxford, England:
B.A.R., c1983.
The Paradise Garden Murals of Malinalco: Utopia and Empire in Sixteenth-Century Mexico /
Jeanette Favrot Peterson. 1st ed. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993.
Precolumbian Flora and Fauna: Continuity of Plant and Animal Themes in Mesoamerican Art / text
by Jeanette Favrot Peterson; with an essay by Judith Strupp Green; designed by Martha Longenecker. San
Diego, Calif.: Mingei International Museum of World Folk Art, c1990.

PETRUCCIOLI, Attilio(ed.), Gardens in the Time of the Great Muslin Empires. Theory and Design, Leiden,
1997.

PHILLIPS, Sandra e Linda Weintraub, Charmed Peaces: Hudson River Artists and their Houses, Studios, and
Vistas, N. York, 1988

PINAULT, Madeleine. Le Peintre et l'Histoire Naturelle / Madeleine Pinault. Paris: Flammarion, 1990.
Peintre et l'Histoire Naturelle. English The Painter as Naturalist: from Dürer to Redouté /
Madeleine Pinault; translated by Philip Sturgess. Paris : Flammarion, c1991.

PISANO, Ronald G., Long Island Landscape Painting, 1820-1920, Boston, Mass., 1985

RAGOZZINO, Anna Maria Piante e Frutta nelle Pitture Pompeiane: la Sala Pompeiana della Facoltà di
Agraria in Portici / Anna Maria Ragozzino.Salerno [Italy]: P. Laveglia, [1991]

RAVENSWAAY, Charles Van, Drawn from Nature. The Botanical Art of Joseph Prestela and his Sons,
1984.

RIOS, Gregorio de los, Agricultura de Jardines, que trata de la manera que se ha de criar, Governar, y
Conservar las Plantas, y todas las demas cosas que para esto se Requieren, Madrid, P. Madrigal, 1592,
reedição e estudo de Joaquín Fernández Pérez e Ignacio González Tascón, 1991.
REEVES, Eileen Adair. Painting the Heavens: Art and Science in the Age of Galileo / Eileen Reeves.
Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, c1997.

ROSENTHAL, Michael, British Landscape Painting, Oxford, 1982

Constable the Painter and His Landscape, New Haven, Conn., 1983

RYDELL, Robert W. All the Word's Afair: Visions of Empire at American Internacional Expositions, 1876-
1916, Chicago, 1984

RYX, Martyn, The Art of the Plant World. The Great Botanical Illustrations and their Work, NY.

SANTINI, Pier Carlo. Il Paesaggio nella Pittura Contemporanea. A cura di Pier Carlo Santini. [Milano],
Electa, [1971?].

SAUNDERS, Gill. Picturing Plants: an Analytical History of Botanical Illustration / by Gill Saunders.
London: Zwemmer in association with The Vicoria and Albert Museum; Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1995.

SHANESA, E., Turner's Picturesque Views in England and Wales, 1825-1838, London, 1979

SOLKIN, David, Richard Wilson: The Landscape of Reaction, London, Tate Gallery Catalogue, 1982

STAFFORD, Barbara Maria, Voyage into Substance: Art, Science, Nature, and the Illustrated Travel
Account, 1760-1840 / Barbara Maria Stafford. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, c1984.

STALEY, Allen, The Pre-Raphaelite Landscape, Osford, 1073

STEIN, Roger, Susquehanna: Images of the Settled Landscape, Birghamton, 1981

The Dark Side of the Landscape: The Rural Poor in English Landscape, 1730-1860, Cambridge,
1980

TAYLER, Edward W., Nature and Art in Renaissance Literature.New York, Columbia University Press,
1964.

TAYLOR, Basil, Constable: Paintings, Drawings and Watercolors, London: Phaidon Press, 1979.

THACKER, Christopher, The History of Gardens, Berkeley, 1979.

THACKRAY, John C., A Catalogue of Manuscripts and Drawings in the General Library of the Natural
History Museum, London, London ; New York: Mansell, 1995.

TOMASI, Lucia Tongiorgi, An Oak Spring. Flora Flower illustration from the Fifteenth Century to the
Present Time, Virginia, 1997.

TRABULSE, Elías. Arte y Ciencia en la Historia de México / Elías Trabulse. México, D.F.: Fomento Cultural
Banamex, A.C., c1995.

TRAPNELL, David H. (David Hallam) Nature in Art: a Celebration of 300 Years of Wildlife Paintings /
David Trapnell. Newton Abbot [England]: David & Charles, c1991.

UPTON, Richard. The Tuscan Landscapes of Richard Upton / essays by Stanley I. Grand, Fred Licht. Wilkes-
Barre, Pa.: Sordoni Art Gallery, c1997

VANDERVELL, Anthony. Game & the English Landscape: the Influence of the Chase on Sporting Art and
Scenery / Anthony Vandervell & Charles Coles; foreword by the Duke of Wellington. New York: Viking
Press; [London]: Debrett's Peerage Ltd., [1980]
VAUGHAN, William, Hans Joachim Neidhart e Helmut Borsch-Supan, Gaspar Daniel, Friederich, 1774-
1840: Romantic Landscape Painting in Dresden, london, 1972
Art and the Natural World in Nineteenth-century Britain: Three Essays /William Vaughan.
[Lawrence, Kan.]: Spencer Museum of Art, University of Kansas, c1990.

VERGARA, Lisa, Rubens and the Poetics of Landscape / Lisa Vergara. 1st ed. New Haven: Yale University
Press, c1982.

WADDINGTON, Conrad Hal, 1905-1975. Behind Appearance; a Study of the Relations between Painting
and the Natural Sciences in this Century [by] C. H. Waddington.[1st ed.] Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press
[1970, c1969]

WALLACE, David Rains, The Untamed Garden and other Personal Essays, Ohio, 1984.

WHITE, Christopher, English Lanscape, 1630-1850. Exhibition catalogue for the Yale Center for British Art.
New Haven, Conn., 1977

WOODRING, Carl, Nature into Art: Cultural Transformations in Nineteenth-century Britain / Carl
Woodring. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989.
 LITERATURA

A vaga romântica da literatura que cedo se expandiu de França até o mundo ocidental veio a colocar
o escritor e poeta próximo da Natureza. Esta corrente literária tem paralelo nos Estados Unidos com o
pastorialismo que se desenvolve a partir do século XVII. De acordo com estes as explorações são
apresentadas na primeira pessoa numa descrição real Exemplo disso são J. White, Th. Cole e George Marsh52.
O pastorialismo é uma revolta pacifica contra a Revolução Industrial.
Dois livros demarcam o romantismo americano Walde. Or Life in the Woods(1854) de Henry David
Thoreau e Moby-Dick (1851) de H. Melville. Este último é, segundo Annie Dillard, "the best book ever
written about nature"53.
Thoreau é uma referência no panorama de "nature writing". A sua obra abriu uma nova era na
valorização do mundo natural pela influência que teve. Thoreau afirmava que "a writer is the scribe of all
nature""54 e que tem como função fazer compreender a natureza. Ele é na verdade o escritor mais popular da
literatura romântica nos EUA e que influenciou com a sua obra os estudos de História Natural55. É, por isso
mesmo considerado o santo patrono dos escritores sobre o meio-ambiente americano56.
Se Thoreau merece o epíteto de patrono dos escritores da Natureza já John Muir (1813-1914) e John
Burroughs (1837-1921) estão nas origens do movimento ecológico57. Movimento que tem a sua plena
afirmação no post segunda guerra mundial, com reflexos evidentes no discurso literário58.
Na poesia americana a expressão mais evidente do romantismo é Wodsworth59. Mas note-se que a
Natureza é um constante motivo de inspiração dos poetas. Mesmo Fernando Pessoa[1888-1935] num dos seus
heterónimos não perde a oportunidade para afirmar: Além disso, fui o único poeta da natureza"60.
Nos últimos anos editaram-se diversas colectâneas destes textos agora recuperados numa perspectiva
de História do meio-ambiente61.
Em Portugal o romantismo legou-nos algumas paginas de ouro da literatura do século XIX. A
produção literária e de estudos teóricos62 envolve alguns dos nomes sonantes: que vão desde Júlio Dinis a
Almeida Garrett. É aliás o primeiro quem inaugura a escola naturalista com os Serões na Província(1870)63.

BIBLIOGRAFIA

ABBEY, Lloyd. Abbey: Selections, 1959-1989. Buffalo: GDS Inc, 1996.

52
. Don Scheese (1996), pp. 11-38.

53
. Robert Fuch (1990), p. 26.

54
. F. Setwart (1994), p. 233.

55
. L. Buell (1995), Paul Brooks (1980), A. Kazin (1988), F. Stewart (1994).

56
. L. Buell (1995), p. 115.

57
. Robert Funch (1990), p. 23.

58
. P. Schmitt (1969).

59
. J. Bate (1991), G. Rotella (1991).

60 Poemas de Alberto Caeiro, Lisboa, 1979, p.87.

61
. Donald Worster (1993), E. Heyne (1992), Joseph-Wood Kutch (1961), Lynn Merrill (1989), Harry Berger J. (1988), Leslie
Real (1991), Scott Slovic (1992), Paul Brooks (1980.

62 Eis alguns estudos: em 1884 temos Estética Naturalista de Eça de Queirós e Estética Naturalista. Estudos Críticos de Júlio Lourenço
Pinto; em 1894 A Filosofia da Natureza dos Naturalistas de Antero de Quental e Arte e Natureza de Latino Coelho.
63 Sobre o Romantismo Português veja-se: Teófilo Braga, História do Romantismo em Portugal, Lisboa, 1984(fac-símile da ed. de
1880); José Augusto França, O Romantismo em Portugal, Lisboa., 1993; Maria Aparecida Ribeiro, História Crítica da Literatura
Portuguesa. Vol. VI. Realismo e Romantismo, Lisboa, 1994.
ABRAMS, M.H., The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition, New York: Norton,
1953

ABU-JABER, Diana. “Jersey Sky.” American Nature Writing Newsletter 6.1 (1994): 7.

ADAMS, Eric. Francis Danby: Varieties of Poetic Landscape. New Haven, Published for the Paul Mellon
Centre for Studies in British Art by Yale University Press, 1973.

ALBERTI, Solieri and Tsetsi, "La città sostenibile. Analisi, scenari e proposte per un'ecologia urbana in
Europa". Published by Angeli in 'Ambiente e Società', section 1, no. 10, 1994.

ALCÁZAR V., Reinaldo. Paisaje y Novela en Bolivia [La Paz] Difusión [1973]

ALCOCER, Francisco, fl. 1578. Ecología e Historia: Probanzas de Indios y Españoles Referentes a las
Catastróficas Lluvias de 1578, en los Corregimientos de Trujillo y Saña / Francisco Alcocer; versión
paleográfica y comentarios, Lorenzo Huertas Vallejos. Chiclayo, Perú: CES Solidaridad, 1987.

ALCORN, John, The Nature Novel from Hardy to Lawrence, Nw York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1977.

ADDISON, Jeanne. The Shakespearean Wild: Geography, Genus, and Gender. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P,
1991.

ALEXIE, Sherman, The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press,
1993)

ALLEN, Katharine. The Treatment of Nature in the Poetry of the Roman Republic. (Exclusive of Comedy).
Madison, Wis., 1899.

ALLEN, Paula Gunn. Voice of the Turtle: American Indian Literature, 1900-1970. New York: Ballantine,
1994.

AMENDOLA, G. e B. Roffi,"Ambiente e Territorio". Published by Pirola, 1994.

ANDERSON, Chris, and Lex Runciman. A Forest of Voices: Reading and Writing the Environment.
Mountain View, CA: Mayfield, 1995.

AL-MADANI, Yusur Wajeeh. “Errand to the Center: The Archetypal Journey Image in Thoreau, Poe, and
Melville.” DAI 43 (1983). A nostalgia do Paraíso na literatura séc. XIX

AMIDON, Elias. Earth Prayers from Around the World: 365 Prayers, Poems, and Invocations. San
Francisco: HarperCollins, 1991

ANAYA, Rudolfo. The Anaya Reader (New York: Warner Books, 1995).

ANDERSON, Chris, e Lex Runciman. A Forest of Voices: Reading and Writing the Environment. Mountain
View: Mayfield Pub., 1995.

ANDERSON, Lorraine. Sisters of the Earth: Women’s Prose and Poetry About Nature. New York: Vintage,
1991. Colectânea de textos desde séc. XIX.

ANDREWS, Roy Chapman, ed., My Favorite Stories of the Great Outdoors: Nature Lovers Treasury.
N.Y.:Greystone 1950

ANDRUSS, Van, Christopher Plant, Judith Plant, e Eleanor Wright, eds. Home: A Bioregional Reader.
Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 1990.
APPLEWHITE, James. “Postmodernist Allegory and the Denial of Nature.” Kenyon Review New Series 11,
no. 1 (Winter 1989): 1-17.

ARANT, Tommy Joe. “House Made of Dawn and the Social Context of Contemporary Native American
Literature.” DAI 52 (1992): 3278-.

ASIMOV, Isaac e Jason A. Shulman Isaac Asimov's Book of Science and Nature Quotations. 1st ed. New
York : Weidenfeld & Nicolson, c1988.

ASLESON, Robyn, Dialogue with Nature: Landscape and Literature in Nineteenth-Century America /Robyn
Asleson, Barbara Moore. Washington, D.C.: Corcoran Gallery of Art, 1985.

ATKINSON, Geoffroy, 1892-1960. Le Sentiment de la Nature et le Retour à la Vie Simple (1690-1740),

Genève, Droz, 1960.

ATTFIELD, Robin e Andrew Belsey. Philosophy and the Natural Environment, Cambridge [England]; New
York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, c1994.

AUSTIN, Mary, & John Muir, Writing the Western Landscape Ann H. Zwinger, ed. (Boston: Beacon Press,
1994)

BAGBY, George F., Frost and the Book of Nature / George F. Bagby. Knoxville: University of Tennessee
Press, 1993.

BAKELESS, John, The Eyes of Discovery. Phila.: Lippincott, 1950

BALLOON, Victoria Ann. “Letting the Ape and the Tiger Die: The Man/Animal Dichotomy in Three Works
of American Literature, 1906-1914.” DAI 32 (1994).

BANERJEE, Dharmadas. “Nature Imagery in Siegfried Sassoon’s War Poetry.” Panjab U Research Bulletin
21 (1990).

BANERJEE, Soma. “Mirroring the Land: Nature Poetry in Australian Literature.” Commonwealth Review 2
(1990-91).

BARBOUR, Ian G., ed, Western Man and Environmental Ethics. Reading Pa.: Addison, 1973

BARCLAY, Donald A., James H. Maguire, and Peter Wild. Into the Wilderness Dream: Exploration
Narratives of the American West. Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 1994. Colectânea de textos

BARCOTT, Bruce (ed.). Northwest Passages: A Literary Anthology of the Pacific Northwest from Coyote
Tales to Roadside Attractions. Seattle: Sasquatch, 1994-1995.

BARNARD, Anne. “A North American Connection: Women in Prairie Novels.” Great Plains Quarterly 14.1
(1994): 21-28.

BARNES, T. and J. Duncan, eds. Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text and Metaphor in the Representation of
Landscape. (London: Routledge, 1992).

BARNIE, J. “Poetry and the New Nature.” Poetry Wales 26 (1990).

BARON, Robert C. and Elizabeth Darby Junkin eds., Of Discovery and Destiny: an Anthology of American
Writers and the American Land. Golden Colo.: Fulcrum Press, 1986
BARRELL, John, The Idea of Landscape and a Sense of Place, 1730-1840: An Approach to the Poetry of
John Clare, Cambridge, Eng., 1972/Cambridge, Univ. Press, 1983

BATE, Jonathan, “Wordsworth, Ruskin, and the Moral of Landscape.” Literature and Belief 10 (1990).
Romantic Ecology: Wordsworth and the Environmental Tradition. London: Routledge, 1991.

BATES, Marston, The Nature of Natural History. N.Y.: Scribner's, 1950

BATEY, Mavis. Jane Austen and the English Landscape, London: Barn Elms; Chicago, Ill.: Chicago Review
Press, 1996.

BATTEN, , Charles L., Pleasurable Instruction. Form and Convention in Eighteenth-Century Travel
Literature, Berkeley, 1978.

BAUER, Michel Wayne. “Romantic Naturalism in the American Essay: The Formation and Evolution of a
Literary Tradition.” DAI 53 (July 1992): 148-A.

BAUMANN, Helmut. Die Griechische Pflanzenwelt in Mythos, Kunst und Literatur / Hellmut [sic] Baumann.
München: Hirmer, c1982.

BAYM, Nina. “Melodramas of Beset Manhood: How Theories of American Fiction Exclude Woman
Authors.” American Quarterly 33, no. 2 (Summer 1981): 123-39.

BEACH, Joseph Warren, 1880-1957. The Concept of Nature in Nineteenth-century English Poetry, New
York, The Macmillan Company, 1936.

BEARLY, Beverly Simmons, ed., Treat the Earth Gently: the Friendship of Man and Nature in

BECKER, John E. “A Concealed Totality: Science and Poetry in The Essays of Stephen Jay Gould.”
Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal 74.3-4 (1991): 559-579.

BEEBE, William, ed., The Book of Naturalists. an Anthology of the Best Natural History. N.Y.:

BEGEIBING, Robert J. and Owen Grumbling, eds. The Literature of Nature: The British and American
Traditions. Medford, NJ: Plexis, l993-1994. Poemas e textos sobre o mundo natural desde séc. XIX

BEEGEL , by Susan F., Susan Shillinglaw, Wesley N. Tiffney, Jr (ed.), Steinbeck and the Environment:
Interdisciplinary Approaches / with a foreword by Elaine Steinbeck. Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama
Press, c1997.

BEHRONDT, Stephen C. (ed.), History and Myth: Essays on English Romantic Literature, Detroit, 1990

BEIGEL, Jennifer. “Literature and the Living World: Environmental Education in the English Classroom.”
ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 2.2 (1995).

BELLANCA, Mary Ellen. “Gerard Manley Hopkins’s Journal and the Poetics of Natural History.” Modern
Language Association Convention. Chicago, IL, 1995.

BENDER, Robert. “A Sense of Place in the Work of Marge Piercy.” Ways of Knowing: Essays on Marge
Piercy. Ed. Sue Walker e Eugenie Hammer.Mobile, AL: Negative Capability, 1991.

BENEDIKTSSON, Thomas E. “Montana Ecologue: The Pastoral Art of William Stafford.” World, Self,
Poem: Essays on Contemporary Poetry from the “Jubilation of Poets”. Ed. Leonard M. Trawick. Kent, OH:
Kent State UP, 1990.
BENJAMIN, Kay. “A Wild Delight: The Art and Style of Nature Writing.” Sharp Eyes: Proceedings of a
Conference on John Burroughs and Environmental Writing. Ed. C. Z. Walker, K.D. Benjamin, e G. Dunham.
New York: State University College of New York at Oneonta, 1995. 86-91.

BENN, Sheila Margaret, Pre-romantic Attitudes to Landscape in the Writings of Friedrich Schilller, Berlin ;
New York : W. de Gruyter, 1991.

BENNETT, G.F. and J.C. Bennett, Environmental Literature: a Bibliography, Park Ridge, N.J.: Noyes Data
Corporation

BENNETT, P. “Late 19th Century Women’s Nature Poetry and the Evolution of the Imagist Poem.” Legacy 9
(1992).

BERES, Nancy, Mitzi Chandler, Russell Dalton, eds., Island of Rivers: an Anthology Celebrating 50 years of
Olympic National Park. Seattle, Wash.: Pacific Northwest National Parks and Forests

BERGON, Frank, ed. The Wilderness Reader. New York: New American Library, 1980.”Wilderness
Aesthetics.” American Literary History 9.1 (1997):128+
Shoshone Mike. Reno: U of Nevada P, 1994. Novela
Wild Game. Reno: University of Nevada P., 1995.

BERRY, Wendell. "Poetry and Place." Standing by Words, San Francisco:North Point Press, 1983.

BESS, Jennifer. “Remodeling Eden in Early Modern Travel Narratives, Science and Poetry.” DAI 56
(November 1995), 1995.

THE BEST Nature Writing of Joseph Wood Krutch, Salt Lack City, 1949-1970.

BEUNAT, Nathalie. “Nature vs. Culture in Dashiell Hammett’s Nightmare Town.” Clues: A Journal of
Detection 15.1 (1994): 53-58.

BEWELL, William, Wordsworth and the Age of Enlightenment, New Haven: Yale University Press, c1989

BEVIS, William W. “Region, Power, Place.” Reading the West; New Essays on the Literature of the
American West. Ed. Michael Kowalewski. New York: Cambridge UP, 1996.

BIESE, Alfred, 1856-1930, The Development of the Feeling for Nature in the Middle Ages and Modern
Times, London, G. Routledge & Sons, ltd.; New York, E.P. Dutton & Co., 1905.

BLACK, Ralph W. “W.S. Merwin and the Nature of Nature.” American Nature Writing Newsletter 5 (1993).
“From Concord Out: Henry David Thoreau and the Natural Sublime.” ISLE: Interdisciplinary
Studies in Literature and Environment 2.1 (1994): 65-75.

BLACKBURN, Alexander, e C. Kenneth Pellow, eds. Higher Elevations: Stories from the West; A Writers’
Forum Anthology. Athens: Ohio UP, 1993.

BLEW, Mary Clearman, Balsamroot: A Memoir (New York: Viking, 1994)

-, Runaway: A Collection of Stories (Lewiston: Confluence Press, 1990)

BLUNDEN, Edmund, 1896-1974. Nature in English Literature. London, L. & Virginia Woolf, 1929.

BLY, Robert ed., News of the Universe: Poems of Twofold Consciousness. San Francisco,1980.

BONDS, Diane S. “The Language of Nature in the Poetry of Mary Oliver.” Women’s Studies 21 (1992).

BONE, Drummond. “Shelley, Wordsworth, and Byron: The Detail of Nature.” Wordsworth Circle 23 (1992).
BONTA, Marcia Myers, ed. American Women Afield: Writings by Pioneering Women Naturalists. College
Station: Texas A&M UP, 1991-1995.

BOOTH, Edward Townsend, God Made the Country. N.Y.: Knopf 1946.

BORLAND, Hal ed., Our Natural World: the Land and Wildlife of America as Seen and Described
Brattleboro, Vt.Stephen Daye Press 1939

BOSSARD, Timothy Dean. “Cape Cod: Thoreau’s Experiment in Human Culture.” DAI 54 (1994).

BOUDREAU, Gordon V., The Roots of Walden and the Tree of Life. Nashville : Vanderbilt University Press,
1990.

BRADLEY, John, ed. Atomic Ghost: Poets Respond to the Nuclear Age. Minneapolis: Coffee House Press,
1995.

BRAHMA, Gourikumar. Odia shityare prakrti = Nature Painting in Oriya Literature / Gaurikumara Brahma.
Kataka : Buks enda Buks, 1978.

BRANCH, Michael. “Ecocriticism: Surviving Institutionalization in the Academic Environment.” ISLE:

Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 2.1 (1994): 91-99.
“Ecocriticism: The Nature of Nature in Literary Theory and Practice.” Weber Studies 11.1 (1994):
41-55.
“You Say You Want a Revolution? Environmental Reform in the Literature of the 1860’s and
1960’s.” Nobody Gets Off the Bus: The Viet Nam Generation Big Book Woodbridge, CT: Viet Nam
Generation Inc., 1994.

BRANTLEY, Richard E. Coordinates of Anglo-American Romanticism: Wesley, Edwards, Carlyle and

Emerson. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1993.

BROOKS, Paul, The Pursuit of Wilderness. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971

Speaking for Nature: How Literary Naturalists from Henry Thoreau to Rachel Carson Have Shaped
America. Boston:Houghton Mifflin, 1980.
The House of Life: Rachel Carson at Work and Selections from her Writings. New York: Houghton
Mifflin, 1994.

BROPHY, Robert J., Robinson Jeffers: Myth, Ritual and Symbol in his Narrative Poems. Hamden, Conn.:
Case Western Reserve Univ. Pr. 1973

BROWER, David, ed., Wilderness: America's Living Heritage: San Francisco: Sierra Club 1961

BROWN, David, e Neil Carmony. Aldo Leopold’s Wilderness: Selected Early Writings by the Author of “A
Sand County Almanac”. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole, 1990.

BRYAN, John Thomas Ingram, 1868-1953. The Interpretation of Nature in English Poetry, Tokyo :
Kaitakusha, 1932.

BRYANT, Paul T. “Echoes, Allusions and Reality in Hayduke Lives!” Western American Literature 25.4
(1991
“The Structure and Unity of Desert Solitaire.” Western American Literature 28.1 (1993): 3-19.
Estudo sobre Abbey

BUELL, Lawrence, The Environmental Imagination: Thoreau, Nature Writing, and the Formation of
American Culture (Cambridge: Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1994-1995)
BUGGE HANSEN, Niels. That Pleasant Place. The Representation of Ideal Landscape in English Literature
from the 14th to the 17th Century. Kobenhavn, Akademisk Forlag, Eksp.:DBK, 1973.

BÜHLER, Pierre, Présence, Sentiment et Rhétorique de la Nature dans la Littérature Latine de la France
Médiévale de la fin de l'Antiquité au XIIe Siècle: Introduction à l'Etude d'un Mouvement Esthétique, Paris:
Honoré Champion, 1995.

BUMP, Jerome. “Poet of Nature.” Critical Essays on Gerard Manley Hopkins. Ed. Alison G. Sulloway.
Boston: G. K. Hall, 1990.

BURGESS, Cheryll Anne. “Out-of-Doors: Representations of Nature in Sarah Orne Jewett, Willa Cather, and
Eudora Welty.” DAI 51 (March 1991): 3071-
“Nature in Women’s Writing: Whose Footsteps to Follow.” American Nature Writing Newsletter
4.1 (1992): 8-9.

BURR, Cornelia Ann. “Perceptions of the Landscape in Twentieth Century American Literature: Landscapes
from Four American Regional Writers.” DAI 55 (1994).

BURROWS, Russell. “Wallace Stegner’s Version of Pastoral.” Western American Literature 25.1 (1990): 15-
25.

BUSHNELL, Nelson S., A Walk After John Keats. N.Y.: Farrar and Rinehart.

BUTLER, Douglas R. “Norman Maclean’s A River Runs Through It: Word, Water, and Text.” Critique:
Studies in Contemporary Fiction 33.4 (1992): 263-73.

BUTLER, James R., e Elaine Butler. “Kindred Spirits: The Relationship between John Burroughs and John
Muir.” Sharp Eyes: Proceedings of a Conference on John Burroughs and Environmental Writing. Ed. C.Z.
Walker, K.D. Benjamin, e G. Dunham. New York: State University of New York at Oneonta, 1995. 22-36.

CALLENBACH, Ernest, Ecoptopia: The Notebooks and Reports of William Weston (Berkeley: Banyan Tree
Books, 1975)

CALLICOTT, J. Baird ed., Companion to A Sand County Almanac: interpretive and critical essays. Madison,
Wisconsin: Univ. of Wisc. Pr. 1987

CALLICOTT, J. Baird e Roger T. Ames(ed.), Nature in Asian traditions of thought: essays in environmental
philosophy: State University of New York Press, c1989.

CAMPBELL, Sue Ellen. “The Land and Language of Desire: Where Deep Ecology and Poststructuralism
Meet.” Western American Literature 24 (November 1989): 199-211.
“Feasting in the Wilderness: The Language of Food in American Wilderness Narratives.” American
Literary History 6 (1994):1-23.

CAPITAN, Colette. La nature à l'ordre du jour, 1789-1793 / Colette Capitan. Paris: Kimé, c1993.

CARLIN, John. “Metaphors of Vision: The Mediation of Self and Nature Through Language in the Work of
Ralph Waldo Emerson, Thomas Cole, Emily Dickinson, Walt Whitman, and Thomas Eakins.” DAI 47 (1987).

CARLSON, Douglas (Guest Editor). “Focus on Nature Writing.” Georgia Review 47.1 (1993).

CARSON, Gerald, Man, Beasts and Gods: a History of Cruelty and Kindness to Animals. N.Y.: Scribner's
1972

CASSUTO, David N. “Dripping Dry: Literature, Politics and Water in the Desert Southwest.” DAI 55 (1994).
CASTANIER, Chris. “Roadworks: The Open Frontier in American Literature of Travel.” DAI 53 (June
1993): 4318-A.

CAVALIERO, Glen, The Rural Trdition in the English Novel 1900-1939, N. york: Macmillan, 1977.

CHARLIER, Gustave, 1885-, Le Sentiment de la Nature chez les Romantiques Français. Paris, Fontemoing et
Cie, 1912.

CHARLTON, Donald Geoffrey. New Images of the Natural in France: a Study in European Cultural History,
1750-1800,Cambridge, [Cambridgeshire]; New York; Cambridge University Press, 1984.

CHENETIER, Marc. “Tinkering, Extravagance: Thoreau, Melville, and Annie Dillard.” Critique: Studies in
Contemporary Fiction 31.3 (1990): 157-72

CHENEY, Donald. Spenser's Image of Nature; Wild Man and Shepherd in The Faerie Queene. New Haven,
Yale University Press, 1966.

CHENEY, Jim. “Postmodern Environmental Ethics: Ethics as Bioregional Narrative.” Environmental Ethics
11 (Summer 1989): 117-134.

CHRISTIE, John e Sally Shuttleworth, Nature Transfigured: Science and Literature, 1700-1900. Manchester,
UK; New York: Manchester University Press ; New York NY, USA :Distributed exclusively in the USA and
Canada by St. Martin's Press, 1989.

CINCOTTA, Héctor Dante. El Tiempo y la Naturaleza en la Obra de Ricardo E. Molinari.Bs. As. [i.e.
Buenos Aires]: Corregidor, c1992.

CLARKE, Joni Adamson. “A Place to See: Ecological Literary Theory and Practice.” DAI 56 (November
1995).

CLOUGH, Wilson Ober, The Necessary Earth; Nature and Solitude in American literature, Austin,
University of Texas Press [1964]

CLOW, Deborah, e Donald Snow. Northern Lights: A Selection of New Writing from the American West.
New York: Vintage, 1994

COFFIN, Robert P. Tristram, On the Green Carpet. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill: 1951

COHEN, Michael P. “Response to Branch’s ‘Ecocriticism.’” ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and
Environment 2.1 (1994): 105-109.
The Pathless Way: John Muir and American Wilderness. Madison, Wisconsin: U of Wisconsin P,
1984.

COKINOS, Christopher. “A Hawk in the Margin’s Cage: Robinson Jeffers and the Norton Anthologies.”
ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 1.2 (1993): 25-44.
“After the Obit: The Greening of Contemporary American Poetry.” American Nature Writing
Newsletter 5 (1993).
“Gaia, Shiva, Poetry.” American Nature Writing Newsletter 6.1 (1994): 5-6.

COLLIGAN-TAYLOR, Karen. The Emergence of Environmental Literature in Japan. New York : Garland,
1990.

COLLINS, Henry Hill ed.,The American Year: Nature Across America Through the four Seasons as
Observed by the Great Writers and Naturalists of Past and Present. New York, Putnam [1961]

COMMAGER, Steele. The Odes of Horace: a Critical Study, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995.
CONSTABLE, John, John Constable's Correspondence, ed. de R. B. Beckett, 6 vols, Ipswitch: Suffolk
Records Society, 1962-70

COOK, Martha. “Nikki Giovanni: Place and Sense of Place in Her Poetry.” Southern Women Writers: The
New Generation. Ed. Tonette Bond Inge. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 1990.

COOLEY, John. Earthly Words: Essays on Contemporary American Nature and Environmental Writers. Ann
Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1994.

COOPER, John Charles. “Three Poems for Thomas Merton: Fourth Street Rapture; I will flee to the Dharma,
I will flee to the Sangha, I will fless to the Buddha; and a Thai Translation.” Merton Seasonal 20.2 (Spring
1995): 12-14.

CORNELIA, William Barnabas, The Classical Sources of the Nature References in Ronsard's Poetry, New
York Columbia University [c1934

CORNELL, Daniel. “A Vision of Stewardship: Wendell Berry’s Ecological Ethic.” Literature and Belief 12
(1992).

CORNWELL, Margery. “’A Bird in the Hand is a Certainty, but a Bird in the Bush May Sing’: Description of
a Literature Course About Humans and Nature Using a Curriculum of Inclusion.” ISLE: Interdisciplinary
Studies in Literature and Environment 2.1 (1994): 123-139.

COURON, John, The American Landscape: A Critical Anthrology of Prose and Poetry, N. York, 1974

CRONON, William. "A Place for Stories: Nature, History, and Narrative.", The Journal of American History
78 (March 1992): 1347-1376.

CRONYN, George W., ed., American Indian Poetry. an Anthology of Songs and Chants. Introduction by
Mary Austin. N.Y.: Liveright 1934

DAGGY, Robert E. “Choirs of Millions: Thomas Merton and God’s Creatures.” Merton Seasonal16.3 (1991):
11-17.
“Thomas Merton: The Desert Call.” Merton Seasonal 18.2 (1993): 8-15.

DANA, Elizabeth. “Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings’s Linguistic Mirror of Nature: An Ecological Criticism.” DAI
30 (Fall 1992): 481.

DASSOW, Laura. Seeing new Worlds: Henry David Thoreau and Nineteenth-century natural science,
Madison, Wis.; London: University of Wisconsin Press, c1995.

DAVID ELLISTON, Allen, The Naturalist in Britain: A Social History (London: Allen Lane, 1976).

DAVIDSON, Arnold E. Coyote Country: Fictions of the Canadian West. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1994.

DAVIS, H.L., Collected Essays and Short Stories (Moscow: University of Idaho Press, 1986)

DAVIS, William Paul. “The ‘Lords’ and ‘Witnesses’ of Creation: Mythologizing and Demythologizing
Nature in American Literature.” DAI 51 (September 1990): 850-A.

DAWSON, CARL, Victorian Noon: English Literature in 1850, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1979).

DEAN, Bradley P., ed. Faith in a Seed: The Dispersion of Seeds and Other Natural History Writings. By
Henry D. Thoreau. Washington, D. C.: Island/Shearwater, 1993.
DEAN, Thomas K. “Teaching Leslie Marmon Silko as Nature Writer.” American Nature Writing Newletter
6.2 (1994): 15-16.

DECKER, William Merrill. “The Wild, the Divine, and the Human Word: Rereading Wendell Berry.” North
Dakota Quarterly 59 (1991).

DE LANOYE, Ferdinand, The Sublime in Nature: Complied from the Descriptions of Travellers and
Celebrated Writers,. N.Y.: Scribner, Armstrong 1875

DEMING, Alison Hawthorne. Science and Other Poems. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1994.

DEVINE, Maureen. Woman and Nature: Literary Reconceptualizations.Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press,
1992.

DICKERSON, Lynn. “Elements of 19th-Century Romanticism in Contemporary Forest Management

Practices.” Journal of Forestry 93.9 (1995): 36-40.

DIETRICH, Deborah Jean. “Into The Woods: The Evolution of the Journey Narrative In Early American
Literature, 1620-1744.” DAI 53 (September 1992): 809-A.

DILLARD, Annie, The Living (New York: Harper Collins, 1992)

DILLINGHAM, William B. Melville’s Later Novels. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1995.

DILLMAN, Richard. Essays on Henry David Thoreau: Rhetoric, Style, and Audience. West Cornwall, CT:
Locust Hill, 1993.

Discovery: Great Moments in the Lives of Outstanding Naturalists. Wood Engravings by Thomas W. Nason,
Phila.: Lippincott, 1961

DIXON, Melvin. Ride Out the Wilderness: Geography and Identity in Afro-American Literature. Urbana,
Illinois: U of Illinois P, 1987.

DOBSON, Andrew, ed. The Green Reader: Essays Toward A Sustainable Society. San Francisco: Mercury,
1991. Temas: "The Green Critique" (E. F. Schumacher, Garrett Hardin, Fritjof Capra, David Ehrenfeld,
Murray Bookchin, among others); "The Green Society" (Kirkpatrick Sale, Judith Plant, etc.); "Green
Economics"; "Green Political Strategies" ( Petra Kelly, Aldous Huxley, David Foreman, Edward Abbey etc.);
e "Green Philosophy" (Aldo Leopold, Arne Naess, Carolyn Merchant, James Lovelock, etc.).

DODD, Wayne. “Art and Nature: Essays by Contemporary Writers.” Ohio Review 49 (1993). Numero
especial dedicado à Arte e Natureza.

DOIG, Ivan, The Sea Runners (Atheneum, 1982)

This House of Sky: Landscapes of a Western Mind (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978)

DOUGLAS, David, “Journals and Letters of David Douglas,” The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society
5:215-271 (1904), 5:325-369 (1904), 6:76-97 (1905), 6:206-227 (1905), 6:288-309 (1905), 6:417-449 (1905)

DOYLE, Helen MacKnight, Mary Austin: Woman of Genius. N.Y.: Gotham House 1939

DUFOUR-KOWALSKA, Gabrielle. Caspar David Friedrich: aux Sources de l'Imaginaire Romantique /

Gabrielle Dufour-Kowalska. Lausanne, Suisse: L'Age d'homme, c1992.

DUNCAN, David James, The River Why (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1983)
DUNLAP, Thomas R. “Nature Literature and Modern Science.” Environmental History Review 14 (1990).

DUPUY, Edward J. Autobiography in Walker Percy: Repetition, Redemption, and Recovery. Baton Rouge:
Louisiana State UP, 1995.

DURRENBERGER, Robert W., Environment And Man: A Bibliography. Palo Alto: National Press Books
1970

DWYER, Jim. Earth Works: An Annotated Bibliography of Recommended Fiction and Nonfiction about
Nature and the Environment for Adults and Young Adults. Neal-Schuman 1996.

EBBATSON, Roger. Lawrence and the Nature Tradition: a Theme in English Fiction, 1859-1914, Brighton,
Sussex : Harvester Press; Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1980.

E.D.H. Johnson, The Poetry of Earth: A Collection of English Nature Writings (New York: Atheneum, 1966)
(ed.) American Environmentalism: Readings in Conservation History. 3rd. ed. New York: McGraw,
1990.

ELDER, John, Imagining the Earth: Poetry and the Vision of Nature. 2nd ed.,Athens: University of Georgia
Press, 1985 e1996.

ELLIOTT, Brian Robinson, The Landscape of Australian Poetry, by Brian Elliott. Melbourne, Canberra [etc.]
Cheshire [1967]

EGAN, Timothy, The Good Rain: Across Time and Terrain in the Pacific Northwest (New York: Knopf,
1990)

EKIRSCH, Arthur, Man and Nature in America. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska, 1973

ELDER, John C. Imagining the Earth: Poetry and the Vision of Nature.Urbana: U of Illinois P. 1985.
“John Muir and the Literature of Wilderness.” Massachusetts Review 22 (June 1981): 375-86.
e Hertha Wong. Family of Earth and Sky: Indigenous Tales from Around the World. New York:
Beacon, 1994.
ed. American Nature Writers. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribners’ Sons Reference Books, 1996.
“Mary Oliver’s Question.” American Nature Writing Newletter 5 (1993).
Following the Brush. Boston: Beacon, 1992.
Imagining the Earth: Poetry and the Vision of Nature. 2nd ed. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1996.

ELKINS, Andrew. “The Ecological Vision of Thomas Hornsby Ferril.” Western American Literature 27.2
(1992): 109-120.

EL-SHARIF, Nabil Mahmoud. “Ecological Themes in the Poetry of A.R. Ammons, Allen Ginsberg, and Gary
Snyder.” DAI 44 (1984).

EMERSON, Ralph Waldo, e Henry David Thoreau. “Nature” and “Walking”. Boston: Beacon, 1991.

ENGEL, Leonard, ed., The Big Empty: Essays on Western Landscapes as Narrative (Albuquerque: University
of New Mexico Press, 1994)
“Landscape and Place in Tony Hillerman’s Mysteries.” Western American Literature 28.2 (1993):
111-122.

ENSTICE, Andrew. Thomas Hardy, Landscapes of the Mind, London: Macmillan, 1979.

ERISMAN, Fred. “Farmer Boy: The Forgotton ‘Little House’ Book.” Western American Literature 28.2
(1993): 123-130.
EVANS, Pauline Rush, ed., Good Housekeeping's Best Book of Nature Stories Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:
Prentice Hall 1957

EVERSON, William, Archetype West: the Pacific Coast as a Literary Region. Berkeley, Calif.: Oyez 1976
Face of North America: the Natural History of a Continent. N.Y.: Harper 1963

EYSTUROY, Annie O. This Is about Vision: Interviews with Southwestern Writers. Albuquerque: U of New
Mexico P, 1990.

FAIRSBANK, Carol, Prairie Women: Images in American and Candian Fiction, New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1986.

FALK, Marcia. “Strange Plant: Nature and Spirituality in the Poetry of Zelda. A Translator’s Reading.”
Religion and Literature 23 (1991).

FALK., Robert, Literature and Ideas in America: Essays in Memory of Harry Hayden Clark [Athens] : Ohio
University Press, c1975.

FALKENSTEIN, Linda Anne. “The Simulated Wilderness in the Contemporary American Novel.” DAI 52
(May 1992): 3927-

FARRELL, Kate. Art and Nature: An Illustrated Anthology of Nature Poetry. New York: Metropolitan
Museum of Art, 1992.

FARRIS, Sara. “Woman Writing Nature: Creating an Ecofeminist Praxis.” DAI 53 (1993).

FAUROT, Margaret. Hardy’s Topographical Lexicon and the Canon of Intent: A Reading of the Poetry. New
York: Peter Lang, 1990.

FEINGOLD, Richard. Nature and Society: Later Eighteenth-century Uses of the Pastoral and Georgic
/Richard Feingold.New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, c1978.

FELCH, Susan M. “Nature as Emblem: Natural Images in T.S. Eliot’s Early Poetry.” Yeats Eliot Review: A
Journal of Criticism and Scholarship 11 (1992).

FEROE, Paul, ed., Silent Voices: Recent American Poems on Nature, St.Paul Minn.: Ally Press, 1978

FETTERLEY, Judith. “Nineteenth-Century Literary Regionalism.” College English 56.8 (1994).

FITTER, Chris. Poetry, Space, Landscape: Toward a new Theory. Cambridge [England]; New York, NY,
USA: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

FINCH, G.L. “Larkin, Nature, and Romanticism.” Critical Survey 3 (1991).

FINCH, Robert e Elder, John, The Norton Book of Nature Writing, N. York, 1990

FINE, David. “Running Out of Space: Vanishing Landscapes in California Novels.” Western American
Literature 26.3 (1991): 209-218.

FLADER, Susan L., Thinking Like a Mountain: Aldo Leopold and the Evolution of an Ecological Attitude
toward Deer, Wolves, and Forests. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Pr., 1978

FLADER, Susan L., e J. Baird Callicott, eds. The River of the Mother of God and Other Essays. By Aldo
Leopold. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1991.

FLEHARTY, Eugene D. Wild Animals and Settlers on the Great Plains. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1995.
FLETCHER, Pauline, Gardens and Grim Ravines: the Language of Landscape in Victorian Poetry,
Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, c1983

FOERSTER, Norman, Nature in American Literature: Studies in the Modern View of Nature. 1923 N.Y.:
Russell, 1958
From these Beginnings: a Biological Approach to American History. N.Y.: Harper and Row 1984

FOLEY, Andrew. “A Sense of Place in Contemporary White South African English Poetry.” English in
Africa 19 (1992).

FOSTER, Emily, ed. The Ohio Frontier: An Anthology of Early Writings. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1996.

FOUCHÉCOUR, C. H. de. La Description de la Nature dans la Poésie Lyrique Persane du XIe Siècle;
Inventaire et Analyse des Thèmes. Paris, C. Klincksieck, 1969.

FOUQUET, Daniel, Yves Stalloni.Textes & Documents sur la Nature, Paris: Ellipses, c1990.

FOX, Stephen, John Muir and hisLegacy The American Conservation Movement, Boston, 1981-1990

FOX, William L., ed. Tumblewords: Reading and Writing the West. Reno: U of Nevada P, 1995.

FREDERICKS, Nancy. Melville’s Art of Democracy. Athens: University of Georgia P, 1995.

FREEMAN, Martha, ed. Always, Rachel: The Letters of Rachel Carson and Dorothy Freeman, 1952-1964.
Boston: Beacon P, 1995.

FRITZELL, Peter A. Nature Writing and America: Essays Upon a Cultural Type. Ames: Iowa State UP,
1990.

FULMAR, Hal W., and Carl L. Kell. “A Sense of Place, A Spirit of Adventure: Implications for the Study of
Regional Rhetoric.” Rhetoric Society Quarterly 20.3 (1990): 225-32.

GAFFNEY, Carmel. “’The Green Singer’: Neilson’s Pastoral Poetry.” Southerly: A Review of Australian
Literature 54.2 (1994): 82-96.

GALVIN, Brendan. “The Contemporary Poet and the Natural World.” Georgia Review 47.1 (1993): 130-144.

GANGEWERE, Robert J. ed., The Exploited Eden: Literature on the American Environment. N.Y.: Harper,
1972

GARB, Yaakov Jerome. “How Scientific Accounts Appeal to Their Authors and Readers: A Case Study in
the Nature Writing of Loren Eiseley.” DAI 54 (1994). Gates, Paul W. Agriculture and the Civil War. New
York: Knopf, 1965.

GEIKIE, Archibald, Sir, 1835-1924. The Love of Nature Among the Romans during the later Decades of the
Republic and the first Century of the Empire, by Sir Archibald Geikie..London, J. Murray, 1912.
Types of Scenery and their Influence on Literature,. London, New York, Macmillan, 1898.

GIFFORD, Terry. “Saccharine or Echo Soundings? Notions of Nature in Seamus Heaney’s ‘Station Island.’”
New Welsh Review 3 (1990).
Green Voices: Understanding Contemporary Nature Poetry. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995.

GILLIAM, Ann, ed.,Voices For The Earth: a Treasury of the Sierra Club Bulletin 1893-1977, San Francisco:
Sierra Club, 1979
GISH, Robert Franklin. Songs of My Hunter Heart: A Western Kinship. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico P,
1994.
When Coyote Howls: A Lavaland Fable. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico P, 1994.

GLACKEN, Clarence, Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient
Times to the end of the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley:Univ. of California Press 1976

GLOTFELTY, Cheryll Burgess. “Western, Yes, But is it Literature?: Teaching Ronald Lanner’s The Pinion
Pine.” Western American Literature 27.4 (1993): 301-310.

GLOTFELTY, Cheryll, and Harold Fromm, eds. The Ecocriticism Reader. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1995 e
1996.

GODE-VON AESCH, Alexander, 1906-1970. Natural Science in German Romanticism. New York:
Columbia University Press, 1941.

GOSSE, Philip Henry, F.R.S. Letters from Alabama, (U.S.) Chiefly Relating to Natural History. Tuscaloosa:
U of Alabama P, 1993.

GOUGEON, Len. “Holmes’s Emerson and the Conservative Critique of Realism.” South Atlantic Review 59.1
(1994): 107-25.

GRABER, Linda, Wilderness As Sacred Space. Wash. D.C.: Ass. of Am. Geographers 1976

GRADY, Wayne. From the Country: Writings About Rural Canada. Ontario: Camden House, 1991.

GREENE, Kathleen Conyngham, comp. The English Landscape in Picture, Prose and Poetry, London, Ivor,
Nicholson & Watson, ltd., 1932.

GREENFIELD, Bruce. Narrating Discovery: The Romantic Explorer in American Literature, 1790-1855.
New York: Columbia UP, 1992.

GREENWAY, William. “The First Spinning Place: Poetry, Religion, and the Environment.” ISLE:
Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 1 (1993): 107-117.
“Traveling Through the Light: Nature Writing in the Poetry Writing Workshop.” ISLE:
Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 1 (1993).

GRIFFIN, Susan, Woman and Nature: the Roaring Inside Her. N.Y.: Harper, 1980
Made from this Earth an Anthology of Writings, Cambridge, 1982.

GROVER, Edwin Osgood ed.,The Nature Lover's Knapsack: An Anthology of Poems for Lovers of the Open
Road. N.Y.:Crowell Co. 1927

GRUSIN, Richard. “Thoreau, Extravagance, and the Economy of Nature.” American Literary History 5.1
(1993): 30-50.

GUITTON, Édouard. Jacques Delille, 1738-1813, et le Poème de la Nature en France de 1750 à 1820, Paris :
C. Klincksieck, [1974

GUTIERREZ, Donald. Subject-Object Relations in Wordsworth and Lawrence.Ann Arbor: UMI Research
Press, 1987.

HAAS, C. E. de. Nature and the Country in English Poetry of the First Half of the Eighteenth Century, LITT.
D. Amsterdam, H.J. Paris, 1928.

HAIG-BROWN, Roderick L., A River Never Sleeps (New York: W. Morrow, 1946)
 Return to the River: A Story of the Chinook Run (New York: W. Morrow, 1941)

HAINES, John, Living Off the Country: Essays on Poetry and Place. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press,
1981
New Poems, 1980-88. Brownsville, OR: Story Line P, 1990.
The Owl in the Mask of the Dreamer. St. Paul: Graywolf, 1993.
The Stars, the Snow, the Fire: Twenty-five Years in the Alaska Wilderness. New York: Washington
Square, 1992.

HAIR, Dell, 1871- Nature Beautiful, a Collection of Poems by Dell Hair, the Policeman Poet; illustrated by
Burton H. Huntly. 7th ed. Boston, The Christopher Publishing house [c1930]

HALLOWELL, Christopher, and Walter Levy. Green Perspectives: Thinking and Writing About Nature and
the Environment.. New York: HarperCollins, 1994.

HALPERN, Daniel (ed.) Annie Dillard, Gretel Ehrlich,Robert Finch, John Hay, Edward Hoagland, Lopez,On
Nature: Nature, Landscape, and Natural History. San Francisco: North Point Press, 1987

HALPERN, David e Dan Frank, The Nature Reader, NY, 1996.

HALPERIN, David, Before Pastoral: Theocritus and the Ancient Tradition of Bucolic Poetry, Princeton:
Princeton Univ. Press, 1981.

HANLEY, Wayne, Natural History in America: From Mark Catesby to Rachel Carson. N.Y.: N.Y. Times,
1977

HARDING, Walter, H.D. Thoreau in the Woods and Fields of Concord: Selections from the Journal of
H.D.Thoreau.The Days of Henry Thoreau: a Biography. N.Y.: Dover 1982

HARGROVE, Nancy Duvall. Landscape as Symbol in the Poetry of T. S. Eliot, Jackson : University Press of
Mississippi, 1978

HARRIS, Lancelot Stephen, The Nature of English Poetry; an Elementary Survey, by L. S. Harris. With a
pref. by Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch. London, J.M. Dent [1931]

HARRIS, Sharon M. American Women Writers to 1800. New York: Oxford UP, 1995.

HARWELL, Albert Brantley, Jr. “Writing the Wilderness: A Study of Henry Thoreau, John Muir, and Mary
Austin.” DAI 53 (January 1993): 2370-A

HARTMANN, Geoffrey H., The Unmediated Vision: An Interpretation of Wordsworth, Hopkins, Rilke, and
Valery, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1966.

HASLAM, Gerald W. Color Dreams and Other Fictions. Reno: U of Nevada P, 1994.
. The Other California: The Great Central Valley in Life and Letters. Reno: U of Nevada P, 1994
“Who Speaks for the Earth? A Course on Literature of the Environment.” English Journal 62
(1973): 42-48.

HEAD, Yvonne. “The Struggle For Habitable Space Described in American Narratives, 1622-1991:
Initiations in Terror and Freedom.” DAI 53 (August 1993): 498-A..

HEIL, Patricia Leeuwenburg. “The Frontier Heroine in American Literature.” DAI 43 (1983).

HENIGHAN, Tom. Natural Space in Literature: Imagination and Environment in Nineteenth and Twentieth
Century Fiction and Poetry, Ottawa: Golden Dog Press, 1982.
HENLEY, Patricia, Friday Night at Silver Star: Stories (St. Paul: Graywolf Press, 1986)

HENRICKSSON, John. North Writers: A Strong Woods Collection. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1991.

HERNDL, Carl, and Stuart Brown, eds. Green Culture: Rhetorical Analyses of Environmental Discourse.
Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1996.

HEWITT, Winston R. Through those Living Pillars. Man and Nature in the Works of Emile Zola, The Hague,
Mouton, 1974.

HEYNE, Eric. Desert, Garden, Margin, Range: Literature on the American Frontier. New York: Twayne,
1992.

HICKS, Philip, The Development of the Natural History Essay in American Literature. Philadephia: Univ. of
Penn. Press, 1924-1925.

HICKS, G. Dawes (George Dawes), 1862-1941 Critical Realism; Studies in the Philosophy of Mind and
Nature, by G. Dawes Hicks. London, Macmillan, 1938.

HIGHET, Gilbert, Poets in Landscape. N.Y.: Knopf, 1957

HIGLEY, Sarah Lynn. Between Languages: the Uncooperative Text in Early Welsh and Old English Nature ,
University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, c1993

HILBERT, Betsy. “The Quest of the Woman Nature Writer.” American Nature Writing Newsletter 4.1
(1992): 6-7.

HINSLEY, Curtis e David R. Wilcox, eds. The Southwest in the American Imagination, Vol. 1: The Writings
of Sylvester Baxter, 1881-1889 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1986).

HOLMAN, David Marion. A Certain Slant of Light: Regionalism and the Form of Southern and Midwestern
Fiction. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1995.

HORIGAN, Stephen, Nature and Culture in Western Discourses / Stephen Horigan. London, ; New York :
Routledge, 1988.

HORNADAY, Clifford Lee, 1879- Nature in the German Novel of the Late Eighteenth Century, 1770-1800,
New York, Columbia University Press, 1940.

HOWE, Susan. The Birth-Mark: Unsettling the Wilderness in American Literary History. Hanover, NH:
Wesleyan UP, 1993.

HOYER, Mark T. “Gary Snyder and Wovoka.” ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and
Environment 2.2 (1995).
“Mary Austin and Northern Paiute Religion(s).” American Nature Writing Newsletter 6.2 (1994):
12-13

HUBER, J. Parker. Writing Nature. Brattleboro, VT: J. Parker Huber, 1994.

HUNT, Anthony. “’The Hump-Backed Flute Player’: The Structure of Emptiness in Gary Snyder’s
Mountains and Rivers Without End.” ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 1.2
(1993): 1-23.

HUNT, John Dixon, The Figure in the Landscape: Poetry, Painting, and Gardening during the Eighteenth
Century, Baltimore, 1976
HUSSA, Linda. Where the Wind Lives: Poems from the Great Plains. Layton, UT: Gibbs-Smith, 1994.

HUTH, Hans, 1892- Nature and the American: three Centuries of Changing Attitudes. [Lincoln] University of
Nebraska Press [1972]

HUTMAN, Norma Louise, Machado: a Dialogue with Time; Nature as an Expression of Temporality in the
Poetry of Antonio Machado. [1st ed. Albuquerque] University of New Mexico Press [1969]

JACKSON, Kenneth Hurlstone, Studies in Early Celtic Nature Poetry. Felinfach: Llanerch, 1995.

JENKS, Joseph William, 1808-1884. The Rural Poetry of the English Language, Illustrating the Seasons and
Months of the Year. Boston, J. P. Jewett and company; Cleveland, O., Jewett, Proctor, and Worthington; [etc.,
etc.] 1856.

JOHNSON, E.D.H. ed., The Poetry of Earth: a Collection of English Nature Writings from Gilbert White of
Selborne to Richard Jefferies. Illustrated by their Contemporaries. N.Y.: Atheneum, 1966

JOHNSON, Sandra Humble. “Literary Epiphany in the Work of Annie Dillard.” DAI 50 (May 1990): 3589-

JONAS, Gerald. The Living Earth Book of North American Trees. Pleasantville, New York: Reader’s Digest
Association,1993.

JONES, William Frank. Nature and Natural Science: the Philosophy of Frederick J.E. Woodbridge / William
Frank Jones. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1983.

JORDANOVA, L.J. Languages of Nature: Critical Essays on Science and Literature; foreword by Raymond
Williams 1st ed. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1986.

JOUKOVSKY-MICHA, Françoise. Paysages de la Renaissance, Paris: Presses universitaires de France,

[1974]

KARMAN, James, Robinson Jeffers: Poet of California the Literary West Series San Francisco: Chronicle
1987

KARANIKAS, Marianthe. “A Gaian Mirror: Teaching Nature Writing.” American Nature Writing Newsletter
6.1 (1994): 14.

KAZIN, Alfred, A Writer’s America - Landscape in Literature, N York, Knopf: Distributed by Random
House 1988.

KEGG, Maude. Portage Lake: Memories of an Ojibwe Childhood. Ed. John D. Nichols. Minneapolis: U of
Minnesota P, 1991.

KEITH, W. J. The Poetry of Nature: Rural Perspectives in Poetry from Wordsworth to the Present Toronto;
Buffalo : University of Toronto Press, 1980.
The Rural Tradition: a Study of the Non-fiction Prose Writers of the English Countryside, [Toronto]
University of Toronto Press [c1974]

KHATTRY, Suraj Prasad, d. 1958. Nature in Eighteenth Century Poetry. [Allahabad] University of
Allahabad [1964]

KICH, Martin. Western American Novelists. Hamden: Garland P, 1995.

KIERAN, John, ed., John Kieran's Treasury of Great Nature Writing. Edited with comments and
Biographical Notes by ... N.Y.: Garden City, N.Y.: Hanover House 1957
KISTEL, Paul Daniel, Nature in the Poetry of D. H. Lawrence. [Los Angeles] 1970.

KITTREDGE, William, Hole in the Sky (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992)
- Owning It All (St. Paul: Graywolf Press, 1987)
- We Are Not in This Together (St. Paul: Graywolf Press, 1982)

KLENZE, Camillo von, The Treatment of Nature in the Works of Nikolaus Lenau: an Essay in Interpretation,
Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1902.

KLINE, Marcia B.,. Beyond the Land itself; Views of Nature in Canada and the United States, Cambridge,
Mass., Harvard University Press, 1970.

KNOEPFLMACHER, U.C. and G.B. Tennyson, eds., Nature and the Victorian Imagination (Berkeley: U. of
California Press, 1977).

KNOWLES, Karen. Celebrating the Land: Women’s Nature Writings, 1850-1991. Flagstaff, AZ: Northland,
1992.

KOCH, Bill. “Thomas Merton and Walt Whitman: Seekers of the ‘Passage to India’.” Merton Seasonal 16.2
(1991): 15-18

KOERNER, Joseph Leo. Caspar David Friedrich and the Subject of Landscape / Joseph Leo Koerner. New
Haven : Yale University Press, 1990.

KOLODNY, Annette, The Lay of the Land: Metaphor as Experience and History in American Life and
Letters. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1975

KOWALEWSKI, Michael, ed. Reading the West. New York: Cambridge UP, 1996.
Temperamental Journeys: Essays on the Modern Literature of Travel. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1992.

KRASNER, James, The Entangled Eye: Visual Perception and the Representation of Nature in Post-
Darwinian Narrative (New York: Oxford UP, 1992)

KROEBER, Karl. Ecological Literary Criticism: Romantic Imagining and the Biology of Mind. New York:
Columbia UP, 1994.
Romantic Landscape Vision: Constable and Wordsworth. [Madison] University of Wisconsin Press
[1975]

KRUTCH, Joseph W. (ed.) Great American Nature Writing, N York, 1950

The Best Nature Writing of Joseph Wood Kurtch, N. York, 1970.
The Twelve Seasons. A Perpetual Calendar for the Country, N. York, 1949

KUTZINSKI, Vera M. “Unseasonal Flowers: Nature and History in Placido and Jean Toomer.” Yale Journal
of Criticism 3 (1990).

LACEY, Norman. Wordsworth's View of Nature and its Ethical Consequences. Hamden, Conn., Archon
Books, 1965.

LANDIS, Benson Y. Poetry and Rural Life: Some American Poets and their Writings, New York: Dept. of
Town and Country Church, Division of Home Missions, National Council of the Churches of Christ in the
U.S. A., 1956.

LANKFORD, Scott. “John Muir and the Nature of the West: An Ecology of American Life, 1864-1914.” DAI
52 (March 1992): 3283-

LAPRADE, Pierre Marin Victor Richard de, 1812-1883. Le Sentiment de la Nature avant le Christianisme
par Victor de Laprade. 2. éd. Paris, Didier et ce, 1866.
Le Sentiment de la Nature chez les Modernes. 2e ed. Paris: Didier et Cie, Libraires-Éditeurs, 1870.

LEACH, Eleanor Winsor. Vergil's Eclogues; Landscapes of Experience. Ithaca [N.Y.] Cornell University
Press [1974]29 de novembro de 1997

LEGLER, Gretchen Tracy. “Toward a Postmodern Pastoral: Contemporary Women Writers’ Revisions of the
Natural World.” DAI 55 (March 1995).
“Towards a Postmodern Pastoral: The Erotic Landscape in the Work of Gretel Ehrlich.” ISLE:
Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 1.2 (1993): 45-56.
Toward a Postmodern Pastoral: Contemporary Women Writers’ Revisions of the Natural World.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota P, 1993.

LEISS, William, The Domination of Nature. Boston: Beacon Press, 1972

LEOPOLD, Aldo. Sand County Almanac. Oxford, England: Oxford UP, 1949.
Aldo Leopold’s Wilderness: Selected Early Writings. Ed. David E. Brown and Neil B. Carmony.
Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1990.
Round River: From the Journals of Aldo Leopold. New York: Oxford UP, 1993 (1953).
Sand County Almanac. New York: Oxford University Press, 1949.

LEVERE, Trevor Harvey. Poetry Realized in Nature: Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Early Nineteenth-century
Science / Trevor Harvey Levere. Cambridge [England]; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

LEVINE, George, Darwin and the Novelists: Patterns of Science in Victorian Fiction, Cambridge: Harvard
Univ. Press, 1988.

LEVY, Walter, and Christopher Hallowell. Green Perspectives: Thinking and Writing about Nature and the
Environment. New York: HarperCollins, 1994.

LEWISTON, Cameron Wybrow. (ed.), Creation, Nature, and Political Order in the Philosophy of Michael
Foster(1903-1959): the Classic Mind Articles and Others, with Modern Critical Essays , N.Y.: E. Mellen
Press, c1992.

LEYDET, Francois, ed.,Tomorrows's Wilderness. San Francisco: Sierra Club 1963

LIMON, John. The Place of Fiction in the Time of Science: A Disciplinary History of American Writing. New
York: Cambridge UP, 1990.

LINDHOLDT, Paul Jeffrey. “A Critical Edition of John Josselyn’s 1674 Account of Two Voyages to New
England.” DAI 46 (1986).
. “Evolution and the Gaia Hypothesis.” American Nature Writing Newsletter 6.1 (1994): 10.

LITTLEFIELD, Daniel F., and James W. Parins, eds. Native American Writing in the Southeast: An
Anthology, 1875-1935.

LITVAK, Lily, El Tiempo de los Trenes: el Paisaje Español en el Arte y la Literatura del Realismo(1849-
1918) / Lily Litvak.1. ed. Barcelona : Ediciones del Serbal, 1991.

LOCKE, David. Science as Writing. New Haven: Yale UP, 1992.

LOVE, Glen A. “Et in Arcadia Ego: Pastoral Theory Meets Ecocriticism.” Western American Literature 27.3
(1992): 195-207.
“Revaluing Nature: Toward an Ecological Criticism.” Western American Literature 25.3 (1990):
201-215.
The World Begins Here: An Anthology of Oregon Short Fiction. Corvallis: Oregon State UP, 1995.
LORSCH, Susan E., Where Nature Ends: Literary Responses to the Designification of Landscape,
Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press; London: Associated University Presses, c1983.

LOVEJOY, Mary Isabella, 1849-, Nature in Verse a Poetry Reader for Children, Boston, New York [etc.]
Silver, Burdett & company 1895.

LOVELL, Ernest James, Byron, the Record of a Quest; Studies in a Poet's Concept and Treatment of Nature,
Austin, University of Texas Press, 1949 [i. e. 1950]

LOWE, J. J. and Walker, M. J. C., Reconstructing Quaternary Environments (2nd Edition),Addison Wesley,
Londman, Harlow. 1997.

LOWENTHAL, David and Martyn Bowden, Geographies of the Mind: Essays in Historical Geosophy in
Honor of John Kirtland Wright. N.Y.: Oxford Univ.Press, 1976

LUCE, Morton, 1849-1943. Man and Nature or Essays and Sketches, London, G. Bell & Sons, 1935.

LUTTS, Ralph H. “John Burroughs and the Honey Bee: Bridging Science and Emotion in Environmental
Writing.” Sharp Eyes: Proceedings of a Conference on John Burroughs and Environmental Writing. Ed. C.Z.
Walker, K.D. Benjamin, and G. Dunham. New York: State U of New York at Oneonta, 1995. 49-61.
The Nature Fakers. Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 1990.

LUTWACK, Leonard. The Role of Place in Literature. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 1984.

LUZ, Fábio, 1864-1938.A Paizagem no Conto, na Novella e no Romance; Estudo Destinado aos Cursos de
Literatura. S. Paulo, Monteiro Lobato, 1922.

LYNCH, Tom. “The Osage Seasons in John Joseph Mathews’s Talking to the Moon.” American Nature
Writing Newsletter 6.2 (1994): 10-11.

LYNN, Merrill, The Romance of Victorian Natural History (Oxford UP, 1989)

LYON, Thomas J. ed. and with a history by..., This Incomparable Lande: a Book of American Nature
Writing, Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1989

MABEY, Richard (ed.) Landscape with Figures: an Anthology of Richard Jofferie's Prose, chosen and
introduced by Richard Mabey.Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England ; New York, N.Y., U.S.A. : Penguin,
1983.
. The Oxford Book of Nature Writing. New York: Oxford UP, 1995. .

MACANDREW, Ronald M. Naturalism in Spanish Poetry from the Origins to 1900, Aberdeen, Printers,
Milne and Hutchinson, 1931.

MACHOR, James L. Pastoral Cities: Urban Ideals and the Symbolic Landscape of America, Madison, Wis.:
University of Wisconsin Press, 1987.

MACKIE, Alexander. Nature Knowledge in Modern Poetry, being Chapters on Tennyson, Wordsworth,
Matthew Arnold, and Lowell as Exponents of Nature-study; by Alexander Mackie, London, Longmans,
Green, and co., 1906.

MACLEAN, Norman, A River Runs Through It and Other Stories (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1976)

MAINIERO, Lina. American Women Writers: A Critical Reference Guide From Colonial Times to the
Present. New York: Continuum, 1992.
MALINS, Edward Greenway. English Landscaping and Literature, 1660-1840, Imprint London, New York
[etc.] Oxford U.P., 1966.

MAMMINO, L. "Industria. Ambiente. Evoluzione storica". Published by G. D'Anna, 1994.

MAN, Paul de, The Rhetorical Romanticism, N. York, 1984

MANQUAT, Maurice. Aristote, Naturaliste, par Maurice Manquat. Paris, J. Vrin, 1932.

MARBLE, Annie Russell, 1864-1936, comp. Nature Pictures by American Poets, New York, the Macmillan
company; London, Macmillan & co., ltd., 1899.

MARCONI, Catherine Lewallen. Handspan of Red Earth: An Anthology of American Farm Poems. Iowa
City: U of Iowa Press, 1991.

MARÍN, Diego, Poesía Paisajística Española, 1940-1970: Estudio y Antología, London: Tamesis, 1976.

MARSHALL, Donald G. “Kant and English Nature Poetry.” Iowa Review 21 (1991).

MARTIN, Julia. “New, with Added Ecology? Hippos, Forest and Environmental Literacy.” ISLE:
Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 2.1 (1994): 1-11.
“Practising Emptiness: Gary Snyder’s Playful Ecological Wrok.” Western American Literature 27.1
(1992): 3-19.
“Speaking for the Green of the Leaf.” CEA Ctitic 54 (1991).
“The Snake Person Takes on the Cock-Sure Boys.” Postmodern Studies 8: Liminal Postmodernisms:
The Postmodern, the (Post-)Colonial, and (Post-)Feminist N.d.

MARX, Leo, The Machine in the Garden. N.Y.: Oxford Univ. Pr., 1964

MARSHAL, Ian Stewart. “Mountains to Match the Man: National Identity and the Mountain in American
Literature, Beginnings to 1860.” DAI 49 (1989).
“Literal and Metaphoric Harmony with Nature: Ecofeminism and Harriet Prescott Spofford’s
‘Circumstance.’” Modern Language Studies 23 (Spring 1993): 48-58.
“The Lorax and the Ecopolice.” ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 2.2
(Fall) (1995).

MASUMOTO, David. Epitaph for a Peach: Four Seasons on My Family Farm. San Francisco:
HarperCollins, 1995

MATIKO, Beverly. “Fictionalizing the Audience in Literary Nonfiction: A Study of the Essays of Annie
Dillard and Lewis Thomas.” DAI 53 (February 1993): 2816-A

MCCLINTOCK, James, Nature's Kindred Spirits: Aldo Leopold, Joseph Wood Krutch, Edward Abbey, Annie
Dillard, Gary Snyder Madison: University of Wisconsin Press,

MCDOWELL, Michael J. “Finding Tongues in Trees: Dialogical and Ecological Landscapes in Henry David
Thoreau, Robinson Jeffers, and Leslie Marmon Silko.” DAI 54 (July 1993):
“Since Earth is Earth: An Ecological Approach to Robert Frost’s Poetry.” South Carolina Review
24.1 (1991): 92-100

MCGREGOR, Robert Kuhn, A Wider View of the Universe: Henry Thoreau's Study of Nature, Urbana:
University of Illinois Press, c1997.

MCHARG, Ian, Design with Nature. N.Y.: Natural History Press, 1971
MCLAUGHLIN, Edward Tompkins, 1860-1893. Studies in Mediæval Life and Literature, New York,
London, G. P. Putnam's sons, 1894.

MCMILLIN, T.S. “The Best Read Naturalist?: Burroughs, Emerson, & the Text of Nature.” Sharp Eyes:
Proceedings of a Conference on John Burroughs and Environmental Writing. Ed. C.Z. Walker, K.D.
Benjamin, and G. Dunham. New York: State U of New York at Oneonta, 1995. 62-75.

MCNAMEE, Gregory Named in Stone and Sky: An Arizona Anthology. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 1993.

MELBOURNE, Jane. “Self-Doubt in the Wilderness in Paradise Regain’d.” SEL: Studies in the English
Language 1500-1900 34.1 (1994): 135-51.

MELHAM, Tom, John Muir's Wild America Wash. D.C.: National Geographic Soc.1976

MERCHANT, Carolyn, Major Problems in American Environmental History, Lexington, 1983

The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution. N.Y.: Harper, 1982

MERRIAM, John C., The Garment of God: Influence of Nature in Human Experience. N.Y.: Scribner's 1943

MERRILL, Christopher. The Forgotten Language: Contemporary Poets and Nature. Salt Lake City: Gibbs
Smith, 1991
Watch Fire: Poems. Freedonia, NY: White Pine Press, 1994.

MERRILL, Lynn L., The Romance of Victorian Natural History, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

MERTON, Thomas, and Tim Cronley. “Aubades: Lake Erie (1942 and 1992).” Merton Seasonal 18.1 (1993):
4-5.
“Hagia Sophia: An Excerpt.” Merton Seasonal 20.1 (Winter 1995): 1.
Entering the Silence: The Journals of Thomas Merton, Vol 2: 1942-1951. Ed. Jonathan Montaldo.
San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1995.
Run to the Mountain: The Story of a Vocation/The Journals of Thomas Merton, Vol. 1: 1939-1941.
Ed. Patrick Hart OCSO. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1995.

MILLER, Perry, Errand into the Wilderness. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ.Press 1956

MINOR, Lisa Graves. “Spirit of Place: Aspects of Setting in the Novels of D.H. Lawrence.” DAI 51 (1990

MINOTT, Katherine Elizabeth. “Seeing With a Soulful Eye: An Analysis and Anthology of the Nature
Writing of Blind and Visually Impaired Persons.” DAI 33 (October 1995).

MITCHELL, F. and Ryan, M., Reading the Irish Landscape, 1997, Tower House, Dublin.

MITMAN, Gregg, The State of Nature: Ecology, Community, and American Social Thought, 1900-1950 /
Gregg Mitman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.

MIVART, St. George Jackson, 1827-1900 Nature and Tthought: an Introduction to a Natural Philosophy.
London: Kegan Paul, Trench, & co., 1882.

MODIANO, Raimonda. Coleridge and the Concept of Nature / Raimonda Modiano. Tallahassee: Florida
State University Press, c1985.

MORGAN, Bayard Quincy, 1883- Nature in Middle High German Lyrics, Göttingen, Vandenhoeck &
Ruprecht; Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins press, 1912

MORGAN, C. Lloyd (Conwy Lloyd), 1852-1936 The Interpretation of Nature, by C. Lloyd Morgan. New
York, G. P. Putnam, 1906.
MORGAN, Sarah, and Dennis Okerstrom, eds. The Endangered Earth: Readings for Writers. Boston: Allyn
and Bacon, 1992.
Voices for the Land: An Environmental Reader. Allyn and Bacon, 1992.

MORRIS, David Copland. “Nature, Pleasure, and the Sublime: Gary Snyder’s Gesture with Language.”
American Nature Writing Newsletter 5 (1993).
“Celebration and Irony: The Polyphonic Voice of Edward Abbey’s Desert Solitaire.” Western
American Literature 25.3 (1990): 201-215.

MÖRWALD, Eva. The Role of Nature in William Oxley's Poetry. Salzburg, Austria: Institut für Anglistik und
Amerikanistik, Universität Salzburg, 1989.

MOSLEY, Ivo comp., Green Book of Poetry, Kirstead, Norfolk: Frontier Pub., 1993, Farcet, Gilles, 1959-

MOUCHON, Jean Pierre. Les Éléments Naturels dans la Poésie Lyrique de Marvell. Paris: Éditions Ophrys,
c1979.r

MUELLER, Marnie. Green Fires: Assault on Eden; A Novel of the Ecuadorian Rainforest. Curbstone P,
1994. Novela

MUIR, John ed., West of the Rocky Mountains. reprinted recently by Running Press, N.Y.: Wiley, 1973

MURRAY, John A. “The Rise of Nature Writing: America’s Next Great Genre?” Manoa 4.2 (1992): 73-96.
A Republic of Rivers: Three Centuries of Nature Writing from Alaska and the Yukon. New York:
Oxford UP, 1990.
A. Nature’s New Voices. Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 1992.
Out Among the Wolves: Contemporary Writings on the Wolf. Seattle: Alaska Northwest Books,
1994.
The Great Bear: Contemporary Writings on the Grizzly. Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Books,
1992.
ed. American Nature Writing 1995. San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1995.
American Nature Writing, 1996. San Francisco, CA.: Sierra Club Books ; c1996.
Nature Writing Handbook: A Creative Guide. San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1995.

MYERSON, Joel, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Henry David Thoreau. New York: Cambridge UP, 1995.
. Emerson and Thoreau: The Contemporary Reviews. New York: Cambridge UP, 1992.

NAEF, Weston J., James N. Wood e Therese Than Heyman, Era of exploration; the rise of landscape
photography in the American west, 1860-1885, N. York, 1975,

NAEM (Palmer, J. W. Songs of nature) Songs of Nature, Selected from Many Sources, with many illustrations
from original designs by T. Moran, Miss Hallock, Church [and others] ... New York, Scribner, Armstrong,
and Company, 1873.

NASH, Roderick Frazier, ed. American Environmentalism: Readings in Conservation History. 3rd. ed. New
York: McGraw, 1990.
Environment and Americans. Melbourne: Krieger, 1979
Nature and Madness. San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1983
Nature and the American. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Pr., 1972
Nature's Economy: the Roots of Ecology. San Francisco: Sierra Club 1977

The Naturalist's Poetical Companion: with notes / selected by a fellow of the Linnaean Society. London :
Hamilton, Adams; J. Y. Knight, 1833.
NELSON, Nancy Owen, ed. Private Voices, Public Lives: Women Speak on Literary Life. Denton: U of North
Texas P, 1995.

NICKOLSON, Marjorie, Mountain Gloom, Mountain Glory: the Development of the Aesthetics of the Infinite.
Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press 1959

NORDEN, Christopher. “Ecological Restoration as Post-Colonial Ritual of Community in Three Native

American Novels.” SAIL: Studies in Native American Literature 6.4 (1994): 94-106.

O’CONNELL, Nicholas. At the Field’s End: Interviews with Twenty Pacific Northwest Writers. Seattle:
Madrona, 1987.

O’GRADY, John P. “Unhandling Our Perspective.” ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and
Environment 2.1 (1994): 117-121.
Pilgrims to the Wild: Everett Ruess, Henry David Thoreau, John Muir, Clarence King, Mary Austin.
Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 1993.

OELSCHLAEGER, Max., The Idea of Wilderness: From Prehistory to the Age of Ecology. New Haven: Yale
UP, 1991.

OLIVAR, Guy. Nature Poétique. Paris, Promotion et édition, 1967.

OLSEN, Brett J., "Wallace Stegner and the Environmental Ethic: Environmentalism as a Rejection of
Western Myth," Western American Literature 29:123-42 (1994)

OROZCO DÍAZ, Emilio. Paisaje y Sentimiento de la Naturaleza en la Poesía Española, Madrid : Ediciones
del Centro, [1974]

OWINGS, Loren C., Environmental Values, 1860-1972. Detroit: Gale Research Co.1976

PAGH, Nancy. “The Silent, Awe-Filled Spaces.” ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and
Environment 2.1 (1994): 37-52.

PAGANO, Susanna. Mondo Umano Naturale e Sovrannaturale in Manzoni / Susanna Pagano. [Florence] :
Accademia Vittorio Alfieri, [1992]

PAPA, James Anthony, Jr. “Economy, Kinship, Solitude, and Vision: Walden as a Narrative Model in the
Work of Edward Abbey, Henry Beston, Richard Byrd, and Annie Dillard.” DAI 56 (January 1996).

PARINI, Jay, and Robert Pack Poems for a Small Planet: Contemporary American Nature Poetry.. Hanover,
NH: UP of New England, 1993.

PARRIS, Leslie. Landscape in Britain c.1750-1850. [Foreword by Sir Norman Reid. London] Tate Gallery,
1973.

PARRISH, Nancy Clyde. “Fair and Tender Ladies at Tinker Creek: Women Writers Coming of Age.” DAI 55
(1994).

PATTERSON, Mark R., ed. Henry D. Thoreau, Journal 3: 1848-1851. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1990.

PAUL, Sherman, e Don Scheese, eds. North Dakota Quarterly 59.2 (1991).
For Love of the World: Essays on Nature Writers. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1992..

PAULSON, Ronald. Literary Landscape, Turner and Constable, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982.
PAYNE, Daniel G. “In Sympathy With Nature: American Nature Writing and Environmental Politics, 1620-
1920.” DAI 54 (1994).
Voices in the Wilderness: American Nature Writing and Environmental Politics. UP of New
England, 1995.

PEAKE, Charles, comp. Poetry of the Landscape and the Night: Two Eighteenth-century Traditions. London,
Edward Arnold, 1967.

PEARCE, T.M., Mary Austin. N.Y.: Twayne, 1965

PEARSALL, Derek Albert. Landscapes and Seasons of the Medieval World [by] Derek Pearsall and
Elizabeth Salter. London, P. Elek [1973]

PEATTIE, Donald Culross, Singing in the Wilderness: a Salute to John James Audubon. N.Y.: Putnam's,
1935

PEATTIE, Roderick, ed, The Pacific Coast Ranges. N.Y.: Vanguard, 1946

PECK, H. Daniel. Thoreau’s Morning Work: Memory and Perception in A Week on the Concord and
Merrimac Rivers, the Journal, and Walden.”. New Haven: Yale UP, 1990. .

PERDUE, Theda, ed. Cherokee Editor: The Writings of Elias Boudinot. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1996.

PERKINS, William D., Frank Bergon, e Frank Knight, eds. Indexes to the Collected Works of John
Burroughs. New York: John Burroughs Association, 1995.

PETERSEN, David. “Cactus Ed’s Moveable Feast: A Preview of Confessions of a Barbarian: Pages from the
Journals of Edward Abbey.” Western American Literature 28.1 (1993): 33-41.
Confessions of a Barbarian: Selections from the Journals of Edward Abbey, 1951-1989. Boston:
Little, Brown, 1994.
The Poetry of Edward Abbey: Earth Apples. New York: St. Martin’s, 1994. 71

PETERSON, Dale E. “’Samovar Life’: Russian Nurture and Russian Nature in the Rural Prose of Valentin
Rasputin.” Russian Review 53.1 (1994): 81-96.

PEYER, Bernard. The Singer Spirit: Early Short Stories by North American Indians. Tucson: U of Arizona P,
1990.

PHELAN, Steve. “Common Ground.” American Nature Writing Newsletter 6.2 (1994): 14-15

PICHASKE, David R. Late Harvest: Rural American Writing. New York: Paragon House, 1991.
ed. Late Harvest: Rural American Writing. New York: Paragon House,1992.

PIESCHEL, Bridget Smith. “The Rhetoric of Degeneration From Bradford to Cooper.” DAI 50 (February
1990): 2489-A.

PILKINGTON, Tom. “Fate and Free Will on the American Frontier: Cormac McCarthy’s Western Fiction.”
Western American Literature 28 (1993).

PINTO, Maria Cecilia de Moraes. A Vida Selvagem: Paralelo entre Chateaubriand e Alencar , 1a ed., São
Paulo, SP, Brasil : USP : CAPES : Annablume, 1995.

PIPER, H. W. (Herbert Walter), The Ssinging of Mount Abora: Coleridge's Use of Biblical Imagery and
Natural Symbolism in Poetry and Philosophy , Rutherford [N.J.] : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press ;
London : Associated University Presses, c1987.
PLATTNER, Marc F., Rousseau's State of Nature: an Interpretation of the Discourse on Inequality /Marc F.
Plattner. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1979.

PLATTS, Geoffrey. TREK! Man Alone in the Arizona Wild: The Desert Journals of Geoffrey Platts. Carefree
Communications, 1991

Poésie, Nature et Sacré.Lyon: Maison de l'Orient, 1984

The Poetry of Earth, a Nature Anthology. London, G. Harrap [1909?]

POLAND, Tim. “A Relative to All That Is: The Eco-hero in Western American Literature.” Western
American Literature 26.3 (1991): 195-208.
. “The Picture Written in the Dirt: The Old and New West in Dan O’Brien’s Spirit of the Hills.”
Western American Literature 20 (1990): 233-242.

PONS, Emile. Le Thème et le Sentiment de la Nature dans la Poésie Angol-saxonne. Strasbourg [etc.]
Librairie Istra; [London, New York] H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1925.

PORTE, Joel. In Respect to Egotism: Studies in American Romantic Writing. New York: Cambridge UP,
1991.

PORTER, J. S. “Thomas Merton and Wendell Berry: A Brief Study in Tone.” Merton Seasonal 17 (1992

PRATT, Peter Phillip. “The Paradoxical Wilderness: Mailer and American Nature Writing.” DAI 46 (1986).

PRÉAUX, Claire Simon Byl e Georges Nachtergael. Le Paysage Grec. Bruxelles: Éditions de l'Université de
Bruxelles, 1979.

QUAMMEN, David, Natural Acts: a Sidelong View of Science and Nature. N.Y.: Schocken 1985
. “Half-Blinded Poets and Birds.” Outside 15.1 (1990): 25-28..

QUANTIC, Diane Dufra. “Frederick Manfred’s The Golden Bowl: Myth and Reality in the Dust Bowl.”
Western American Literature 25.4 (1991): 297-309.
The Nature of the Place: A Study of Great Plains Fiction. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1995.

QUETCHENBACH, Bernard W. “Back from the ‘Far Field’: Speaking of (and for) Nature in the Work of
Three Contemporary American Poets.” DAI 55 (1994).

QUIGLEY, Peter. “Nature and Power in Emerson and Melville.” Philological Papers (1991).

RAGLON, Rebecca Sue. “American Nature Writing in the Age of Ecology: Changing Perceptions, Changing
Forms.” DAI 52 (May 1992): 3930-A.

RAMMAL, Samir M. “Teaching Environmental Literature to EFL Students in Palestinian Universities.”

ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 2.2 (1995).

RANDALL, John Herman, 1899- Nature and Historical Experience; Essays in Naturalism and in the Theory
of History. New York, Columbia University Press, 1958.

RAPACZYNSKI, Andrzej, Nature and Politics: Liberalism in the Philosophies of Hobbes, Locke, and
Rousseau / Andrzej Rapaczynski. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987

REDFIELD, James M., Nature and Culture in the Iliad: the Tragedy of Hector / James M. Redfield. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1975.

REED, James. Sir Walter Scott: Landscape and Locality. London: Athlone Press, 1980.
REGIS, Pamela Thompson. “Natural History and the American Literature of Place, 1765-1789.” DAI 50
(1990).
Describing Early America: Bartram, Jefferson, Crevecoeur and the Rhetoric of Natural History.
DeKalb: Northern Illinois UP, 1992.

REICHERT, John, Milton's Wisdom: Nature and Scripture in Paradise Lost. Ann Arbor: University of
Michigan Press, c1992.

RELKE, Diana M. “Myths of Nature and the Poetry of Canadian Women: An Alternative Reading of Literary
History.” New Literatures Review 23 (1992).
“The Ecological Vision of Isabella Valancy Crawford: A Reading of Malcolm’s Katie.” Ariel: A
Review of International English Literature 22 (1991).

REVILLA ARGÜESO, Angel. Paisaje y Poesía; Ascesis Panameña. Panama, 1964.

REYNOLDS, David S. Walt Whitman’s America: A Cultural Biography. New York: Knopf, 1995.

REYNOLDS, Myra. The Treatment of Nature in English Poetry between Pope and Wordsworth. New York,
Gordian Press, 1966.

RICHARDS, Gertrude Moore, d. 1927, comp. The Melody of Earth; an Anthology of Garden and Nature
Poems from Present-day Poets, selected and arranged by Mrs. Waldo Richards. Boston, New York, Houghton
Mifflin Company, 1918.

RICHMOND, Hugh M. Renaissance Landscapes. English Lyrics in a European Tradition. The Hague,
Mouton, 1973.

ROBERTS, Charles, George Douglas, Sir, 1860-1943, ed. Poems of wild life. London, W. Scott; [etc.,etc.,]
1888.

ROBERTS, Elizabeth, and Elias Amidon eds., Earth Prayers: 365 Prayers, Poems and Invocations from
around the World for Honoring the Earth. N.Y.: Harper

ROBERTS, Jeanne Addison. The Shakespearean wild: geography, genus, and gender Lincoln : University of
Nebraska Pres

ROBINSON, Marilynne, Housekeeping (New York: Bantam Books, 1980)

ROCKMAN, Alexis, Alexis Rockman: Second Nature / with essays by Douglas Blau ... [et al.]. Normal, Ill.:
University Galleries of Illinois State University, 1995

ROE, Nicholas, The Politics of Nature: Wordsworth and Some Contemporaries (New York: St. Martin's
Press, 1992

RONALD, Ann, ed., Words For The Wild; The Sierra Club Trailside Reader. San Francisco: Sierra Club,
1987

RONALD, Ann, The New West of Edward Abbey. Albuquerque. Univ. of N. Mex. Pr.1982

ROOKMAAKER, H. R. Towards a Romantic Conception of Nature: Coleridge's Poetry up to 1803 : a Study

in the History of Ideas. Amsterdam ; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Pub. Co., 1984.

ROORDA, Randall Keith. “Dramas of Solitude: Narratives of Retreat in American Nature Writing.” DAI 56
(July 1995).
ROOSEVELT, Theodore. Theodore Roosevelt’s America: Selections from the Writings of theOyster Bay
Naturalist. Edited by Farida A. Wiley. New York:Devin-Adair, 1955.

ROSE, Suzanne D. “Following the Trail of Footsteps: From the Indian Notebooks to Walden.” New England
Quarterly 67.1 (1994): 77-99.
. “Tracking the Moccasin Print: A Descriptive Index to Henry David Thoreau’s Indian Notebooks
and a Study of the Relationship of the Indian Notebooks to Mythmaking in Walden.” DAI 55 (1994).

ROSENTHAL, Bernard, City of Nature: Journeys to Nature in the Age of American Romanticism , Newark :
University of Delaware Press, c1980.

ROSS, Carolyn. Writing Nature: An Ecological Reader for Writers. New York: St. Martin's, 1995.

ROSS, Harry J. “Trapped By Society, Imprisoned in the Wilderness: Captivity in American Literature, 1680-
1860.” DAI 50 (October 1990): 948-A.

ROSSI, William. “Thoreau and Native Americans.” American Nature Writing Newsletter 6.2 (1994): 11-12.

ROTELLA, Guy L. Reading and Writing Nature: The Poetry of Robert Frost, Wallace Stevens, Marrianne
Moore, and Elizabeth Bishop. Boston: Northeastern UP, 1990-1991.

ROTHWELL, Robert L. Henry David Thoreau: An American Landscape. New York: Paragon House, 1992.

RUECKERT, William. “Into and Out of the Void: Two Essays. I. Boxed in the Void: An Essay on the Late
Sixties in America. II. Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in Ecocriticism.” The Iowa Review 9, no. 1
(Winter 1978): 62-86.

RUNTE, Alfred, National Parks: the American Experience. Lincoln, Nebraska: Univ. of Nebr. Press, 1987
Second Edition

RUOFF, A. LaVonne Brown. “The Rainbow Way: Native American Literature and the English Curriculum.”
CEA Critic 56.3 (1994): 3-18.

RUSSELL, Kate Esary. “The Hidden Darkness: Landscape as Psychological Symbol in Kate Chopin’s
Fiction.” DAI 56 (January 1996).

RYAN, John E. “The Muddy Tablet.” ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 2.2
(1995).

RYDEN, Kent. The Working Landscapes of John McPhee and Gretet Ehrlich. Modern Language Association
Convention. Chicago, IL, 1995.

SAUER, Carl O. Land and Life: A Selection from the Writings of Carl Ortwin Sauer. Edited by John Leighly.
Berkeley: Universityof California Press, 1963.

SAUER, Peter. Finding Home: Writing on Nature and Culture from “Orion” Magazine. Boston: Beacon,
1992.

SAUNDERS, Ian. “Richard Rorty and Star Wars: On the Nature of Pragmatism’s Narrative.” Textual
Practice 8.3 (1994): 435-448.

SAVINEL, Pierre. La Terre et les Hommes dans les Lettres Gréco-latines. Paris: Editions Sang de la terre,
c1988.

SCHEESE, Donald Frederick. “Inhabitors of the Wild: Henry David Thoreau, John Muir, Aldo Leopold, and
Edward Abbey.” DAI 52 (January 1992): 2556-A.
 Nature Writing: the Pastoral Impulse in America New York: Twayne Publishers; London : Prentice
Hall International, c1996.

SCHNEIDER, Marcel, Jean-Jacques Rousseau et l'Espoir Écologiste. Paris: Éditions Pygmalion, c1978.

SCHOLEFILED, Sara Dunn and Alan, eds. Poetry for the Earth. New York: Fawcett-Columbine, 1991.

SCHRAMM, Karen Nancy. “The Inspirational Wilderness: The Role of the Forest in the Literature of the
American Renaissance.” DAI 52 (April 1992): 3603-A.

SCHULTZ, Elizabeth A. Unpainted to the Last: Moby-Dick and Twentieth-Century American Art. Lawrence:
UP of Kansas, 1995.

SCHWENINGER, Lee. “Reading the Garden in Gilman’s ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’.” ISLE: Interdisciplinary
Studies in Literature and Environment 2.2 (1995). Ecofeminismo
“Writing Nature: Silko and Native Americans as Nature Writers.” MELUS 18.2 (1993): 47-60.

SCOULAR, Kitty W. Natural Magic; Studies in the Presentation of Nature in English Poetry from Spenser to
Marvell, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1965.

SCRIBONIUS, Wilhelm Adolf, 16th cent Naturall Philosophy: or, A Description of the World, and of the
Severall Creatures there in Contained: viz. of the angels, of mankinde, of the heavens, the starres, the planets,
the foure elements, with their order, nature and government: as also of minerals, mettals, plants, and
precious stones, with their colours, formes, and vertues. By Daniel Widdovves. The second edition, corrected
and enlarged London, Printed by T. Cotes, for I. Bellamie, 1631.

SEGAL, Charles, Sophocles' Tragic World: divinity, Nature, Society, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, 1995.

SERLE, Ambrose, 1742-1812. Americans Against Liberty, or, An Essay on the Nature and Principles of True
Freedom: Shewing [sic] that the Designs and Conduct of the Americans tend only to Tyranny and Slavery.
London : Sold by J. Matthews, 1775.

SETON, Ernest Thompson. Animals Worth Knowing: Selected from “Life Histories of Northern Animals”.
Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Co.,1925.
America: Selections from the Writings of the Artist-Naturalist. Edited by Farida A. Wiley. New
York: Devin-Adair,1954.
The Biography of a Grizzly. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1900.

SEVILLA GUZMÁN. Eduardo e Manuel González de Molina, eds., Ecología, campesinado e historia.
Madrid: Las Ediciones de La Piqueta, 1993

SHAIRP, John Campbell, 1819-1885. On Poetic Interpretation of Nature. New York, Hurd and Houghton;
Boston, H.O. Houghton and Company, 1877.

SHELDON, Paul. For Love of the World: Essays on Nature Writing. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1992.

SHERRINGTON, Charles Scott, Sir, 1857-1952. Goethe on Nature & on Science. [2d ed Cambridge,
University Press, 1949.

SHIPLEY, Graham e John Salmon, Human Landscapes in Classical Antiquity: Environment and Culture,
London; New York: Routledge, 1996.

SHORE, William. The Nature of Nature: New Essays from America’s Finest Writers on Nature. New York:
Harcourt Brace, 1994.
SIMMONS, Kenith L. “Rejoicing and Reminiscing: From W.S. Merwin’s The Lice to The Rain in the Trees.”
West Virginia U Philological Papers 37 (1991).

SLOAN, Kim. Alexander e John Robert Cozens: The Poetry of Landscape (New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1986).

SLOVIC, Scott H., and Terrell F. Dixon, eds. Being in the World: An Environmental Reader for Writers. New
York: Macmillan, 1993.

SLOVIC, Scott and Ken-ichi Noda, guest editors. Folio A. Tokyo: Fumikura, 1993.
‘Chanticleer in the Morning’: Seeking Awareness in American Nature Writing Since Thoreau.. DAI
52 (March 1992): 3286-A.
e Neila C. Seshachari, eds. Weber Studies. 11.3 (1994).
. “‘The eye commanded a vast space of country’: Alexander von Humboldt’s Comparative Method
of Landscape Description.” Publication of the Society for Literature and Science (1990).
“A Paint Brush in One Hand and a Bucket of Water in the Other: Nature Writing and the Politics of
Wilderness: An Interview with Rick Bass.” Weber Studies 11.3 (1994): 1-22.
. “Aestheticism and Awarness: The Psychology of Edward Abbey’s The Monkey Wrench Gang.”
CEA Critic (1993).
“An Annotated Booklist for Teachers of Environmental Literature.” CEA Critic (1991).
“Contemporary American Nature Writing: An Introduction.” Folio A (1993).
“Humboldt’s Comparative Landscape Descriptions and the Sacrifice of the Exotic.” Geographia
Spiritualis: Festschrift fur Hanno Beck. Ed. Detlef Haberland. Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang, 1993.
“Marginality, Midnight Optimism, and the Natural Cipher: An Approach to Thoreau and Eiseley.”
Weber Studies (1992).
Seeking Awareness in American Nature Literature. Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 1992.

SCHMITT, Peter J., Back to Nature: the Arcadian Myth in Urban America. N.Y.: Oxford Univ. Press, 1969

SCHWARTZ, William ed., Voices For The Wilderness. N.Y.: Ballantine 1969

SCOTT, J.W. Robertson, ed.,A Century Of Nature Stories. London: Hutchinson, sd.
Seeking Awareness in American Nature Writing: Henry Thoreau, Annie Dillard, Edward Abbey,
Wendell Berry, Barry Lopez. Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 1992.

SHEPARD, Paul e Barry Sanders, The Sacred Paw: the Bear in Nature, Myth, and Literature. N.Y.: New
Directions, 1969

SHTEIR, Ann B., Cultivating Women, Cultivating Science: Flora's Daughters and Botany in England 1760-
1860 ,

SINGLETON, Esther (ed. e tradutor), Wonders of Nature: as Seen and Described by Great Writers. N.Y.:
Dodd ,1900

SISKIN, Clifford H., The Historicity of Romantic Discourse, N. York, 1988

SLOVIC, Scott H., and Terrell F. Dixon, eds. Being in the World: An Environmental Reader for Writers. New
York: Macmillan, 1993.

SMALLWOOD, William Martin e Mabel, Natural History and the American Mind ,1941
Speaking for Nature: How Literary Naturalists from Henry Thoreau to Rachel Carson Have Shaped
America. San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1980.

SMITS, Ivo. “The Poem as Painting: Landscape Poetry in Late Heian Japan.” Transactions of the Asiatic
Society of Japan 6 (1991).
The Pursuit of Loneliness: Chinese and Japanese Nature Poetry in Medieval, Japan, ca. 1050-1150,
Stuttgart : F. Steiner, 1995.

SNYDER, Gary No Nature: New and Selected Poems. New York: Pantheon, 1992.

SNYDER, William C. “Mother Nature’s Other Natures: Landscape in Women’s Writing, 1779-1830.”
Women’s Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 21.2 (1992): 143-162.

SOARES, Angélica [et al.], Ecologia e Literatura .Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Tempo Brasileiro, 1992.

SOUTAR, George, 1864-1939. Nature in Greek Poetry, Studies Partly Comparative, London, Pub. for St.
Andrews University by H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1939.

SPENCER, Jeffry B. Heroic Nature;Ideal Landscape in English Poetry from Marvell to Thomson, Evanston
[Ill.] Northwestern University Press, 1973.

SPENCEr, Sylvia, ed. Up from the Earth; a Collection of Garden Poems, 1300 B.C.-A.D. 1935, chosen and
decorated by Sylvia Spencer. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1935.

SPOLSKY, Ellen. Gaps in Nature: Literary Interpretation and the Modular Mind. New York: State U of
New York P, 1995.

STAFFORD, William. My Name is William Tell. Boise: Confluence, 1992.

Passwords. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.
The Darkness Around Us. New York: HarperCollins, 1994.

STALLO, J. B. (John Bernhard), 1823-1900 General Principles of the Philosophy of Nature: with an outline
of some of its recent Developments among the Germans, Embracing the Philosophical Systems of Schelling
and Hegel, and Oken's System of Nature. By J. B. Stallo. Boston, W. Crosby and H. P. Nichols, 1848.

STAVE, Shirley A., The Decline of the Goddess: Nature, Culture, and Women in Thomas Hardy's Fiction,
Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1995.

STEGNER, Wallace, Angle of Repose (New York: Doubleday & Co., 1971)

STEGNER, Wallace, The American West as Living Space (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press,
1987)

STEINHACKER, Charles, and Susan Flader, The Sand County of Aldo Leopold. Photographs by Charles
Steinhacker. Essay by Susan Flader. San Francisco:

STEPHENSON, William C. “A New Type of Nature Writing.” Midwest Quarterly 36.2 (1995): 170-190.

STERNLICHT, Sanford. All Things Herriot: James Herriot and His Peaceable Kingdom. New York:
Syracuse UP, 1995.

STEWART, Frank, A natural History of Nature Writing, Covelo(California), 1994-1995

STILGOE, John R., Common Landscape of America: 1580 to 1845. New Haven, Conn.:Yale Univ. Press,
1982

STOKER, Teresa N. International Environmental Issues: African Case Studies. Monticello, Ill.: Vance
Bibliographies. 1987.

STOWELL, Robert F. e William L. Howarth, A Thoreau Gazetteer. Princeton N.J.: Princeton Univ. Pr. 1970
STROUD, Patricia Tyson.“Forerunner of American Conservation: Naturalist Thomas Say.” Forest &
Conservation History 39 (October 1995): 184-190.

STTORE, W. H.(ed.), The Nature of Nature. New Essays from America's finest Writers on Nature, NY, 1994.

SULLOWAY, Alison G. “The Nature of Art, Nature, and Human Nature in Hopkins’ Poetry.” Critical Essays
on Gerard Manley Hopkins Ed. Alison G. Sulloway. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1990.

SWARTHOUT, Doris L., An Age of Flowers: Nature: Sense and Sentiment in Victorian America. Old
Greenwich Conn.: Chatham Press 1975

SWARTZ, Janey e Duane Toomsen, Environmental Literature for Young Readers. Environmental Education
Coordinator, Iowa Department of Public Instruction, Grimes State Office Building, Des Moines, IA 50319

TARUGI , Luisa Rotondi Secchi, L'Uomo e la Natura nel Rinascimento , 1. ed. Milano: Nuovi orizzonti,
1996.

TAYLER, Edward W., Nature and Art in Renaissance Literature. New York, Columbia University Press,
1964.

TAYLOR, Cynthia Hinkel. “Out of Bounds: Women Writers and the Western Landscape.” DAI 54
(September 1993): 925-A.

TEALE, Edwin Way ed, The Wilderness World of John Muir. with an Introduction and Interpretive
Comments. Drawings by Henry B. Kane. Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1954

TEMPLE, Judy Nolte. Open Spaces, City Places: Contemporary Writers on the Changing Southwest. Tucson:
U of Arizona P, 1994.

TERRES, John K. ed,The Audubon Book of True Nature Stories. Illustrated by Walter W. Furguson. N.Y.:
Crowell 1949

THACKER, Robert. The Great Prairie: Fact and Literary Imagination (Albuquerque: University of New
Mexico Press, 1989).

THANI NAYAGAM, Xavier S. Landscape and Poetry; a Study of Nature in Classical Tamil Poetry. [2d ed..]
Bombay, New York, Asia Pub. House [1966]

THOMAS, Keith, Man and the Natural World: a History of the Modern Sensibility.N.Y.: Pantheon, 1983

THOREAU, Henry, The Writings of Henry David Thoreau, 20 vols., Boston, 1906
Topophilia: a Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes and Values. Engelwood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall
1974
., John Burroughs, John Muir, Bradford Torrey, Dallas Lore Sharp, and Olive Thorne Miller. In
American Fields and Forests. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1909.
Faith in a Seed: The Dispersion of Seeds and Other Late Natural History Writings. Covelo, CA:
Island P, 1993. Ed. Bradley P. Dean
. Thoreau on Birds. Ed. Francis H. Allen. Boston: Beacon Press, 1992.
Walden and Resistance to Civil Government. Ed. William Rossi. New York: Norton, 1992.
. Walden. Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1854.
l'éveillé du Nouveau Monde / ed. de Gilles Farcet; présentation par Arnaud Desjardins ; préface par
Maurice Gonnaud ; postface, dialogue avec Kenneth White. Paris : Sang de la terre, c1986.

TICHI, Cecelia, New World, new Earth: Environmental Reform in American Literature from the Puritans
through Whitman, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979.
TIDWELL, Paul. “Academic Campfire Stories: Thoreau, Ecocriticism, and the Fetishism of Nature.” ISLE:
Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 2.1 (1994): 53-64

TIEZZI, Enzo e Nadia Marchettini. Oltre l'Illuminismo: l'Ecologia come Ricomposizione tra il Romanticismo
della Natura e l'Illuminismo della Ragione. Napoli: CUEN, c1996.

TOMKIEWICZ, Katarzyna. “Hunting and Fishing in Contemporary American Literature.” DAI 56

(September 1995).

TRACY, Henry Chester, American Naturalists. N.Y.: Dutton, 1930

TREAT, John Whittier. Writing Ground Zero: Japanese Literature and the Atomic Bomb. Chicago: U of
Chicago P, 1995.

TREE, Isabella. The Ruling Passion of John Gould: A Biography of the British Audubon. Grove Weidenfeld,
1992.

TRIMBLE, Stephen, ed. Words from the Land. Reno: U of Nevada P, 1995. Colectânea de textos de 20
autores contemporâneos

TROXCLAIR, Madelyn Clare. “An Examination of the Wilderness Theme in Twentieth Century American
Literature: Revising Myths and Projections Regarding Nature and Women.” DAI 51 (March 1991

TSUTAKAWA, Mayumi. Edge Walking on the Western Rim: New Works by 12 Northwest Writers. Hong
Kong: One Reel, 1994-1995 Visão da Natureza e Cultura com a nova escrita

TUAN YI-FU, The Hydrologic Cycle and the Wisdom of God. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press 1968

TUERK, Richard. “Emerson’s ‘Woodnotes’ Poems.” American Transcendental Quarterly 6 (1992).

TURNER, Brian. “Giving Good Reasons: Environmental Appeals in the Nonfiction of John McPhee.”
Rhetoric Review 13.1 (1994): 164-.
“Rhetorics of Assent: A Rhetorical Analysis of ‘Good Reasons’ Arguments for the Environment in
the Nonfiction of Jonathan Schell, Wendell Berry, and John McPhee.” DAI 53 (June 1993): 4324-A.

TURNER, Frederick, Beyond Geography: the Western Spirit against the Wilderness.N.Y.: Viking, 1980

TURNER, James, The Politics of Landscape: Rural Scenery and Society in English Poetry, 1630-1660.
Oxford, 1979

VAN DYKE, Henry editor, Poetry of Nature. N.Y.: Doubleday 1911. Many tonalist photographs from nature.

VIGNAU WILBERG-SCHUURMAN, Thea. Archetypa Studiaque Patris Georgii Hoefnagelii, 1592 : Natur,
Dichtung und Wissenschaft in der Kunst um 1600 = Nature, Poetry and Science in Art around 1600 / Thea
Vignau-Wilberg ; [Übersetzung aus dem Deutschen, Michael ]. München : Staatliche Graphische Sammlung,
1994

TURNER, J. The Politics of Landscape: Rural Scenery and society in English Poetry 1630-1660.
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979).

UNDERWOOD, Susan O’Dell. “The Appalachian Literary Tradition and the Works of Fred Chappell: Three
Essays.” DAI 56 (October 1995).

VAN MATRE, Steve e Bill Weiler, eds., The Earth Speaks: an Acclimatization Journal. Warrenville, Ill.: The
Institute for Earth Education, 1983
VAN TIEGHEM, Paul, 1871-1948. Le Sentiment de la Nature dans le Préromantisme Européen. Paris, A.G.
Nizet, 1960.

VARADARAJAN, M., 1912-1974. The Treatment of Nature in Sangam Literature (Ancient Tamil
Literature), [2d ed.] Madras, South India Saiva Siddhanta Works Pub. Society, Tinnevelly, 1969.

VEITCH, John, 1829-1894. The Feeling for Nature in Scottish Poetry,. Edinburgh; London : W. Blackwood
and Sons, 1887.

VERBURG, Carol J. The Environmental Predicament: Four Issues in Critical Analysis Boston: Bedford-St.
Martin's, 1995.

VERMES, Jean, ed., The Wilderness Sampler, Harrisburg, Pa.: Stockpole, 1968

VICKERY, Jim dale, Wilderness Visionaries; Marshall, Muir, Olson,Rustrum, Service, Thoreau. Merrilville,
Indiana: ICS Books 1986

VOROS, Gyorgyi, Notations of the Wild: Ecology in the Poetry of Wallace Stevens, Iowa City : University of
Iowa Press, c1997.

WAAGE, Frederick O. ed. Teaching Environmental Literature: Materials, Methods, Resources. N.Y.:
Modern Language Association of Am.

WAGMAN, Frederick Herbert, Magic and Natural Science in German Baroque Literatire; a Study in the
Prose Forms of the later Seventeenth Century, New York, Columbia university press, 1942.

WAID, Candace Jane. “The American Persephone: Women and Writing in Wharton’s Narratives of
Separation.” DAI 48 (1988).

WALKER, Melissa, ed. Reading the Environment. New York: Norton, 1994.

WALKER, Pamela. “Thoreau and Contemporary American Nonfiction Narrative Prose of Place.” DAI 52
(January 1992): 2557-A.

WALL, Derek, Green History a Reader in Environmental Litrature, Philosophy and Politics, N. York, 1996

WALLACE, David Rains.”Burros and Mustangs: Literary Evolutionism and the Wilderness West.” Reading
the West: New Essays on the Literature of the American West. Ed. Michael Kowalewski. New York:
Cambridge UP, 1996. 44-59.

WARDE, Anton Russell. A Consideration of the Views of Nature held by Goethe and his Faust , Lincoln,
Neb., 1969.

WARREN, Mary Anne. The Nature of Woman: an Encyclopedia & Guide to the Literature / Mary Anne
Warren. Inverness, Calif.: Edgepress, c1980.

WATERLOW, Sarah Nature, Change, and Agency in Aristotle's Physics: a Philosophical Study / Sarah
Waterlow. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.

WATKINS, T.H. John Muir's America. Photographs by Dewitt Jones. N.Y.: Crown

WATSON, John Richardson, The Picturesque Landscape in English Romantic Poetry, London, 1970

WEINERT, Friedel, Laws of Nature: Essays on the Philosophical, Scientific and Historical Dimensions.
Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1995.
WEIS, Monica, SSJ. “Living Beings Call Us to Reflective Living: Mary Austin, Thomas Merton and
Contemporary Nature Writers.” Merton Seasonal 17.4 (1992): 4-9.

WEISS, Ila. Poetic Landscape: the Art and Experience of Sanford R. Gifford (Newark: University of
Delaware Press, c1987).

WENTZELL, Gregg Webster. “Wildness and the American Mind: The Social Construction of Nature in
Environmental Romanticism from Thoreau to Dillard.” DAI 54 (1994)

WESLEY, John, 1703-1791. A Compendium of Natural Philosophy: being a Survey of the Wisdom of God in
the Creation / by John Wesley. New ed., rev., corr., and adapted to the present state of science, by Robert
Mudie. London : Printed for Thomas Tegg and Son, 1836

WEST, Harbert Faulkner, The Nature Writers: a Guide to Richer Reading. Brattleboro, Stephen Daye Press,
1939.

WESTPHAL, Dale, e Fred Westphal, eds. Planet in Peril: Essays in Environmental Ethics. New York:
Harcourt, 1994.

WHEELER, Michael, ed., Ruskin and Environment: The Storm Cloud of the Nineteenth Century, (Manchester
UP, 1995)

WHICHER, George F. ed., Poetry of the New England Renaissance 1790-1890. N.Y.: Hold, Rinehart and
Winston, 1950

WHITE, R. S., Natural Law in English Renaissance Literature, Cambridge, 1996.

WHITEHEAD, Alfred North, 1861-1947. Alfred North Whitehead; his Reflections on Man and Nature.
Selected and with a prologue by Ruth Nanda Anshen. [1st ed.] New York, Harper [1961]

WILCOX, Alice Wilson, Treasured Nature Lyrics, selected by Alice Wilson Wilcox. Boston, R. G. Badger
[c1919]

WILD, Peter. “A Western Sun Sets in the East: The Five ‘Appearances’ Surrounding John C. Van Dyke’s The
Desert.” Western American Literature 25.3 (1990): 217-231.
. “Sentimentalism in the American Southwest: John C. Van Dyke, Mary Austin, e Edward Abbey.”
Reading the West: New Essays on the Literature of the American West. Ed. Michael Kowalewski. New York:
Cambridge UP, 1996. .
The Desert Reader. Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 1991.
Pioneer Conservationists of Western America. Missoula, Montana: Wilderness and the American
Mind. New Haven: Yale Univ. Pr, 1973

WILHELM, James J. The Cruelest Month; Spring, Nature, and Love in Classical and Medieval Lyrics, New
Haven, Yale University Press, 1965.

WILKINS, Thurman. John Muir: Apostle of Nature. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1995.

WILKINSON, Gerald. Turner on Landscape: the Liber Studiorum / Gerald Wilkinson. London: Barrie &
Jenkins, 1982.

WILLIAMS, Dennis Christopher. “The Range Of Light: John Muir, Christianity, And Nature In The Post-
Darwinian World.” DAI 53 (October 1992): 1258-

WILLOUGHBY, Westel Woodbury, 1867-1945. An Examination of the Nature of the State. A Study in
Political Philosophy. By Westel Woodbury Willoughby. New York, London, Macmillan and co., 1896.
WINTHROP, Theodore, The Canoe and Saddle, or: Klalam and Klickatat (Tacoma: J. Williams, 1913)

WOODLIEF, Ann. “American Nature Writing: A Computer and Writing Intensive Course.” ISLE:
Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 2.1 (1994): 141-149..

WOODS, Michael, The Poet and the Natural World in the Age of Góngora, Oxford [Eng.] ; New York:
Oxford University Press, 1978

WORSTER, Donald E., 1941- comp. American Environmentalism; the Formative Period, 1860-1915. Edited
by Donald Worster. New York, Wiley [1973]

YOUNG, Andrew, 1885-1971. The Poet and the Landscape. London, R. Hart-Davis, 1962.

YOUNG, Robert M., Darwin's Metaphor: Nature's Place in Victorian Culture, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ.
Press, 1985.

YU, Ning. “From Facts to Truth: Henry Thoreau’s Metaphorical Use of Geography.” DAI 54 (1994).

ZALLER, Robert. “Land and Value: The Ecology of Robinson Jeffers.” Western American Literature 26.1
(1991): 9-20.

ZANGRILLI, Franco, Lo Specchio per la Maschera: il Paesaggio in Pirandello, Napoli : E. Cassitto, c1994.

ZDANYS, Jonas. “Configuring the Landscape: The Poetry of Nijole Miliauskaite.” World Literature Today:
A Literary Quarterly 64 (1990).

ZIMMERMAN, Michael E., J. Baird Callicott, George Sessions, Karen J.Warren, and John Clark, eds.
Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice, 1993.

ZIPES, Jack, The Brothers Grimm: From Enchanted Forests to the Modern World, N. York: Routledge,
Chapman and Hall, 1988.

ZUCKERT, Catherine H., Natural Right and the American Imagination: Political Philosophy in Novel Form,
Savage, Md. : Rowan & Littlefield, c1990.

ZWINGER, Ann H. ed. Writing the Western Landscape. By Mary Austin and John Muir. Boston: Beacon,
1994.
 ECOFEMINISMO

He says that woman speaks with nature. That she hears voices from under the earth. That wind blow in her
ears and trees whisper to her.(…)
Susan Griffin[1978]

Um dos movimentos radicais ecologistas é o Ecofeminismo. A ele liga-se também uma corrente
literária. O termo foi usado pela primeira vez por Françoise d'Eauboune64. Desde a década de setenta que o
movimento feminista defende a ideia de que o ambiente é feminino, deste modo o combate ecológico está
ligado à libertação da mulher65. De acordo com Karen J. Warren "ecological feminism is the name give to a
variety of position that have roots in different feminist practices and philosophies"66. Por outro lado para
Carolyn Merchant, uma historiadora deste movimento, "women and nature have an age-old association - an
affiliation that has persisted throughout culture, language, and history"".67
Tenha-se em atenção que foi Rachel Carson [1907-1964], com o seu livro "Silent Spring" (1962) que
fez despertar a consciência dos cientistas, políticos e historiadores para o movimento ecológico68. Esta
aproximação ao Ecofeminismo deu-se em 1987 com a conferência "Ecofeminist perspectives", preparada para
celebrar os 25 anos de publicação do livro de Rachel Carson. Todavia a primeira conferência a fazer apelo a
esta aproximação da mulher aos problemas do ambiente teve lugar em 1974 na Universidade da Califórnia, a
que se seguiram outras na década imediata69. Os dois textos mais marcantes que historiam este movimento são
os de Susan Griffin, Women and Nature (1978) e Carolyn Merchant, the Death of Nature (1980)
É de salientar aqui o papel assumido pelas mulheres no passado na defesa e valorização do meio
ambiente. O facto mais evidente disto está na obra de Rachel Carson70, a que poderá juntar-se a iniciativa de
outras mulheres desde o século XVIII, como o prova o estudo de Marcia Myers Bonta Women in the Field
(1991)71.

BIBLIOGRAFIA

Agricultural and environmental policies and their impact on advancement of professional women and on
rural women's effort in attaining sustainable food security in East Africa : a summary / by the Kenya National
Action Committee (NAC) of the East African Women Leaders in Agriculture and Environment (AWLAE)
Program. [Nairobi, Kenya?] : NAC, [1994]

AOKI, Yayoi, 1927- Kyosei Jidai no Feminizumu: Hirakareta Mirai o Motomete / Aoki Yayoi. Tokyo :
Orijin Shuppan Senta, 1994.

64
. François d'Eauboune, le féminisme ou la mort, Paris, 1974, pp. 213-252. Irene Diamond, Reweaving the world, S. Francisco., 1990, p.
100.

65
. M. Zimmerman, Contesting Earth's Future, Berkely, 1994, p. 233-319; M. Zimmerman, Environmental Philosophy..., NY, 1993, p.
263.

66
. M. Zimmerman, 1993, p. 264.

67
. C. Merchant, the Death of Nature, S. Francisco, 1980, p. XIX.

68 . Outras obras: Under the Sea Wind(1941), The Sea Around US(1951), The Edge of the Sea(1955).
69
. Irene Diamond, Reweaving the world... S. Francisco, 1990, p. 8.

70
. Veja-se Mary A. Mccay (1993), Linda Lear (1997), Carol B. Garter (1983) Martha Freeman (1994).

71 Aqui são assinaladas algumas destas pioneiras: Jane Colden(1724-1766), Agnes Chase, Alice Eastwood, Elizabeth K. Britton, Martha
Maxwell, Kate Brandegee.
BIEHL, Janet, 1953- Finding our Way: Rethinking Ecofeminist Politics / Janet Biehl. Montreal ; New York :
Black Rose Books, c1991.

BIGWOOD, Carol, 1957- Earth Muse: Feminism, Nature, and Art / Carol Bigwood. Philadelphia : Temple
University Press, 1993.

BIRKE, Lynda I. A. Feminism,Animals, and Science: the Naming of the Shrew / Lynda Birke. Buckingham
[England] ; Philadelphia : Open University Press, 1994.

BONTA, Marcia Myers, Women in the Field. Americas Pioneering Women Naturalists, Texas, 1991.

BRANDT, Barbara.Whole Life Economics: Revaluing Daily Life /Barbara Brandt.Philadelphia, PA: New
Society Publishers, c1995.

BROOKS, Paul , The House of Life : Rachel Carson at work, with selections from her writings published and
unpublished / by Paul Brooks London : Allen and Unwin, 1973
Speaking for Nature: how Literary Naturalists from Henry Thoreau to Rachel Carson Have Shaped
America / Paul Brooks; with drawings by the author, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1980

BUDAPEST, Zsuzsanna Emese, 1940- The Goddess in the Office: a Personal Energy Guide for the Spiritual
Warrior at Work / Zsuzanna E. Budapest. [San Francisco, Calif.] : HarperSanFrancisco, c1993.

CALDECOTT, Leonie e Stephanie Leland, eds. Reclaim the Earth: Women Speak Out for Life on Earth.
London: Women's Press, 1983.

Caputi, Jane. Gossips, Gorgons & Crones: the Fates of the Earth / by Jane Caputi ; foreword by Paula Gunn
Allen. Santa Fe, N.M. : Bear & Co. Pub., c1993.

CARSON, Rachel, 1907-1964 , Silent Spring, London Peguin Group, 1991[1ª edição em 1962]
Always, Rachel : the letters of Rachel Carson and Dorothy Freeman, 1952-1964 / edited by Martha
Freeman, Boston : Beacon Press, c1995
Under the Sea-Wind, a Naturalist's Picture of Ocean Life, by Rachel L. Carson. Illustrated by
Howard French. New York, Simon and Schuster, 1941.
The Sense of Wonder [by] Rachel Carson. Photos. by Charles Pratt and others., New York, Harper &
Row [1965, c1956]
Of Man and the Stream of Time, Claremont, Calif., Scripps College, 1962.
The Edge of the Sea. With illus. by Bob Hines,Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1955.
Of Man and the Stream of Time,Claremont, Calif., Scripps College, 1962.

CHENEY, Jim. "Ecofeminism and Deep Ecology." Environmental Ethics 9 (no.2: Summer 1987): 115-45.

Clark, J. Michael (John Michael), 1953- An Unbroken Circle: Ecotheology, Theodicy, & Ethics / by J.
Michael Clark ; with a prefatorial essay by Arthur Frederick Ide. Las Colinas, Tex.: Monument Press, 1996.
Defying the Darkness: Gay Theology in the Shadows / J. Michael Clark. Cleveland, Ohio : Pilgrim
Press, 1997.

Con-spirando: Revista Latinoamericana de Ecofeminismo, Espiritualidad y Teologia. Santiago, Chile :

Colectivo Con-spirando, 1992-

COOPER, Susan, Made from this Earth - American Women and Nature, Chapel Hill, 1993

Cuomo, Chris J.Feminism and Ecological Communities: an Ethic of Flourishing / Chris J. Cuomo.London ;
New York : Routledge, 1998.

Daly, Mary, 1928-, Quintessence--Realizing the Archaic Future: a Radical Elemental Feminist Manifesto /
Mary Daly. Boston : Beacon Press, 1998.
DIAMOND, Irene e Gloria Orenstien (eds) Reweaving the World. The Emergence of Ecofeminism, S.
Francisco, 1990. Em especial textos de Charlene Spretnak (3-15) e C. Merchant (100-106)

Diamond, Irene, 1947- Fertile Ground: Women, Earth, and the Limits of Control / Irene Diamond. Boston :
Beacon Press, c1994.

DIETRICH, Gabriele. Reflections on the Women's Movement in India: Religion, Ecology, Development /
Gabriele Dietrich. New Delhi: Horizon India Books, 1992.

DUNBAR, Dirk, 1954- The Balance of Nature's Polarities in new Paradigm Theory / Dirk Dunbar. New
York : P. Lang, c1994.

Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature / edited by Greta Gaard, Philadelphia : Temple University Press,
1993.

Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature / edited by Karen J. Warren ; with editorial assistance from Nisvan
Erkal, Bloomington : Indiana University Press, c1997.

Ecofeminism and the Sacred / edited by Carol J. Adams. New York : Continuum, 1993.

Ecofeminism Now! / Medusa Productions presents.1996.

Ecofeminist Literary Criticism: Theory, Interpretation, Pedagogy / edited by Greta Gaard and Patrick D.
Murphy. Urbana : University of Illinois Press, c1998.

Ecologia, Feminismo, Desenvolvimento/ Maria Inácia d'Avila, Naumi de Vasconcelos, organizadoras. [Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil] : EICOS-UFRJ, 1993.

Ecotheology: Voices from South and North /edited by David G. Hallman. Geneva, Switzerland : WCC
Publications ; Maryknoll, N.Y. : Orbis Books, 1994.

Environmental Education for the 21st Century:Iinternational and Interdisciplinary Perspectives / Patricia J.
Thompson, editor ; with an introduction by Ricardo Fernández. New York : Peter Lang, c1997.

Environmental Philosophy:From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology/ general editor, Michael E. Zimmerman ;
associate editors, J. Baird Callicott ... [et al.]. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, c1993.

Reweaving the World: the Emergence of Ecofeminism / edited and with essays by Irene Diamond and Gloria
Feman Orenstein. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, c1990.

Feminist Political Ecology: Global Issues and Local Experience / edited by Dianne Rocheleau, Barbara
Thomas-Slayter, and Esther Wangari. London ; New York : Routledge, 1996.

Feminists for Animal Rights : [newsletter].New York, NY : Feminists for Animal Rights,

FERRY, Luc. Nouvel Ordre Écologique. English The new Ecological Order / Luc Ferry ; translated Carol
Volk. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, c1995.

GAARD, Greta, ed. Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Philadelphia:Temple UP, 1993.
Ecological Politics: Ecofeminists and the Greens/ Greta Gaard. Philadelphia : Temple University
Press, 1998.

GARTNER, Carol B., Rachel Carson, N. Y.,1983

Gender, Ethnicity, and Class in Modern, Portuguese-speaking Culture / edited by Hilary Owen. Lewiston
[N.Y.] : E. Mellen Press, c1996.

Género y Ambiente en Latinoameârica / Margarita Velázquez, coordinadora. Cuernavaca, Morelos :

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Multidisciplinarias, 1996.

GRIFFIN, Susan. Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her. New York:Harper and Row, 1978.
Made from this Earth: an Anthology of Writings / Susan Griffin, New York : Harper & Row, c1982.
The Eros of Everyday Life: Essays on Ecology, Gender, and Society / Susan Griffin, New York :
Doubleday, c1995.
Bringing peace Home:Ffeminism, Violence, and Nature / edited by Karen J. Warren and Duane L.
Cady, Bloomington : Indiana University Press, c1996.
Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature / edited by Karen J. Warren ; with editorial assistance from
Nisvan Erkal, Bloomington : Indiana University Press, c1997.
Ecological Feminism / edited by Karen J. Warren ; with the assistance of Barbara Wells-Howe,
London ; New York : Routledge, 1994.
Ecological Feminist Philosophies / edited by Karen J. Warren, Bloomington : Indiana University
Press, 1996.

HARDING , D.J.L.(ed.), Britain since Silent Spring : an update on the ecological effects of agricultural
pesticides in the UK : proceedings of a symposium held in Cambridge on 18 March 1988 , London : Institute
of Biology, 1988

Healing the Wounds: the promise of Ecofeminism / edited by Judith Plant. Philadelphia, PA: New Society
Publishers, c1989.

HOLLAND-CUNZ, Barbara, 1957- , Soziales Subjekt Natur. Spanish Ecofeminismos / Barbara Holland-Cunz
; [traducción de Arturo Parada], Madrid : Cátedra ; [Valencia] : Universitat de València, Instituto de la Mujer,
1996.

HOWELL, Nancy R., 1953-, A Feminist Cosmology: Ecology, Solidarity, and Metaphysics / Nancy R.
Howell. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1997.

HYNES, H. Patricia , The Recurring Silent Spring / H. Patricia Hynes Series: The Athene series , New York ;
Oxford : Pergamon, 1989

Informativo Mulher e Meio Ambiente. São Paulo, Brasil : CIM, [1991]-1992.

JOHNSON, Elizabeth A., 1941- Women, Earth, and Creator Spirit / Elizabeth A. Johnson. New York :
Paulist Press, c1993.

KHEEL, Marti. "Ecofeminism and Deep Ecology: Reflections on Identity and Difference." Reweaving the
World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1990.

KING, Ynestra. "Healing the Wounds: Feminism, Ecology, and the Nature/Culture Dualism." Reweaving the
World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1990.

KRALL, Florence R., 1926- Ecotone: Wayfaring on the Margins / Florence R. Krall. Albany : State
University of New York Press, c1994.

LEAR, Linda, Rachel Carson, N. Y., Ungar,1983

Rachel Carson : Witness for Nature / Linda Lear ,1st ed , New York : Henry Holt, 1997

LYONS, Alana, Now it's our Turn: how Women can Transform their Lives and Save the planet / Alana
Lyons. Malibu, Calif. : Jaguar Books, c1998.
MARCO, Gino J. , Robert M. Hollingworth, e William Durham(ed.), Silent Spring Revisited, Washington,
D.C. : American Chemical Society, 1987

MARIE-DALY, Bernice, Ecofeminism: sacred matter/sacred mother / Bernice Marie-Daly. Chambersburg,

PA : Published for the American Teihard Association for the Future of Man, Inc.by Anima Books, 1991.

MÄRKE, Erika. Frauen erheben ihre Stimme : Geschlechterfrage, Ökologie und Entwicklung / Erika Märke.
Frankfurt : IKO-Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation, [1995]

MARSHALL, Ian. "Literal and Metaphoric Harmony with Nature: Ecofeminism and Harriet Prescott
Spofford's 'Circumstance.'" Modern Language Studies 23 (Spring 1993): 48-58.

MCCAY, Mary A., Rachel Carson, New York: Twayne Publishers; New York; Oxford: Maxwell Macmillan
International, c1993

MELLOR, Mary. Breaking the Boundaries. German Wann, wenn nicht jetzt!: für einen ökosozialistischen
Feminismus / Mary Mellor ; aus dem Englischen von Ursula Gramm. Hamburg : Argument-Verlag, c1994.
Feminism & Ecology / Mary Mellor. Washington Square, N.Y. : New York University Press, 1997.

MERCHANT, Carolyn, "Introduction: women ans ecology", in the Death of Nature, S. Francisco, 1980, pp.
XIX-XXIV
"Nature as a female" in ibidem, pp. 1-41.
The Death of Nature: Woman, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution. San Francisco: Harper and
Row, 1981.
"Ecofeminism and Feminist Theory." Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism. San
Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1990.
"The Theoretical Structure of Ecological Revolutions." Environmental Review 11 (no. 4: Winter
1987): 269-74.
Earthcare:Women and the Environment / Carolyn Merchant, New York : Routledge, 1996.
Terra femina / Carolyn Merchant ... [et al.] ; [organizadoras, Rosiska Darcy de Oliveira, Thais
Corral]. [Brazil] : Instituto de Ação Cultural : Rede de Defesa da Espécie Humana, [1992]-
Radical Ecology: the Search for a Livable World / Carolyn Merchant. New York : Routledge, 1992.

MIES, Maria. Ecofeminism / Maria Mies & Vandana Shiva.Halifax, N.S. : Fernwood Publications ; London
;Atlantic Highlands, N.J. : Zed Books, c1993.

MIT WISSEN, Widerstand und Witz: Frauen für die Umwelt/ herausgegeben von Christine von Weizsäcker
und Elisabeth Bücking. Freiberg : Herder, c1992.

MURPHY, Patrick D., 1951- Literature, Nature, and Other: Ecofeminist Critiques / Patrick D. Murphy.
Albany : State University of New York Press, c1995.
. "Ground, Pivot, Motion: Ecofeminist Theory, Dialogics, and Literary Practice." Hypatia 6 (Spring
1991) 146-161.
"Prolegomenon for an Ecofeminist Dialogics." Feminism, Bakhtin, and the Dialogic Voice. Eds.
Dale Bauer and Susan Jaret McKinstry. SUNY Press, 1991.

MURPHY, Raymond, 1943- Rationality and Nature: a Sociological Inquiry into a Changing Relationship /
Raymond Murphy. Boulder : Westview Press, 1994.

NEALSON, Christina, 1950- Living on the Spine: a Woman's Life in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains /
Christina Nealson. Watsonville, CA : Papier-Mache, c1997.

NORDQUIST, Joan. Radical Ecological Theory: a Bibliography /compiled by Joan Nordquist. Santa Cruz,
CA : Reference and Research Services, 1993.
Ecofeminist Theory: a Bibliography / compiled by Joan Nordquist. Santa Cruz, CA : Reference and
Research Services, 1994.
NORWOOD, Vera, Made from this Earth - American Women and Nature, Chapell Hill, 1993
e Janice Mouk (ed.) the Desert is no Lady, N. Haven, 1987

Planeta Fêmea, São Paulo, Brasil : CIM, 1993.

PLANT, Judith, ed. Healing the Wounds: The Promise of Ecofeminism. Philadelphia and Santa Cruz, CA:
New Society Publishers, 1989.

PLUMWOOD, Val. Feminism and the Mastery of Nature. London: Routledge, 1993.

Power, Population, and the Environment: Women Speak / compiled by Gillian Phillips [for] WEED
Foundation =Poder, Población, y Ambiente: Hablan las Mujeres / compilado por Gillian Phillips [para]
WEED Foundation. Montevideo, Uruguay : NGONET, [1992]

PRIMAVESI, Anne, 1934- From Apocalypse to Genesis: Ecology, Feminism, and Christianity / Anne
Primavesi. Minneapolis : Fortress Press, 1991.

PUIG I BOIX, Josep. L'Ecologisme: Aprenent a Rehabitar la Terra /Josep Puig i Boix. Barcelona :
Barcanova, 1991.

QUINBY, Lee. "Ecofeminism and the Politics of Resistance." Reweaving the World: The Emergence of
Ecofeminism. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books,1990.

RAE, Eleanor. Women, the Earth, the Divine / Eleanor Rae.Maryknoll, N.Y. : Orbis Books, c1994.

RAO, Manisha, Theory and Practice of Ecofeminism in India: an Analysis / Manisha Rao. Pune : Women's
Studies Centre, Dept. of Sociology, University of Pune, 1996
.
Readings in Ecology and Feminist Theology / Mary Heather MacKinnon and Moni McIntyre, editors.Kansas
City : Sheed & Ward, c1995.

RUETHER, Rosemary Radford, Women healing earth: Third World Women on Ecology, Feminism, and
Religion / edited and with introductions by Rosemary Radford Ruether. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books,
c1996.

SALLEH, Ariel, 1944- Ecofeminism as Politics: Nature, Marx, and the Postmodern / Ariel Salleh. London;
New York : Zed Books ; New York : Distributed exclusively in the USA by St. Martin's Press, 1997.

SHEARER, Benjamin F. e Barbara S. Sherarer(ed.), Notable Women in the life Sciences. A Biographical
Dictionary, West Port, 1996.

SHTEIR, Ann B., Cultivating Women Cultivating Science, Baltimore, 1996

SNYDER, Howard A. EarthCurrents: the Struggle for the World's Soul / Howard A. Snyder. Nashville :
Abingdon Press, c1995.

SÖLLE, Dorothee. Den Himmel Erden: eine ökofeministische Annäherung an die Bibel / Dorothee Sölle,
Luise Schottroff. München : Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, c1996.

SPRETNAK, Charlene. States of Grace: The Recovery of Meaning in the Postmodern Age. San Francisco:
Harper San Francisco, 1991.

STURGEON, Noël, 1956-, Ecofeminist natures : race, gender, feminist theory, and political action / Noël
Sturgeon. New York : Routledge, 1997.
Terra Femina, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil : IDAC : REDEH, 1992-

The Gendered new World Order: Militarism, Development, and the Environment / edited by Jennifer Turpin
and Lois Ann Lorentzen. New York : Routledge, 1996.

This Sacred Earth: Religion, Nature, Environment / edited by Roger S. Gottlieb. New York : Routledge,
1996.

Toxic Struggles: the Theory and Practice of Environmental Justice / edited by Richard Hofrichter ; foreword
by Lois Gibbs. Philadelphia : New Society Publishers, c1993.

VAN EMDEN, H. F. (Helmut Fritz) , Beyond Silent Spring: Integrated Pest Management and Chemical
Safety / Helmut F. van Emden and David B. Peakall London : Chapman & Hall, 1996

VAN GOGH, Anna, 1931- Promise me Love: a Preview of a Brighter Tomorrow / by Anna van Gogh ;
foreword by Jack Anderson. Grand Junction, Colo. : Lucy Mary Books, 1992.

Voeten in de Aarde: Radicale Groene Denkers /Frederik Janssens & Ullrich Melle (red.). Antwerpen :
Hadewijch ; Utrecht : J. van Arkel, c1996.

WARREN, Karen. "Feminism and Ecology: Making Connections." Environmental Ethics 9 (no. 1: 1987): 3-
20.

WHORTON, James C., 1942- , Before Silent Spring: pesticides and public health in pre-DDT America ,
Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1974

Women and Environment. Harare : Zimbabwe Women's Resource Centre and Network, [1993]

Women Healing Earth: Third World Women on Ecology, Feminism, and Religion/ edited and with
introductions by Rosemary Radford Ruether. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, c1996.

Women Working in the Environment / edited by Carolyn E. Sachs. Washington, D.C.: Taylor & Francis,
c1997.

Zhenshchina i zemlëiìa = Woman and Earth. Hartford, CT : [s.n.], 1992-

ZIMMERMAN, Michael E., 1946- Contesting Earth's Future:Rradical Ecology and Postmodernity/ Michael
E. Zimmerman. Berkeley : University of California Press, c1994.
"Feminism, Deep Ecology, and Environmental Ethics." Environmental Ethics (Spring 1987): 21-44.
 FLORESTA

A floresta é indissociável da História do Homem. Não obstante o cristianismo assumir uma atitude
hostil ela esteve sempre presente nos grandes momentos da História da Cristandade.
A Floresta é a nossa principal reserva de riqueza, fornece-nos lenha e madeiras que até meados do
século XIX se tornaram indispensáveis à sobrevivência e comodidades humanas. Por todos os tempos a
riqueza de uma região dependeu desta reserva que delimitava a fronteira do espaço agrícola e humanizado.
No século XVIII com Rousseau o quadro natural assumiu um papel distinto, passando a estar
envolvido no quotidiano. O homem do século XIX vê a floresta com outro olhar. Perdeu o medo e o instinto
dominador, procurando nela a harmonia. É essa a lição de David Thoreau em "Waden"72. Mas também é neste
momento que o homem toma consciência da sua acção devastadora sobre a floresta. O primeiro grito é de
Marsh em "Man and nature" (1874). Perante isto sucederam-se reacções, com as medidas de protecção da
floresta em 1669 a ordenança francesa das florestas de Colbert e depois como o free timber act (1873) e a
criação dos parques e reservas: Yosemite National Park em 1890 - ou as associações privadas - Sierra Club
(1892) - e publicas - Divisão de Florestas (1886)73.
Na verdade a devastação da floresta causou efeitos destrutivos considerados catastróficos.A situação
mais evidente nas ilhas onde o hinterland é reduzido. A primeira imagem disto é a ilha de Chipre, onde a
construção naval e a exportação levaram a que esta perdesse o epíteto de ilha verde, dado pelos antigos74. A
situação repete-se na Madeira, Canárias e Antilhas.
Um dos aspectos significativos do recurso à floresta foi a construção naval. A expansão europeia
desde o século XV implicou uma revolução na construção naval. Os séculos XVII e XVIII de forte
competência das potências europeias no domínio do mar e do Novo Mundo conduziu ao forte incremento da
construção naval. Até 1862, altura em que se atinge a idade do ferro, a madeira é a matéria prima de
construção naval75. O caso mais evidente disto é a Inglaterra que perdida a sua floresta socorre-se das
madeiras de América do Norte. Aliás este continente foi a principal reserva europeia: a Nova Inglaterra para
os ingleses e o Canadá para os franceses76.
A Madeira assume aqui um lugar de destaque, pois a ilha ganhou o seu nome do denso arvoredo,
mas a presença do homem desde o século XV rapidamente conduziu ao seu desaparecimento da vertente sul.
Tal como afirma S. Pyne77 a situação da Madeira não é uma caricatura desse processo de deflorestação, mas a
sua evidencia.
Tendo em conta estas múltiplas funções da floresta os estudos realizados repartem-se em a História
da Floresta em geral78, os seus múltiplos usos que vão desde o combustível79 a construção naval80. A sua
incessante procura conduz o homem à busca de medidas da sua defesa que surgem em circunstâncias e
conjunturas de crise deste inestimável recurso81

72
. Robert Pogue Harrison, 1992.

73
. Michael Wiiliams (1992), p. 375-460.

74
. J. V. Thirgood (1981), p. 125; F. Perlin (1989).

75
. R. G. Albion (1926).

76
. F. Palin (1991), p. 175-176, 266; M. Williams (1992), p. 82-101.

77
. S. J. Pyne (1982), p. 124.

78
. M. Williams (1989), W. Dean (1995).

79
. R. Reynolds (1942), Teresa Botelho(1986).

80
. Robert Albion (1965), P. Bamford (1956), R. Fries (1951).

81
. L. Wilson (1948), J. Malone (1964), W. Schofield (1968), L. Rakestraw (1979).
 Da leitura dos clássicos e da produção recente releva-se uma situação particular que
toca de novo o arquipélago da Madeira. A Madeira não se posiciona apenas nos anais da
História universal como a primeira área de ocupação atlântica, pioneira na cultura e
divulgação do açúcar ao Novo Mundo.
A expansão europeia não se resume apenas ao encontro e desencontro de Culturas,
mas também marca o início de um processo de transformação ou degradação do meio-
ambiente82. O europeu carrega consigo a fauna e flora do seu convívio e com valor
económico, que irão provocar profundas mudanças nos novos eco-sistemas. Com isto
acontece que o espaço vivido e natureza se universalizam. O processo de imposição da
chamada biota portátil europeia, no dizer de Alfred Crosby83, foi responsável por alguns
dos primeiros e mais importantes problemas ecológicos . Quem não se lembra da praga dos
coelhos do Porto Santo? Que dizer do incêndio que lavrou na ilha durante sete anos ?
Estas situações são assiduamente referenciadas pela actual historiografia norte
americana que se dedica ao estudo da História do meio ambiente, sendo o seu ponto de
partida e alento para esta incursão temática inovadora.
Outro facto também insistentemente referido é o da própria ilha da Madeira. O
nome foi o atributo para referenciar a abundância e aspecto luxuriante do seu bosque. Tão
pomposamente referida por Camões84:

Passamos a grande ilha da Madeira

Que do muito arvoredo assim se chama
Das que povoamos a primeira
mais célebre por nome que por fama
(…)

Mas em pouco tempo, as queimadas para abrir clareiras de cultura e habitação, o

debaste para fruição das lenhas e madeiras, fizeram-na desmerecer tal epíteto. Da Madeira
quase só ficou o nome…!
A tradição refere que os navegadores portugueses atearam um incêndio à densa
floresta para poder penetrar, mas este ganhou tais proporções que os atemorizou. Foram
sete anos de chama acesa, diz a tradição. Todavia, hoje ninguém acredita nesta versão
divulgada por Francisco Alcoforado e repetida em Cadamosto e outros autores da época.
Hoje ninguém acredita nesta História, que a ser verdade teria reduzido a ilha a carvão…
Esta situação expressa uma realidade que pautará a expansão europeia e que só nos
últimos anos tem cativado a atenção do historiador. Tudo isto tem origem num produto
devorador que conquista a economia de mercado e que pautou a evolução da economia
atlântica a partir do século XV. O carrasco é o açúcar. A sua disponibilidade só é possível
com esse processo de degradação do meio que viu nascer os canaviais.

82 . Cf. Elionor G. K. MELVILLE, A Plague of sheep- Environmental consequences of the conquest of Mexico, N. York, 1994, p.88
83 Imperialismo ecológico- a expansão biológica da europa. 900-1900, S. Paulo, 1993, 87, 238
84 Lusíadas, est.5, canto V, 1613
BIBLIOGRAFIA

ACKERMAN, Robert E. , Archaeoethnology, ethnoarchaeology and the problems of past cultural patterning.
In Ethnohistory of southwestern Alaska and the southern Yukon: method and content, (ed.) Margaret Lantis,
pp. 11-47. Studies in Anthropology, 7. Louisville: University of Kentucky. 1970.

AGEE, James K., "Forest Fire History and Ecology of the Intermountain West," Inner Voice 7:6-7
(March/April 1995)
Fire Ecology of Pacific Northwest Forests (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1994)

AIKEN, S. Robert. Vanishing Rain Forests: the Ecological Transition in Malaysia / S. Robert Aiken and
Colin H. Leigh. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

ALBION, Robert G., Forests and Sea Power: The Timber Problem of the Royal Navy, 1652-1862, Cambridge
Mass., 1926/Hamden, Coon.1965

ALLEN, Ruth A., East Texas Lumber Workers: An Economic and Social Picture, 1870-1950, Austin, Texas,
1961.

ANDERSON, Anthony B., (ed.) Alternatives to Deforestation: Steps toward Sustainable use of the Amazon
Rain Forest. New York: Columbia University Press, c1990.Papers presented at an international conference
held in Belem, Brazil January

ANDERSON, E., Plants, Man and Life. Little Brown and Co., Boston. 1952
Plants, Man and Life. University of California Press, Berkeley. 1952

ANDERSON, Mark Louden, 1895-1961., A History of Scottish Forestry [by] Mark L. Anderson; edited by
Charles J. Taylor.London, Nelson, 1967.

APLET, Gregory, et al., Defining Sustainable Forestry (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1993) Colectânia de
textos de autores diversos.

APPLEGATE, Jesse, "Umpqua Agriculture, 1851," Oregon Historical Quarterly 32:135-144 (1931)

ARPEE, Edward, 1899- Lake Forest, Illinois; History and Reminiscences, 1861-1961. [Lake Forest] Rotary
Club of Lake Forest, 1963 [c1964]

ARRINGTON, L., "Irrigation in the Snake River Valley: An Historical Overview," Idaho Yesterdays 30:3-11
(spring/summer 1986)

BALLOU, Robert, Early Klickitat Valley Days (Goldendale, Wash.: Printed by the Goldendale Sentinel,
1938)

BAMFORD, Paul Walden, Forests and French Sea Power. 1660-1789, Toronto, 1956.

BARRY, J. Neilson, "Agriculture in the oregon Country in 1795-1844," Oregon Historical Quarterly 30:161-
168 (1929)
"Use of Soil Products by Indians," Oregon Historical Quarterly 30:43-52 (1929)

BATES, Marston, The Forest and the Sea, London, Vintage, 1973.

BENNETT, B.C.,Plants and People of the Amazonian Rainforests: The Role of Ethnobotany in Sustainable
Development. Bioscience 42(8) 1992:599-607.
BIONDI, Edoardo(ed.), Il Bosco nell'Appennino: Storia, Vegetazione, Ecologia, Economia e Conservazione
del Bosco Appenninico, Fabriano, Fabriano, 1989

BLACK, S. Rexford., Private and State Forestry in California, 1917-1960 , S. Rexford Black ; an interview
conducted by Amelia R. Fry., 1968.

BOAG, Peter G., Environment and Experience: Settlement Culture in Nineteenth Century Oregon (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1992)

BOENING, Rose M., "History of Irrigation in the State of Washington," Washington Historical Quarterly
9:259-276 (1918); 10:21-45 (1919)

BOTELHO, Tersa Maria Baker, Tecnologia Popular e Energia no Sector Residencial Rural: Um Estudo
sobre Fogão a Lenha, Rio de Janeiro, 1986

BOWEN, William A., The Willamette Valley: Migration and Settlement of the Oregon Frontier (Seattle:
University of Washington Press, 1978)

BOYCE, Todd V., A History of the Beef Cattle Industry in the Inland Empire (1937)

BRIGGS, Harold E., "The Early Development of Sheep Ranching in the Northwest," Agricultural History
11:161-180 (1937)

BROCKMAN, C. Frank, Trees of North America, New York, Golden Press, 1968.

BROWN, Beverly A., In Timber Country: Working People's Stories of Environmental Conflict and Urban
Flight (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995)

BRYANT, Raymond L, The Political Ecology of Forestry in Burma, 1824-1994 / Raymond L.

Bryant.Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1997

BUNTING, Robert, "Abundance and the Forests of the Douglas-Fir Bioregion, 1840-1920," Environmental
History Review 18:41-62 (Winter 1994)
The Pacific Raincoast: Environment and Culture of an American Eden, 1778-1900,
Lawrence/Kansas, Univ. Press of Kansas, 1996

BURNS, Anna C., A History of the Louisiana Forestry Commission, [by] Anna C. Burns. Natchitoches,
Louisiana Studies Institute, Northwestern State College [1968]

CALDWELL, Warren W., and Lynn M. Snyder , Dendrochronology in Plains Prehistory: An Assessment.
Plains Anthropologist 28(99) 1983:30-44.

CAMPBELL, Archer Stuart, 1899-, Studies in Forestry Resources in Florida.. [Gainesville] The University
of Florida [1932-34]

CARROLL, Charles F., The Timber Economy of Puritan New England, Providence, RI., 1973

CARSTENSEN, Vernon R., Farms or Forests: Evolution of a State Land Policy for Horthern Wisconsin,
1850-1932, Madinson, Wis., 1958

CASALS COSTA, Vicente, 1951-, Los Ingenieros de Montes en la España Contemporánea, 1848-1936 /
Vicente Casals Costa; prefacio de Antonio Monzón Perala. 1. ed. Barcelona: Ediciones del Serbal, 1996.

CASTETTER, Edward F., Willis H. Bell, and Morris E. Opler , The Ethnobotany of the Chiricahua and
Mescalero Apache. University of New Mexico Bulletin No. 297, Biological Services Vol. 4, No. 5,
Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest, No. 3, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 1936
CHAPMAN, J. and A. Shea , The Archaeobotanical record: Early Archaic Period to Contact in the Lower
Little Tennessee River Valley. Tennessee Anthropologist 6, 1981:64-84.

CHAUDHURI, A. B. (Amal Bhusan), 1926-, Environment and Resources of Tropical and Temperate Forests
of India / by A.B. Chaudhuri, assisted by H.B. Naithani. Dehra Dun, India: International Book Distributors,
c1985.

CHOMKO, S. and G. Crawford , Plant Husbandry in Prehistoric Eastern North America: New Evidence for
its Development. American Antiquity 43,1978:405-408.

CLARK, D.H., "Sawmill on the Columbia," The Beaver 42-44 (June 1950)

CLARK, Norman H., Mill Town (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1970)

CLEPPER, Henry, Crusade for Conservation: The Centennial History of the American Forestry Association,
Washington, DC., 1975

COLE, Douglas, "Early Artistic Perceptions of the British Columbia Forest", in Journal of Forest History,
18:4, 1974, 128-131.

COLEBOURN, Phil. Ancient Woodland / [produced in the County Planning Department; written by Phil
Colebourn; designed and illustrated by Paul Jones]. [Winchester]: Hampshire County Council, c1983.

CONKLIN, Harold C. , Ecological Interpretations and Plant Domestication. American Antiquity 25,
1959:260-262.

CONRAD, Totman, The Lumber Industry in Early Modern Japan, Honolulu, 1995.

COOLIDGE, Philip T., History of the Maine Woods, Bangor, Maine, 1963.

CORVOL, Andrée, La Forêt: Perceptions et Représentations / textes réunis et présentés par Andrée Corvol,
Paul Arnould et Micheline Hotyat. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1997.]

COULTER, Calvin B., "The Victory of National Irrigation in the Yakima Valley, 1902-1906," Pacific
Northwest Quarterly 42:99-122 (1951)

COX, John H., "Trade Associations in the Lumber Industry of the Pacific Northwest, 1899-1914," Pacific
Northwest Quarterly 41:265-311 (1950)

COX, Thomas R., Mills and Market: A History of the Pacific Coast Lumber Industry to 1900, Seattle, 1974.
"Thomas R., "Closing the Lumberman's Frontier: The Far Western Pine Country," Journal of the
West 33:59-66 (July 1994)
"The Conservationist as Reactionary: John Minto and American Forest Policy," Pacific Northwest
Quarterly 74:146-53 (1983)
"The North American-Japanese Timber Trade: A Survey of Its Social, Economic, and
Environmental Impact," in John F. Richards & Richard P. Tucker, World Deforestation in the Twentieth
Century 164-86, 290-301 (1988)
"Trade, Development, and Environmental Change: The Utilization of North America's Pacific Coast
Forests to 1914," in Richard P. Tucker & J.F. Richards, eds., Global Deforestation and the Nineteenth-
Century World Economy 14-29, 180-84 (1983)
ed., This Well-Wooded Land: Americans and their Forests from Colonial Times to the Present
(Lincoln: Univeristy of Nebraska Press, 1985)
CRITES, G. , Middle Woodland Paleoethnobotany of the Eastern Highland Rim of Tennessee: An
Evolutionary Perspective on Change in Human-Plant Interaction. Ph.D.dissertation, Department of
Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. 1985
Human-Plant Mutualism and Niche Expression in the Paleoethnobotanical record. American
Antiquity 52, 1987:725.

DANA, Samuel Trask e FAIRFAX, Sally K., Forest and Range Policy: Its Development in the United States,
ed ed, N. York, 1980.

DAVIS, Richard C., Encyclopedia of American Forest and Conservation History 2 vols. New York:
MacMillan, 1983, 780 pp
North American Forest History: A Guide to Archives and Manuscripts in the United States and
Canada (Santa Barbara, CA: Forest History Society, 1977)

DEAN, Warren, With Boradax and Fireband. The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, 1995. Com
edição em S. Paulo, 1996.

DEEVEY, Edward S., Pollen analysis and Mexican archaeology: an attempt to apply the method. American
Antiquity 10, 1944:135-149.

DEFEBAUGH, James Elliot, History of the Lumbery Industry in America, 2 vols, Chicago, 1906

Desarrollo Forestal y Medio Ambiente en el Uruguay. Montevideo, Uruguay: Centro Interdisciplinario de

Estudios sobre el Desarrollo, Uruguay, 1990-

DETLING, Leroy E. , Historical Backround of the Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Oregon
Museum of Natural History Bulletin 13, 1968.

DEVALL, Bill, Clearcut: the Tragedy of Industrial Forestry / edited by Bill Devall. San Francisco: Sierra
Club Books/Earth Island Press, c1993.

Dimbleby, G.W. , Plants and Archaeology. Unwin Brothers Limited, Pall Mall, London. 1967

DOIG, Ivan., Early Forestry Research: a history of the Pacific Northwest Forest & Range Experiment
Station, 1925-1975 [Washington: Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1976]

DROZE, Wilomon H., Trees, Prairies, and People: A History of Tree Planting in the Plains States, Denton,
Te., 1977

DRUMHELLER, Daniel M., "Uncle Dan" Drumheller Tells Thrills of Western Trails in 1854, Spokane:
Inland-American Print Co., 1925.

DURHAM, Nelson W., History of the City of Spokane and Spokane County, Washington, Spokane: S. J.
Clarke Pub. Co., 1912.

ELLISON, Joseph W., "The Beginnings of the Apple Industry in Oregon," Agricultural History 11:322-343
(1937)

ELMORE, Francis H. , Ethnobotany of the Navajo. School of American Research Monograph Series No.
1(7). University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. 1944

EVANS, John E., ed., Powerful Rockey: the Blue Mountains and the Oregon Trail, La Grande, Or: 1990.
Colectânea de textos..
FAHEY, John, "Big Lumber in the Inland Empire: The Early Years, 1900-1930," Pacific Northwest
Quarterly 76:95-103 (1985)

FAHL, Ronald J., North American Forest and Conservation History: A Bibliography, Santa Barbara, Calif.,
1977.

FARB, Peter, The Forest, N. York, Time-Life Books, 1963.

FICKEN, Robert E., The Forested Land: A History of Lumbering in Western Washington, Durham, NC:
Forest History Society, 1987.

FEARNSIDE, P., "Ecological research reserve for Brazil's Amazon rain-forest established in Ouro Preto do
Oeste", Rondonia. Environ. Conservation 11(3) 1984: 273-274.
"Land-use trends in the Brazilian Amazon egion as factors in acclerating deforestation", Environ.
Conservation 10(2) 1983: 141-148.
"Roads in Rondonia: highway construction and the farce of unprotected reserves in Brazil's
Amazonian forest", Environ. Conservation 11(4) 1984: 358-360.

FIEGE, Mark, "Creating a Hybrid Landscape: Irrigated Agriculture in Idaho," Illahee 11(1&2):60-76 (1995)

FITZHARRIS, Tim, 1948-, Forest: a National Audubon Society book / Tim Fitzharris ; drawings by Don Li-
Leger. Washington, D.C. : Starwood Pub., c1991.

FLADER, Susan, Thinking Like a Mountain: Aldo Lepold and the Evolution of an Ecological Attitude toward
Deer, Wolves, and Forests, Columbia, Mo., 1974

FLEET, Harriet. New Zealand's Forests / Harriet Fleet. Auckland, N.Z.; Portsmouth, N.H., U.S.A.:
Heinemann, 1984.

FORD, R., Paleoethnobotany in American Archaeology. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory,
vol. 2, edited by M. Schiffer, pp. 285-336. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida. 1979

FORD, Richard I. , The Nature and Status of Ethnobotany. Anthropological Paper, Museum of Anthropology
No. 67. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 1978

Forestry, Parks and Conservation Oral History collection: nos. 1-45 / University of California, Berkeley.
Glen Rock, N. J.: Microfilming Corp. of America, c1978.

La Forêt dans ses Confins Andins: la Ceja de Montaña: Actes / du 3e colloque, Association française pour
l'étude et la recherche sur les pays andins ...Grenoble, 3, 4 et 5 déc. 1977; [publié par l']Université des langues
et lettres de Grenoble, Centre d'études et de recherches sur le Pérou et les pays andins , Grenoble: C.E.R.P.A.,
1977.

FORSYTH, A., and Miyata, K., Tropical Nature: Life and Death in the Rain Forests of Central and South
America. Charles Scribner & Sons., 1983, 272 pp.

FOX, William F., A History of the Lumber Industry of the State of New York, Harrison, NY, 1976

FRENCH, David H. , Ethnobotany of the Pacific Northwest Indians. In Economic Botany Vol.19, 1965, pp.
378-382.

FRIES, Robert F., Empire in Pine: The Story of Lumbering in Wisconsin, 1830-1900, Madison, Wis., 1951.

GADANT. Jean, L'Atlas des Forêts de France / sous la direction de Jean Gadant. Scale, etc.Scales differ.
Paris : J.-P. de Monza, [1991]
GIBSON, James R., Farming the Frontier: The Agricultural Opening of the Oregon Country, 1786-1846,
Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1985.

GIDDINGS, J.L., Jr., Dendrochronology in northern Alaska. University of Alaska Publication, vol. 5. 1941

GILCREST, Evelyn, "Alvord Ranch Interlude: Life on a Celebrated Range," Oregon Historical Quarterly
63:304-341 (1962)

Gilmore, Melvin R., The Ethnobotany Laboratory at the University of Michigan. Occasional Contributions
from the Museum of Anthropology of the University of Michigan No. 1. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
1932

GOODWIN, O. C., Eight Decades of Forestry Firsts: a History of Forestry in North Carolina, 1889-1969,.
Raleigh: School of Forest Resources, N.C. State University, 1969.

GOSSETT, Gretts, "Stock Grazing in Washington's Nile Valley," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 55:119-127
(1964)

GRAY, Stephan, "The Government's Timber Business: Forest Policy and Administration in British Columbia,
1912-1928," BC Studies 81:24-49 (1989)

GREELEY, William B., Forests and Man, N. York, Doubleday and Comp., 1951.

GRUMBINE, R. Edward, Ghost Bears: Exploring the Biodiversity Crisis, Washington, D.C.: Island Press,
1992.

GUHA, Ramachandra. The Unquiet Woods: Ecological change and Peasant Resistance in the Himalaya 1st
University of California Press ed., Berkeley: University of California Press, 1900, c1989.

Gunther, Erna , Ethnobotany of Western Washington. (revised edition), University of Washington Press,
Seattle & London ,1945 (revisto e reeditado em 1973).

HALBAKKEN, David S., A History of Wheat-Growing in Oregon during the Nineteenth Century (Thesis:
University of Oregon, Eugene, 1948)

HAMILTON, Eloise, Forty Years of Western Forestry in the American Studies: A History of the Movement to
Conserve Forest Resources by Cooperative Effort, 1909-1949, Portland, Oreg., 1949.

HANSEN, Henry P. ,Paleoecology of Two Peat Deposits on the Oregon Coast. Oregon State University
Press, Corvallis. 1941

HARDING, Bruce C., "Water from Pend Oreille: The Gravity Plan for Irrigating the Columbia Basin,"
Pacific Northwest Quarterly 45:52-60 (1954)

HEINTZELMAN, Oliver H., "The Evolution of an Industry: The Dairy Economy of Tillamook County,
Oregon," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 49:77-81 (1958)

HEIZER, Robert F. ,The First Dendrochronologist. American Antiquity 22, 1956:186-188.

HELLSON, John C., and Morgan Gadd , Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians. National Museum of Man
Mercury Series, Canadian Ethnology Service Paper No. 19, Ottawa, Canada. 1974

HICHMAN, Nollie W., Mississippi Harvest: Lunbering in the Longleaf Pine Belt, 1840-1915, University,
Miss., 1962

HINDLE, Brooke, ed., America's Wooden Age: Aspects of its Early Technology, Tarrytown, NY., 1975
HIRT, Paul, A Conspiracy of Optimism: Management of the National Forests Since World War Two, Lincoln:
University of Nebraska Press, 1994.

History of Sustained-yield Forestry: a Symposium: Western Forestry Center, Portland, Oregon, October 18-
19, 1983 / Harold K. Steen, general editor; coordinated by the Forest History Society for the International
Union of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO), Forest History Group [Santa Cruz, CA] : The Society,
c1984.

HOLD, John A. Eister, Lumber and Trade in the Seaboard Cities of the Old South. 1607-1860, Univ. of
Mississipi, 1970. Tese.

HOTCHKISS, George, History of the Lumber and Forest Industry of the Northwest, Chicago, 1898 e 1957.

HURT, R. Douglas, Agricultural Technology in the Twentieth Century, Manhattan: Sunflower University
Press, 1991.
American Agriculture: A Brief History, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1994.
American Farm Tools: From Hand-Power to Steam-Power, Manhattan: Sunflower University Press,
1982.

HURST, James Willard, Law and Economic Growth: The Legal History of the Lumber Industry in Wisconsin,
1836-1915, Cambridge, Mass., 1964

IMMELMAN, W. F. E. e C. L. Wicht, D. P. Ackerman(ed.) Our Green Heritage: a Book about Indigenous

and Exotic Ttrees in South Africa, about Trees and Timber in our Cultural History and about our Extensive
Silvicultural, Forestry and Timber Industries;. Cape Town, Tafelberg, 1973.

INGLIS, Jack M. , A History of Vegetation on the Rio Grande Plain. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
Bulletin No. 45. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin. 1964

ISE, John, Our National Parl Policy: a Critical History, Baltimore, 1961.

JAMES, N. D. G., A Forestry Centenary: the History of the Royal Forestry Society of England, Wales, and
Northern Ireland, Oxford : Basil Blackwell, 1982.
A History of English Forestry, Oxford : Blackwell, 1981.

JOHANNESSEN, Carl L., W. A. Davenport, Artimus Millet, and S. McWilliams , Paleoethnobotany. In

American Bottom Archaeology, edited by Charles J. Bareis and James W. Porter, pp. 197-214. University of
Illinois Press, Urbana. 1984

JORDAN, Carl F.(ed.).Amazonian Rain Forests: Ecosystem Disturbance and Recovery: case Studies of
Ecosystem Dynamics under a Spectrum of Land use-intensities. New York: Springer-Verlag, c1987.

JORDAN, Julia Anne , Ethnobotany of the Kiowa Apache. Master's Thesis, University of Oklahoma. 1965

JUBOKU-METZGER, D. Forest exploitation in Sierra Leone. Ecologist, 13(6) 1983: 239-241.

JUDSON, Katharine Berry, Subject Index to the History of the Pacific Northwest and of Alaska As Found in
the United States Government Documents, Congressional Series, in the American State Papers, and in Other
Documents, 1789-1881, Olympia: Lamborn, 1913.
"The Hudson's Bay Company and the Pacific Northwest," Century 101:197-209 (1920)

KENDALL, Thomas S., "Thomas S. Kendall's Letter on Oregon Agriculture, 1852," Agricultural History
9:187-197 (1935)
KINDSCHER, Kelly , Edible Wild Plants of the Prairies: An Ethnobotanical Guide. University of Kansas
Press, Lawrence, Kansas. 1987

KINGSTON, Ceylon Samuel, "Introduction to Cattle Into the Pacific Northwest," Washington Historical
Quarterly 14:163-185 (1923)

KINNEY, J. P., The Development of Forest Law in America…, N. York, 1917.

Indian Forest and Range: A History of the Administration and Conservation of the Redman's
Heritage, Washington, DC., 1950.

KRAJINA, Vladimir J., Ecosystem Perspectives in Forestry; an H. R. MacMillan lectureship address

delivered at the University of British Columbia, Wednesday, March 15, 1972 by Vladimir J. Krajina.
Vancouver, University of British Columbia, 1972.

KRUCKEBERG, Arthur R., Natural History of Puget Sound Country, Seattle: University of Washington
Press, 1991.

KRUEGER, Myron Edward, 1890-, Forestry and Technology in Northern California, 1925-1965 / Myron E.
Krueger. Entevista conduzida por Amelia R. Fry. 1968.

KUHLEIN, Harriet V., and N. J. Turner ,Traditional Plant Foods of Canadian Indigenous Peoples: Nutrition,
botany, and use. Food and Nutrition in Human History and Anthropology , Vol 8. Gordon and Breach Science
Publishers, Philadelphia. 1991

KUHLER, Joyce B., A History of Agriculture in the Yakima Valley, Washington, from 1880 to 1900 .Teses:
University of Washington, Seattle, 19xx.

KURTZ, Edwin B., Henry Tucker, and James L. Liverman , Reliability of identification of fossil pollen as
corn. American Antiquity 25, 1960:605-606.

KUUSELA, Kullervo, 1924-, Forest Resources in Europe, 1950-1990 / Kullervo Kuusela. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1994.

LANGSTON, Nancy, "A Wild, Managed Forest," The Land Report (Summer, 1995)
"Columbia Basin Blues," Inner Voice (August, 1995)
Forest Dreams, Forest Nightmares: The Paradox of Old Growth in the Inland West, Seattle:
University of Washington Press, 1995.

LARSON, Agnes M., History of the White Pine Industry in Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.,1949

LATHAM, Bryan, Timber: Its Development and Distribution, London, 1957.

LAWRENCE, Joseph C., "The Forest and the Trees: A Review Article," BC Studies 30:77-82 (1976)

LEHMKUHL, John F., et al., Historical and Current Forest Landscapes of Eastern Oregon and Washington.
Part I: Vegetation Pattern and Insect and Disease Hazards, Portland: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1994.

LEOHR, Rodney C., ed., Forests for the Future: The Story of Sustained Yield as Told in the Diaries and
Papers of David T. Mason, 1907-1950, St. Paul, Minn., 1952

LEWIS, William S, The Story of Early Days in the Big Bend Country, Breaking Trails, Rush of Miners,
Coming of Cattlemen, Making of Homes, Pioneer Hardships in the Big Bend Country, Spokane: W.D. Allen,
1926.

LILLARD, Robert G., The Great Forest, N. York, 1948

LOMAX, Alfred L., "History of Pioneer Sheep Husbandry in Oregon," Oregon Historical Quarterly 29:99-
143 (1928)

LOMAX, Alfred L., Pioneer Woolen Mills in Oregon; History of Wool and the Woolen Textile Industry in
Oregon, 1811-1875, Portland: Binfords & Mort, 1941.

LONG, Thelma S., Some Aspects of the Sheep Industry in Eastern Oregon from 1860-1910, Teses: University
of Oregon, Eugene, 1943.

LOWER, Arthur R. M., Great Britain's Woodyard: British America and the Timber Trade, 1763-1867,
Toronto, 1973

LUTZ, H. J. (Harold John), 1900-, Forest Ecology, the Biological Basis of Silviculture / by H.J.
Lutz.Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia, 1959.

LYMAN, William D., "Walla Walla County and Early History," Coast 15:148-155 (1908)

MABBOTT, Leslie L., A History of the Wenatchee-Okanogan Apple Industry Prior to 1930, Teses: State
College of Washington, Pullman, 1940.

MACAULAY, Jane Katherine , The Paleoethnobotany of the Hine Village Site, A Fort Ancient Component in
the Middle Ohio River Valley. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto. 1990

MACKEY, James C. ,The Documentation of Environmental Control of Morphological Variability in

Archaeological Maize: A Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction Technique. Plains Anthropologist 28(101)
1983:209-217.
A Thirteenth Centuray A. D. Example of the Successful Use of Archaeological Corn Collections for
Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction: A Reply to Benz. Plains Anthropologist 30(108) 1985:149-159.

MAGNUSSON, Elva C., "Naches Pass," Washington Historical Quarterly 25:171-181 (1934)

MAHAR, James Michael , Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation. B.A.
thesis, Reed College, Portland, Oregon. 1953

MALONE, Joseph J., Pine Trees and Plitics: The Naval Stores and Forest Policy of Colonial New England,
1691-1775, Seattle, 1964.

MANWOOD; John, A Treatise of the Laws of the Forest, Amesterdam, 1976.

MARCUS, C. J., Heart of Oak. A survey of British Sea Power in the Georgian Era, London, 1975.

MARLOWE, Christopher. The Black Forest; its People, History and Traditions, by Christopher Marlowe;
with Twenty-eight Illustrations and Sketch-map. London, John Lane [1929]

MARTENS, Jochen. Forests and their Destruction in the Himalayas of Nepal / by Jochen
Martens.Kathmandu: Nepal Research Centre; Wiesbaden, W. Germany: F. Steiner Verlag, distributor, 1983.

MARTIN, Paul S., and Floyd W. Sharrock , Pollen analysis of prehistoric human feces: a new approach to
ethno-botany. American Antiquity 30(2) 1964:168-180.

MASER, Chris, Forest Primeval: The Natural History of an Ancient Forest, San Francisco, Sierra club
Books, 1989.

MAUNDER, Elwood R., "Building on Sawdust," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 51:57-62 (1960)
MCCULLOCH, Walter Fraser. Forestry and Education in Oregon, 1937-1966 Walter F. McCulloch; an
interview conducted Amelia R. Fry. 1968.

MENON, K. P. V.(compil.), History and Development of Forestry and Forest Industries in Malaysia: a
Bibliography , Kepong, Malaysia: Library, Forest Research Institute, 1976.

MEANY, Edmond S., "Western Spruce and the War," The Washington Historical Quarterly 9:255-258
(1918)

MENZIES, Nicholas K. Forest and Land Management in Imperial China, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994.

MERZ, Robert W., A History of the Central States Forest Experiment Station, 1927-1965, St. Paul, Minn.,
1981

MONCKTON, Stephen G., Huron Paleoethnobotany. Ontario Archaeological Reports 1. Ontario Heritage
Foundation, Toronto. 1992 226 pages.

MORGAN, D. R., The Influence of Forestry Practices on the Ecology of Freshwater Fish in New Zealand: an
Introduction to the Literature / by D. R. Morgan and E. Graynoth. Wellington: New Zealand Ministry of
Agriculture and Fisheries, 1978.

MORGAN, Murray, The Mill on the Boot: The Story of the St. Paul & Tacoma Lumber Company, Seattle:
University of Washington Press, 1982.

MORSE, Robert D., The Hudson's Bay Company Activities in the Oregon Territory, 1824-1846, Teses:
University of Oregon, Eugene, 1927.

MUNSON, Patrick J. ,Contributions to Osage and Lakota Ethnobotany. Plains Anthropologist 26(93)
1981:229-240.

NABHAN, Gary Paul, Enduring Seeds: Native American Agriculture and Wild Plant Conservation. North
Point Press, San Francisco. 1989

NEESON, Eoin, 1927-, A History of Irish Forestry. Dublin: Lilliput Press in association with the Dept. of
Energy, 1991.

NEIDERHEISER, Clodaugh M. Forest History Sources of the United States and Canada; a Compilation of
the Manuscript Sources of Forestry, Forest Industry, and Conservation History. Saint Paul, Forest History
Foundation, 1956.

NELSON, Beatrice Ward, State Recreation: Parks, Forests and Game Preserves, Washington, DC, 1928

NELSON, Charles, A History of the U. S. Forest Products Laboratory (1910-1963), Madinson. Wis., 1977.

NESBIT, Robert C. and Charles M. Gates, "Agriculture in Eastern Washington, 1890-1910," Pacific
Northwest Quarterly 37:279-302 (1946)

NESIUS, Ernest J. (Ernest Joseph), 1912-, The First 100 Years: a History of the West Virginia Agricultural
and Forestry Experiment Station, Morgantown, W. Va.: West Virginia University, Agricultural and Forestry
Experiment Station, 1988.

NICKERSON, Norton H. , Variation in cob morphology among certain archeological and ethnological races
of maize. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 40, 1953:79-111.

NORSE, Elliott A. , Ancient Forests of the Pacific Northwest, Washington D.c., Island Press, 1990.
Northern Pacific Railway Company, The Pacific Northwest. Facts Relating to the History, Topography,
Climate, Soil, Agriculture, Forests, Fisheries, Mineral Resources, Commerce, Industry, Lands, Means of
Communication, etc. of Oregon and Washington Territory, New York: 1882.

NORTON, Helen H., and Steven J. Gill , The Ethnobotanical Imperative: A Consideration of Obligation,
Implication, and Methodology. Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 15(1) 1981:117-134.

OLIPHANT, J. Orin, "History of Livestock Industry in the Pacific Northwest," Oregon Historical Quarterly
49:3-29 (1948)
"The Cattle Herds and Ranches of Oregon Country," Agricultural History 21:217-238 (1947)
"The Cattle Trade from the Far Northwest to Montana," Agricultural History 6:69-83 (1932)
"The Cattle Trade on Puget Sound," Agricultural History 7:129-149 (1933)
"The Cattle Trade through the Snoqualmie Pass," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 38:193-213 (1947)
"The Cattle Trade Through the Snoqualmie Pass,"Pacific Northwest Quarterly 38:193-214 (1947)
"The Eastward Movement of Cattle from the Oregon Country," Agricultural History 20:19-43 (1946)
"Winter Losses of Cattle in the Oregon Country," Washington Historical Quarterly 23:3-17 (1932)
On the Cattle Ranges of the Oregon Country, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1968.

PALMER, Tim, The Snake River: Window to the West, Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1991.

PEACOCK, Sandra Leslie , Piikani Ethnobotany: Traditional Plant Knowledge of the Piikani People of the
Northwestern Plains. M.A. Thesis, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Alberta. 1991, 256
pps.

Pearsall, D., Paleoethnobotany. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida. 1989

PELZER, Louis, "A Cattlemen's Commonwealth on the Western Range," Mississippi Valley Historical
Review 13:30-49 (1927)

PERRY, David, Forest Ecosystems, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1995.

The Pinchot Institute System for Environmental Forestry Studies. Upper Darby, Pa., Northeastern Forest
Experiment Station, 1973.

PISANI, Donald J., From the Family Farm to Agribusiness: The Irrigation Crusade in California and the
West, 1850-1931, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
To Reclaim A Divided West: Water, Law, and Public Policy, 1848-1902, Albuquerque: University of
New Mexico Press, 1992.

PUBOLS, Ben H. and Heisig, Carl P., Historical and Geographic Aspects of Wheat Yields in Washington,
Pullman, State College of Washington, Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 355, 1937.

RAAB, Mark L., and Anne I. Woosley , A Terrace Habitat and Late Prehistoric Settlement in North Central
Texas: Pollen and Geological Evidence. Plains Anthropologist 27(97) 1982:185-193.

RACKHAM, Oliver. Ancient Woodland: its History, Vegetation and Uses in England / Oliver Rackham.
London: E. Arnold, 1980.

RAKESTRAW, Lawrence, "Gifford Pinchot, Agnes V. Scannell, and the Early Years of the U.S. Forest
Service," Oregon Historical Quarterly 92:60-75 (1991)
A History of Forestry Conservation in the Pacific Northwest, 1891-1913, N. York, 1979.

RAMAKRISHNA , Kilaparti , World Forests for the Future: their Use and Conservation / edited by Kilaparti
Ramakrishna and George M. Woodwell. New Haven: Yale University Press, c1993
RANDHAWA, Mohindar Singh, 1909-, A History of Agriculture in India, New Delhi: Indian Council of
Agricultural Research, 1980-1986.

RASMUSSEN, Wayne, Agriculture in the United States: A Documentary History, New York: Random
House, 4 vols., 1975.

RATESTRAW, Lawrence, A History of the United States Service in Alaska, Anchorage, 1981.

RAWAT, Ajay S.(ed.), History of Forestry in India, New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co., 1991.
History and Growth of Forestry in Central Himalaya, 1815-1947, New Delhi: Nehru Memorial
Museum and Library, 1993

REISNER, Marc, Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water, New York: Viking
Penguin, Inc., 1986.

RENFREW, J.M. , Paleoethnobotany: The Prehistoric Food Plants of the Near East and Europe. Columbia
University Press. 1963

REYNOLDS, R.V. e PIERSON, Albert H., Fuel Wood Used in the United States, 1630-1930, Washington,
DC,.,1942

RICARDO, Cassiano, A Floresta e a Agricultura em nossa Expansão Geográfica, Rio de Janeiro, 1964

ROBBINS, Wilfred W., John Peabody Harrington, and Barbera Friere-Marreco , Ethnobotany of the Tewa
Indians. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 55. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. 1916

ROBBINS, William G., "The Western Lumber Industry: A Twentieth-Century Perspective," in Gerald D.
Nash & Richard W. Etulian, eds., The Twentieth-Century West: Historical Interpretations 233-56 (1989)
"Timber Town: Market Economics in Coos Bay, Oregon, 1850 to the Present," Pacific Northwest
Quarterly 75:146-155 (1984)

ROBBINS, William G., Hard Times in Paradise: Coos Bay, Oregon, 1850-1986, Seattle: University of
Washington Press, 1988.
American Forestry: a History of National, State, and Private Cooperation / by William G. Robbins.
Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, c1985.

ROCHE, Michael. History of Forestry. [Wellington, N.Z.]: New Zealand Forestry Corp. Ltd in association
with GP Books, c1990

ROOT, Mathew J. , The Paleo-Ethnobotany of the Nebo Hill Site. Plains Anthropologist, 24(85) 1979:239-
247.

SANTAMARIA, Juan Manuel. Los Bosques en Castilla y León. Valladolid : Ambito, [1987]

SCHENCK, Carl Alwin, The Birth of Forestry in America: Biltmore Forest School, 1898-1913. Santa Cruz,
Calif., 1955 e 1974.

SCHOFIELD, William R., Forestry, Lobbying, and Resource Legislation, 1931-1961 / William R. Schofield ;
an interview conducted by Amelia R. Fry. 1968.

SCHULMAN, Edmund , Dendrochronology in the Pines in Arkansas. Ecology 23(3) 1942:309-318.

Shafer, Harry J., and V.M. Bryant, Jr. , Archaeological and Botanical Studies at Hinds Cave Val Verde
County, Texas. Anthropology Laboratory Special Series No. 1 Texas A&M University, College Station. 1977
SHAW, R. M. "Range Sheep Industry in Kittitas County, Washington," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 33:153-
170 (1942)

SHEPHERD, Jack, The Forest Killers: The Destruction of The American Wilderness, N. York, 1975.

SMITH, David C., A History of Lumbering in Maine, 1861-1960, Orono, Maine, 1972

SMITH, Frank E., Land and Water: Conservation in the United States, A Documentary History, New York:
Chelsea House, 2 vols., 1971.

SMITH, Huron H. , Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of
Milwaukee, Vol. 4. 1923

SOLBRIG, Otto T. & Dorothy J. Solbrig, So Shall You Reap, Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1994.

SOUZA, Bernardo José de, O Pau-Brasil na História Nacional, 2º ed., S. Paulo, 1978. !ª ed. 1938.

SPLAWN, Andrew Jackson, Ka-Mi-Akin, the Last Hero of the Yakimas, Portland, Ore.: Kilham Stat. and
Print. Co., 1917.

SPONSEL, Leslie E., Tropical Deforestation: the Human Dimension / edited by Leslie E. Sponsel, Thomas
N. Headland, and Robert C. Bailey ; with a foreword by Jeffrey A. McNeely. New York: Columbia
University Press, c1996.

Springer, J.W. , An Ethnohistoric Study of the Smoking Complex in Eastern North America. Ethnohistory 28,
1981:217-235. Stahle, David W.

SPURR, Stephen H., & Burton V. Barnes, "The American Forest Since 1600," in Forest Ecology 557-571,
New York: Ronald Press, 1964.

STAHLE, David W., John G. Hehr, Graham G. Hawks, Jr., Malcom K. Cleaveland, and Stevenson, Matilda
Cox , Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians. Extract of the 30th Annual Report of the Bureau of American
Ethnology:33-102. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 1915

STEEN, Harold K., Changing Tropical Forests: Historical Perspectives on Today's Challenges in Central &
South America: proceedings of a conference sponsored by the Forest History Society and IUFRO Foresty
History Group / edited by Harold K. Steen & Richard P. Tucker. [Durham, N.C.]: Forest History Society;
[Vienna, Austria]: IUFRO Forest History Group, c1992.
The U. S. Forest Service. A History, Seattle, Univ. of Washington, 1976.

STRATTON, Owen S., A Study of Early Oregon Agriculture, 1843-1850, Teses: Reed College, Portland,
Oregon, 1938.

STRITE, Daniel D., "Up the Kilchis, Part III & Part IV," Oregon Historical Quarterly 73:171-192, 212-227
(1972)

SUTTON, Ann, 1923-, Eastern forests / by Ann Sutton and Myron Sutton. "A Chanticleer Press Edition"
New York : Knopf, 1985.

TALBOT, James J. , Woodpower: New Perspectives on Forest Usage / edited by James J. Talbot and
Winfield Swanson, International Science and Technology Institute. New York : Pergamon Press, c1981.

TARELLO, Walter, Il Cervo e il Capriolo: Storia Naturale, Comportamento, Ecologia, Miti e Leggende,
Patologia e Gestione, Musumeci, Quart, 1991
TAYLOR, Charles James, 1912-, Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana. [Edinburgh] Published on behalf of
the University College of Ghana by Nelson [1960]

THAYER, William Makepeace, Marvels of the New West, Norwich, Conn.: Henry Bill Pub. Co., 1887.

THOMAS, W. (ed.) Man as a Maker of New Plants and New Plant Communities, In Man's Role in Changing
the Face of the Earth, pp. 763-777. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1956.

TOWLE, Jerry C., "Changing Geography of Willamette Valley Woodlands," Oregon Historical Quarterly
83:66-87 (1982)

Tropical Forest Ecosystems: a State-of-knowledge Report , Paris: Unesco, 1978

TUCKER, Richard P. e J. F. Richards, Global Deforestation and the Nineteenth Century World Economy,
Durham, Duke Univ. Press, 1991.

TURNBULL, Colin M., The Forest People, London, Picador, 1976.

TURNER, N., J. Thomas, B.F. Carlson, and R.T. Ogilvie, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver
Island. British Columbia Provincial Museum Occasional Papers No. 24. Victoria, B.C. 1982

TURNER, N., R. Bouchard, and D.I.D. Kennedy , Ethnobotany of the Okanag-Colville Indians of British
Columbia and Washington. British Columbia Provincial Museum Occasional Papers No. 21. Victoria, B.C.
1980

TURNER, Nancy J. ,The Ethnobotany of the Bella Colla Indians of British Columbia. In Syesis, Vol. 6. 1973
, British Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria, B.C.

TURNER, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson, Terry Thompson, and Annie Z. York, Thompson Ethnobotany;
Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia. Royal British Columbia
Museum Memoir No.3, Vancouver. 1990

VALENTINE, Rodney J., "Pioneer Settlers' Abuse of Land Laws in the Nineteenth Century: The Case of the
Boise River Valley, Idaho," Agricultural History 67:47-65 (Summer 1993)

VANDERMEER, John H., Breakfast of Biodiversity: the Truth about Rain Forest Destruction / by John
Vandermeer and Ivette Perfecto; foreword by Vandana Shiva. Oakland, Calif.: Institute for Food and
Development Policy, c1995.

VATTER, Barbara, A Forest History of Douglas County Oregon to 1900: A Microcosmic Study of
Imperialism, New York: Garland Publishing, 1985.

VEHIK, Susan C. , An Analysis of Pollen Samples From the Kelley Site, Doniphan County, Kansas. Plains
Anthropologist 16(52) 1971:134-137.

VESTAL, Paul A., and Richard Evans Shultes , The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, as it Relates to
the History of the Tribe. Harvard Botanical Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1939

WEAKLY, Harry E. , Dendrochronology and Archaeology in Nebraska. Plains Anthropologist 7(16)

1962:138-146.
Dendrochronology in the Central Plains. Kansas Anthropological Association Newsletter 10(2)
1964:1-9.
Tree Ring Dating and Archaeology in South Dakota. Plains Anthropologist Memoir 8, 16(54 pt.2)
1971:1-51.
WHITE, Richard, Land Use, Environment, and Social Change: A History of Island County, Washington,
Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1979.

WHITE, W. Thomas, "Main Street on the Irrigation Frontier: Sub-Urban Community Building in the Yakima
Valley, 1900-1910," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 77:94-103 (1986)

WHITING, Alfred F., Ethnobotany of the Hopi. Northern Arizona Society of Science and Art, Northland
Press, Flagstaff. 1966

WHITLEY, Edward C., "Agricultural Geography of the Kittitas Valley, Washington," Pacific Northwest
Quarterly 61:3-18 (1950)

WHITNEY, Gordon, From Coastal Wilderness to Fruited Plain (1994)

WIDNER, Ralph W., ed., Forests and Forestry in the American States: A Reference Anthology, Wahington,
Dc., 1968

WILLIAMS, Michael, Americans and Their Forests: A Historical Geography, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1989.

WILLSON, Lillian M., Forest Conservation in Colonial Times, St. Paul, Minn., 1948

WINTHER, Oscar, O., The Great Northwest: A History, New York: Knopf, 1950

WYMAN, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris , The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho. University of New
Mexico Publications in Biology #5. 1951

WOOD, Richard C., A History of Lumbering in Maine, 1820-1861, Orono, Maine, 1935.

WORSTER, Donald, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West, New York:
Pantheon, 1985.

WRINCH, Leonard A., "The Formation of the Puget's Sound Agricultural Company," Washington Historical
Quarterly 24:3-8 (1933)

YODER, Fred R., "Pioneer Social Adaptation in Lincoln County, Washington 1875-1890," Research Studies
of the State College of Washington 10:179-197 (1942)
"Pioneer Social Adaptation in Northwestern Washington 1885-1910," Research Studies of the State
College of Washington 8:85-109 (1940)
"Pioneer Social Adaptation in the Palouse Country of Eastern Washington," Research Studies of the
State College of Washington 6:131-159 (1938)

YOUNG, F. G., "Ewing Young and His Estate; a Chapter in the Economic and Community Development of
Oregon," Oregon Historical Society Quarterly 21:171-315 (1920)

YOUNGQUIST, W. G. e FLEISCHER, H. O., Wood in American Life, 1776-2076, Madinson, Wis., 1977.

ZAREMBA, Joseph, Economics of the American Lumber Industry, N. York, Robert Speller and Sons, 1963.

ZEISLER-VRALSTED, Dorothy, "Reclaiming the Arid West: The Role of the Northern Pacific Railway in
Irrigating Kennewick, Washington," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 84:130-39 (1993)

ZIGMOND, Maurice L. , Kawaiisu Ethnobotany. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, Utah. 1981

ZIVNUSKA, John A., U.S. Timber Resources in a World Economy, Baltimore, Resources for the Future, Inc.,
1967.
 AGRICULTURA

O desenvolvimento da agricultura é considerado um dos factores fundamentais de intervenção do

Homem no quadro natural. O processo de sedentarização humana e a consequente domesticação de animais e
plantas implicaram a mais evidente mudança85. Foi o coumt de Buffon quem primeiro se deu conta deste
impacto, sendo secundado por George Perkins Marsh em 1864 com "Man and Nature".
Para além dos estudos que tratam de História de Agricultura temos que evidenciar aqueles que
estabelecem uma relação deste sector de actividade com a Ecologia86 e da perspectiva de uma intervenção
harmónica através de uma agricultura sustentada87. Neste contexto é evidente o papel assumido pela cana de
açúcar, cujos efeitos devastadores são notórios nas áreas onde a cultura se fez88
Josué de Castro89 traça-nos o retrato violento da cana de açúcar: "Já afirmou alguém, com muita
razão, que o cultivo da cana de açúcar se processa em regime de autofagia: a cana devorando tudo em torno
de si, engolindo terras e mais terras, dissolvendo o húmus do solo, aniquilando as pequenas culturas indefesas
e o próprio capital humano, do qual a sua cultura tira toda a vida. E é a pura verdade... Donde a caracterização
inconfundível das diferentes áreas geográficas açucareiras, com seu ciclo económico, com as fases de rápida
ascensão, de esplendor transitório e de irremediável decadência. ". Esta ideia é corroborada por Mário
Lacerda de Melo90: "Dificilmente se encontrarão formas de utilização dos recursos dos solos que se possam
rivalizar com a agro industria canavieira quanto à capacidade de condicionar um tipo de sociedade e de
economia, de modelar um tipo de paisagem e de estruturar um tipo de arranjo económico do espaço".
A cana de açúcar poderá ser considerada como a cultura agrícola mais importante
da História da Humanidade, pois provocou o maior fenómeno em termos de mobilidade
humana, económica, comercial e ecológica. A sua afirmação como cultura agrícola é
milenar e abrange vários quadrantes do planeta. É de todas as plantas domesticadas pelo
Homem aquela que acarreta maiores exigências. Ela quase que escraviza o homem, esgota
o solo, devora a floresta e dessedenta os cursos de água.
A sua exploração intensiva desde o século XV gerou grandes exigências em termos
de mão-de-obra, sendo responsável pela maior fenómeno migratório à escala mundial que
teve por palco o Atlântico: a escravatura de milhões de africanos. Ligado a tudo isso está
também um conjunto variado de manifestações culturais que vão desde a literatura à musica
e à dança.
Foi o Oriente descobriu a doçura, tendo a Papua Nova Guiné como Berço. Os árabes fizeram-no
chegar ao ocidente e foram os principais arautos da sua expansão. Genoveses e venezianos encarregaram-se
do seu comércio e Europa. Mas é nas ilhas que ela encontrou um dos principais viveiros da sua afirmação e
divulgação no Ocidente: Creta e Sicília no Mediterrâneo, Madeira, Açores, Canárias, Cabo Verde e S. Tomé
no Atlântico Oriental Puerto Rico, Cuba, Jamaica, Demerara(…) nas Antilhas.
A realidade sócio-económica que serve de suporte ao açúcar diferencia-se no seu percurso do
Pacífico/Índico para o Mediterrâneo/Atlântico. Assim, no primeiro caso não assume a posição dominante na
economia, primando pelo carácter secundário, enquanto no segundo é patente o seu efeito dominador na
economia e sociedade/associação ao escravo, que começa no Mediterrâneo e se reforça no Atlântico.

85
. Andrew Goudie, 1994, p. 20: "Both the domestication of animals and cultivation of plants have been among the most
significant causes of human impact". Cf. P. Ucko, 1969.

86
. A. Bergeret, 1997, N. Gligo, 1986, D. Vasey, 1992, W. Weischet, 1993, D. Helms, 1993, John Jones, 1993, B. Glaeser,
1995.

87
. G. Douglas, 1984, N. Jackson, 1984, M. Hatfield, 1994, Miguel Altieri, 1995, L. Burssarard, 1997..

88
. Cf. para Antilhas David Watts, 1987.

89 Geografia da Fome, R. Janeiro, 1952, p.73

90 O Açúcar e o homem, 1975
 A cana, tal como afirma Josué de Castro91, é autofágica. A realidade histórica dos
últimos cinco séculos, em que ela assumiu um estatuto de produção em larga escala, assim
o confirma. Aquilo que aconteceu na Madeira dos séculos XV e XVI, repetiu-se nas
Canárias, Caraíbas e só não atingiu idênticas proporções no Brasil, porque a mata atlântica
era extensa. Mesmo assim aqui os problemas, embora mais tarde, também tiveram lugar.
Gilberto Freire92 afirma que "o canavial desvirginou todo esse mato grosso de modo mais
cru pela queimada. A cultura da cana… valorizou o canavial e tornou desprezível a mata".
O processo é simples. Para plantar a cana derruba-se ou queima-se a floresta. Depois para fabricar o
açúcar essa floresta faz falta para manter acesa a chama dos engenhos, ou construir estas infra-estruturas. A
cana tem na floresta o seu maior amigo e inimigo. Um exemplo apenas evidencia a dimensão que assumiu
este processo.
Para o Brasil no século XVIII cada quilo de açúcar equivale a 15 kg de lenha queimada, dando média
anual de 210.000 toneladas. A cada hectare deverá corresponder 200 toneladas93. A evolução recente da mata
atlântica no Brasil, passados mais de cem anos sobre o incremento da máquina a vapor nos engenhos,
continua a ser tragada por outros agentes. Assim entre 1985 a 1990 ela perdeu 5.330 km2, ficando em
83.500km2, isto cerca de 8% da floresta encontrada portugueses em 22 de Abril de 1500. Esta continuada
acção devastadora é assim descrita:
"Durante quinhentos anos, a Mata Atlântica propiciou lucros fáceis: papagaios, corantes, escravos,
ouro, ipecacuanha, orquídeas e madeira para o proveito de seus senhores coloniais e, queimada e devastada,
uma camada imensamente fértil de cinzas que possibilitavam uma agricultura passiva, imprudente e
insustentável. A população crescia cada vez mais, o capital "se acumulava", enquanto as florestas
desapareciam; mais capital então "se acumulava" - em barreiras à erosão de terras de lavoura, em aquedutos,
controle de fluxos e enchentes de rios, equipamentos de dragagem, terras de mata plantada e a
industrialização de sucedâneos para centenas de produtos outrora apanhados de graça na floresta. Nenhuma
restrição se observou durante esse meio milénio de gula, muito embora, quase desde o início, fossem entoadas
intermitentes interdições solenes que, nos dias atuais, são contínuas e frenéticas."94
Esta situação, não obstante a extensa mata disponível, provocou alguns problemas. Deste modo em
1660 o município de Salvador da Baía definiu um conjunto de medidas, que não foram suficientes uma vez
que em 1804 no Recôncavo era evidente a falta de lenhas e madeiras95. O desaparecimento da floresta
próxima dos engenhos fazia aumentar os custos de fabrico do açúcar, agora onerados com os da lenha.
O processo é similar nas regiões que antecederam o boom do açúcar americano.
Senão vejamos. Em Motril a primeira metade do século XVI é definida por uma situação de
quebra da produção açucareira, atribuída à falta de lenhas, o que levou a uma tomada de
medidas desde 154096. A situação repete-se na Madeira e Canárias97, o que provoca uma
reacção dos proprietários de engenho, materializada em medidas exaradas em ordens régias
e posturas Municipais98.
As ilhas, pela limitação do seu espaço, são as primeiras a ressentir-se desta
realidade. Sucede assim em ambos os lados do Atlântico, apontando-se como única

91 Josué de CASTRO, Geografia da Fome, R. Janeiro, 1952, p.73

92 Nordeste- aspectos da influência da cana sobre a vida e a paisagem do nordeste do Brasil, R. Janeiro, 1985
93 Warren DEAN, A ferro e fogo. A História e a devastação da mata atlântica brasileira, S. Paulo, 1995, pp.191-196
94 Ibidem, 380
95 Shawn W. MILLER, "Fuelwood in colonial Brazil: The economic consequences of fuel depletion for the Bahian Recôncavo, 1549-
1820", in Forest and Conservation History, XXXVIII, 1994, pp. 181-192
96 . Antonio MALPICA CUELLO, "Medio físico y territorio- el ejemplo de la caña de azúcar a finales de la
edad media", in Paisajes del azucar, Actas del quinto seminario internacional sobre la caña de azúcar", motril,
1995, p.34; Margarita M. BIRRIEL SALCEDO, "la producción azucarera de la Andalucía mediterránea.
1500-1750", in Producción y comercio del azúcar de caña en época preindustrial, Actas del tercer seminario d
internacional, Motril, 1993, p.130.
97 Cf. James J. PARSONS, "Human influences on the pine and laurel forests of the Canary islands", in Geographical Review, LXXI,
nº.3, 1981, pp.253-271
98 Alberto VIEIRA,"introdução a estudo do direito local insular", in VII Colóquio de História Canario americana(1986), Las Palmas,
673-712
excepção as ilhas de S. Tomé e Príncipe. Nas Caraíbas a situação é igual. A ilha de Santo
Domingo, hoje Haiti e Rep. Dominicana, a cultura da cana teve um apogeu curto de pouco
mais de cinquenta anos, pois que em 1550 a notória escassez de lenha conduziu ao
abandono de muitos engenhos desde 1570. Já em Jamaica, a promoção pelos ingleses da
cultura, levou à busca de soluções. Primeiro o trem jamaicano que terá sido a solução mais
eficaz. Com este sistema de fornalha o aproveitamento de lenha era evidente, pois apenas
com uma só fogueira se conseguia manter as três fornalhas. Concomitantemente tivemos o
recurso ao bagaço como combustível. Note-se que ambas as situações difundem-se
primeiro nas Antilhas inglesas a partir da década de oitenta do século XVII e só depois
atingem as demais áreas açucareiras99.
A generalização deste sistema aconteceu primeiro nas ilhas, carentes de lenha, e só
depois chegou ao Brasil. A sua entrada definitiva na industria açucareira do Brasil é de
1806, altura em que Manuel Ferreira da Câmara, na Baía, adaptou o seu engenho a esta
nova situação. Todavia nesta época a grande inovação era já a maquina a vapor, que
começou a ser usada no Brasil a partir de 1815. Entretanto a Caldeira de vacum, inventada
em 1830 por Norbert Rillius de New Orleans, foi a técnica que revolucionou o fabrico do
açúcar e que mais contribuiu para a economia de combustível.
Todavia não se fica por aqui os efeitos negativos da actividade agrícola no quadro
natural. Vários são os estudos que nos elucidam sobre os efeitos resultantes da
domesticação de animais e plantas, processo que ocorre a partir de 800 A.C. Daniel E.
Vasey[1992] traça-nos esse processo e evidencia as transformações ocorridas a partir da
segunda metade do século XIX com o recurso a adubos quimicos, pesticidas e herbicidas.
Foi, aliàs, de acordo com este quadro que no após II Grande Guerra surgiu o grito de
Rachel Carson[1962] face a uma Primavera de silêncio e clama para que todos a entendam:
The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living hings and their
surroundings.(…) The most alarming of all man's assaults upon the environment is the
contamination of air ,earth, rivers, and sea with dangerous and even lethal materials"100.
Foi este grito ecologico sobre os efeitos dos produtos quimicos que fez despertar a
consciência de políticos, cientistas, fazendo despoletar a afirmação do movimento e das
publicações científicas e Historiográficas.

BIBLIOGRAFIA

Advances in Agroecology Proceedings of a Symposium held at the 15th International Congress of Soil
Science, Acapulco, Mexico, July 10-16, 1994.

Agricoltura e Difesa dell'Ambiente. - 2. ed. riveduta ed ampliata. - Roma: Instituto di Tecnica e Propaganda
Agraria, 1974.

Agriculture and the Environment. Washington, DC : [U.S. Dept. of Agriculture]: For sale by the Supt. of
Docs., U.S. G.P.O., [1991]

99 . confronte-se David WATTS, Las Indias Occidentales. Modalidades de desarollo, cultura y cambio medioambiental desd 1492,
Madrid, 1992
100 Silent Spring, p.23.
Agro-ecological Assessments for National Planning: the Example of Kenya / Soil Resources, Management
and Conservation Service, FAO Land and Water Development Division and International Institute for
Applied Systems Analysis. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, c1993.

Agroecology / [edited by] C. Ronald Carroll, John H. Vandermeer, Peter Rosset. New York : McGraw-Hill,
c1990.

Agroecosystems of Smallfarmers and their Socio-economic Impact: a Case Study from Tête Chemin, St.
Lucia, W.I. / Wolf-Dietrich Sahr. Saarbrücken; Fort Lauderdale: Breitenbach, 1987.

ALTIERI, Miguel A. Agroecology: the Science of Sustainable Agriculture / Miguel A. Altieri, with
contributions by John G. Farrell ... [et al.]. 2nd ed. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press; London : IT Publications,
1995.

Anonymous, "Letters Descriptive of Oregon Country in Its Earlier Conditions, Oregon Historical Society
Quarterly 4:178-184 (1903)

APPLEGATE, Jesse, "Umpqua Agriculture, 1851," Oregon Historical Quarterly 32:135-144 (1931)

ARRINGTON, L., "Irrigation in the Snake River Valley: An Historical Overview," Idaho Yesterdays 30:3-11
(spring/summer 1986)

BALLOU, Robert, Early Klickitat Valley Days (Goldendale, Wash.: Printed by the Goldendale Sentinel,
1938)

BARRETT, Stephen W., Ethnohistory of Indian Fire Practices in Western Montana. Intermountain Forest
and Range Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service; and the Montana School of Forestry, 1979

BARRY, J. Neilson, "Agriculture in the oregon Country in 1795-1844," Oregon Historical Quarterly 30:161-
168 (1929)
"Use of Soil Products by Indians," Oregon Historical Quarterly 30:43-52 (1929)

BERGERET, A., Nourrir en Harmonie avec l'Environnement: Trois Études de Cas / A. Bergeret ...[et al.].La
Haye: Mouton, c1977.

BIDWELL, Percy Wells, 1888-, History of Agriculture in the Northern United States, 1620-1860, by Percy
W. Bidwell and John I. Falconer. Clifton [N.J.] A. M. Kelley, 1973.

BODY, Richard. Red or Green for Farmers (and the rest of us), Saffron Walden, Essex [England] : Broad
Leys, 1987.

BOENING, Rose M., "History of Irrigation in the State of Washington," Washington Historical Quarterly
9:259-276 (1918); 10:21-45 (1919)

BOYCE, Todd V., A History of the Beef Cattle Industry in the Inland Empire (1937)

A Brief history of the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, and Landmark
Agricultural Legislation, 1825-1986.Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

BRIGGS, Harold E., "The Early Development of Sheep Ranching in the Northwest," Agricultural History
11:161-180 (1937)

BRUSSAARD, Lijber, Soil Ecology in Sustainable Agricultural Systems / edited by Lijbert Brussaard, Ronald
Ferrera-Cerrato. Boca Raton : CRC/Lewis Publishers, c1997.
BRYANT, Vaughn M. , Prehistoric Diets. University Lecture Series. Texas A&M University. College
Station. 1979

BURGER, Anna. The Agriculture of the World, Aldershot, England; Brookfield, Vt., USA : Avebury, c1994.

CHAMBERS, Jonathan David, 1898- e G. E. Mingay, The Agricultural Revolution, 1750-1880, London,
Batsford [c1966]

CLINQUART, Pierre. Le Terrier de Rabouillet, Pyrénées-Orientales: Description d'un Agrosystème

Méditerranéen Submontagnard au XVIIIe Siècle, Interprétation de sa Dynamique du XVIe au XIXe Siècles /
par Pierre Clinquart. Poitiers: Faculté des Sciences, Service d'Écologie et Biogéographie, 1978.

COHEN, Mark N. The Food Crisis in Prehistory. Yale University Press. 1977

CONE, L. Winston e J. F. Lipscomb(ed.), The History of Kenya Agriculture. [Nairobi, Kenya] University
Press of Africa, 1972.

COULTER, Calvin B., "The Victory of National Irrigation in the Yakima Valley, 1902-1906," Pacific
Northwest Quarterly 42:99-122 (1951)

CUTLER, Hugh C., and Thomas W. Whitaker , History and Distribution of the Cultivated Cucurbits in the
Americas. American Antiquity 261961:469-485.

DAHLBERG, Kenneth A. Beyond the Green Revolution: the Ecology and Politics of Global Agricultural
Development, New York: Plenum Press, [c1979]

DAVIDSON, B. R. (Bruce Robinson) e H.F. Davidson, Legumes, the Australian Experience: the Botany,
Ecology, and Agriculture of Indigenous and Immigrant Legumes, Taunton, Somerset, England: Research
Studies Press; New York: J. Wiley, c1993.

DEMAREE, Albert Lowther, 1894-, The American Agricultural Press, 1819-1860. Philadelphia, Porcupine
Press, 1974.

DENOON, Donald, A Time to Plant and a Time to Uproot: a History of Agriculture in Papua New Guinea /
edited by Donald Denoon and Catherine Snowden for the Department of Primary Industry. [Papua New
Guinea]: Institute of Papua New Guniea Studies, [198-]

DOUGLASS., Gordon K, Agricultural Sustainability in a Changing World Order / edited by Gordon K.

Douglass. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1984.

DRUMHELLER, Daniel M., "Uncle Dan" Drumheller Tells Thrills of Western Trails in 1854 (Spokane:
Inland-American Print Co., 1925)

DURHAM, Nelson W., History of the City of Spokane and Spokane County, Washington (Spokane: S. J.
Clarke Pub. Co., 1912)

ECKHOLM, Erik P. , Losing Ground: Environmental Stress and World Food Prospects, 1st ed., New York:
Norton, c1976.

EKOS '91 :International Symposium at Ecology and Environment in Agriculture, 11.3-13.3., 1991, Prague,
CSFR / Institut of Scientific and Technical Information for Agriculture in Prague, House of Technology in
Prague., Praha: The Institut, c1991.

ELLISON, Joseph W., "The Beginnings of the Apple Industry in Oregon," Agricultural History 11:322-343
(1937)
FLANNERY, Kent V. The Origin of Agriculture. Annual Review of Anthropology 2, 1973:271-310.

FIEGE, Mark, "Creating a Hybrid Landscape: Irrigated Agriculture in Idaho," Illahee 11(1&2):60-76 (1995)

Ford, Richard I , Gardening and Farming Before A.D. 1000: Patterns of Prehistoric Cultivation North of
Mexico. Journal of Ethnobiology 1(1)1981:6-27.
Patterns of Prehistoric Food Production in North America. In Prehistoric Food Production in North
America, edited by Richard I. Ford, pp.341-364. Museum of Anthropology Anthropological Papers No.75,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1985.

FRITZ, Gayle J. , Prehistoric Ozark Agriculture: The University of Arkansas Rockshelter Collections. Ph.D.
dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapell Hill. 230 pages. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor. 1986

GENO, Barbara J. , Food Production in the Canadian Environment / by Barbara J. Geno, Larry Geno.
Ottawa: Science Council of Canada: available from Printing and Pub. Supply and Services Canada, 1976.

GIBSON, James R., Farming the Frontier: The Agricultural Opening of the Oregon Country, 1786-1846
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1985)

GIFFORD, E. W. , The Analysis of Prehistoric Diets. Academic Press, New York. 1985

GILCREST, Evelyn, "Alvord Ranch Interlude: Life on a Celebrated Range," Oregon Historical Quarterly
63:304-341 (1962)

GLAESER, Bernhard. Environment, Development, Agriculture: Integrated Policy through Human Ecology,
Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1995

GLASSOW, Michael A., Prehistoric Agricultural Development in the Northern Southwest: A Study in
Changing Patterns of Land Use. Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 16, Socorro, New Mexico. 1980

GLEN, D.M. , Ecology and Integrated Farming Systems: Proceedings of the 13th Long Ashton International
Symposium / edited by D.M. Glen, M.P. Greaves, H.M. Anderson. Chichester [England]; New York: Wiley,
1995.

GLIGO, Nicolo. Agricultura y Medio Ambiente en América Latina / Nicolo Gligo. 1a ed.Ciudad Universitaria
Rodrigo Facio: Editorial Universitaria Centroamericana; [San José, Costa Rica]: Sociedad Interamericana de
Planificación, 1986.

GODOY, Ricardo A., Mining and Agriculture in Highland Bolivia: Ecology, History, and Commerce among
the Jukumanis , Tucson: University of Arizona Press, c1990.

GOPAL, Lallanji. Aspects of History of Agriculture in Ancient India, Varanasi: Bharati Prakashan, 1980

GOSSETT, Gretts, "Stock Grazing in Washington's Nile Valley," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 55:119-127
(1964)

GRAY, L. C., History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860., Clifton [N.J.] A. M. Kelley,
1973.

HALBAKKEN, David S., A History of Wheat-Growing in Oregon during the Nineteenth Century, Teses:
University of Oregon, Eugene, 1948.

HARDING, Bruce C., "Water from Pend Oreille: The Gravity Plan for Irrigating the Columbia Basin,"
Pacific Northwest Quarterly 45:52-60 (1954)
HATFIELD, J.L, Sustainable Agriculture Systems / edited by J.L. Hatfield, D.L. Karlen. Boca Raton: Lewis
Publishers, c1994

HAWKES, J. G., The Potato Evolution, Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Washington D. C., 1990.

HEINTZELMAN, Oliver H., "The Evolution of an Industry: The Dairy Economy of Tillamook County,
Oregon," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 49:77-81 (1958)

HEISER, C., Origins of Some Cultivated New World Plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 10,
1979:309-326.

HELMS, Douglas e Douglas E. Bowers(ed.) The History of Agriculture and the Environment, Washington,
D.C.: Agricultural History Society, 1993.

HICKS, Cedric Stanton, Sir, 1892-, Man and Natural Resources: an Agricultural Perspective / Sir Cedric
Stanton Hicks. London, Croom Helm [1975]

HUNT, Robert Lee. A History of Farmer Movements in the Southwest, 1873-1925 [s.l.: s.n., 1935?]

HURT, R. Douglas, Agricultural Technology in the Twentieth Century (Manhattan: Sunflower University
Press, 1991)
American Agriculture: A Brief History (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1994)
American Farm Tools: From Hand-Power to Steam-Power (Manhattan: Sunflower University
Press, 1982)
Indian Agriculture in America: Prehistory to the Present. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence,
Kansas. 1987

JACKSON, Wes, Meeting the Expectations of the Land: Essays in Sustainable Agriculture and Stewardship /
edited by Wes Jackson, Wendell Berry, Bruce Colman. San Francisco: North Point Press, 1984.

JARCHOW, Merrill E., 1910-, The Earth Brought Forth; a History of Minnesota Agriculture to 1885, by
Merrill E. Jarchow. St. Paul, Minnesota Historical Society, 1949. New York, Johnson Reprint Corp. [1970]

JELINEK, Lawrence J., Harvest Empire: a History of California Agriculture, San Francisco: Boyd & Fraser,
c1979.

JONES, E. L. (Eric Lionel) The Development of English Agriculture, 1815-1873; prepared for the Economic
History Society, London, Melbourne [etc.] Macmillan, 1968.

JONES, John Gareth(ed.), Agriculture and the Environment. New York: E. Horwood, 1993.

JUDSON, Katharine Berry, Subject Index to the History of the Pacific Northwest and of Alaska As Found in
the United States Government Documents, Congressional Series, in the American State Papers, and in Other
Documents, 1789-1881 (Olympia: Lamborn, 1913)

JUDSON, Katherine Berry, "The Hudson's Bay Company and the Pacific Northwest," Century 101:197-209
(1920)

KAISER, Harry M. , Agricultural Dimensions of Global Climate Change / edited by Harry M. Kaiser,
Thomas E. Drennen. Delray Beach, Fla.: St. Lucie Press, c1993.

KELLER, J. E. , The Subsistence Paleoecology of the Middle Neches Region of Eastern Texas. Ph.D.
dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin. 1974

KENDALL, Thomas S., "Thomas S. Kendall's Letter on Oregon Agriculture, 1852," Agricultural History
9:187-197 (1935)
KINGSTON, Ceylon Samuel, "Introduction to Cattle Into the Pacific Northwest," Washington Historical
Quarterly 14:163-185 (1923)

KUHLER, Joyce B., A History of Agriculture in the Yakima Valley, Washington, from 1880 to 1900 (Thesis:
University of Washington, Seattle, 19xx)

KUMAR, Tuk-Tuk, 1955-, History of Rice in India: Mythology, Culture, and Agriculture , Delhi : Gian Pub.
House, c1988.

LEE, Chan , A Culture History of Rice with Special Reference to Louisiana. Ph.D. dissertation, Louisianna
State University, Baton Rouge. 1960

LEE, Mabel Ping-hua, 1897-, The Economic History of China; with Special Reference to Agriculture. New
York, AMS Press [1969]

LÉTOURNEAU, Firmin. Histoire de l'Agriculture (Canada Français) / préf. De Lionel Groulx. [s.l. : s.n.],
1950 (Montreal : Impr. populaire)

LEWIS, William S, The Story of Early Days in the Big Bend Country, Breaking Trails, Rush of Miners,
Coming of Cattlemen, Making of Homes, Pioneer Hardships in the Big Bend Country (Spokane: W.D. Allen,
1926)

LOMAX, Alfred L., "History of Pioneer Sheep Husbandry in Oregon," Oregon Historical Quarterly 29:99-
143 (1928)
Pioneer Woolen Mills in Oregon; History of Wool and the Woolen Textile Industry in Oregon, 1811-
1875 (Portland: Binfords & Mort, 1941)

LONG, Thelma S., Some Aspects of the Sheep Industry in Eastern Oregon from 1860-1910, Teses: University
of Oregon, Eugene, 1943.

LYMAN, William D., "Walla Walla County and Early History," Coast 15:148-155 (1908)

MABBOTT, Leslie L., A History of the Wenatchee-Okanogan Apple Industry Prior to 1930 (Thesis: State
College of Washington, Pullman, 1940)

MAGNUSSON, Elva C., "Naches Pass," Washington Historical Quarterly 25:171-181 (1934)

MANNION, A. M. (Antoinette M) Agriculture and Environmental Change: Temporal and Spatial

Dimensions , Chichester: Wiley, c1995.

MANGELSDORF, Paul C. , Corn: Its Origin, Evolution, and Improvement. Harvard University Press,
Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1974

MANGLESDORF, Paul C., Richard S. MacNeish, and Gordon R. Wiley 1971 Origins of Agriculture in
Middle America. In Prehistoric Agriculture:488-515. Stuart Struever, editor. Natural History Press, Garden
City, New York.

MANGLESDORF, Paul C., Richard S. MacNeish, and Walton C. Galinat , Archeological Evidence on the
Diffusion and Evolution of Maize in Northeastern Mexico. Harvard University, Botanical Museum Leaflets
17(5) 1956:125-150.

MANGLESDORF, Paul C., Richard S. MacNeish, and Walton C. Galinat , The Domestication of Corn. In
Prehistoric Agriculture:472-86. Stuart Struever, editor. Natural History Press, Garden City, New York. 1971
MARTEN, Gerald G. (ed.), Traditional Agriculture in Southeast Asia: a Human Ecology Perspective,
Boulder: Westview Press, c1986.

MASEFIELD, G. B. (Geoffrey Bussell), A Short History of Agriculture in the British Colonies / by G. B.

Masefield, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978, c1950

MEE, Margaret. Margaret Mee, in Search of Flowers of the Amazon Forests: Diaries of an English Artist
Reveal the Beauty of the Vanishing Rainforest / edited by Tony Morrison; foreword by H.R.H. the Duke of
Edinburgh. Woodbridge, England: Nonesuch Expeditions, c1988.

MEKOUAR, Mohamed Ali., The Environmental Impact of Economic Incentives for Agricultural Production:
a Comparative Law Study, .Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1990.

METZNER, Joachim K., 1940-, Agriculture and Population Pressure in Sikka, Isle of Flores: a Contribution
to the Study of the Stability of Agricultural Systems in the Wet and Dry Tropics / Joachim K. Metzner.
Canberra, Australia; Miami, Fla.: The Australian National University, 1982.

MILLER, Ralph E., 1908-, The History of the School of Agriculture, 1851-1960 , St. Paul: University of
Minnesota, Institute of Agriculture, Forestry, and Home Economics, [1979]

MIRANDA NETO, Manoel José de. A Opção Agroambiental: Dependência Alimentar e Exploração da
Miséria, Lucros do Caos e Paradoxos do Progresso, Belém [Brazil]: Editora Cejup, 1996.

MOOR , Jap de e Dietmar Rothermund (eds.)., Our Laws, their Lands: Land Laws and Land use in Modern
Colonial Societies Münster: LIT, [1994?]

MOREYRA DE ALBA, Beatriz Ines. La Producción Agropecuaria Cordobesa, 1880-1930: Cambios,

Transformaciones y Permanencias. Córdoba: Centro de Estudios Históricos, 1992

MORSE, Robert D., The Hudson's Bay Company Activities in the Oregon Territory, 1824-1846 (Thesis:
University of Oregon, Eugene, 1927)

NABHAN, Gary Paul. Enduring Seeds: Native American Agriculture and Wild Plant Conservation, San
Francisco: North Point Press, 1989.

NAREDO, José Manuel. La Evolución de la Agricultura en España (1940-1990) /; nota preliminar por
Manuel González de Molina.Granada: Universidad de Granada, 1996.

Natural Resources and the Human Environment for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, 1980.

NESBIT, Robert C. and Charles M. Gates, "Agriculture in Eastern Washington, 1890-1910," Pacific
Northwest Quarterly 37:279-302 (1946)

NETTING, Robert McC., Smallholders, Householders: Farm Families and the Ecology of Intensive,
Sustainable Agriculture. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1993

NICOLINI, Luigi. Agricoltura e Dibattito Ecologico. 1. ed. Firenze: La nuova Italia, 1978.

Northern Pacific Railway Company, The Pacific Northwest. Facts Relating to the History, Topography,
Climate, Soil, Agriculture, Forests, Fisheries, Mineral Resources, Commerce, Industry, Lands, Means of
Communication, etc. of Oregon and Washington Territory (New York: 1882)

OLIPHANT, J. Orin, "History of Livestock Industry in the Pacific Northwest," Oregon Historical Quarterly
49:3-29 (1948)
"The Cattle Herds and Ranches of Oregon Country," Agricultural History 21:217-238 (1947)
 "The Cattle Trade from the Far Northwest to Montana," Agricultural History 6:69-83 (1932)
"The Cattle Trade on Puget Sound," Agricultural History 7:129-149 (1933)
"The Cattle Trade through the Snoqualmie Pass," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 38:193-213 (1947)
"The Eastward Movement of Cattle from the Oregon Country," Agricultural History 20:19-43
(1946)
"Winter Losses of Cattle in the Oregon Country," Washington Historical Quarterly 23:3-17 (1932)
On the Cattle Ranges of the Oregon Country, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1968.

ORWIN, Christabel Susan (Lowry) e Edith H. Whetham, History of British Agriculture, 1846-1914, , Newton
Abbot, David and Charles, 1971.

PALMER, Tim, The Snake River: Window to the West, Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1991.

PATIÑO, Víctor Manuel. Historia de la Actividad Agropecuaria en América Equinoccial., 1. ed. Cali, Impr.
Departamental, 1965.

PELZER, Louis, "A Cattlemen's Commonwealth on the Western Range," Mississippi Valley Historical
Review 13:30-49 (1927)

PISANI, Donald J., From the Family Farm to Agribusiness: The Irrigation Crusade in California and the
West, 1850-1931 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984)
To Reclaim A Divided West: Water, Law, and Public Policy, 1848-1902 (Albuquerque: University
of New Mexico Press, 1992)

POST, John Dexter, 1925-, The last Great Subsistence Crisis in the Western World, Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, c1977.(clima)

Problemi Economici nei Rapporti tra Agricoltura e Ambiente: atti del XXV Convegno di Studi della SIDEA,
Ancona, Ottobre 1988. [Roma]: Società italiana di economia agraria; [Bologna]: Il Mulino, c1989.

PUBOLS, Ben H. and Heisig, Carl P., Historical and Geographic Aspects of Wheat Yields in Washington,
Pullman, State College of Washington, Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 355, 1937.

RASMUSSEN, Wayne(compil.), Agriculture in the United States: A Documentary History, New York:
Random House, 4 vols., 1975.

REAMAN, George Elmore, 1889-1969. A History of Agriculture in Ontario. With forewords by William A.
Stewart and J. A. C. Auld. [Don Mills, Ont., Saunders of Toronto, c1970.]

REISNER, Marc, Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water, New York: Viking
Penguin, Inc., 1986.

Report on Natural Resources for Food and Agriculture in the Asia and Pacific Region., Rome: Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1986.

RINDOS, David , Symbiosis, Instability, and the Origins and Spread of Agriculture: A New Model. Current
Anthropology 21(6) 1980:751-772.
The Origins of Agriculture, An Evolutionary Perspective. Academic Press, New York. 1984

ROBB, Peter, Meanings of Agriculture: Essays in South Asian History and Economics, Delhi: Oxford
University Press, 1996.

ROSE, Jerome C., Barbera A. Burnett, Michael S. Nassaney, and Mark W. Blauer, Paleopathology and the
Origins of Maize Agriculture in the Lower Mississippi Valley and Caddoan Culture Areas. in Paleopathology
and the Origins of Agriculture, edited by Cohen, Mark N. and George J. Armelagos, pp.393-425. Academic
Press, New York. 1984
ROSSET, Peter, The Greening of the Revolution: Cuba's Experiment with Organic Agriculture / edited by
Peter Rosset and Medea Benjamin. Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Ocean Press, 1994.

RUSSELL, Edward J. (Edward John), Sir, 1872-1965. A History of Agricultural Science in Great Britain,
1620-1954 [by] Sir E. John Russell. Foreword by Sir Bernard Keen. London, Allen & Unwin, 1966.

SAHA, Santos C., A History of Agriculture in Liberia, 1822-1970: Transference of American Values,
Lewiston, N.Y., USA: E. Mellen Press, c1990

SALAMAN, Redcliffe N., The History and Social Influence of the Potato, N.Y.,1949, 1985

SÁNCHEZ GONZÁLEZ, Bartolomé. Políticas Agrarias y Desarrollo: Paraguay, 1954-1994 Asunción,

Paraguay: Amambay Ediciones, 1997.

SCHAEFFER, Claude E. , The Subsistence Quest of the Kutenai: A Study of the Interaction of Culture and
Environment. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania. 1940

SEHGAL, J.L., Agro-ecological Regions of India / J.L. Sehgal ... [et al.]. Nagpur, India: National Bureau of
Soil Survey & Land Use Planning, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 1990.

SHAW, R. M. "Range Sheep Industry in Kittitas County, Washington," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 33:153-
170 (1942)

SMITH, Brian D. , Origins of Agriculture in Eastern North America. Science, 246, 1989:1566-1571.

SMITH, Bruce D. , The Independent Domestication of Indigenous Seed-Bearing Plants in Eastern North
America. Center for Archaeological Research, Southern Illinois University, Occasional Papers 7. 1986

SMITH, Craig S. Seeds, Weeds, and Prehistoric Hunters and Gatherers: The Plant Macrofossil Evidence from
South-Central Wyoming. Plains Anthropologist 33(120) 1988:141-158.

SMITH, David C.(ed.), Climate, Agriculture, and History, Washington, D.C.: Agricultural History Society,
1990.

SMITH, Frank E., Land and Water: Conservation in the United States, A Documentary History (New York:
Chelsea House, 2 vols., 1971)

SOBOLIK, Kirstin D., Prehistoric Diet From the Lower Pecos Region of Texas. Plains Anthropologist
36(135) 1991:139-152.

SOLBRIG, Otto T. & Dorothy J. Solbrig, So Shall You Reap, Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1994.

SPIELMANN, Katherine A. , Inter-Societal Food Acquisition Among Egalitarian Societies: An Ecological

Study of Plains-Pueblo Interaction in the American Southwest. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor. 1982

SPLAWN, Andrew Jackson, Ka-Mi-Akin, the Last Hero of the Yakimas, Portland, Ore.: Kilham Stat. and
Print. Co., 1917.

STOCK, Janet Ann , The Prehistoric Diet of Hinds Cave, Val Verde County, Texas. Master's thesis, Texas
A&M University, University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor. 1983

STRATTON, Owen S., A Study of Early Oregon Agriculture, 1843-1850, Teses: Reed College, Portland,
Oregon, 1938.
THAYER, William Makepeace, Marvels of the New West, Norwich, Conn.: Henry Bill Pub. Co., 1887.

THORNTON, Joseph B., 1932-, The Agricultural Transformation of 19th Century Jamaica: a
Microgeographic Study of the Decline of the Plantation System and the Emergence of the Small Farm System
in the Parishes of St. Andrew and St. Thomas , 1980.

TROLLDALEN, Jon Martin. On the Fringe: a Systems Approach to the Evolution of the Environment and
Agricultural Production in the Gambia, West Africa, 1948-1983 / Jon Martin Trolldalen. [Oslo]: University of
Oslo; Aas: NORAGRIC, 1991.

UCKO, Peter J. e G. W. Dimbleby.(ed.)The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, London,
Duckworth, 1969.

VALARCHÉ, Jean. Problèmes de l'Agriculture Suisse / par Jean Valarché. Fribourg: Éditions Universitaires,
c1975.

VALENTINE, Rodney J., "Pioneer Settlers' Abuse of Land Laws in the Nineteenth Century: The Case of the
Boise River Valley, Idaho," Agricultural History 67:47-65 (Summer 1993)

VASEY, Daniel E. An Ecological History of Agriculture: 10,000 B.C.-A.D. 10,000, Ames: Iowa State
University Press, 1992.

WAGNER, Gail E. , The Corn and Cultivated Beans of the Fort Ancient Indians. The Missouri Archaeologist
47, 1986:107-136.
Uses of Plants by the Fort Ancient Indians. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology,
Washington University, St. Louis. 1987
Corn in Eastern Woodlands Late Prehistory. Paper presented at the Conference on Corn and Culture
in the Prehistoric New World, Minneapolis. 1990

WASYLIKOWA, Krystyna, Analysis of Fossil Fruits and Seeds. In Handbook of Paleoecology, edited by
Bjorn E. Berglund, pp. 571-590. John Wiley, Chichester, 1986

WATERS, Donald J., An "Empire of Necessity": Capital Accumulation on West Indian Plantations and the
Problem of Artisan Manufacturing, 1620-1880.1982., Teses (Ph. D.)--Yale University, 1982.

WATSON, Patty Jo, The Impact of Early Horticulture in the Upland Drainages of the Midwest and Midsouth.
In Prehistoric Food Production in North America, edited by Richard I. Ford, pp. 99-147. Anthropological
Papers 75,Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 1985

WATTS, David, West Indies: Patterns, Developpment Culture and Environmental Change since 1492,
London, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1987. Edição em castelhano de 1992

WEATHERWAX, Paul , Indian Corn in Old America. The Macmillan Company, New York. 1954

WEISCHET, Wolfgang. The Persisting Ecological Constraints of Tropical Agriculture/ Wolfgang Weischet
and Cesar N. Caviedes. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical; New York: Wiley, 1993.

WESTMACOTT, Richard Noble. New Agricultural Landscapes: Report of a Study / Undertaken on Behalf of
the Countryside Commission by Richard Westmacott and Tom Worthington, during 1972. Cheltenham:
Countryside Commission, 1974.

WETTERSTROM, Wilma. , Food, Diet, and Population at Prehistoric Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, New Mexico.
School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico. (Arroyo Hondo Archaeological Series, Vol. 6).
1986
WHITE, W. Thomas, "Main Street on the Irrigation Frontier: Sub-Urban Community Building in the Yakima
Valley, 1900-1910," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 77:94-103 (1986)

WHITLEY, Edward C., "Agricultural Geography of the Kittitas Valley, Washington," Pacific Northwest
Quarterly 61:3-18 (1950)
"Agricultural Geography of the Kittitas Valley, Washington," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 41:3-18
(1950)

WILLS, Wirt H. ,Early Prehistoric Agriculture in the American Southwest. School of American Research
Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico. 1988

WING, E.S. y BROWN, A.E.: Paleonutrition. (Orlando). GOODMAN, A.H. et al.: 1984. Health changes at
Dickson Mounds, Illinois (A.D. 950-1300). in Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture 1979. (M.N.
Cohen & G.J. Armelagos eds.): 54-73.

WING, Elizabeth S., and Antoinette B. Brown, Paleonutrition: Method and Theory in Prehistoric Foodways.
Academic Press, Inc. 1979

WINTER, Joseph C., Aboriginal Agriculture in the Southwest and Great Basin. Ph.D. dissertation, University
of Utah. 1974

WINTHER, Oscar, O., The Great Northwest: A History (New York: Knopf, 1950)

WORSTER, Donald, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York:
Pantheon, 1985)

WRINCH, Leonard A., "The Formation of the Puget's Sound Agricultural Company," Washington Historical
Quarterly 24:3-8 (1933)

YANOVSKY, Elias , Food Plants of the North American Indians. United States Department of Agriculture
Miscellaneous Publications No. 237, 1936.

YANOVSKY, E., and R. M. Kingsbury , Analysis of Some Indian Food Plants, Journal of the Association of
Official Agricultural Chemists, Vol. 21, 1938, pp. 648-665.

YARNELL, Richard A., and M. Jean Black ,Temporal Trends Indicated by a Survey of Archaic and
Woodland Plant Food Remains from Southeastern North America. Southeastern Archaeology 4(2) 1985: 93-
106.
Aboriginal Relationships Between Culture and Plant Life in the Upper Great Lakes Region.
Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 23. Ann Arbor, 1964.
Plant Food and Cultivation of the Salts Cave. In Archaeology of the Mammoth Cave Area, edited by
Patty Jo Watson, Academic Press, 1974.
Early Plant Husbandry in Eastern North America. In Culture Change and Continuity, edited by
Charled E. Cleland, 1976, pp. 265-273.
Domestication of Sunflower and Sumpweed in Eastern North America. In The Nature and Status of
Ethnobotany, edited by Richard I. Ford, pp. 289-299. Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Papers #67.
1978,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Inferred Dating of Ozark Bluff Dweller Occupations Based on Achene Size of Sunflower and
Sumpweed. Journal of Ethnobiology 1(1) 1981:55-60.

YODER, Fred R., "Pioneer Social Adaptation in Lincoln County, Washington 1875-1890," Research Studies
of the State College of Washington 10:179-197 (1942)
"Pioneer Social Adaptation in Northwestern Washington 1885-1910," Research Studies of the State
College of Washington 8:85-109 (1940)
"Pioneer Social Adaptation in the Palouse Country of Eastern Washington,"Research Studies of the
State College of Washington 6:131-159 (1938)
YOUNG, F. G., "Ewing Young and His Estate; a Chapter in the Economic and Community Development of
Oregon," Oregon Historical Society Quarterly 21:171-315 (1920)

ZEISLER-VRALSTED, Dorothy, "Reclaiming the Arid West: The Role of the Northern Pacific Railway in
Irrigating Kennewick, Washington," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 84:130-39 (1993)
 PUBLICAÇÕES PERIÓDICAS

As publicações periódicas exercem um papel importante na divulgação da ciência, na descoberta do

mundo natural. No século XVII tivemos Journal des Savants e Philosophical Transactions. Em finais do
século XIX tivemos a popular Science (1883) seguida em 1900 de Natural History. Depois disso, dentro de
uma perspectiva restrita de História do meio-ambiente a publicação periódica mais significativa surge em
1990: Environmental Review e Environmental History Review. Este último publicado por American Society
for Environmental History têm mudado de título: Forest & Conservation History (1990-1995), Journal of
Forest History (1975-1989), Forest History (1959-1974), Forest History Newsletter (1957-1958)

1.CRONOLOGIA DAS PUBLICAÇÕES PERIODICAS

1631. Teofrasto Renaudot(1586-1653) publica a Gazeta de França

1665. Denis de Sallo(1626-1699) publica Journal des Savants

Em Londres publica-se: Philosophical Transactions

1804. Philadelphia Medical & Physical Journal

1810. American Mineralogical Journal

1817. American Monthly Magazine & Critical Review

1818. American Journal of Science

1822. New York Medical & Physical Journal

Western Quarterly Reporter of the Medical, Surgical & Nature

1823. Boston Journal of Philosophy & the Arts.

1827. Western Journal of Medical & Physical Sciences.

1828. Publica-se em Londres: The Magazine of Natural History.

1835. Magazine of Horticulture & Botany

1845. American Journal of Agriculture & Science

1846. Charleston Medical Journal and Review

1865. American Journal of Conchology

1883. Science

1887. Publica-se em Londres: Journal of Botany

1900. Natural History

1963. Publicação revista Environment

1990. Environmental Review

Forest & Conservation History
2.Guias
BOLTON, Henry Carrington. A Catalogue of Scientific and Technical Periodicals, 1665-1895. Second
edition. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1897. New York: Johnson Reprint Corp., 1965.

FOWLER, Maureen J. Guides to Scientific Periodicals: Annotated Bibliography. London: Library

Association, 1966.

GASCOIGNE, Robert Mortimer. A Historical Catalogue of Scientific Periodicals, 1665-1900: with a Survey
of their Development. New York: Garland Publishing, 1985.

Scientific and Technical Periodicals of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: a Guide. Compiled by
David Kronick. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press, 1991.

Scudder, Samuel H. Catalogue of Scientific Serials of all Countries Including the Transactions of Learned
Societies in the Natural Physical and Mathematical Sciences, 1633-1876. New York: Kraus Reprint
Corporation, 1965.

World list of Scientific Periodicals Published in the Years 1900-1960. Fourth edition. Edited by Peter Brown
and George Burder Stratton. London: Butterworth, 1963-1965. Supplement. World list of scientific
periodicals: new periodicals titles, 1960-1968. London: Butterworth, 1970.

3.LISTA
Acta Botanica Fennica. Helsinki: Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 1925-. Irregular Vol.1(1925)-. Notes:
Text in Finnish, German, English

Acta Forestalia Fennica. [Helsinki]: Suomen Metsatieteellinen Seura, 1913-. Irregular Vol.1 (1913)-. Notes:
"Arbeiten der Forstswissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft in Finland," 1913-Contributions in English, German,
Finnish, French or Swedish Cumulative index 1913-72, 1v.

Acta Oecologica. Oecologia Generalis. [Paris]: Gauthier-Villars, 1980-. Trimestral. Vol. 1, no. 1-10(1980-
1989). ISSN: 0243-766X

African Journal of Ecology. Oxford [Eng., etc.] Published for the East African Wild Life Society by
Blackwell Scientific Publications. ISSN: 0141-6707

Agricole: Journal of Makerere Agricultural and Forestry Society. Kampala, Uganda: Faculty of Agriculture,
Issues for <1976-> published by Makerere University, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry.

Ambio. A Journal of the Human Environment, Research and Management. [Stockholm] : Royal Swedish
Academy of Sciences ; [Boston Universitetsforlaget] [distributor], c1972-, Bimensal, Vol. 1, no. 1 (Feb.
1972)-, ISSN: 0044-7447

American Forests. Washington, D.C.: American Forestry Association, - ISSN: 0002-8541 0002-854 1931-,
Issued by: American Forests, Vols. for 1978-<1992> include section: National register of big trees, also
published separately <1994?->; Issues for Mar./Apr. 1995-Aug. 1995 include special section titled: Urban
forests, previously published separately.

Annales Botanici Fennici. 1964- ISSN: 0003-3847 Notes:Articles in English and German.Vols. for 1964-
issued by Suomalainen Elèainja Kasvitieteellinen Seura Vanamo; for <1975-> by Suomen Biologian Seura
Vanamo.Supersedes: Suomalaisen Elèainja Kasvitieteellisen Seuran Vanamon Kasvitieteellisièa julkaisuja;
and in part: Archivum Societatis Zoologae Botanicae Fennicae 'Vanamo.' Annual journal/ Forestry
Association of Botswana. Gaborone, Botswana: The Association, 1984-Continues: Annales botanici
Societatis Zoologic Botanic Fennic Vanamo Archivum Societatis Zoolog Botanic Fennic Vanamo. Helsinki:
Societas Zoologica

Annales Botanici Fennici. Helsinki, Societas Biologica Fennica Vanamo, 1964-, Articles in English and
German. Vols. for 1964- issued by Suomalainen Elèainja Kasvitieteellinen Seura Vanamo; for <1975-> by
Suomen Biologian Seura Vanamo. Supersedes: Suomalaisen Elèainja Kasvitieteellisen Seuran Vanamon
Kasvitieteellisièa julkaisuja; and in part: Archivum Societatis Zoologae Botanicae Fennicae 'Vanamo.'

Annual Journal (Forestry Association of Botswana). Annual journal/ Forestry Association of Botswana.
Gaborone, Botswana: The Association, 1984-

Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics v. 1- 1970- Editor: 1970- R. F. Johnston Palo Alto, Calif. Annual
Reviews 23 v. 1- 1970- ISSN 0066-4162

Arboretum Amazonicum: iconographia dos mais importantes vegetães espontaneos e cultivados da região
amazônica. decada l-4; 1900-1906. Belém, Museu Paraense de Historia Natural e Ethnografia, 1900-1906. A
5th vol. was appended to the series in 1988: Arboretum Amazonicum. 5a década: iconografia dos mais
importantes vegetais espontaneos e cultivados da região amazônica, by Paulo B. Cavalcante. Editor: J. Huber.

Arboretum Amazonicum: Iconographia dos mais importantes vegetaes espontaneos e cultivados da região
amazônica. decada l-4; 1900-1906. Belém, Museu Paraense de Historia Natural e Ethnografia, 1900-1906.
Note: In Portuguese and French.A 5th vol. was appended to the series in 1988: Arboretum Amazonicum. 5a
década: iconografia dos mais importantes vegetais espontaneos e cultivados da região amazônica, by Paulo B.
Cavalcante. Editor: J. Huber.

Asclepio: Archivo Iberoamericano de Historia de la Medicina y Antropologia Medica.1964- Madrid: Instituto

"Arnaldo de Vilanova" de Historia de la Medicina, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 1964- v.
Annual ISSN:0210-4466 Continua: Archivo Iberoamericano de Historia de la Medicina y Antropologia
Medica 1954-1963

Atlantic Forestry Journal. [Halifax, N.S.: Atlantic Forestry Journal Pub., 1987]-, ISSN: 0832-5502 "Serving
all forestry sectors in Atlantic Canada".

Audubon magazine July/Aug. 1961-July/Aug. 1966, [New York, N.Y.: National Audubon Society, Quinzenal,
Começa com v. 63, no. 4, July/Aug. 1961. ISSN: 0097-7136, Volumes 99(1966-1997)

Audubon Action, [New York, N.Y.: National Audubon Society, 1982-, Vol. 1, no. 1 (Oct. 1982)-, ISSN:
0738-2111

Audubon Field Notes. [New York]: National Audubon Society, [1947-1970], Periodicidade: quinzenal, Vol.
1, no. 1 (Jan. 1947)-v. 24, no. 6 (Dec. 1970).
Antigos títulos: Audubon magazine 0004-7694; American birds 0004-7686

Audubon Magazine., New York, National Audubon Society., v. 43-63, no. 3; Jan. 1941-May/June 1961.
ISSN: 0004-7694

Audubon Wildlife Report. New York, N.Y.: National Audubon Society, c1985-, Periodicidade: annual, 1985-,
ISSN: 0885-6044

Australian Journal of Ecology. Oxford [Eng.] Published for the Ecological Society of Australia by Blackwell
Scientific Publications.

Australian Natural History [ANH].Continues:Australian museum magazine, Nature Australia, Periodical,

Sydney : Australian Museum, 1962-1995. Quarterly Notes:From Vol. 22, no. 12 (1989) title reads: ANH:
Australian natural history; From v. 24 (1) 1992 : ANH

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. Berlin, New York, Springer-Verlag, 1976-, 8 edições (2 vols.) yearly,
<1981->, ISSN: 0340-5443

Bibliographia Forestalis 1941-, Berlin-Wannsee. Annual

Biological Conservation. v. 1- Oct. 1968-, Barking, Eng. [etc.] Applied Science Publishers [etc.] eight no. a
year, 1975-, Quarterly, 1968-74, English or French.

Biological Conservation. Barking, Essex England: Applied Science Publishers, 4 edições por per vol., 3 vols.
por ano <, 1979-> Vol. 1, no. 1 (Oct. 1968). ISSN: 0006-3207

Botanica Fennica Vanamo, 1964-, Quarterly, Vol. 1 (1964) -. Notes: Vols. for 1964- issued by Suomalainen
Elain- ja Kasvitieteellienen Seura Vanamo; for 1975- by Suomen Biologian Seura Vanamo English and
German

Botanical Jjournal of the Linnean Society. [http://www.hbuk.co.uk/www/ideal/journals/ bt.htm]. v. 62- Jan.

1969- [London, New York] Academic Press. Academic Press, 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10003 8
no. a year

Chemosphere. v. 1- 1972-, Oxford, New York, Pergamon Press. Bimonthly "Chemistry, physics, and biology
as focused on environmental problems."

Ciência Hoje: revista de divulgação científica da Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência. Ano 1, no.
1 (jul./agosto de 1982)-, [Rio de Janeiro]: A Sociedade, 1982-, Av. Venceslau Braz, 71, fundos, casa 27, Rio
de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 22290

Commonwealth Forestry Review(The). London: Commonwealth Forestry Association, [1962- ISSN: 0010-
3381

Current Advances in Ecological Sciences. Oxford, New York, Pergamon Press. v. 1-14; Jan. 1975-Dec. 1988.
Titulos antigos: Current Advances in Ecological & Environmental Sciences 0955-6648, ISSN: 0306-3291

E : the Environmental Magazine. Norwalk, CT: Earth Action Network, c1990-, Bimensal vol. 1, no. 1
(Jan./Feb. 1990)-, ISSN: 1046-8021

East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal. Nairobi: Govt. Printer, [1960-. ISSN: 0012-8325 Some
issues combined. Issued by: East Africa High Commission, 1960-1961; East African Common Services
Organization, 1962-1967; East African Community, 1968-Apr. 1970; East African Agriculture and Forestry
Research Organization, July 1970- ; Kenya Agricultural Research Institute,

East African Wildlife Jjournal. [Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, -1978]. ISSN: 0070-8038
Published for the East African Wild Life Society. Continued in Mar. 1979 by: African journal of ecology.

Earth Care Annual(The) [Vienna, Va.]: National Wildlife Federation; Emmaus, Pa.: Rodale Press; [New
York, N.Y.?]: Distributed by St. Martin's Press, c1990-

Ecologia Mediterranea. Marseille: Universite de Droit, d'Economie et des Sciences d'Aix-Marseille, 1975-.
Annual, Vol.1(1975)-. Subtitulo: revue d'ecologie terrestre et limnique.

Ecology [Tempe, Ariz., etc., Ecological Society of America, etc.] v. 1- Jan. 1920- "Official publication of the
Ecological Society of America."
Ecological Economics: the Journal of the International Society for Ecological Economics . Amsterdam, The
Netherlands; New York: Elsevier, c1989-. 6 ano, 1991-, Vol. 1, no. 1 (Feb. 1989)-, ISSN: 0921-8009

Ecologist Quarterly(The). [Wadebridge, Eng.: Ecosystems Ltd., Trimestral. Nos.. 1 (spring 1978)-. 4 (winter
1978).
Títulos antigos: Ecologist 0012-9631; New Ecologist 0141-6952; Ecologist (Wadebridge, England:
1979) 0261-3131. ISSN: 0142-0399

Ecologist(The) "Journal of the Post Industrial Age.", Wadebridge, Eng. : Ecosystems Ltd. 1979-, Vol. 9, no. 3
(May/June 1979)-,
Títulos antigos: Ecologist Quarterly; New Ecologist. ISSN: 0261-3131

Ecology "Official publication of the Ecological Society of America." [Brooklyn, N.Y., etc. : Brooklyn
Botanic Garden, etc.], 6 números ao ano, Vol. 1 (Jan. 1920)-
Títulos antigos: Plant World 0096-8307, Vols. 1-30, 1920-49. 1 v.; vols. 31-50, 1950-69. 1 v., ISSN:
0012-9658

Ecology and Religion Newsletter, 1, Janeiro de 1973

Ecumene: a Journal of Environment, Culture, Meaning, [Ecumene (Sevenoaks, England) Sevenoaks, Kent,
U.K.: E. Arnold, 1994-, Trimestral, Vol. 1, no. 1 (Jan. 1994)-. ISSN: 0967-4608

Ekonesia: a Journal of Indonesian Human Ecology. Jakarta: Forum Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Antropologi Ekologi, Program Studi Antropologi-Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Indonesia, [1993- ISSN:
0854-2163

Empire Forester. Syracuse, N.Y., SUNY College of Forestry. Annual. Issued by the Forestry Club of the New
York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, 1919-55; by the Forestry Student Association, 1956-
60; by the college's Students Association, 1961-

Empire Forestry: journal of the Empire Forestry Association. London; New York: Macmillan, [1922] Issue
for Mar. 1922 called v. 1 but consititutes, v. 1, no. 1.

Empire Forestry Review. London: Empire Forestry Association, [1946-1962]. Whole numbering begins with:
v. 37 (1958) = no.91.

Environment Abstracts. Vol. 4, no. 1 (Jan. 1974)-, New York: Environment Information Center, 1974-,
Monthly. Published by: Environment Information Center, 1974-1981; by: EIC Intelligence Inc., 1982-1987;
by: Bowker A&I Pub., 1988-. Vols.
Observações: 1980- edição encadernada anual. Vols. 1974-1987 com indice anual: Environment
index. Vols. for 1988-1993 o índice: Environment abstracts annual. Vols. for 1994- indice mensal dos
volumes, cumulativo por quatro números.

Environment Africa. No. 1 (Dec. 1980)-, Nairobi : Regional Office for Africa, UNEP, 1980-

Environment and Behavior. EB. Environment and Behavior <, Dec. 1969->. [Beverly Hills, Calif.] : Sage
Publications. Bimensal desde Jan. 1981->, Vol. 1, (June 1969)-. ISSN: 0013-9165

Environment this Month (The). Lancaster, Eng., MTP Environment Ltd. Mensal, v. 1, no. 1-2; July-Aug.
1972.
Titulos antigos: Environment & Change

Environmental Conservation. "The international journal devoted to maintaining global viability through
exposing and countering environmental deterioration resulting from human population pressure and unwise
technology." Lausanne, Elsevier Sequoia. Quarterly, v. 1- spring 1974-. ISSN: 0376-8929
Environmental History Review: EHR: a publication of the American Society for Environmental History.HER.
Newark, N.J.: New Jersey Institute of Technology, c1990-, American Society for Environmental History.New
Jersey Institute of Technology. Periodicidade quadrimestral Vol. 14, nos. 1-2 (spring/summer 1990)-.
Antigo título: Environmental Review (Pittsburgh, Pa.) 0147-2496. ISSN: 1053-4180 0147-2496,
Volumes 19(1990-1995)

Environmental History Review Merged with: Forest & Conservation History, to form: Environmental
History.: EHR : a publication of the American Society for Environmental History.(HER). Newark, N.J.: New
Jersey Institute of Technology, c1990-1995. Periodicidade: trimestral.Vol. 14, nos. 1-2 (spring/summer
1990)-v. 19, no. 4(winter 1995).
Titulos antigos: Environmental Review (Pittsburgh, Pa.) 0147-2496; Forest & Conservation History
1046-7009; Environmental History 1084-5453. ISSN: 1053-4180 0147-2496

Environmental Review An Interdisciplinary Journal. [Pittsburgh, Pa., American Society for Environmental
History]. Periodicidade: trimestral, No. 1-6, 1976-1978; v. 3-v.13, no.3-4 (fall1978-fall/winter 1989),
Titulo antigo: Environmental History Review 1053-4180. ISSN: 0147-2496

Forest & Conservation History. Vol. 34, no. 1 (Jan. 1990)-v. 39, no. 4 (Oct. 1995). Durham, NC: Forest
History Society, 1990-1995. Forest History Society, 701 Vicker Ave., Durham, Quarterly.

Foresters; 1982- by: Institute of Chartered Foresters. Vols. 1 (1927)-10 (1936) with v. 9-10; Vols. 11 (1937)-
20 (1950); Vols. 21 (1951)-30 (1958)

Forestry Abstracts. Slough, Eng., Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. Note: Quarterly, 1939-72; monthly,
1973-74. Prepared by the Commonwealth Forestry Bureau. Includes supplements. Indexes: Vols. 1-5, 1939-
44. 1 v.

Forestry: Journal of the Institute of Forestry. Kathmandu: The Institute, English and Nepali.

Forestry: the Journal of the Society of Foresters of Great Britain. London: Oxford University Press, ISSN:
0015-752X Vols. for <1939-> issued by: Society of Foresters of Great Britain; -1981 by: Institute of
Foresters; 1982- by: Institute of Chartered Foresters. Vols. 1 (1927)-10 (1936) with v. 9-10; Vols. 11 (1937)-
20 (1950); Vols. 21 (1951)-30 (1958) Notes:, no. 1, published in 1939. Alguns números com suplementos.
Vols. for <1939-> issued by: Society of Foresters of Great Britain.

Forestry Abstracts. Slough, Eng., Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.Quarterly, 1939-72; monthly, 1973-
74. Prepared by the Commonwealth Forestry Bureau. Includes supplements.

Forestry Quarterly. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University, 1902-1916.Vol. 1 published under the direction of a
Board of Advisers of the Faculty and Alumni of the New York State College of Forestry; v. 2-14 under the
direction of a Board of Editors. In Jan. 1917, Forest quarterly merged with: Society of American Foresters.
Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters to form: Journal of forestry, and continued the vol.
numbering of the former.

GeoJournal. v. 1- 1977-, Wiesbaden, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft.8 issues a year, 1984-, Bimonthly,

1977-1983. "International journal for physical, biological and human geosciences and their application in
environmental planning and ecology." Includes occasional consecutively numbered supplementary issues.

Ghana Forestry Journal. Kumasi, Ghana: Ghana Forestry Association, 1968-, None published 1968-June
1976.

Ghana Journal of Forestry. Kumasi, Ghana: Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (CSIR), [1994-

Indian Forester(The). Dehra Dun, etc. Monthly. Began publication in 1875.Ceased publication with v. 96, no.
5, May, 1970?
Indian Journal of Ecology. [Ludhiana] Indian Ecological Society. ISSN: 0304-5250 Notes: Australian journal
of ecology. Published: Oxford [Eng.] Published for the Ecological Society of Australia by Blackwell
Scientific Publications.

Indian Journal of Forestry. Dehra Dun, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. ISSN: 0250-524X Notes: "A
quarterly journal of forestry, agriculture, horticulture, natural history, wild life, and field botany."

International Forest Fire News. Continues: Forest fire newsletter. Geneva [Switzerland] : ECE/FAO
Agriculture and Timber Division, [1989-. Semiannual Vol. numbering dropped with no. 2, Dec. 1989.Vol. 2,
no. 1 (July 1989)-

International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Published: Jaipur, International Scientific
Publications.

International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology(The). London; New York: Parthenon
Pub. Group, 1994-

Irish Forestry; journal of the Society of Irish forestors. Wexford. ISSN: 0021-1192 Vol. 1 has sub-title: The
official publication of the Society of Irish Foresters.

ISLE(Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment), Indiana, PA: Indiana University of

Pennsylvania, Periodicidade:bienal, Primeiro nº1.1 (Primavera,1993), Numeros Publicados: 4(1993-1997).
ISSN: 1076-0962

Journal of Animal ecology(The). Oxford [etc.] Blackwell Scientific Publ. [etc.]. ISSN: 0021-8790 Edited for
the British Ecological Society.

Journal of Applied Ecology(The). Oxford [Eng.] Blackwell Scientific Publications. ISSN: 0021-8901 Edited
for the British Ecological Society.

Journal of Beijing Forestry University.English ed. Beijing, People's Republic of China: Beijing Forestry
University, [1992-. ISSN: 1004-7301 Notes: Issued also in Chinese: Pei-ching lin yeh ta hsèueh hsèueh pao.

Journal of Ecology(The). v. 1- Mar. 1913- Oxford [etc.] Blackwell Scientific Publ.Frequency 6 issues a year,
<1996>-Four no. a year, <1960>-

Journal of Forestry.Washington, Society of American Foresters.ISSN: 0022-1201 Notes: "Official organ of

the Society of American Foresters." Formed by the union of: Forestry quarterly, and:Society of American
Foresters. Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters, continuing the volume numbering of the
former.Beginning in 1947, Proceedings issued separately

Journal of Ecology(The), v. 1- Mar. 1913-, Oxford [etc.] Blackwell Scientific Publ., 6 issues a year, <1996>-
Four no. a year, <1960>

Journal of Forestry. Washington, Society of American Foresters. "Official organ of the Society of American
Foresters." Formed by the union of: Forestry quarterly, and: Society of American Foresters. Proceedings of
the Society of American Foresters, continuing the volume numbering of the former. Beginning in 1947,
Proceedings issued separately

Journal of Human Ecology (Delhi, India) Journal of human ecology. Delhi: Kamla-Raj Enterprises, 1990-
ISSN: 0970-9274

Journal of Human Ecology. Madrid, Spain: Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 1990-, ISSN: 1130-071X In
English with summaries in English and Spanish.

Journal of Northeast Forestry University (English edition). Harbin, China: Northeast Forestry University,
1990- ISSN: 1002-5618

Journal of Sustainable Forestry. Binghamton, NY: Food Products Press, c1993- ISSN: 1054-9811. Some
issues have also distinctive titles.

Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History(The). Cincinnati: The Society, 1878/79 [i.e. 1878 or
1879]-1945. ISSN: 0885-3487 Vols. 3-4 include four reports on archaeological explorations near
Madisonville, O., conducted under the direction of the Literary and Scientific Society of Madisonville. (Also
issued separately).

Journal of the Forestry Commission. London: Forestry Commission, 1922-1969. No. 1 (1922)-no. 36 (1968-
69)

Journal of the South African Forestry Association(The). Pretoria: The Association, [1938]-1962. None
published 1945.Text mostly in English; some Afrikaans.No. 11-20, 1944-51, 1 v.; No. 21-30,1951-57, 1 v.;
31-40, 1958-62, 1 v.

Journal of Tropical Ecology. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] ; New York, NY :Published for INTECOL and the
ICSU Press by Cambridge University Press, 1985- ISSN: 0266-4674

Journal of Vegetation Science: official organ of the International Association for Vegetation Science. Knivsta,
Sweden: Opulus Press, [1990-. ISSN: 1100-9233 Imprint varies: Uppsala, Sweden, <1993->

Klinki: the Jjournal of the Forestry Society of the Papua New Guinea University of, Papua New Guinea
University of Technology. Forestry Society.

Landscape Ecology.The Hague: SPB Academic Pub., c1987-. Periodicidade: Quarterly, Vol. 1, no. 1 (July
1987)-. ISSN: 0921-2973

Many Smokes. -v. 18, no. 2 (summer 1984). Reno, Nev.: Sun Bear, 1966-1984. 3 no. a year, 1982-summer
1984, Quarterly, 1966-1977, 3 no. a year, 1978, 2 no. a year, 1979-1981.Began publication in 1966. Issues for
spring 1974-1975 published in Klamath Falls, Or.; for 1976-summer 1984 in Spokane, Wash. Publisher
varies: Many Smokes Pub. Co., spring 1974-1975; Bear Tribe, winter 1976; Medicine Chief of the Bear Tribe
Medicine Society, 1976-summer 1984. Suspended publication during 1971.

Mesopotamia: the Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Research. Mosul, Iraq: College of Agriculture and
Forestry, University of Baghdad, [1966-. Text in English; summaries in Arabic.

National Parks & Conservation Magazine "The Environmental Journal.". [Washington] National Parks &
Conservation Association], v. 44-54 (no. 271- ); Apr. 1970-Dec. 1980. Titulos antigos: National Parks
Magazine 0730-9473; National Parks (Washington, D.C.) 0276-8186. ISSN: 0027-9870

Natural History. [New York, American Museum of Natural History], v. 1- Apr. 1900-Mensal desde 1980.
Titulos antigos: Nature Magazine Jan. 1960. ISSN: 0028-0712

Natural History. [New York, N.Y.: American Museum of Natural History, [1919-. Mensal Dec. 1980-. Vol.
19, no. 1 (Jan. 1919)-.
Titulos antigos: American Museum Journal (New York, N.Y.) 1049-1112; Nature Magazine Jan. 1960. ISSN:
0028-0712

Naturaliste Canadien(Le). Quebec: Universite Laval, 1868-, Monthly 1868-Jan. 1942; Bimonthly Feb./Mar.
1942- Nov./Dec. 1946; 1966-1979; Quarterly 1980-, Vols. 21-56 called also "2e serie". v. 1-36; v. 57-73
called also "3e serie", v. 1-17 Vol. 1 (Dec. 1868) -. Notes: Cover subtitle v. 101 no. 6(Nov.-Dec. 1974):

Nature Magazine"An illustrated monthly with popular articles about nature.", [Baltimore, Md.: American
Nature Association], 1923-1959. Vol. 1 (Jan. 1923)-v. 52, no. 10 (Dec. 1959).
 Titulos antigos: Nature-Study Review 0734-7006; Natural History Jan. 1960 0028-0712, Vol. 1
(1923)-v. 20 (1943)

Nature of Woman (The).. "An encycopedia & guide to literature.". Inverness, Calif., Edgepress. 1980,
Warren, Mary Anne. ISSN: 0197-842X

Nature Study. "A journal of environmental education and interpretation." [Morehead, KY, etc.] American
Nature Study Society. Quarterly, v. 19- Mar. 1965-.
Titulos antigos: American Nature Study Society. ANSS news. ISSN: 0028-0860

Nature. [London, etc., Macmillan Journals ltd., etc.]. Semanal 1981-.v. 1- Nov. 4, 1869- v.390:no.6656
(1997:Nov. 13). ISSN: 0028-0836 0302-2889

Nature/Science Annual. New York: Time-Life Books. 1970-1978 ed. ISSN: 0085-3860

New Ecologist(The).. "Journal of the post industrial age." With: The Ecologist quarterly, supersedes: The
Ecologist [Wadebridge, Eng., Ecosystems Ltd.]. Bimensal, v. [8]-9, no. 2; Jan./Feb. 1978-Mar./Apr. 1979.
Titulos antigos: The Ecologist, ISSN 0012-9631; e juntou-se a Ecologist Quarterly 0142-0399 para
dar origem a Ecologist (Wadebridge, England: 1979) 0261-3131. ISSN: 0141-6952

New Zealand Forestry: journal of the N.Z. Institute of Foresters Inc. Wellington, N.Z.:

New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. [Rotorua, N.Z.: Forest Research Institute, ISSN: 0048-0134 Vols.
for 1971-<76> issued jointly by the New Zealand Forest Service.

New Zealand Journal of Forestry(The). [Tokoroa, etc.] New Zealand Institute of Foresters. Official journal of
the New Zealand Institute of Foresters. ISSN: 0048-0134 Vol. 8, 1959-63, with v. 8, no. 5. Vols. 9-11, 1964-
66, with v. 11, no. 2. Vols. 12-14, 1967-69, with v. 14, no. 2.

Nigerian Journal of Forestry(The). Ibadan: Forestry Association of Nigeria,

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters, c1984-

Oikos. Supplementum. "Acta Oecologica Scandinavica" 1951-73; "A journal of ecology" 1975 [Copenhagen,
Munksgaard], No. 1-15, 1951-73 (inclui v. 1-25, 1949-74 de Oikos) in 16, 1975.ISSN: 0078-4265

Pakistan Journal of Forestry(The). Peshawar [etc.] Pakistan Forest Institute [etc.]. ISSN: 0030-9818 Editor:
1951- S. A. A. Anvery

Papua New Guinea Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Konedobu, Papua New Guinea: Dept. of
Primary Industry, 1984- ISSN: 0256-954X. Some no. are issued in combined form.

Philippine Journal of Forestry(The). Manila: Dept. of Agriculture and Commerce, 1938-, "Official organ of
the Bureau of Forestry." Suspended between 3d quarter of 1941 and June/Sept. 1947. None published 1948.
No more published? Vol. 1- issued by the Dept. of Agriculture and Commerce; -issued by the Dept. of
Agriculture and Natural Resources. Continues: Makiling echo.Other authors: Philippines. Dept. of Agriculture
and Commerce. Philippines. Dept. of Agriculture and NaturalResources. Philippines. Bureau of Forestry.

Popular Science monthly(The) New York, D. Appleton v. 1-47; May 1872-Oct. 1895 Continued by:
Appleton's popular science monthly

Popular Science, monthly [New York: McClure, Phillips and Co., 1900- Vol. 57 (June 1900)-v. 156, no. 6
(June1950) Note: no number issued Nov. 1919

Quarterly Journal of Forestry. London, Royal Forestry Society of England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
Official publication of the Royal Forestry Society. ISSN: 0033-5568 Published by the society under earlier
names: V.1-25, Royal English Arboricultural Society; v. 26-41, Royal English Forestry Society

Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol. Continued by: European Journal of Soil Biology. Paris : Gauthier-
Villars, [1964] - 1991. Quarterly. Vol.1, no.1(Juin 1964) - v.28 (1991). Notes: Text in English, French,
German, Spanish; summaries in French, English . ISSN: 0035-1822

Science AAAS observer; Guide to scientific instruments. Cambridge, Mass.: Moses King, [1883-. Semanal,
[Vol. 1], no. 1 (Feb. 9, 1883)-v. 23, no. 581 (Mar. 23, 1894); New ser., v. 1, no. 1 (Jan. 4, 1895)-.
Titulos antigos: Science Scientific monthly 1958 0096-3771. ISSN: 0036-8075

Science. [Science (Weekly). Cambridge, Mass.: Moses King, [1883-, [Vol. 1], no. 1 (Feb. 9, 1883)-v. 23, no.
581 (Mar. 23, 1894); n.s., v. 1, no. 1 (Jan. 4, 1895).
Titulos antigos: Science 0036-8075; Scientific Monthly 0096-3771 Jan. 1958. ISSN: 0036-8075 003-
8076

Science. [Washington, D.C., American Association for the Advancement of Science], 10 edições ano, Nov.
1980-86, v. 1-7, no. 6; Nov./Dec. 1979-July/Aug. 1986. ISSN: 0193-4511

Scientific Monthly (The) [Washington, etc., American Association for the Advancement of Science, etc.] v. 1-
85; Oct. 1915-Dec. 1957 Note: Official publication of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science Edited for many years by J. M. Cattell Continues Absorbed by: Science

Scottish Forestry. Edinburgh, Royal Scottish Forestry Society. ISSN: 0036-9217 "The journal of the Royal
Scottish Forestry Society."

Sierra [San Francisco, Sierra Club. Monthly (except July/Aug. and Nov./Dec.), v. 62, no. 8- Oct. 1977-.
Titulos antigos: Sierra Club bulletin 0037-4725

Society and Natural Resources. New York: Taylor & Francis, 1988-, Vol. 1, no. 1(1988)-

South African Forestry Journal: the official journal of the S.A. Forestry Association = Suid-Afrikaanse
bosboutydskrif: die offisièelle tydskrif van die S.A. Bosbouvereniging. Pretoria: The Association, [1962-
1996] Chiefly English, with some Afrikaans. Issued by: S.A. Forestry Association in collaboration with the
S.A. Institute of Forestry, 1972-1989; by: Southern African Institute of Forestry, 1990-1996. No. 41
(Apr./June 1962)-60 (1967) 1 v.; No. 156 (1987)-177 (1996) 1 v. ISSN: 0038-2167

Soviet Journal of Ecology(The). New York, Consultants Bureau.Translation from the Russian. ISSN: 0096-
7807 Notas: Bibliography of Agriculture 0006-1530 Vol. 18, Tradução de Russian. International Journal of
Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Jaipur, International Scientific Publications. ISSN: 0377-015X

Soviet Journal of Ecology(The). New York, Consultants Bureau. v. 2- Jan./Feb. 1971-.ISSN: 0096-7807

Terra Nova: Nature & Culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, c1996-. Periodicidade: trimestral, Vol. 1, no. 1
(winter 1996)-. ISSN: 1081-0749. Volumes publicados: 2 (1996-1997)

Trends in Ecology & Evolution. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1986-. Annual,
Vol. 1 -12(1986-1997)-. ISSN: 0169-5347

Western Journal of Applied Forestry. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters, c1986-,- ISSN: 0885-
6095 Jan. 1986, "premier issue".Publication of the Society of American Foresters.

Whole Earth Rev. Whole Earth Review. [Sausalito, CA: Point, c1984-

Wildfire.Vol. 1, no. 1 (winter solstice issue 1984)-, [Spokane, Wash.: published by the Medicine Chief of the
Bear Tribe Medicine Society], 1984-. Continues: Many smokes
World Animal Review. Rome: FAO, 1972-. Quarterly. Suspenso entre no. 65 (1988) e 66 (1991), No. 1 1972-.
Subtitulo: "A quarterly journal on animal health, production and products" desde nº.66 (1991)
Outros títulos: Revue Mondiale de Zootechnie; Revista Mundial de Zootecnia,

Yale Conservation Studies. New Haven, Yale Conservation Club. v. 1-6; 1952-57.
MADEIRA
 A ECOMONIA DA MADEIRA

E A EVOLUÇÃO DO QUADRO NATURAL

Nos primeiros momentos de ocupação do solo, o vinho, o trigo, e, depois, o açúcar, surgem
como elementos aglutinadores desta peculiar vivência com inevitáveis implicações políticas
e urbanísticas. Os primeiros materializaram a necessária garantia das condições de
subsistência e do ritual cristão, enquanto o ultimo encerrou a ambição e voracidade
mercantil da nova burguesia europeia que fez da Madeira o principal pilar para afirmação
na economia atlântica e mundial. O processo é irreversível de modo que, em consonância
com os movimentos económicos sucede-se uma catadupa de produtos, com valor utilitário
para a sociedade insular, ou com capacidade adequada para activarem as trocas com o
mercado externo. Se na primeira fase o domínio pertenceu à economia agrícola, no
segundo, que se aproxima da nossa vivência, ele reparte-se em serviços, industrias
artesanais (vimes e bordado) e de novo produtos agrícolas.

O enquadramento e afirmação económica não é pacífico, sendo feito de embates

permanentes entre essa necessária manutenção de subsistência e da animação comercial
externa. Desse afrontamento resultou a afirmação, num ou noutro momento, do produto que
adquire maior pujança e numero de defensores nessa dinâmica. É nesta luta permanente de
produtos de uma subsistência familiar, local e insular com os impostos pela permanente
solicitação externa que se alicerçou a economia da ilha até ao limiar do século XIX. Deste
modo esses produtos serão os pilares mais destacados para a compreensão da realidade
socio-economica madeirense, ao longo destes quinhentos anos, com reflexos inevitáveis na
actualidade. Por isso proponho uma breve reflexão sobre a sua importância no devir e
quotidiano madeirense.

UMA ECONOMIA DE EQUILIBRIO ENTRE A SUBSISTÊNCIA E O MERCADO.

A tradição mediterranio-atlantica, que define a realidade peninsular, repercute-se,
inevitavelmente na estrutura agraria do Novo Mundo e por consequência no impacto
ecológico que acompanha a expansão atlântica. Da Europa saíram as sementes, utensílios e
homens que lançaram as bases da nova vivência insular e atlântico., mas também aí se
situavam as principais solicitações e orientações. A par disso o confronto com as novas
realidades civilizacionais americanas e indicas contribuiu para um paulatino
desencravamento planetário da ecologia e cardápio dos séculos XVI e XVII, com
inevitáveis repercussões na economia e hábitos alimentares do europeu.

A Europa contribuiu com os cereais (centeio, cevada e trigo), as videiras e as socas de cana,
enquanto da América e Índia aportaram ao velho continente o milho, a batata, o inhame. o
arroz e uma variada gama de árvores de fruto. Nesse contexto as ilhas atlânticas, pela sua
posição charneira no relacionamento entre esses mundos, surgem como viveiros da
aclimatação desses produtos às novas condições eco-sistémicas que se acolhem. A Madeira
deteve uma posição importante, afirmando-se no século XV como o viveiro experimental
das culturas que a Europa pretendia implantar no Novo Mundo - os cereais, o pastel, a
vinha e a cana de açúcar.
A expansão europeia, que desde o século XV veio revolucionar o cardápio europeu,
enriqueceu-se, aumentando a gama de produtos e condimentos. A tradição culinária
europeia foi destronada pelo exotismo das novas sensações gustativas que acabaram por
afeiçoar o paladar. Mas ate que isso se generalizasse tornava-se necessário conduzir aos
locais mais recônditos o cereal e o vinho. Assim, as embarcações que sulcavam o oceano
levavam nos seus porões, para alem das manufacturas e bugigangas aliciadoras das
populações autóctones, inúmeras pipas de vinho e barris de farinha ou biscoito.

Se o cereal poderá encontrar similar, como o milho e a mandioca, o mesmo não acontecia
com o vinho que era desconhecido e incapaz de se adaptar as novas condições mesológicas
oferecidas pela colónias europeias. Desta forma o vinho foi conduzido da Europa ou das
ilhas, onde ele se afirma com essa finalidade aos mais recônditos espaços em que se fixou o
europeu. Este era o inseparável companheiro dos mareantes, expedicionários, bandeirantes
e colonizadores. Aos primeiros servia de antídoto ao escorbuto, aos segundos saciava a
sede, enquanto aos últimos servia como recordação ou devaneio hilariante da terra-mãe. 0
vinho é assim um dos principais traços de união das gentes europeias na gesta de expansão
além-Atlântico.

No imaginário e devir histórico madeirense paira sempre essa visão tripartida da faina
agrícola: o vinho e o cereal que a tradição impõe como necessários ao quotidiano espiritual
e alimentar, o açúcar que se afirma como provento excedentario capaz de atrair a atenção
dos mercados europeus e de trazer a ilha as manufacturas que necessita. Esta harmónica
trifuncionalidade produtiva pela extrema dependência as dinâmicas e directrizes europeias
esteve sujeita a diversos sobressaltos que contribuirão para uma desmesurada
desarticulação do quotidiano e economia madeirenses. Assim, a concorrência do aguçar
americano lança o pânico na ilha e obriga a uma necessária afirmação da cultura da vinha,
cujo derivado, o vinho, se afirmou como a moeda de troca, substitutiva do açúcar.

A precariedade da economia madeirense não deriva apenas da posição dependente em

relação ao velho continente, mas também radica-se nas diminutas possibilidades de
usufruto dos 741 Km2 de superfície da ilha. O lançamento e afirmação de uma sociedade
em moldes europeus depende sempre das possibilidades de afirmação simultânea deste
conjunto de produtos; motores da expansão atlântica e da europeização do espaço insular. E
todos os autores coevos são unânimes em afirmar a apetência da ilha para satisfazer as
expectativas dos primeiros povoadores. Assim o enuncia Gaspar Frutuoso que "a terra foi
mostrando seus frutos e dando a fama deles no regno, e enobrecendo-se com moradores
ricos"101. Esta inaudita riqueza foi o motor do sucesso do povoamento da ilha, tal como
nos elucida o mesmo autor: "crescendo e multiplicando seus frutos, assim iam crescendo as
povoações e moradores com a fama de sua fertilidade."102

Neste processo de labuta, mais do que uma revolução ecológica, assiste-se a uma humana e
técnica. Se as condições eco-sistemicas favoreceram a transplantação das primeiras
sementes, ao homem estava reservada a mais espinhosa e hábil tarefa. Primeiro ergueram

101 . Livro segundo das Saudades da Terra, P. Delgada, 1979, p.96.

102 . Ibidem, p.97
os socalcos (poios), depois adaptaram as técnicas e as alfaias agrícolas às condicionantes do
novo espaço cultivado. A testemunhar tudo isso perduram os poios, ladeados de levadas,
que bem podem ser considerados entre as principais realizações do homem sobre a terra.
Esta homenagem deverá ser concedida ao cabouqueiro, colono que recebe das principais
gentes da ilha o encargo de valorizar economicamente as parcelas que estas receberam
como benesse. O investimento da sua capacidade de trabalho terá justificação jurídica nas
chamadas benfeitorias, que englobavam paredes, casas de habitação, lagares ou lagariças,
arvores de fruto, latadas, etc. é, assim, o colono que lança as bases dessa revolução técnica
e agrícola e um dos principais obreiros dessa harmoniosa paisagem rural os proprietários
preferiam os bulício ribeirinhos da cidade ou do burgo que tentam erguer, fazendo com que
a arquitectura e viver quotidiano se adaptassem a medida volume dos reditos acumulados
com o comércio do açúcar e vinho; estava-lhes reservado o usufruto da vida no espaço
urbano, empenhados nas lides administrativas ou ocupados nos jogos de pela e canas.

Um dos aspectos mais salientes das ilhas é estamos perante espaços limitados, que
condicionam e são influenciados de forma evidente pela presença humana. Aqui o processo
económico quando assume uma posição de sucesso mercê da sua inserção no mercado
mundial provoca obrigatoriamente uma forma de exploração intensiva que acabe
inevitavelmente por provocar o desequilíbrio entre aquilo que possibilita o quadro natural e
o que o Homem exige dele.

A exploração económica faz-se de forma intensiva e de acordo com as solicitações de um

mercado exterior, agravando o afrontamento com o quadro natural e arrastando este para
uma situação de total degradação. Um breve relance pelos testemunhos historiográficos dos
séculos XV e XVI reforça esta realidade. O primeiro testemunho desta deterioração dos
solos frutos de um cultivo intensivo, surgem já em meados do século XV com Cadamosto:
"As suas terras costumavam dar a princípio, sessenta por um, o que presentemente está
reduzido a trinta e quarenta, porque se vão deteriorando dia a dia "103. A situação resultou
da solicitação do cereal para abastecer as cidades do reino e praças africanas.

Rapidamente o cereal cedeu lugar aos canaviais que em pouco tempo dominaram todo o
espaço agrícola. A indústria que se promoveu na rectaguarda para o fabrico do açúcar
exigiu muito do quadro natural, lançando a ilha para um processo de desflorestação de
consequências imprevisíveis. Esta situação arrastou o solo agrícola da ilha para a quase
total exaustão. Em 1689 John Ovington testemunha de forma lapidar a realidade: "A
fertilidade da ilha decaiu muito relativamente ao período das primeiras culturas. A cultura
sem descanso dos terrenos tornou os fracos espaços em muitos lugares e de tal modo que os
abandonam periodicamente, tendo de ficar de posio três ou quatro anos. Depois desse
tempo, se não crescer nenhuma giesta como sinal de fertilidade futura, abandonam-nos,
com estéreis. A actual aridez de muitas das suas terras atribuem-na simploriamente ao
aumento dos seus pecados"104.

A vinha e o vinho assumem particular destaque na caracterização do processo histórico

madeirense ao longo destes quase seiscentos anos de labuta. Desde os primórdios da

103 A. Aragão, A Madeira vista por Estrangeiros, pp.36-37

104 Ibidem, p.201.
ocupação da ilha até a actualidade este produto manteve a mesma vivacidade na vida
agrícola e comercio da ilha. Dos mais não houve capacidade suficiente para resistir a
concorrência desenfreada de novos e potenciais mercados Fornecedores de aquém e além-
mar. Os cereais tiveram saque fácil nos Açores, Canárias, Europa e, depois América,
sofrendo, mais tarde, a concorrência do abundante fornecedor americano. Apenas o vinho
resistiu a concorrência do dos Açores, Canárias, Europa e Cabo da Boa Esperança,
mantendo o tradicional grupo de apreciadores no velho e novo Mundo.

AS DOMINANTES DA ECONOMIA AGRÍCOLA. No principio da ocupação da ilha as

necessidades do cardápio e ritual cristão comandaram a selecção das sementes que
acompanharam os primeiros povoadores. As do precioso cereal acompanharam os
primeiros cavalos de cepas peninsulares nesse processo de transmigração vegetativa. A
fertilidade do solo, resultante do seu estado virgem e das cinzas fertilizadoras das
queimadas, fizeram elevar a produção a níveis inatingíveis, criando excedentes que
supriram as necessidades de mercados carentes, como foi o caso de Lisboa e praças do
norte de África.

Até a década de setenta a Madeira firma a sua posição de celeiro atlântico, perdendo-a,
depois em favor dos Açores que emergem desde então, com uma posição dominante na
política e economia frumentaria do Atlântico. Na Madeira inverte-se a situação; a ilha de
área excedentaria passa a uma posição de dependência em relação ao celeiro açoriano,
canário e europeu. O estabelecimento de uma rota obrigatória, a partir do fornecimento de
cereal açoriano à Madeira, criará as condições necessárias à afirmação da cultura da cana
sacarina, produto tão insistentemente solicitado no mercado europeu. O empenho do
senhorio e coroa na cultura deste novo produto conduziu a afirmação preferencial de uma
nova vertente da economia atlantico-insular. A partir de então os interesses mercantis
dominam a dinâmica agraria madeirense. Na ilha as searas deram lugar aos canaviais,
enquanto as vinhas mantém-se de modo insistente numa posição de destaque.

Se o cereal pouco contribuía para aumentar os reditos dos seus intervenientes o mesmo não
se poderá dizer em relação ao açúcar e vinho que, a seu tempo contribuíram para o
enriquecimento das gentes da ilha. A própria coroa e senhorio fizeram depender grande
parte das suas despesas ordinárias desta fonte de receita. A par disso o enobrecimento da
vila, mais tarde, cidade do Funchal fez-se à custa desses dinheiros. O Funchal avançou para
poente e adquiriu fama de novos e potenciais mercados. Todavia esta opulência foi de vida
efémera. Desde a terceira década do século XVI o açúcar madeirense é destronado da
posição cimeira no mercado europeu, perdendo a preferencia em favor do canário ou
brasileiro, de menor qualidade, mas que ai aparecem com preços mais baratos.

A persistência de alguns lavradores, a celebridade da superior qualidade e a solicitação pela

doçaria e casquinha madeirenses fizeram com que a cultura dos canaviais se mantivesse por
largos anos atingindo, em momentos de crise nos mercados americanos, alguma pujança.
Mas, irremediavelmente condenada a sua cultura, o madeirense foi forçado a canalizar
todas as suas atenções nas vinhas, fazendo-as assumir o espaço abandonado pelas socas de
cana. Desta forma os canaviais deram lugar às latadas, enquanto os engenhos dão lugar aos
lagares e armazéns.
Esta mudança na estrutura produtiva provocou alterações na dinâmica económica da ilha. O
açúcar definia apenas um complexo industrial, o engenho, onde decorria a respectiva safra.
O vinho necessitara de dois espaços distintos. O lagar onde as uvas dão lugar ao saboroso
mosto e os armazéns da cidade onde este fermenta e é preparado para atingir o necessário
aroma e bouquet. Deste modo o agricultor, colono ou não, detém apenas o controle da
viticultura, ficando reservado ao mercador o moroso processo de vinificação. Por mais de
dois séculos a vinha e o vinho surgem como os principais aglutinadores das actividades
económicas da ilha; dando ao meio rural e urbano desusada animação; o Funchal cresce em
monumentalidade e as principais famílias reforçam a sua posição económica.

A conjuntura da primeira metade de oitocentos. demarcada pelos conflitos europeus, guerra

de independência das colónias, associada aos factores de origem botânica (oidio-1852,
filoxera-1872) conduziram ao paulatino degenerescimento da pujança económica do vinho.
Como corolário, desse inevitável processo, sucedem-se as fomes, nos anos quarenta, e a
sangria emigratória nas décadas de 50 e 80, para o continente americano, onde o
madeirense vai substituir o escravo nas plantações. Por um período de mais de setenta anos
a confusão institucional e económica alarga-se ao domínio social e alimentar. Assim
sucedem-se novos produtos de importação do Novo Mundo que ganham uma posição de
relevo na culinária madeirense. Destes destacam-se o inhame e a batata. A par disso
definem-se políticas de reconversão e ensaios de novos produtos com valor comercial
(tabaco, chá,...).

A emigração oitocentista e no período post-segunda Guerra Mundial foi responsável pela

por um acentuado processo de desertificação do interior da ilha, o que arrastou muitas
terras para o abandono. Era o início de um pousio necessário para as terras já de si
esgotadas com a exploração intensiva das culturas de subsistência e exportação. As
políticas de reflorestação em ambos os momentos irão permitir o fácil aumento da mancha
florestal, sem conflito com a actividade agrícola.

Em pleno apogeu da indústria vinhateira tivemos a paulatina afirmação de um novo sector

de serviços. Na segunda metade do século XVIII a ilha assumiu um outro papel. Alguém
terá dito que os iniciais promotores do turismo insular foram os gregos, mas os primeiros
turistas foram, sem dúvida, ingleses. Os gregos celebraram, na sua prolixa criação literária, as
delícias das ilhas situadas além das colunas de Hércules. Os arquipélagos da Madeira e
Canárias, são mitologicamente considerados a mansão dos deuses, o seu jardim das delícias,
onde eles convivem com os heróis da mitologia. Todavia foram os ingleses, ainda que muito
mais tarde, a desfrutar desta ambiência paradisíaca, reservada aos deuses e heróis, escolhendo-
as como rincão de permanência, breve ou prolongada. Diz-se até que a primeira viagem de
núpcias, embora ocasional, terá sido protagonizada por um casal inglês. Mais uma vez a lenda
que ficou conhecida como de Machim. Na verdade, foi esta visão mítica, perpetuada nos
relatos antigos ou reavivada nos testemunhos coevos, que motivou o desusado interesse do
inglês pelas belezas aprazíveis da Madeira. A Europa oferecia ao aristocrata britânico
demasiados motivos para o "grand tour" cultural.

O ilhéu, autêntico cabouqueiro e jardineiro deste rincão, estava por demais embrenhado na
árdua tarefa de erguer paredes e arrotear os poios, e por isso mantinha-se alheio às suas
delícias. Para ele a beleza agreste dos declives não passava de mais um entrave na luta contra a
natureza. Enquanto o madeirense cavava e traçava os poios o inglês entretinha-se nos passeios
a cavalo ou em rede pelos mais recônditos locais da ilha. A verdadeira descoberta da Madeira
foi obra dos ingleses. Mas foi o português descobriu apenas o caminho para cá chegar.

AS ROTAS DE MIGRAÇÃO DE HOMENS, PLANTAS E MERCADORIAS. A

valorização do Atlântico nos séculos XV e XVI conduziu a um intrincado traçado de rotas
de navegação e comércio que ligavam o Velho Continente ao litoral atlântico. Esta
multiplicidade de rotas resultou das complementaridades económicas e de formas de
exploração adoptadas. Se é certo que estes vectores geraram as referidas rotas, não é menos
certo que as condições mesológicas do oceano, dominadas pelas correntes, ventos e
tempestades, delinearam o seu rumo. As mais importantes e duradouras de todas as traçadas
neste mar foram sem dúvida a da Índia e a das Índias que galvanizaram as atenções dos
monarcas, da população europeia e insular, dos piratas e corsários. A par disso a Madeira
surge, nos alvores do século XV, como a primeira experiência de ocupação em que se
ensaiaram produtos, técnicas e estruturas institucionais. Tudo isto foi, depois, utilizado, em
larga escala, noutras ilhas e no litoral africano e americano. O arquipélago foi, assim, o
centro de divergência dos sustentáculos da nova sociedade e economia do mundo atlântico:
primeiro os Açores, depois os demais arquipélagos e regiões costeiras onde os portugueses
aportaram.

No traçado das rotas oceânicas situava-se o Mediterrâneo Atlântico com uma actuação
primordial na manutenção e apoio à navegação atlântica. As ilhas da Madeira e das
Canárias surgem nos séculos XV e XVI como entreposto para o comércio no litoral
africano, americano e asiático. Os portos principais da ilha da Madeira, Gran Canaria, La
Gomera, Hierro, Tenerife e Lanzarote animavam-se de forma diversa com o apoio a esta
navegação e comércio nas rotas da ida, enquanto nos Açores, com as ilhas de Flores,
Corvo, Terceira, e S. Miguel, surgem como a escala necessária e fundamental da rota de
retorno.

A posição demarcada do Mediterrâneo Atlântico no comércio e na navegação atlântica fez

com que as coroas peninsulares investissem aí todas as tarefas de apoio, defesa e controle
do trato comercial. As ilhas eram os bastiões avançados, suportes e símbolos da hegemonia
peninsular no Atlântico. A disputa pela riqueza em movimento neste oceano será feita na
área definida por elas, pois para aí incidiam piratas e corsários ingleses, franceses e
holandeses, ávidos das riquezas em circulação nas rotas americanas e indicas. Uma das
maiores preocupações das coroas peninsulares terá sido a defesa das embarcações que
sulcavam o Atlântico em relação às investidas dos corsários europeus. A área definida pela
Península Ibérica, Canárias e Açores era o foco principal de intervenção do corso europeu
sobre os navios que transportavam açúcar ou pastel ao velho continente.

O papel da Madeira resulta muito do facto de ter sido o início da presença portuguesa no
Atlântico, e o primeiro e mais proveitoso resultado desta aventura. Gaspar Frutuoso105

105 Livro primeiro das Saudades da Terra, Ponta Delgada, 1979, p.98.
testemunha esse papel de âncora atlântico quando afirma "... que Deus põs no mar oceano
ocidental para escala, refúgio, colheita e remédio dos navegantes..."

Vários são os factores que se conjugaram para esta situação. A inexistência de população,
em consonância com a extrema necessidade de valorização para o avanço das navegações
ao longo da costa africana, favoreceram a rápida ocupação e crescimento económico da
Madeira. Por isso, a afirmação do arquipélago madeirense, nos primeiros anos dos
descobrimentos, foi evidente: porto de escala ou apoio para as precárias embarcações
quatrocentistas, que sulcavam o oceano; importante área económica, fornecedora de
cereais, vinho e açúcar; modelo económico, social e político para as demais intervenções
portuguesas no Atlântico106.

A juntar a tudo isso temos que o rápido progresso social, resultado do porvir económico,
condicionou o aparecimento de uma aristocracia-terratenente que, imbuída do ideal
cavalheiresco e do espírito de aventura, se embrenhou na defesa das praças marroquinas, na
disputa pela posse das Canárias e viagens de exploração e comércio ao longo da costa
africana e, até mesmo, para Ocidente.

A proximidade da Madeira ao vizinho arquipélago das Canárias, em conjugação com o

rápido surto do povoamento e valorização sócio-económica do solo, orientaram as atenções
do madeirense para as ilhas. Assim, decorridos apenas vinte e seis anos sob a ocupação, os
moradores da Madeira empenharam-se na disputa pela posse das Canárias, ao serviço do
infante D. Henrique. Em 1446 João Gonçalves Zarco, foi enviado a Lanzarote, como
plenipotenciário para afirmar o contrato de compra da ilha. Acompanham-no as caravelas
de Tristão Vaz, capitão do donatário em Machico e de Garcia Homem de Sousa, genro de
Zarco107. Mais tarde em 1451, o infante enviou nova armada, em que participaram gentes
de Lagos, Lisboa e Madeira, sendo de salientar, no último caso, Rui Gonçalves filho do
capitão do donatário do Funchal108.

A presença de gentes da Madeira continuará por todo o século XV em três frentes:

Marrocos109, litoral africano além do Bojador e terras Ocidentais. Na primeira e última a
presença dos madeirenses foi fundamental. A tradição refere que o primeiro homem a
lançar-se à aventura do descobrimento das terras Ocidentais foi Diogo de Teive, que em
1451 terá saído do Faial à procura da ilha das Sete Cidades, mas que no regresso apenas
descobriu as ilhas de Flores e Corvo110. Seguiram o seu exemplo outros madeirenses que
gastaram muito de sua fazenda para abrir o caminho, mais tarde, trilhado por Colombo.

Mesmo assim a valorização da Madeira no contexto da expansão europeia tem sido diversa.
A historiografia nacional considera-a um simples episódio de todo o processo e, em face da
posição geográfica, hesita no seu enquadramento, sendo levada, por vezes ao esquecimento.

106 Esta ultima ideia ficou expressa no nosso estudo sobre "A Madeira na rota dos descobrimentos e expansão atlântica", in Revista da
Universidade de Coimbra, vol. XXXIV, 1988, pp. 571-580.
107 José PEREZ VIDAL, "Aportación portuguesa a la población de Canarias. Datos", in Anuario de Estudios Atlânticos, nº 14, 1968; A.
SARMENTO, "Madeira & Canárias", in Fasquias e Ripas da Madeira, Funchal, 1931, 13-14.
108 Monumenta Henricina, Vol. XI, 172-179.
109 Veja-se a resenha de feitos em Alberto Artur SARMENTO, A Madeira e as praças de África, Funchal, 1932; João José de Abreu e
SOUSA, "emigração madeirense nos séculos XV a XVII", in Atlântico, nº.1, Funchal, 1985, pp. 46-52.
110 Sobre esta figura veja-se o que diz Ernesto GONÇALVES, Portugal e a ilha, Funchal, 1992, pp.85-118.
A historiografia europeia, ao invés, não duvida em realçar a singularidade do seu processo
neste contexto. A Madeira afirma-se no processo da expansão europeia pela singularidade
do seu protagonismo. Vários são os factores que o propiciaram, no momento de abertura do
mundo atlântico, e que fizeram com que ela fosse, no século XV, uma das peças-chave para
a afirmação da hegemonia portuguesa no Novo Mundo. O Funchal foi uma encruzilhada de
opções e meios que iam ao encontro da Europa em expansão. além disso ela é considerada
a primeira pedra do projecto, que lançou Portugal para os anais da História do oceano que
abraça o seu litoral abrupto. A fundamentação de tudo isto está patente acção da ilha e das
suas gentes.

À função de porta-estandarte do Atlântico, a Madeira associou outras, como "farol"

Atlântico, o guia orientador e apoio para as delongas incursões oceânicas. Por isso nos
séculos que nos antecederam, ela foi um espaço privilegiado de comunicações, tendo a seu
favor as vias traçadas no oceano que a circunda e as condições económicas internas,
propiciadas pelas culturas da cana sacarina e vinha. Uma e outra condições contribuíram
para que o isolamento definido pelo oceano fosse quebrado e se mantivesse um permanente
contacto com o velho continente europeu e o Novo Mundo.

Como corolário desta ambiencia a Madeira firmou uma posição de relevo nas navegações e
descobrimentos no Atlântico. O rápido desenvolvimento da economia de mercado, em
uníssono com o empenhamento dos principais povoadores em dar continuidade à gesta de
reconhecimento do Atlântico, reforçaram a posição da Ilha e fizeram avolumar os serviços
prestados pelos madeirenses. Aqui surgiu uma nova aristocracia dos descobrimentos,
cumulada de títulos e benesses pelos serviços prestados no reconhecimento da costa
africana, defesa das praças marroquinas, ou nas campanhas brasileiras e Indicas111.

A par disso a Madeira surge, nos alvores do século XV, como a primeira experiência de
ocupação em que se ensaiaram produtos, técnicas e estruturas institucionais. Tudo isto foi,
depois, utilizado, em larga escala, noutras ilhas e no litoral africano e americano. O
arquipélago foi, assim, o centro de divergência dos sustentáculos da nova sociedade e
economia do mundo atlântico: primeiro os Açores, depois os demais arquipélagos e regiões
costeiras onde os portugueses aportaram. João de Melo da Câmara, irmão do capitão da ilha
de S. Miguel, resumia em 1532112 de uma forma perspicaz a acção madeirense no espaço
atlântico. Segundo ele a sua família era portadora de uma longa e vasta experiência "porque
a ilha da Madeira meu bisavô a povoou, e meu avô a de São Miguel, e meu tio a de São
Tomé, e com muito trabalho, e todas do feito que vê...". Isso dava-lhe o alento necessário e
abri-lhe perspectivas para uma sua iniciativa no Brasil. Ele reclamava o protagonismo do
seu ancestral Rui Gonçalves da Câmara que em 1474 comprara a ilha de S. Miguel, dando
início ao seu verdadeiro povoamento. A mesma percepção surge em Gilberto Freire que em
1952 não hesita em afirmar o seguinte: A irmã mais velha do Brasil é o que foi
verdadeiramente a Madeira. E irmã que se estremou em termos de mãe para com a terra
bárbara que as artes dos seus homens,... concorreram para transformar rápida e solidamente

111 Confronte-se João José Abreu de SOUSA, "Emigração madeirense nos Séculos XV a XVII", in Atlântico, nº.1, Funchal, 1985, pp.
46-52.
112 História da colonização Portuguesa do Brasil, vol. III, p.90; cf Vera Jane GILBERT, "Os primeiros engenhos de açúcar"in
Sacharum, nº.3, São Paulo, 1978, pp. 5-12.
em nova Lusitânia"113. Na verdade tudo o concretizado em termos do mundo atlântico
português teve por matriz o sucedido na Madeira. A Madeira foi ao nível social, político e
económico, o ponto de partida para o "mundo que o português criou..." nos trópicos. Neste
contexto é sumamente importante o conhecimento do sucedido na Madeira quando
pretendemos estudar e compreender as outras situações.

O protagonismo das ilhas não se fica só pelos séculos XV e XVI, pois as navegações e
explorações oceânicas nos séculos XVIII e XIX levam-nas a assumir uma nova função para
os Europeus. De primeiras terras descobertas passam a campos de experimentação e a
escalas retemperadoras da navegação na rota de ida e regresso. Finalmente, no século
XVIII desvendou-se uma nova vocação: as ilhas como campo de ensaio das técnicas de
experimentação e observação directa, que comandam a ciência das "luzes", e escala das
constantes expedições científicas dos europeus. O enciclopedismo e as classificações de
Linneo(1735) têm nas ilhas um bom campo de experimentação.

O homem do século XVIII perdeu o medo ao mundo circundante e passou a olhá-lo com
maior curiosidade, deste modo como dono da criação estava-lhe atribuída a missão de
perscrutar os seus segredos. É esse impulso que justifica todo o afã científico que explode
nesta centúria. A insaciável procura e descoberta da natureza circundante cativou toda a
Europa, mas foram os ingleses quem entre nós marcaram presença, sendo menor a de
franceses e alemães114. Aqui são protagonistas as Canárias e a Madeira. Tudo isto é
resultado da função das mesmas como escala à navegação e comércio no Atlântico e para
fora deste. Foi também aqui que a Inglaterra estabeleceu a sua base para a guerra de corso
no Atlântico. Se as embarcações de comércio, as expedições militares cá tinham escala
obrigatória, mais razões assistem às científicas para esta paragem obrigatória. As ilhas pelo
seu endemismo, própria história geo-botânica, levavam obrigatoriamente a esse primeiro
ensaio das técnicas de pesquisa a seguir noutras longínquas paragens. Também as ilhas
foram um meio revelador dessa incessante busca do conhecimento da geologia e botânica.
Instituições seculares, como o British Museum, Linean Society, e Kew Gardens, chegam a
enviar especialistas a proceder à recolha das espécies. Os estudos no domínio da geologia,
botânica e flora são resultado deste presença fortuita ou intencional dos cientistas europeus.

Esta foi uma moda, no decurso do século XVIII, que levou a que algumas instituições
científicas europeias ficassem depositárias de algumas dessas Colecções: o Museu
Britânico, a Universidade de Kiel, Universidade de Cambridge, Museu de História Natural
de Paris. E, por cá, passaram destacados especialistas da época, sendo de destacar John
Byron, James Cook, Humbolt, John Forster. A lista é infindável, contando-se, entre 1751 e
1900, quase uma centena de cientista. Está aqui uma riqueza historial que ainda não foi
devidamente explorada. James Cook escalou a Madeira por duas vezes(1768 e 2772), numa
réplica da viagem de circum-navegação, mas desta feita apenas com interesse científico. Os
cientistas que o acompanharam intrometeram-se no interior da ilha à busca das raridades
botânicas para a sua classificação e depois revelação à comunidade científica.

113 Aventura e Rotina, 2ªed., pp 440-446, 448-449

114 Cf. "Algumas das Figuras Ilustres Estrangeiras que Visitaram a Madeira", in Revista Portuguesa, 72, 1953; A. Lopes de Oliveira,
Arquipélago da Madeira. Epopeia Humana, Braga, 1969, pp. 132-134.
A tudo isto é de referenciar a função de hospital para a cura da tísica pulmonar ou de
quarentena na passagem do calor tórrido das colónias para os dias frios e nebulosos da
vetusta cidade de Londres. Esta função catapultou a ilha para um evidente afirmação. O
debate das potencialidades terapêuticas da climatologia propiciou um numeroso grupo de
estudos e criou uma escala de estudiosos, dentro e fora da ilha. Mais do que estes é de
salientar os demais que correspondem, ao seu apelo. As filas intermináveis de aristocratas,
escritores, cientistas desembarca no calhau e vão encosta fora à procura do ar benfazejo da
ilha. Vem daqui muito do espólio hoje disponível na Casa Museu Frederico de Freitas e
Biblioteca Municipal.

A Madeira recriava os mitos antigos e reserva-lhe um ambiente paradisíaco e calmo para o

descanso, ou, como sucede no século dezoito, o laboratório ideal para os estudos científicos; o
endemismo insular propiciava esta última situação. De acordo com isso as ilhas tornaram-se
no principal alvo de atenção de botânicos, ictiólogos, geólogos, o que levou Alfredo Herrera
Piqué a considera-las "a escala científica do Atlântico". Por isso foram os ingleses os
primeiros a descobrir as infindáveis qualidades de clima e paisagem e a divulga-las junto dos
seus compatriotas.

É esta quase esquecida dimensão da ilha como motivo despertador da ciência e cultura
europeia desde o século XVIII que importa realçar. Ela partiu de campo experimental dos
descobrimentos a sua afirmação, com a filosofia das luzes, como novo campo experimental
de nova ciência que desabrocha, mercê da sua nova função de escala das expedições
científicas. Mais uma vez fica demonstrado o activo protagonismo da Madeira no devir
histórico ocidental. A sua acção não se resume apenas aos planos político-económico e
social, pois se alarga ao científico, como acabamos de constatar.

Para os navegadores do século XV aquilo que mais os emocionou foi o denso arvoredo, já
para os cientistas, escritores e demais visitantes da ilha a partir do século XVIII aquilo que
mais chama à atenção é, sem duvida, o aspecto exótico dos jardins e quintas que povoam a
cidade. O Funchal se transformou assim num verdadeiro jardim botânico. Na Europa desde
o século XVI que começaram a surgir os jardins botânicos. Em 1545 temos o de Pádua,
seguindo-se o de Oxford em 1621. Em 1635 o de Paris preludia a arte de Versailles em
1662. Em todos é patente a intenção de fazer recuar o paraíso115. As ilhas não tinham
necessidade disso pois já o eram.

Diferente é a atitude do homem do século XVIII. Aliás, desde a segunda metade do século
XVII que a atitude do homem perante as plantas mudou. Em 1669 Robert Morison publica
Praeludia Botanica, considerada como o principio do sistema de classificação das plantas,
que tem em Carl Von Linné (Linnaeus) (1707-1778) o seu principal protagonista. A partir
daqui a visão do mundo das plantas nunca será a mesma. Contemporâneo dele é o Comte
de Buffon que publica entre 1749 e 1804 a "Histoire Naturelle, générale et particuliére" em
44 volumes. Os jardins botânicos do século XVIII deixam de ser uma recriação do paraíso e
passam a espaços de investigação botânica. O Kew gardens em 1759 é a verdadeira
expressão disso. Note-se que Hans Sloane(1660-1753), presidente do Royal college of

115. Richard Grove, Ecology, climate and Empire. Studies in colonial enviromental. History 1400-1940, Cambridge, 1997, p. 46; J.
Prest, The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-creation of Paradise, New Haven, 1981.
physicians, da Royal Society of London e fundador do British Museum, esteve na Madeira
no decurso das expedições que o levaram às Antilhas inglesas116.

Por outro lado a aclimatação das plantas com valor económico, medicinal ou ornamental
adquire cada vez mais importância. Aliás, foi fundamentalmente o seu interesse medicinal
que desde o século XVII provocou o desusado empenho117. Assim em 1757 o inglês
Ricardo Carlos Smith funda no Funchal um desses jardins onde reúne várias espécies com
valor comercial. Já em 1797 Domingos Vandelli (1735-1816) e João Francisco de Oliveira
no estudo sobre a flora apresentam no ano imediato um projecto para um viveiro de plantas.
O viveiro foi criado no Monte e manteve-se até 1828. O Naturalista francês, Jean Joseph
d'Orquigny, que em 1789 se fixou no Funchal foi o principal mentor da criação da
Sociedade Patriótica, Económica, de Comércio, Agricultura Ciências e Artes. Mas este foi
um projecto efémero, uma vez que a sua condenação como maçon em 1792 desfez todos os
seus projectos. Aqui a ideia de progresso alia-se com o conhecimento do meio natural que
nos rodeia118.

De acordo com Elizabeth B. Keeney119 na América do Norte a partir de 1820 a Botânica

tornou-se muito popular, fazendo surgir a figura do "botanizers", isto aqueles que por
passatempo dedicavam-se à colecção, identificação e preservação das espécies botânicas.
Afirma-se até que a História Natural é um bom exercício para a mente dos jovens120.
Passados vinte anos o espectro muda no sentido da especialização surgindo as associações
especializadas como Smithsonian Institution(1846) e American Association for the
Advancement of Science(1848). Entretanto em Londres havia surgido em 1838 a Botanical
Society Club.

Em França, por iniciativa de G. Saint-Hilaire(1805-1861), foi criada em 1854 a Societé

Nationale de Protection de la Nature et D'acclimatation. Os franceses a partir da obra de
Buffon e Lamarckian foram os principais difusores da noção e prática de aclimatização.
Tudo isto liga-se directamente com o processo de colonização africana, no caso francês
assinala-se o processo em curso na Argélia121. Auguste Hardy é peremptório nesta
aproximação: "it may be said that the whole of colonization is a vast deed of
acclimatization"122. Esta opção ganhou adeptos em toda a Europa, merecendo o seguinte
comentário de Michael Osborne123: "The proliferation of accliatization societies and its
empires at midcentury indicates that acclimatization studies were tied to the pan-European
phenomenon of settler colonies".

Em 1850 José Silvestre Ribeiro, então governador civil da Madeira, avançou com um plano
de criação do Gabinete de História Natural, a partir da exposição inaugurada a 4 de Abril
no Palácio de S. Lourenço. Mas foi tudo em vão, uma vez que à sua partida em 1852 tudo
se desfez. Note-se que nesse mesmo ano, a 23 de Setembro, surge a proposta de Frederico

116 Raymond R. Stearns, Science in the British Colonies of America, Urban, 1970
117 K. Thomas, Man and the Natural World. Changing attitudes in England. 1500-1800, Oxford, 1983, p. 27, 65-67.
118 Francisco Contente Domingues, "Jean Joseph d'Orquigny e a Sociedade Patriótica do Funchal", in Actas do II Colóquio
Internacional de História da Madeira, Funchal, 1990, pp.231-245
119 The Botanizers-amateur scientits in nineteenth century America, Chapel Hill, 1992.
120 . Ibidem, p.45
121 Michael Osborne, Nature, the exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism, Bloomington, 1994
122 L'Algerie Agricole, Commerciale, Industrielle, Paris, 1860, p.7
123 Ibidem, p.176
Welwistsch124 para a criação de um jardim de aclimatação no Funchal e em Luanda125. A
Madeira cumpriria o papel de ligação das colónias aos jardins de Lisboa, Coimbra e Porto.
Note-se que este botânico alemão que fez alguns estudos em Portugal, passou em 1853 pelo
Funchal com destino a Angola. A presença na Madeira do Padre Ernesto João Schmitz,
como professor do seminário diocesano, levou à criação em 1882 um Museu de História
Natural, que hoje se encontra integrado no actual Jardim botânico.

Só passado um século o tema voltou a merecer a atenção dos especialistas. São várias as
vozes que se ergueram em favor da criação de um jardim botânico na Madeira. Em 1936
refere-se uma tentativa frustrada de criação de um Jardim Zoológico e de Aclimatação nas
Quintas Bianchi, Pavão e Vigia, que contava com o apoio do Zoo de Hamburgo126. Em
1946 António de Sousa da Câmara recomenda a criação de um jardim colonial. Apelo que
se refere em António C. Teixeira de Sousa e ganha grande alento em 1950 com a realização
no Funchal da "I Conferência da liga para a protecção da natureza"". O apelo de J. de
Azevedo Pereira127 lançado neste evento teve repercussão nas autoridades da Junta Geral
que souberam criar em 1960 o tão desejado jardim botânico.

A criação do Jardim Botânico por deliberação da Junta Geral do Distrito Autónomo do

Funchal a 30 de Abril de 1960 é o corolário dessa defesa secular das condições da ilha para
a sua criação e a demonstração da sua importância científica revelada por destacados
investigadores botânicos que procederam a estudos128. Tenha-se em consideração que esta
iniciativa só foi possível graças à pertinaz acção de António Teixeira de Sousa como
Presidente da Junta Geral. Assim em 1952 adquiriu-se a Quinta do Bom Sucesso onde
ficaram os serviços da Estação Agrária, mas o objectivo era a criação do Jardim Botânico.

Em qualquer dos momentos assinalados as ilhas cumprem de novo o papel de ponte e

adaptação da flora colonial. Os jardins de aclimatação são a moda do momento, que entre
nós tem por palco as amplas e paradisíacas quintas. O Marquez de Jácome Correia129
identifica as quintas do Palheiro Ferreiro e Magnólia como jardins botânicos. Estas são
viveiros de plantas, hospital para acolher os doentes da tísica pulmonar e outros visitantes.
O deslumbramento acompanha o interesse científico e convivem lado a lado nas inúmeras
publicações que o testemunham no século XIX.

Os jardins, através da harmonia do frondoso arvoredo e das garridas cores das flores têm
nos séculos XVII e XVIII um avanço evidente. Os bosques deixam de ser espaços de
maldição e as árvores entram no quotidiano das classes altas, alinhando-se em filas para dar
acesso à casa de moradia. Os jardins adquirem a dimensão de paraíso bíblico e como tal
espaço espiritual. Eles são a expressão do poder humano sobre a Natureza130. Na
Inglaterra do século XIX os jardins e as flores tornam-se muito populares131. Essa
ambiência chegou à ilha através dos mesmos súbditos de Sua Majestade. As ilhas

124 Cf. Ebarhard Axel Wilhelm, "Visitantes de língua Alemã na Madeira(1815-1915)", in Islenha, 6, 1990, pp.48-67.
125 . "um Jardim de Aclimatação na ilha da Madeira", in Das Artes e da História da Madeira, nº. 2, 1950, pp.15-16
126 César A. Pestana, A Madeira Cultura e Paisagem, Funchal, 1985, p.65
127. "Um jardim botânico na Madeira", in Das Artes e da História da Madeira, Vol. 2, n? 3, 1950, 24-26.
128 Cf Boletim da Junta Geral do Distrito Autónomo do Funchal, Abril de 1960; Rui Vieira, "Sobre o 'Jardim Botânico' da Madeira ", in
Atlântico, 2, 1985, pp.101-109.
129 A Ilha da Madeira, Coimbra, 1927, p.173, 178
130 Peter j. Bowler, Fontana History of environmental Sciences. N. Y., 1993.,p.111.
131 . Cf. K. Thomas, ibidem, pp.207-209, 210-260
exerceram assim um fascínio especial sobre todos os visitantes e parece que nunca
perderam a sua imortal característica de jardins à beira do oceano. Deste modo poderemos
afirmar, com propriedade, que estas foram as ilhas jardins e que os seus jardins continuam a
ser o encanto dos que a procuram, sejam eles turistas ou cientistas.

A História do Meio Ambiente e Ecológica veio fazer apelo de novo ao pioneirismo da

Madeira, naquilo que o devir mostra a gesta europeia destruidora do meio envolvente. O
processo de expansão europeia não se afirma apenas pela novidade de descoberta de novos
mundos, mas também pelos efeitos destrutivos da presença do europeu sobre a fauna e flora
dos novos espaços. Tudo isto foi conseguido por exigências das leis do mercado de então
que definiu uma estrutura de monoculturas e exploração intensiva do solo, através de
culturas com elevado rendimento económico, como foi o caso da cana de açúcar. Da leitura
dos clássicos e da produção bibliográfica recente releva-se uma situação particular que toca
de novo o arquipélago da Madeira. A Madeira não se posiciona apenas nos anais da
História Universal como a primeira área de ocupação atlântica, pioneira na cultura e
divulgação do açúcar ao Novo Mundo, mas também como o primeiro exemplo dos efeitos
nefastos de uma exploração intensiva132.

A expansão europeia não se resume apenas ao encontro e desencontro de Culturas, mas

também marca o início de um processo de transformação ou degradação do meio. O
europeu carrega consigo a fauna e flora do seu convívio e com valor económico, que irão
provocar profundas mudanças nos novos ecossistemas. Com isto acontece que o espaço
vivido e natureza se universalizam. Nos séculos XV e XVI foram as viagens de
descobrimento, enquanto no século XVIII sucederam as de exploração e descoberta da
natureza, comandadas por ingleses e franceses.

A Madeira foi o viveiro de aclimatação nos dois sentidos. Da Europa propiciou a

transmigração da fauna e flora identificada com a cultura ocidental. No retorno foram as
plantas do Novo Mundo que tiveram de novo passagem obrigatória pela ilha. A riqueza
botânica do Funchal resulta disso. O processo de imposição da chamada biota portátil
europeia, no dizer de Alfred Crosby133, foi responsável por alguns dos primeiros e
problemas ecológicos mais importantes. Quem não se lembra da praga dos coelhos do Porto
Santo134? Que dizer do incêndio que lavrou na ilha durante sete anos ? Estas situações são
assiduamente referenciadas pela actual historiografia norte americana que se dedica ao
estudo da História do meio ambiente, sendo o seu ponto de partida e alento para esta
incursão temática inovadora.

Outro facto também insistentemente referido é o da própria ilha da Madeira. O nome foi o
atributo para referenciar a abundância e aspecto luxuriante do seu bosque. Mas em pouco
tempo, as queimadas para abrir clareiras de cultura e habitação, o desbaste para fruição das
lenhas e madeiras, fizeram-na desmerecer tal epíteto. Da Madeira quase só ficou o nome…!

132 , Madeira. Pearl of Atlantic, London, 1959 Veja-se Richard GROVE, Green Imperialism, N York, 1995, pp. 5-29; idem, Ecology,
climate and empire, Cambridge, 1997, p. 45; John PERLIN, A forest journey, N. York, 1989.
133 Imperialismo ecológico. A expansão biológica da Europa. 900-1900, S. Paulo, 1993.
134 Tenha-se em atenção que estes foram motivo de um estudo do botânico alemão Ernest Haeckel(1834-1919 publicado em 1868. Foi
ele quem em 1866 em "Generalle Morphologie" usou a palavra Oecologie. Cf. Eberhard Axel Wilhelm, "Visitantes de Língua Alemã na
Madeira(1815-1915)", in Islenha, 6, 1990, 48-67.
A tradição refere que os navegadores portugueses atearam um incêndio à floresta densa
para poder penetrar, mas este ganhou tais proporções que os atemorizou. Foram sete anos
de chama acesa, diz a tradição. Todavia, hoje ninguém acredita nesta versão divulgada por
Francisco Alcoforado e repetida em Cadamosto e outros autores da época. Hoje ninguém
acredita nesta História, que a ser verdade teria reduzido a ilha a carvão… Esta situação
expressa uma realidade que pautará a expansão europeia e que só nos últimos anos tem
cativado a atenção do historiador. Tudo isto tem origem num produto devorador que
conquista a economia de mercado e que pautou a evolução da economia atlântica a partir do
século XV. O carrasco é o açúcar. A sua disponibilidade só é possível com esse processo de
degradação do meio que viu nascer os canaviais.

A Europa parte no século XV à procura do Eden bíblico ou descrito na literatura clássica

greco-romana. Foi este um dos motivos do empenho de Colombo, mas também dos
navegadores portugueses. O seu reencontro era encarado como uma conciliação com Deus
o apagar do pecado original de Adão e Eva. Esta imagem persegue quase todos os
navegadores quinhentistas e deverá estar por detrás do empenho daquelas que aportaram à
Madeira . Tenha-se em conta que as duas primeiras crianças nascidas na ilha, filhas de
Gonçalo Aires Ferreira tiveram nomes bíblicos de Adão e Eva135. Era o retorno ao Eden,
que aos poucos foi sendo perdido, tal como sucedera aos primogénitos Adão e Eva. A
recuperação desta imagem acontecerá mais tarde no século XVIII em que a ilha é de novo o
paraíso redescoberto para o viajante ou tísico ingleses, recuperado e revelado ao cientista,
seja ele inglês, alemão ou francês, através das recolhas ou da recriação através dos jardins
botânicos.

A cana de açúcar poderá ser considerada como a cultura agrícola mais importante da
História da Humanidade, pois provocou o maior fenómeno em termos de mobilidade
humana, económica, comercial e ecológica. A sua afirmação como cultura agrícola é
milenar e abrange vários quadrantes do planeta. É de todas as plantas domesticadas pelo
Homem aquela que acarreta maiores exigências. Ela quase que escraviza o homem, esgota
o solo, devora a floresta e dessedenta os cursos de água. A sua exploração intensiva desde o
século XV gerou grandes exigências em termos de mão-de-obra, sendo responsável pelo
maior fenómeno migratório à escala mundial que teve por palco o Atlântico: a escravatura
de milhões de africanos. Ligado a tudo isso está também um conjunto variado de
manifestações culturais que vão desde a literatura à música e à dança.

Foi o Oriente quem descobriu a sua doçura, tendo a Papua Nova Guiné como Berço. Os
árabes fizeram-no chegar ao ocidente e foram os arautos principais da sua expansão.
Genoveses e venezianos encarregaram-se do seu comércio e Europa. Mas é nas ilhas que
ela encontrou um dos principais viveiros da sua afirmação e divulgação no Ocidente: Creta
e Sicília no Mediterrâneo, Madeira, Açores, Canárias, Cabo Verde e S. Tomé no Atlântico
Oriental Puerto Rico, Cuba, Jamaica, Demerara(…) nas Antilhas.

A realidade sócio-económica que serve de suporte ao açúcar diferencia-se no seu percurso

do Pacífico/Índico para o Mediterrâneo/Atlântico. Assim, no primeiro caso não assume a
posição dominante na economia, primando pelo carácter secundário, enquanto no segundo

135 Ernesto Gonçalves, "Adão e Eva", in Portugal e a ilha, Funchal, 1992, pp.13-18.
é patente o seu efeito dominador na economia e sociedade/associação ao escravo, que
começa no Mediterrâneo e se reforça no Atlântico. As ilhas, pela limitação do seu espaço,
são as primeiras a ressentir-se desta realidade.

A consciência ecológica do homem hodierno serve de apelo a esta viragem regressiva à

História da Humanidade. O presente actua assim com expressão mediática para a
descoberta desse passado que pode ter algum efeito pragmático nas actuais políticas de
defesa do meio-ambiente, para que se alcance o limiar do século XIX com mais e melhor
ambiente, preservando aquilo que os nossos antepassados nos legaram.

O TURISMO E A DESCOBERTA DA NATUREZA.A partir da segunda metade do século

dezoito foi a revelação da Madeira como estância para o turismo terapêutico, mercê das então
consideradas qualidades profiláticas do seu clima na cura da tuberculose, o que cativou a
atenção de novos forasteiros. A tísica propiciou-nos, ao longo do século dezanove, o convívio
com poetas, escritores, políticos e aristocratas. Não obstante a polémica causada em torno das
possibilidades deste sistema de cura a ilha permaneceu por muito tempo como local de
acolhimento destes doentes, sendo considerada a primeira e principal estância de cura e
convalescença do velho continente.

Foi a presença, cada vez mais assídua, deste doentes que provocou a necessidade de criação de
infra-estruturas de apoio: sanatórios, hospedagens e agentes, que serviam de intermediários
entre estes forasteiros e os proprietários de tais espaços de acolhimento. Este último é o
prelúdio do actual agente de viagens. Então o turismo, tal como hoje o entendemos, dava os
seus primeiros passos. E foi como corolário disso que se estabeleceram as primeiras infra-
estruturas hoteleiras e que o turismo passou a ser uma actividade organizada e com uma
função relevante na economia da ilha. E mais uma vez o inglês é o principal protagonista.

Tenha-se em conta que este momento de forte afluência de estrangeiros coincide com a época
de euforia da Ciência nas Academias e Universidades europeias. Desde finais do século XVII
as expedições científicas tornaram-se comuns e o Funchal foi um porto fundamental de escala,
para ingleses, franceses e alemãs. Esta função do Funchal como porto de escala das
navegações oceânicas e estância de turismo terapêutico contribuiu para este valorizar do papel
da ilha e justifica os inúmeros estudos científicos ou de viagem que se dedicam ou fazem
referência à Madeira.

O Turismo caminhou lado a lado com o vinho e o aparecimento de novas actividades. A vinha
persistiu nas latadas e fez-se companheiros dos vimeiros e bordadeiras. Esta harmonia
marchava a favor da ilha e tornava possível a existência de várias formas de actividade que
garantiam a sobrevivência. A variedade foi a receita certa para manter de pé por algum tempo
a frágil economia insular. Na década de quarenta define-se o "comércio, a navegação o
turismo, os grandes propulsores do desenvolvimento insular". As actividades em torno da obra
de vimes e bordados tiveram nos estrangeiros, principalmente ingleses os seus principais
promotores.

A primeira metade da presente centúria foi marcada por profundas mudanças na economia
madeirense. É para aqueles que a viveram um momento para esquecer. Primeiro as guerras
mundiais(1914-19 e 1939-45) e depois os problemas políticos e económicos marcaram este
como um momento negro da vida madeirense. A guerra evidenciou a fragilidade da economia
da ilha e evidenciou a sua extrema dependência do mercado externo. Os problemas
económicos arrastam convulsões sociais que se misturam com as políticas. Assim tivemos em
Fevereiro de 1931 a Revolta das Farinhas, a que se seguiu em 1936 a Revolta do Leite.

Para muitos madeirenses a solução foi a emigração para o Brasil, Venezuela, USA, Curaçau.
O Brasil continua a ser o nosso El Dourado. Assim só em 1939 dos 1259 emigrantes temos
2235 para o Brasil. A emigração funciona em todos os tempos com válvula de escape para a
miséria da sociedade. As medidas do governo, com a Comissão de Aproveitamentos
Hidraulicos e as suas iniciativas atenuaram para algumas famílias os efeitos da crise.
Começava aqui um plano de fomento de infra estruturas consideradas primordiais para o
progresso da ilha. A reorganização do sistema de regadio, que através de novas levadas iria
permitir um maior aproveitamento agrícola, o delinear de um plano viário, que permitiu a
aproximação das diversas localidades da ilha e a possibilidade de um progresso harmonioso

No passado foram as condições do meio que fizeram da ilha um dos principais motivos de
atracção turística. Hoje o turista é outro e por isso também as exigências são diferentes. Assim
aos motivos ambientais aliam-se os culturais, passando os dois a andar de braço dado. No
fundo é a simbiose do "grand tour" europeu com o turismo terapêutico insular.

A ilha continua a fascinar cientistas e visitantes. O clima, o endemismo, as particularidades

do processo histórico, a evidência na História do Atlântico fazem dela, ontem como hoje,
um pólo chave para o conhecimento científico. Hoje a ilha é tema de debate nos diversos
areópagos científicos e cada vez mais se sentem o apelo da comunidade cientifica para o
seu conhecimento e divulgação.

Em certa medida esta próxima realidade vai ao encontro daquilo que foi a História do
arquipélago. Na verdade, o passado histórico da ilha, relevado quase sempre pelos aspectos
económicos e sociais, esquece uma componente fundamental da nossa aportação: a
inovação e divulgação tecnológica que transformou a rotina das tarefas económicas e
revolucionou o quotidiano dos nossos avoengos. Mais do que isso, o madeirense, além de
exímio inventor - na inevitável tarefa de encontrar solução para as questões e dificuldades
do dia a dia -, foi também um eficaz divulgador da sua tecnologia.

A Madeira foi a primeira terra revelada do novo mundo, escala para a navegação e
expansão dos produtos europeus no mundo atlântico. Com o século XVIII a ilha
transforma-se em escala obrigatória das expedições cientificas que fizeram saciar a
curiosidade inata do Homem das Luzes.

Este evidente protagonismo da Madeira condicionou a evolução do quadro natural e a

relação do madeirense com ele. No primeiro momento a ganância do lucro atirou os
colonos para uma exploração intensiva do solo, procurando exaurir o máximo das suas
riquezas. O desequilíbrio entre a permanente solicitação de um cada vez mais vasto
mercado externo e as limitadas capacidades dos recursos naturais da ilha eram evidentes e
arrastaram-na rapidamente para uma situação de rotura. Primeiro foi a crise da produção
ceralifera a que se seguiu a da cana sacarina, todas elas em ultima estância resultado do
esgotamento dos solos. Perante isto, num ápice a floresta deu lugar aos poios e as culturas
que depois fizeram surgir o espectáculo desolador dos terrenos inférteis abandonados.

A viragem ocorre a partir do século XVIII, servindo-se mais uma vez da íntima aliança da
ilha aos ingleses. As embarcações deste reino trouxeram-nos as plantas exóticas para
recobrir o solo e os visitantes ávidos de conhece-las. Assim se avançou rapidamente para
uma política de reflorestação que embelezou a cidade e arredores de espécies exóticas e
povoou as escarpas escalvadas de pinheiros, eucaliptos e castanheiros.

Também a curiosidade e espírito científico que marcou o mundo britânico desde o século
XVIII teve os seus reflexos na ilha, provocando uma procura, descoberta e estudo do
mundo vegetal e animal da ilha. Este espírito científico cativou também os madeirenses e
levou-os a considerarem o quadro natural de forma diferente, fazendo frutificar o actual
espírito ecológico, que rapidamente se transformou numa moda do mundo actual.
 CIENTISTAS ESTRANGEIROS NA MADEIRA
SÉCS. XVI-XX136

1601: Jean Mocquet[1575-?], viajante francês, que deixou impressões da sua viagem em Voyages en Afrique,
Asie, Indes Orientales et Occidentales(1617)
1687: Dr. Hans Sloane[1660 1753], médico e naturalista britânico
1696: Rev. John Ovington, capelão Real e escritor britânico

1720: John Atkins, médico naval e escritor britânico

1740: George Anson[1697-1762], corsário, navegador britânico. Autor do livro: Voyage Round the World
(1748)
1751: Dr. Thom. Heberden, cientista britânico
1755: J. de Bory, cientista, explorador e escritor
1764: Comodoro John Byron, navegador e explorador britânico
1766: Samuel Wallis[1728 95], oficial de marinha, cientista. Entre 1766 e 1768 fez viagem de circun-
navegação no HMS Dolphin
Capitain Philip Carteret[?--1796], célebre navegador e cientista britânico que acompanhou a viagem
de John Byron em (1764--6)
1768: Ch. Green, astrónomo britânico
. Setembro.13. Ancorou ao Funchal James Cook[1728 79], em viagem de circum-navegação a bordo do
navio Endeavour
Joseph Banks, botânico inglês
Dr. Daniel Solander, naturalista sueco
1772: Segunda passagem de James Cook[1728 79] pela Madeira, sendo a descrição da Viagem da Autoria de
George Forster em Voyage rounde the World(1797)
Johann Reinhold Forster e George Adam Forster, cientistas alemães. São pai e filho e iniciaram as
explorações botânicas na ilha.
John George, naturalista britânico
1776: Francis Mason, botânico inglês
Prof. Downe, botânico inglês
1785: J. F. Galaup de la Perouse, navegador e cientista francês
Eng. Maneron, cientista francês
Lepante Dagete, astrónomo francês

136 Lista elaborada com base nos seguintes estudos: "Algumas Figuras Ilustres Estrangeiras que Visitaram a Madeira", in Revista
Portuguesa, nº.72, 1953; A Lopes de Oliveira, "Cientistas e Tecnicistas Nacionais e Estrangeiros", in Arquipélago da Madeira Epopeia
Humana, Braga, 1969; Fernando Augusto da Silva, Elucidário Madeirense, 3 vols, Funchal, 1984; Eberhard Axel Wilhelm, Visitantes e
Escritos Germânicos da Madeira.1815-1915, Funchal, 1997.
 Prof. Lamanon, físico francês
Prof. Collignon, botânico francês
Prof. Monge, cientista francês
1789: Dr. J. J. de Orquigny, médico e naturalista francês
1792: John Barrow[1764 1848], administrador naval e aventureiro britânico
Dr. Willian Gourlay, médico, meteorologista, escritor britânico
1799: Pascoal de Avezac Macaya, geógrafo francês
Gabriel de Gorat, cientista
Oscar Marc Carthy, cientista

1800: Turnbull, navegador britânico

1802: Robert Brow, botânico britânico
Lieut. Colonel Roberts, oficial, escritor britânico
J. Adams, médico, escritor britânico
1805: Dr. F. Spilsbury, médico naval, escritor britânico
1809: Robert Brown[1773 1858], botânico britânico
1815: Cristiano Leopoldo de Buch[1774-1853], geólogo, botânico, escritor alemão
Chetien Smith, botânico norueguês
1816: Cap. J. K. Tuckey, cientista britânico
1817: Karl Friederich Philip von Martius[1794-1868], botânico germânico. Na sua obra Reise in
Brasilien(1823) refere algumas espécies botânicas.
João Baptista Emanuel Pohl[1782-1834], botânico e explorador austríaco publicou livro com
referências à Madeira: Reise im Innern von Brasilien(1832)
1820: João Conrado de Hasselt[1797-1823], alemão, fez estudos de Ciencias naturais no arquipélago,
deixando desenhos das Desertas, P. Santo e costa da Madeira.
Henrique Kuhl[1797-1821], ornitólogo alemão, recolheu plantas na ilha como se vê do seu trabalho:
Flora oder Botanische Zeitung(1821)
1821: Giuseppe Raddi, botânico italiano
1822: Dr. Tiarks, cientista britânico
1823: Prof. Karl Mayer, geólogo germanico
T. E. Bodwich, naturalista britânico
1824: Dr. Ch. Heineken, especialista pulmonar britânico
1825: Kirvan, naturalista, meteorologista
H. Nelson Coleridge, escritor britânico
1826: Dr. Renton, Médico, escritor britânico
Rev. Thomas Lowe, sábio naturalista britânico
1827: Christian Frederic Holl[1794-1821], botânico germânico. Com vários estudos osbre a botânica da
Madeira
 Rev. James Bulwer, desenhista britânico
1828: Philip Baker Webb[1793-1853], botânico britânico
W. P. Canning, oficial marinha britânica
1834: M. Raymond Brucker, escritor francês
Dr. J. Manson, médico e escritor britânico
1835: Conte de Bedmar, geólogo dinamarquês
1836: Sir W. Jardin, aristocrata e ormtologista britânico
1837:Dr. Charles Lemann, botânico britânico
1838: J. D. Dane, geólogo britânico
John Driver, escritor britânico
Dr. Júlio F. Lippold[1788-1852], botânico alemão, fez recolha de plantas para herbário
Tenente Charles Wilkes [1798--1877], oficial de Marinha norte americana e cientista
1839: Sir James Clarck Ross[1800 62], cientista e oficial da Marinha britânica
Dr. James Macaulay, cientista e escritor britânico
1840: James Smith, geólogo britânico
W. White Cooper, escritor britânico
Zwinko Joksimowilsch, paleontologista polaco
1841: Dr. Carlos Guilherme Emílio Kampfer[1803-1848], cientista e escritor alemão
Dr. George Carl Friederioch Tams[1813-1863], médico e escritor alemão
Júlio Rodolfo Teodoro Vogel[1812-1841], botânico alemão, recolheu plantas para herbário em
expedição ao Rio Níger.
1842:Cap. Vidal, oficial da Marinha e escritor britânico
Andrew Picken, artista britânico
1844: Duncan Maclaren, escritor britânico
Charles de Tryon Montalemberte, político e escritor
1845: Jeane Wallas Penfold, botânica britânica
Dr. Schmeller, escritor alemão
Rev. John Mason Neale[1818-1866], imunologista e pastor britânico
Guilherme Frederico Jorge BEHN, médico e naturalista alemão
1846: Tito Omboni, escritor italiano
John Osborne, escritor britânico
1847: T. Vermon Wallaston, naturalista britânico
Rev. W. Harcourt, meteorologista britânico
Eduardo Hildebrandt[1817-1868], pintor alemão. Registou alguns motivos da Madeira.
1848: Charles Mac Euen, meteorologista americano
Frank Dillon, escritor e artista britânico
A. Few, escritor britânico
F. Kenworthy Brown, escritor britânico
 Dr George Peacock[1791-1858], teólogo e astrónomo germânico, publicou em 1850 o livro: On the
Agriculture and Tenure of land in Madeira
1849: Duc de Leuchtenberg, Princípe e oficial da Marinha alemã
Sebastião Fischer[1806-1871], medico naturalista alemão. Fez alguns estudos sobre os crustáceos da
Madeira.
1850:Prof. Joam Crist. Albers, naturalista alemão Robert White, escritor britânico
Eduard Vernon d'Harcourt, ornitologista e escritor britânico
Dr. Oswald Heer[1809-1883], botânico e paleontologo suiço, fez vários estudos sobre a fauna e
geologia da ilha
James Yate Johnson, naturalista britânico
Eugene E. G. Jones, escritor britânico
John Dix, escritor americano
Dr. P. Garnier,médico e escritor francês
D. Ramon Masferrer y Arquinbau, médico espanhol
Joam Christoph Albers[1795-1857], médico e naturalista alemão. Publicou Malacographia
Maderensis(1854).
Carlos Jorge Frederico Hartung, geólogo alemão. Fez várias investigações geológicas de que
resultou a publicação de três livros.
1851: João António Schmidt[1823-1905], botânico alemão
1852: Dr. Karl Mittermaier, médico e meteorologista alemão
1853: Dr. Friedrich Martin Joseph. Welwitsch[1806-1872], médico e botânico austríaco. Pertence-lhe a
proposta de criação de uma jardim de aclimatação de plantas para o Funchal
Charles Lyell, geólogo britânico
Dr. George Hartung, geólogo alemão
James Mackenzie Bloxam, escritor britânico
Charles Bunbury, botânico e paleontologista britânico
1854: Robert Mac Andrew, cientista e escritor britânico
T. S. Dyster, escritor britânico
William Hadfield, escritor britânico
Charles Perreymond, escritor francês
Jacob Melchior Ziegler[1801-1883], cartógrafo suíço. Publicou em 1856 dois mapas sobre a
Madeira.
1855: Dr. S. Fiocher, médico alemão
Dr. S. Lund, médico meteorologista britânico
Hermann Schacht [1814-1864], botânico alemão, publicou em 1859 um estudo botânico: Madeira
under Tenerife mit ihrer vegetation
João Guilherme Reisz [1838-1908], geólogo alemão, procedeu à recolha de fósseis marinhos de que
publicou em estudos.
 Augusto David Krohn[1803-1891], zoólogo alemão
1856. J. M. Ziegler,geólogo britânico
D. Archibald Colquham Ross, médico britânico
1857: N. Haslop Manson, botânico britânico
Comod. Welleratorf Urbair,cientista austríaco
Dr. Ferdinand Ritter von Hochstetter, geólogo austríaco, publicou em 1861 o livro Madeira Vortrag.
Richard C. Smith, botânico britânico
1858: George Busk , professor e naturalista britânico
João Jacob Noeggerath[1788-1877], engenheiro de minas alemão
1859: Hermann Schacht, escritor alemão
Eduardo de Martens[1831-1904] zoólogo alemão
1860: Max Ernesto Wichura[1817-1866], botânico alemão
1861: Sigor van Siver, cientista
Dr. O. Hagem, escritor alemão
1862. Dr. Liebetruth, botânico austríaco, recolha algas marinhas
Ludwig Storch, escritor alemão
Carlos Guilherme Jorge de Fritsch[1838-1906], geólogo e paleontólogo alemão
Maurício Afonso Stubel[1835-1904], geólogo e explorador alemão
1864: Dr. Robert Boog Watson, cientista britânico
Josephine de Neuville, escritora francesa
Hermano Cochius[1837-1905], geólogo alemão
1865: E. Cosson, naturalista francês
Dr. Carlos Inácio Leopold Kny[1841-1916], botânico alemão
1866: J. Juratzka, cientista polaco
Ernest Haeckel[1834-1919], zoólogo e filósofo alemão
J. N. Quintus, escritor britânico
Cap. F. Norman, botânico britânico
Carlos Augusto Júlio Milde[1824-1871], botânico alemão especialista em fetos
Ricardo Greeff[1829-1892], médico e zoólogo alemão
Jorge Matias de Martens [1788-1872], botânico alemão
1868: Richard H. Major, geólogo e escritor britânico
Dr. Richard Greeff, Doutor em Medicina e Filosofia, alemão
E. Cosson, cientista
C. Ph. Kerhallet, cientista francês
Augusto Krempelhuber[1813-1882], botânico alemão
1870:Fred. du Cane Godmann, botânico britânico
Conte de Goimpy,escritor e cientista francês
Dr. Michael Grabham, médico, escritor britânico, fixou-se
1871:Júlio Fernando de Hann[1839-1921],físico e metereólogo alemão
1872.. Jacob Ricardo Senfter[1841-1887], físico alemão
Aloísio Pokorny[1826-1886], botânico alemão
1873: Filipe Guilherme Adolfo Bastian[1826-1905], expedicionista alemão
Hermano Henrique Augusto Luís Soyaux[1852-], botânico alemão
1874: Sir William Tompson-Lord Kelvin, cientista britânico
Pe. Ernest João Schmitz[ 1845 - 1922], ornitólogo alemão. Fundou em 1882 o museu de História
Natural no Seminário Diocesano do Funchal
Carlos António Werner Huesker[1849-1928], medico e ornitólogo alemão
1875: Paulo Langerhans[1847-1888], médico e zoólogo alemão. Publicou Handbuch fur Madeira(1885)
1877: Green, astrónomo britânico
1878: D. Ventura Callejon, escritor e diplomata espanhol
1879: H. Grey, escritor britânico
Ricardo Fritze[1841-1900], botânico alemão, recolha plantas para herbário
Gaston Lemay, escritor francês
Dr. Paul Lagerhans, cientista
Príncipe. Alberto do Monaco, escritor e cientista oceanógrafo
1880: Julius Goldschmidt,médico e escritor alemão
Dennis Embleton, escritor britânico
Dr. Spencer Wells, médico e escritor britânico
Gilherme Jorge Ritter[1850-1926], paisagista e litógrafo alemão. Visitou a Madeira em 1880-82,
1908 e 1909
1881: Dr. Jacoud, médico francês especialista pulmonar
J. M. Rendell, escritor britânico
1882: Cap. Enrico Albertis, naturalista italiano
E. Gardner, zoólogo e escritor
C. Piazzi Smyth, meteorologista
Alice Baker, artista britânica
Helene Taulor, escritora e pintora britânica
Bertoldo Stein[1847-1899], botânico alemão
Frederico Carlos João Scmitz[1850-1895], botânico alemão
1883:Alphonse Milne Edwards, cientista britânico
1884: José Schroter[1837-1894], botânico alemão
1885: Dr. Karl Lindmann, botânico sueco
Henrique Óscar Lenz[1848-1925], geógrafo e explorador austríaco
1886: Prof. Robert Collet, cientista francês
Valdemar Hartwig[1851-1901], ornitólogo alemão com vários estudos sobre a Madeira
Adalberto Geheeb[1842-1909], briólogo alemão
1887: José Ernesto Stizenberger[1827-1895], botânico alemão especializado em líquenes
I. Tompson, escritor britânico
L. Manchon, escritor francês
1888: A. Samler Erown, escritor britânico
Dr. Charles Omnes, médico especialista francês
Dr. Eugénio Fernando Christmann[1863-1894], médico alemão. Publicou em 1889: Funchal auf
Madeira und sein Clima
Alexandre Fernando Koenig[1858-1940], ornitólogo alemão
1890:Robert Collet, ictiologo Director do Museu de Cristiania
Baron van Beneden, escritor belga
1891. Marquis degli Albizi, diplomata, escritor italiano
1892: Albert Girard, naturalista, oceanografo, francês
1893: Lothar Roediger, estudioso dos miriápodes da Madeira
1894: C. A. Gordon, escritor britânico
Lorde Walsinghem, cientista ingês
P. Murray, botânico inglês
Emilio Kraepelin[1856-1926], botânico e zoólogo alemão
1895: Friedrich Wilhelm Bosenberg[1841-1902], zoólogo alemão
Dr. Roberto Latzel[1845-1919], zoólogo austríaco
Augusto Henrique Forel[1848-1931] entomólogo suíço
1896: W. Hartwing, ornitologista austríaco
Heclor Leveillé, botânico francês
Ernesto João Otão Hartert[1859-1933], ornitólogo alemão
Paulo Gerhard Teodoro Grosser[1864- ?], mineralogista alemão
1897: Dr. Alfred Merle Normon, zoólogo britânico
L. Cardol, escritor britânico
Albert Fauvel, entomologista francês
Edmond Fulgairolle, escritor francês
W. Grant, ornitologista britânico
Cap. Adrien Gerlache, comandante da expedição belga à reg. Artica
Tenente Danco, cientista belga
Dr. Artoski, meteorologista oceanógrafo
Dr. Racsvitze, zoólogo e botânico
1898: Dr. Joannes August Bohm[1857-2938], paleontólogo alemão
1899: Dr. Reland Krohn, médico britânico
V. Kulezynski, cientista polaco
A. W. Waters, cientista britânico
18..: Rev. Thomas Hinks, naturalista britânico
 Dr. Douglas, médico e escritor britânico
William Hooker, cientista britânico
Dr. Forel, cientista francês
R. Fowler, cientista e escrita britânico
M. Greshoff, cientista e escritor
Profes. Guillin,geólogo francês
Albert Gunther, ictiólogo britânico

1900: Friedrich. Nicolaus Joseph Bornmuller [1862-1948], botânico alemão. Procedeu a recolha de plantas
para herbário
A. Lorenzen[1862-1942], naturalista
Anthony Drexel Biddle, escritor americano
Vitor de Tschusi de Scmidhoffen[1847-1924], ornitólogo austríaco
1901: Robert Scott, navegador e cientista britânico
Viktor Ferdinand. Schiffner, botânico alemão, que se dedicou ao estudo dos musgos
Samuel Brow, escritor britânico
Dr. Erich v. Drygalski, cientista alemão explorador do Antártico
Dr. Martim Vahl, botânico dinamarquês
1902: Cap. Calbeck, comandante do barco britânico "Morning" ao Antártico
Dr. Wilson, cientista britânico, explorador do Antártico
Ewal Ricardo Henrique Alberto Rubsamen[1857-1919], entomólogo alemão
1903: Jean Charcot, navegador e cientista francês
Frederico Augusto Guilherme Curt GAGEL[1865-1927], geólogo e paleontólogo prussiano
1904: Dr. Júlio José. Steiner[1844-1918], botânico austríaco
James Britten, escritor britânico
João Guilherme Teodoro Becker[1840-1928], dipterólogo alemão
1905: Paul Mantegazza, escritor italiano
1906: William Mitten, biologista britânico
Johs Sfenzel, escritor alemão
Gustav Monz, escritor alemão
1907: Prof. Pe. Alphonse Luisir S. J., botânico suíço
João Jacob Geyr de Schweppenburg[1884-1963], ornitólogo alemão
1908: Th. Becher, naturalista alemão
Ponsan By, cientista britânico
Eugene Simon, cientista francês
Maurício Leo Daniel de Komorowicz[1881-?], geólogo alemão
1909. W. H. Koebel, escritor britânico
H. N. Dixon, botânico britânico
 Florençe do Cane, artista, aguarelista
Anatale France, escritor francês
Pe. Camil Forrend S. J., cientista francês
Carlos Zimmermann[1871--], botânico alemão
1910: Robert Scott, explorador das regiões antárticas
Cap. Amundsen, explorador das regiões antárticas
Pe. Longinos Navas S. J.; Liquenólogo espanhol
Eugene Ackermann, desenhador britânico
Adolfo Gustavo Henrique Engler[1844-1930], botânico alemão
Walter Adolfo Bergt[1864-1941], geólogo alemão
1911: R. Kirkpatrik, naturalista do Museu de Londres
Dr. Louis Gain, Naturalista francês
Paulo Luis Finckh[1871-1930], geólogo alemão
1912: Dr. Hermam Winter, cientista germânico, recolha plantas para herbário
Dr. Leonhard Lindinger, cientista germânico
Martinho Alberto Rikli[1868-1951], botânico alemão
1914: F. Nansen, cientista norueguês
Cap. Worsley, oficial da Marinha britânica, explorador pelo sul
Cap. Somerville, cientista britânico
Carlos Hermano Leonardo Lindinger[1879-1965], zoólogo alemão
1915: Eugene Ackermann, cientista
1920: Dr. Johannes Schmidt; ictiólogo e biologista dinamarquês
1921: Dr. C. Gagel, geólogo germânico
1922: Dr. Guida Paoli, fitopologista Director Observatório da Liguria
1937: Ernesto Walther Boesser [-1986], pintor e botânico. Nos anos de 1949 e 1950 trabalhou na Direcção
Geral de Serviços Florestais, apoiando projectos reflorestação.
 O MADEIRENSE E A DEFESA DO MEIO NATURAL

Quereis água de rega para fertilizardes vossos campos, para cultivardes terrenos áridos, até
hoje incultos?
Quereis conservar e aumentar as fontes que existem e fazer aparecer outras novas?
Quereis chuvas mais frequentes , mais igualmente distribuídas?
Quereis melhor o clima ?
Quereis mais igualdade nas estações?
Conservai como objectos sagrados os arvoredos que existem; plantai, semeai, criai novos
arvoredos."
[CORREIO DA MADEIRA, Nº. 32 , sabbado 8 de Setembro de 1849, p.1]

No início era o denso arvoredo, que assim deu nome à ilha. Mas a acção do homem
contribuiu para a sua total transformação. Foi um esforço hercúleo por parte do colono tal
como nos descreve de forma poética Vieira Natividade(1947). Esta mudança é assim
interpretada por Ferreira de Castro: "A ilha deixara de ser apenas bosque, para ser bosque,
horta e jardim"137

No século XIX o manto florestal da vertente sul da Madeira havia atingido o limite. As
encostas estavam totalmente escalvadas. A política de protecção das florestas que se havia
incrementado desde o século XV não surtiu efeito ou incapaz de corresponder à cada vez
mais incessante procura de lenhas e madeiras. Foram os efeitos devastadores das aluviões
de 1803 e 1815 no Funchal que fizeram com que as autoridades despertassem para um
conjunto de medidas mais eficazes de reposição florestal. De acordo com o relator da
aluvião de 1815 a "natureza [estava] cansada de ser liberal"138

Este quadro é percebido e testemunhado desde muito cedo pelos estrangeiros. Estes sem
dúvida que não se cansam em considerar a ilha, fundamentalmente a área da cidade e norte
da ilha, como um jardim, um paraíso139. Mas esta opinião, habitualmente consignada aos
guias de turismo, contraste com o testemunho atento dos botânicos que no decurso dos
séculos XVIII e XIX frequentaram a ilha. A primeira e abalizada opinião é de John Barrow
em finais do século XVIII. É ele o primeiro a dar conta do desaparecimento de algumas
espécies como é o caso do cedro140. Um dos factos que chama à sua atenção prende-se
com a permanente azáfama de mulheres, jovens e idosas na colheita de lenhas para a venda
na cidade141. Estes lenhadores sem escrúpulos, segundo Isabella de França, cortam o seu e
alheio sem qualquer critério: "encontram-se com frequência, naquelas imediações, homens
e mulheres com carregamentos de troncos de pinho à cabeça; vêm vendê-los ao
Funchal…"142. Já em finais do século XIX John A. Dix143 descreve o processo de
aquisição das lenhas e dificuldade da colheita: "Vivem nas montanhas, onde cortam a sua

137 Cf. Colectânea de Textos: prosa

138 Cf. Colectânea de textos
139 Cf. H. Coleridge(1826), D. Embleton(1880), C. Thomas(1910), J. Hutcheon(1928), M. Graham(1942).
140 . A Voyage to Cochinchina in the years 1792 and 1793, London, 1806, p.18.
141 Ibidem, pp.11-12
142 Journal of a Visit to Madeira…, Funchal, 1970, p.139
143 . Um Inverno na Madeira, California, 1896,
lenha, começando o seu trabalho logo ao amanhecer. Preparam a lenha, e trazem-nas à
cabeça para a cidade, às vezes duma distância de 3, 5, 7 e 8 milhas e vendem-nos a 14 e 18
cents(7 e 9 vinténs) quando acham quem lhos comprem"144. A visita à feira semanal da
cidade leva-o a concluir que "a qualidade mostra a pouca abundância de lenha na Madeira
"145.

O Visconde do Porto da Cruz num estudo florestal de 1950 dá conta do consumo de carvão
como combustível no Funchal, apontando a necessidade anual de 720 toneladas, se
tivermos em conta que para cem toneladas deste são precisas 1000 toneladas de lenha é
fácil de adivinhar o volume do desbaste necessário para abastecer a cidade. Ainda de
acordo com o mesmo a destruição das matas madeirenses foi resultado:"1º o fabrico
clandestino de carvão; 2º. Os abastecimentos for a da lei, de material para as construções;
3º. A escassez de pastagens para gado."146

A par do usufruto da floresta como fonte de combustível é de assinalar o aproveitamento

das madeiras, consideradas a primeira riqueza dos povoadores, a fazer fé naquilo que
referem Zurara, Valentim Fernandes e Gaspar Frutuoso. As madeiras de til, vinhático,
aderno, barbuzano, cativaram a atenção do colonos e forasteiros. As serras de água
proliferaram por toda a ilha, com maior incidência da encosta norte e podem ser
consideradas o símbolo da busca desenfreada de árvores para abate.

É certo que a necessidade de lenhas como combustível para o dia à dia caseiro, para a
indústria de panificação, forjas e engenhos de açúcar levaram paulatinamente à diminuição
das reservas florestais. Mas foi sem dúvida o desbaste para a agricultura que conduziu
inevitavelmente a este processo destrutivo. A sentença estava dada: " In all new countries
covered with forests the setlers are apt to consider trees as their enemy. They wage an
implacable warfare agians them, until the whole face the land becomes naked, the streams
driedun, the summers made hotter, and the winters colder, by opening the earth to the sun
and winds. The succeedin generation labors as as industriously to produce shade as its
predecessors did to destroyed it"147

Perante esta contingência do processo de aproveitamento económico da ilha, o espaço

florestal desaparece a olhos vistos perante olhar atónito das autoridades e dos cientistas de
passagem pela ilha. Daqui resultou uma situação particular da ilha que é insistentemente
evidenciada por todos os visitantes. O Sul escalvado contrasta com o Norte, onde ainda
persiste a floresta indígena148. Com isto é evidente o perigo de desaparecimento de
algumas espécies da flora indígena. Em 1792 J. Barrow refere nesta situação o cedro,
enquanto em meados do século J. Mason junta também o dragoeiro, folhado e vinhático.

O processo de desflorestação é evidente a todos os observadores, sejam locais ou visitantes,

e mereceu alguns reparos. Em 1817 Paulo Dias de Almeida aponta o dedo acusador aos
carvoeiros ao ser confrontado com "as montanhas que não há muitos anos vi cobertos de

144 . Ibidem, p.191.

145 . Ibidem, p.60
146 O Problema Florestal no Arquipélago da Madeira, 1950, pp.4-6
147 . A Winter in Madeira…, N. York, 1850, p.125
148 Rambles in Madeira…, 1827, p.147; R. White, Madeira, 1859, p.69; W. Cooper, The Invalid's Guide to Madeira, 1840, p.13
arvoredos, hoje os vejo reduzidas a um esqueleto. O Centro da ilha se acha, todo descoberto
de arvoredo, com apenas algumas árvores dispersas, e isto em lugares onde os carvoeiros
não tem chegado"149.

A par deste grito, face à ameaça de extinção de algumas espécies, é evidente o regozijo dos
cientistas com o espectáculo que se deparam nas quintas do Funchal e arredores, e na
exuberante floresta da encosta norte. Em 1812 o madeirense N. C. Pitta chamava a atenção
para a abundância de espécies indígenas ou oriundas das Índias Orientais e Ocidentais em
tão grande variedade que o levam a afirmar que a Madeira é o Jardim do Mundo150.

Os jardins do Funchal são os locais de adoração para forasteiros e cientistas. Alguns não se
cansam em exaltar esta riqueza e variedade. Em 1888 o Marquis degli Albizzi considera-os
verdadeiros dicionários de Botânica, enquanto C. Stanford não hesita em comparar o
Funchal ao Éden Bíblico, pois alguns dos seus jardins "are remarkable especially for thea
collections of trees and shrubs from many countries and many climes…"151. Esta situação
atinge também as áreas de floresta, onde segundo Bulhão Pato "os ramos de flora europeia
abraçam e beijam as árvores dos trópicos…"152.

Vários são os factores que contribuíram para esta situação. E isto também foi alvo da
atenção dos cientistas visitantes. W. Combe(1821) diz-nos que o clima e solo permitem o
cultivo de qualquer cultura. Já j. Johson(1885) releva o papel do clima, responsável pela
rápida naturalização das plantas o que conduz os menos atentos a confundi-las com as
indígenas:"…and there can be no doubt that many of the plants which seem to be
indigenous in the lower region have seen introduced since the advent of man."153

Foi esta situação que levou Frederico Welwitsch a propor em 1853 a criação de um jardim
de aclimação de plantas tropicais no Funchal. A ideia não era nova e foi alvo de sugestão de
vários especialistas, sendo repetida em 1855 pelo Barão de Castelo de Paiva no relatório
que fez sobre a situação da agricultura da ilha. Aqui é proposta a criação de um horto de
aclimatação na cerca do extinto convento de S. Francisco. Tudo isto leva M. d'Avezac a
considerar a ilha como o "jardim botânico experimental de todo o mundo"154 Este
conjunto de condições terá propiciado a afirmação da Madeira como uma estância de
aclimatação de plantas que se pretendia fazer chegar à Europa155. Opinião discordante tem
C. Azevedo Menezes: "Dizem alguns auctores que na Madeira podem viver e frutificar ao
ar livre na mais familiar companhia e illuminadas pelo mesmo sol, as pantas de todas as
regiões do globo, mas isto não é rigorosamente exacto"156.

Esta riqueza e particularidades da flora madeirense fizeram com que a ilha se transforma-se
num local de permanente investigação para os cientistas europeus. A ilha era um local ideal
para herborizar e um verdadeiro laboratório: "La botanique l'entomologie la météorologie

149 .Confronte-se texto na selecção de prosa

150 . Account of the Island of Madeira, 1812, p.59.
151 . Leaves from a Madeira Garden, 1909, pp.27, 270
152 Cf. Colectânea de textos
153 . Madeira…, 1885, p.225
154 . W. Wilde, Narrative of a Voyage to Madeira, 1840, p.104
155 . Îles de l'Afrique, 1848, p.107
156. A propaga e o ananaz na Madeira, Sep. Brotéria, XXIII, fasc. II, 1927, pp.78-80
sont les occupations favorites des savants pendant leur séjour dans l'île; mais cette étude
atant d'attrait et de charme qu'elle entraine souvent au de là du but."157 Esta ideia é
corroborada por E. Taylor(1882) e A. Drexel Biddle(1900). Este último considera a ilha
"um paraíso para os naturalistas". E, na verdade foi isso que aconteceu, uma vez que desde
muito cedo a atenção dos naturalistas fizeram da Madeira um dos recintos predilectos para
herborizar158. Os Jardins Botânicos da Europa encheram-se de plantas e herbários da ilha.
Tudo isto começou em 1687 com Hans Sloane e manteve-se até a actualidade.

Se a atenção e preocupação do cientistas estava na descoberta e classificação das novas

espécies, o empenho das autoridades estava na preservação do parco manto florestal, tão
necessário à sobrevivência humana e ao equilíbrio da sua economia. Deste modo, logo
desde o século XV até ao presente, é interminável o conjunto de regulamentos, ordenações
e posturas sobre o assunto. A legislação florestal madeirense é prolixa, sendo de destacar o
regimento das Madeiras de 1562, o mais antigo que se conhece pois faltam notícias sobre o
de 1515, o regimento das matas e arvoredos de 1839, o plano de organização dos Serviços
Florestais de 1886 e o Regimento do Serviço de Polícia Rural e Florestal de 1913 Estas
regulamentações genéricas tiveram réplica nas posturas Municipais159 e nas
recomendações dos corregedores lavradas nas correições160 completam o quadro das
medidas protectoras do nosso manto florestal. Daqui se conclui que não houve
esquecimento e falta de regulamentação. As contingências de cada época ditaram, sem
dúvida, a ineficácia destas medidas.

Estas medidas poderão resumir-se a duas situações: preservação daquilo que existe através
de medidas limitativas do abate de árvores e recuperação do coberto florestal através de
uma política de reflorestação das zonas ermas ou em abate. A salvaguarda da floresta
passava não só pelo estabelecimento de medidas rigorosas que controlassem o seu abate,
que deveria estar sujeito a licenças camarárias, mas também ao ataque em todas as frentes
aos agentes devastadores, onde se incluíam o fogo e o gado solto. As queimadas, tão
comuns desde o povoamento, são um dos principais agentes devastadores e por isso foram
insistentemente proibidas. O gado é obrigatoriamente acantonado a espaços circundados
por um bardo. Todavia a floresta não era para os nossos avoengos um espaço de diversão
pois que adquiria um papel fundamental na economia da ilha. Vedar-lhe o seu acesso era
impossível. Daí as medidas disciplinadoras do seu uso de acordo com um processo
económico harmonioso.

Foi com um violento incêndio que os povoadores, segundo Cadamosto, "varreram grande
parte da dita madeira, fazendo terra de lavoura". As queimadas sucederam-se infinitamente
e levaram a coroa a obstar esta situação. Outros violentos incêndios se sucederam. Os que
ficaram para a História, fruto da acção humana, são de 1807161 e depois em 1910 e

157 . P. Jaunier, Itinéraire de Paris à Madère, 1859

158 . M Graham, Madeira…, 1942, pp.4-6.
159 , ARM, C. M. Santa Cruz, nº291, novo caderno de posturas; Posturas do Concelho de Santa Anna, Funchal, 1837; ARM, Governo
Civil, nº.155, Posturas(1840); Posturas da Câmara Municipal da Cidade do Funchal, 1849 e 1895; Posturas da Câmara Municipal da
Villa de Machico, 1856; ARM, C. M. Funchal, nº.239, Registo de posturas(1869-1885); Código de Posturas da Câmara Municipal do
Concelho do Porto Moniz, 1890.
160 . ARM, C. M. Machico, nº.5-6, livro de correições 1768-1808; ARM, C. M. Funchal, nº168(1768); ARM, C. M. Porto Santo,
nº.54(1780-1829); ARM, C. M. Santa Cruz, nº.171(1808-1832).
161 Paulo Dias Almeida, ob.cit.
1919162. Em 1593 documenta-se o fogo do céu que causam elevados danos na cidade e
manto florestal.

Note-se que muitos dos incêndios na floresta eram resultado da incúria ou malévola
iniciativa dos carvoeiros. Estes são considerados em finais do século passado como os
principais inimigos da floresta163.Sobre eles recaiam todas as culpas dos diversos
incêndios que se ateavam com insistência nas serras da ilha. Paulo Perestrelo da Câmara é
incisivo nas suas acusações: "os bárbaros carvoeiros cortão e queimão desapiedadamente,
as árvores mais robustas e úteis e quazi todos os annos deixão atear fogos, que por dias e
mezes consomem às vezes legoas de mato"164.

A luta não permitia tréguas. Dum lado as medidas que procuravam assegurar a preservação
da floresta, do outro a reposição do coberto vegetal. A política de reflorestamento da ilha só
assumiu uma dimensão adequada na segunda metade do século XIX. A primeira indicação
é de 1677, altura em que se recomendava o plantio de amoreiras em Machico, Santa Cruz e
Porto Santo165. Mas o grande promotor desta política deverá ter sido o corregedor
Francisco Moreira de Matos. Em 1769 o corregedor dava conta dos infractores de Santa
Cruz quanto à fiscalização das medidas que determinavam a obrigatoriedade de plantar
árvores nas terras baldias, o que prova estar já em execução166. Na Ponta de Sol em 1789
explicita-se que esse plantio deveria ser de árvores silvestres e de fruto167. Esta solução
tornou-se extensiva a toda a ilha através da carta circular de 25 de Dezembro de 1770168.

Ainda em Santa Cruz sabemos que esta medida era fiscalizada pelos próprios moradores,
nomeando a vereação dois homens por cada localidade. Aos baldios juntam-se as escarpas
montanhosas e as áreas de cultivo. Assim em 1791 recomendava-se aos lavradores das
meias terras acima são obrigados a plantar meio alqueire ou uma quarta, dependendo da
extensão das terras, de castanheiros, enquanto os outros deveriam plantar pelo menos duas
laranjeiras e um limoeiro. Por outro lado as terras escalvadas e do interior seriam semeadas
no decurso do mês de Setembro de pinheiros. Outra das propostas era a amoreira, pois que
"alimenta bicho da seda e distraem lagartixas não comam uvas"169. Note-se que só nos
dois anos que antecederam a visita do corregedor em 1795 a Ponta de Sol plantaram-se
35000 árvores170. Esta salutar medida teve diversas formas de concretização. Assim em
1800 aquele que cortava uma árvore era obrigado a plantar outra no seu lugar171. Esta é
aliás testemunhada por W. Combe em 1821172.

162 M. B. Sequeira(1910); Visconde do Porto da Cruz(1960).Cf. testemunho de Assis Esperança, in Ilustração, 1929, publ. Cabral do
Nascimento, Lugares Selectos dos autores Portugueses que Escreveram sobre o Arquipélago da Madeira, Funchal, 1949, p.185.
163 .J. Freitas Branco, Camponeses da Madeira, Liboa, 1987, pp.133-137; A. Marques da Silva, " Preocupações Ecológicas do Estrela do
Norte", in Atlântico, 19(1989), 203-206.
164. Breve Noticia sobre a Ilha da Madeira, Lisboa, 1841, 34-35.
165. Excursão na Madeira, 1891, p.83.
166. ARM, C: M. Machico, nº.6, fl. 5vº, 7 de Abril de 1769.
167.ARM, C. M. Ponta Sol, nº.220, fl. 68vº-69, 19 Novembro 1789.
168. ARM, C: M. Machico, nº.5, fl. 16vº, 11 de Maio de 1771.
169. ARM, C. M. Machico, nº.5, fl.72, 22 de Novembro de 1791.
170. ARM. C. M. Ponta Sol, nº.220, fl.80vº, 29 de Agosto 1795.
171. ARM, C. M. Machico, nº.5, fl.83vº, 11 de Dezembro 1792.
172.A History of Madeira, p.23
Estas medidas passaram no imediato para o articulado das posturas173. Assim em
Machico(1840) e Funchal(1849) reclamava-se que aqueles que viviam da serra com a
lenha e carvão deveriam plantar em Janeiro seis árvores na terra. José Silvestre Ribeiro,
como governador(1846-1851) teve uma actuação exemplar na defesa das florestas e de
reposição do seu coberto174. Em 1849 apostou na distribuição de sementes de pinhão e no
ano imediato propor à Junta Geral a criação de um viveiro geral para toda a ilha. Nesta sua
proposta recomendava-se o plantio de árvores indígenas: vinhático, loureiro, aderno e
perado. Uma das formas de incentivo desta política de reflorestamento estava na atribuição
de prémios aos que mais se distinguiam nesta tarefa. A esta luta aderiu a Sociedade
Agrícola Madeirense(1849-1880), promotora de sementeiras e legislação adequada.

O Porto Santo é um caso extremo desta necessidade de rearborização, dependendo disso a

reanimação agrícola da ilha, pelo menos assim se entendeu em 1771 com o Regimento de
Agricultura, onde se insistia no plantio, nas montanhas, de pinheiros, zimbreiros,
castanheiros e junto das áreas de cultura, de amoreiras e espinheiros. A razão disso estava
em que elas faziam "sombra à terra e attrahião a umidade da gião de que a mesma terra hé
sumamente estéril"175.

Os resultados desta política são visíveis e testemunhados pelos estrangeiros. Em 1851

Robert White176 destaca a expansão do pinheiro face à floresta indígena. Dois anos após
Isabella de França177 depara-se com uma floresta de castanheiros, loureiros e pinheiros:
"no cimo dos montes plantaram uma infinidade de pinheiros, a mais parte nas duas últimas
décadas.". Já em 1854 E. Wateley destaca esse trabalho e a presença de espécies da China,
Austrália e Japão, nomeadamente no Jardim da Serra178. Já no nosso século o Marques de
Jácome Correia destaca o esforço de plantio de árvores, de iniciativa pública e privada.
Neste último caso temos o Visconde Cacongo e Luiz de Ornelas e Vasconcelos. De acordo
com o mesmo em 1823 foram distribuídas por toda a ilha vinte mil árvores de eucaliptos,
acácias, carvalhos e pinheiros179.

Na verdade as décadas de quarenta e cinquenta foram tempos de reflorestação180. Tal

como referia a Junta Geral no seu relatório de 1864 " a necessidade da arborização nas
serras da Madeira, não se demonstra- sente-se"181. Daqui resulta a necessidade desta
aposta seguindo-se o exemplo dos franceses(1860) e espanhóis(1863). Várias medidas
sucederam-se para fazer desta política uma realidade na Madeira como foi o caso do alvará
de 31 de Agosto de 1863 e o decreto de 21 de Setembro de 1867182. A aposta continuou no
nosso século, tornando-se mais evidente a sua aposta com o avanço das encostas escalvadas
fruto de desbastes ou dos incêndios que ocorreram. Face isto a aposta estava na arborização
com o testemunho os estudos de Manuel Braz Sequeira(1913) e João Henriques

173 Veja-se a compilação da documentação e textos mais importantes de Fernando Augusto da Silva, Manuel Braz Sequeira, João
Henriques Camacho e Visconde do Porto da Cruz.
174. Uma Época Administrativa da Madeira e Porto Santo, 3 vols, Funchal, 1850-1856.
175. cf. Textos em anexo
176. Madeira…, p.69.
177. Journal of a Visit to Madeira…, pp.48-49, 63, 76, 138-139.
178. A Visit to Portugal and Madeira, 1864, p.30.
179 A ilha da Madeira…, Coimbra, 1927, pp.155, 173
180. Manuel Braz Sequeira, 1913, p.15
181. Relatório…, Funchal, 1864, p.30.
182. A. c. Heredia, Observações sobre a situação económica da ilha da Madeira, Lisboa, 1888, p.26.
Camacho(1920). A própria câmara do Funchal apostou forte nesta acção com o montado do
Barreiro183.

Cronologia

• 1419-1420. Reconhecimento do arquipélago e início da ocupação

• 1461. O infante D. Fernando em respostas as reclamações dos madeirenses revela
preocupação pelo despovoamento florestal, não obstante concede liberdade para o seu
corte .
• 1485. Primeira referência à falta de lenhas no Funchal, proibindo-se a doação de novas
terras a Norte
• 1489. Medidas no sentido de proibir as queimadas para abrir frentes de arroteamento

• 1514. D. Manuel autoriza o transporte de tabuado e madeira da jurisdição de Machico

para o Funchal.
• 1515. Primeiro regimento das madeiras
• 1562.Agosto.27. Regimento das madeiras, considerado por Álvaro Rodrigues de
Azevedo com o primeiro código florestal da Madeira .
• 1593. Outubro.28. alvará Régio sobre o aproveitamento das madeiras
• 1596. Janeiro.26. alvará Régio sobre o aproveitamento das madeiras

• 1737. Junho.1. Postura da câmara de Ponta de Sol em que proíbe o corte de madeiras
sem licença.
• 1770.Dezembro.25. Carta circular determinando o plantio de árvores nas terras baldias.
• 1771. Maio.4. Portaria do Governador e Capitão General autoriza o comércio de
madeiras e lenhas da capitania de Machico com o Porto Santo
• 1760.Dezembro.13. Ordem do Corregedor Pedro António Faria, em observância ao
alvará de 29 de Maio de 1633, para se plantarem amoreiras.
• 1783.Agosto.8. Carta ao juiz e oficiais da câmara de S. Vicente para se proceder ao
lançamento de bardos nas serras.
• 1789.Novembro.16. Correição em Ponta de Sol: ordem para plantio de árvores
silvestres e de fruto nos terrenos baldios
• 1791. Maio 31. O Desembargador D. António Rodrigues de Oliveira em Correição no
Porto Santo, recomenda o plantio de pinhões.
• 1791.Novembro.22. Correição em Santa Cruz. Determina-se que os lavradores das
meias terras acima devem plantar meio alqueire ou uma quarta de castanheiros.
• 1792.Outubro.18. Instruções respeitantes ao bem geral da Agricultura do
Desembargador D. António Rodrigues de Oliveira à Câmara da Calheta.

• 1804.Outubro.15. Circular do Governador Ascenso de Oliveira Freire recomendando

às câmara de Ponta de Sol, Calheta e S. Vicente a arborização e limpeza das ribeiras.

183 Abílio Barros e Sousa, Plano de Arborização do Montado do Barreiro, Funchal, 1946.
• 1834. Introdução da cultura da tamargueira no Porto Santo
• 1835.Janeiro.2. Edital da Câmara do Funchal ordenando a retirado dos porcos da serra,
devido aos danos que causavam às raízes da feiteira
• 1836.Julho.12. Postura da Câmara do Funchal proibindo a venda de lenha verde
colhida junto às fontes e nascentes.
• 1839. Projecto de Regimento das Matas e Arvoredos da ilha da Madeira.
• 1841.Novembro 12. Lei que torna extensível às ilhas o alvará de 11 de Abril de 1815
• 1845.Agosto.25. Postura da câmara do Funchal: proibição da entrada na cidade de
lenha verde ou seca de vinhático e loureiro
• 1849.Setembro.5. Carta do Governador civil, José Silvestre Ribeiro, para o Ministério
do Reino para que fosse criado no Funchal um jardim botânico.
• 1850.Junho.14. Carta do Governador civil, José Silvestre Ribeiro, à Junta Geral
recomendando a criação de um viveiro geral de plantas para toda a ilha
• 1850.Agosto.20. Proposta do Governador civil, José Silvestre Ribeiro, às câmaras
Municipais, para atribuição de prémios aos proprietários que mais se distingam na
arborização.
• 1851.Março.15. Postura da câmara de Machico: proibição de uso de lenha no fabrico
de aguardente e fornos de cal.
• 1855. Doença dos Castanheiros
• 1886.Novembro.25. Decreto que aprova o Plano de Organização dos Serviços
Florestais
• 1891.Outubro.29. Decreto de organização dos Serviços Agrícolas

• 1911. Março.11. Criação da Junta Agrícola da Madeira, que tinha como objectivo
promover ao povoamento florestal das serras
• 1913. Março.8. Decreto que aprova o regulamento do serviço de policia rural e florestal
da Madeira.
• 1913. Julho.23. Lei que regulamenta o serviço de concessão de licenças para a
pastagem de gado suíno e caprino na serra
• 1919. Junho.12. Extinção da Junta Agrícola da Madeira
• 1958. A Câmara Municipal do Funchal compra o montado do Barreiro.
• 1982. Criação do Parque Natural da Madeira
BIBLIOGRAFIA

ACKERMANN, Eugène. L'ile de Madère. Considéree au Point de Vue Scientifique et Economique. Rixheim,
1910.

ALEXANDER, James Edward. Narrative of a Voyage of Observation Among the Colonies of Western Africa.
In the Flag-ship Thalia: and of a Campaign in Kaffir Land, on the Staff of the Commander-in-chief, London,
1837.

ANSON, George. A Voyage Round the World in the Years MDCCXL, London, 1748.

ATKINS, John. A Voyage to Guinea, Brazil and the West Indias, Madeira, Cap Verde, Londres, 1735.
A Voyage do Guinea, Brasil and the West-Indies, London, 1737.

AVEZAC MACAYA, Mário Armando Pascal. Iles de l'Afrique, Paris, 1848.

BARROW, John. A Voyage to Conchinchina in the years 1792 and 1793, London, 1806.
Voyage à la Conchinchina par les Iles de Madère, de Téneriffe et du Cap Verde, le Brésil et l'ile de
Java, Paris, 1807.

BARROS DE SOUSA, Abílio de. Plano de Arborização do Montado dos Barreiros, Funchal 1946.

BARROW, John. A Voyage to Cochinchina, in the Years 1792 and 1793, London, 1806.

BENJAMIN, S. W. G. The Atlantic Islands as Resorts of Health and Pleasure, London, 1878.

BENSON, W. J. P. Marocco Canary Islands and Madeira, 1910.

BERKELEY-COTTER, Jorge Cândido, Alberto A. Girard. Notícia de Alguns Fosseis Terciários do

Archipelago da Madeira, 1892.

BERTRAND, Arthur. Lettres sur l'Expédition de Sainte-Hélène en 1840, Paris, 1841.

BETTENCOURT PITA, Nicolau Caetano. Account of the Island of Madeira, London, 1812.

BIDDLE, Anthony J. Drexel. The Land of the Wine Being an Account of the Madeira Island at the Beginning
of the Twentieth Century, Philadelphia and San Francisco, 1901.

BIDDLE, Anthony J. Drexel, The Madeira Islands, London, 1900

BOWDICH, Thomas Edward, Excursions in Madeira and Porto Santo, During the Auton of 1823, London,
1825.

BRASSEY, Lady Annie, A Voyage in the "Sunbeam" our Home on the Ocean for Eleven Months, London
1896.
In the Trades, the Tropics, & the Roaring Forties, London, 1885.
A Voyage in the Sunbeam our Home on the Ocean for Eleven Months, London 1881.

BRIDGE, Ann, Susan Lowndes, The Selective Traveller in Portugal, London, 1949.

CAMACHO, João Henriques, Notas para o Estudo da Rearborização da Ilha da Madeira, Lisboa, 1920.
CASTELLO DE PAIVA, Barão de (António da Costa Paiva), Relatório do Barão de Catello de Paiva
Encarregado pelo Governo de Estudar o Estado da Ilha da Madeira.

CASTILHO, Alexandre Magno, Descrição e Roteiro da Costa Ocidental de Africa desde o Cabo de Espartel
até o das Agulhas, Lisboa, 1866.

CÉSAR, Oldemiro, Terras de Maravilha. Os Açores e a Madeira, Lisboa, 1924.

CHURCHILL, Randolph S., Men, Mines and Animals in South Africa, London, 1892.

CLAUSS, Max Walter, Voyage en Atlantide, Lisbonne, 1949.

COLERIGE, Henry Nelson, Six Mounths in the West Indies in 1825, London, 1826.

COMBE, William, A History of Madeira, London, 1821.

COOPER, William White, The Iinvalid's Guide to Madeira, with a Description of Tenerife, Lisbon, Cintra,
Mafra, etc., London 1840.

DEGLI ALBIZZI, Marquis, Six Mois a Madère, 1888.

DEWAR, Alfred. The Voyages and Travels of Captain Nathaniel Uring, London 1928.

DILLON, Frank, Sketches in the Island of Madeira, London, 1850.

DIONISIO, Rodrigues, Riqueza Insular. Fragmentos Valiosos das Primitivas Matas da Ilha da Madeira,
Funchal, 1950.

DIX, John Adams, J. de Menezes, Trad. Um Inverno na Madeira, California, 1896.

DIXON, George, A Voyage Round the World Performed in 1785, 1786, 1787 and 1788, London, 1789.

DRIVER, John, Letters from Madeira in 1834, London, 1838.

DU CANE, Florence, Ella du Cane. The Flowers and Gardens of Madeira, London, 1909.

EMBLETON, Dennis. A Visit to Madeira in the Winter 1880-81, London, 1882.

ERVEDAL DA BEIRA, Visconde. Narrativas Insulares, Lisboa, 1894.

ESCULÁPIO. A Plantação de Amoreiras e a Criação do Bicho da Seda na Madeira, Funchal, 1950.

EXCURSÕES na Madeira, Funchal, 1891.

FARIA, Carlos de. Recordações da Ilha da Madeira no Tempo da Minha Mocidade, Coimbra, 1945.

FARIA, José Cupertino de. O Archipelago da Madeira. Guia Descritivo Illustrado com Photogravuras,
Setúbal, 1901.

FORSTER, George. A Voyage Round the World in his Britannic Majesty's Sloop, London, 1777.

FRANÇA, Isabella de, João Cabral do Nascimento. Journal of a visit to Madeira and Portugal (1853-1954),
Funchal, 1970.
Jornal de uma Visita à Madeira e a Portugal (1853-1854), Funchal, 1969.

GARNIER, P. Itinéraire de Paris à Madère, Paris, 1859.

GALLAGHER, Robert E. Byron's Journal of his Circumnavigation, 1764-1766, Cambridge, 1964.

GALVÃO, Henrique Carlos da Mota. Outras gentes, Porto, 1941.

GIRALDES, Joaquim Pedro Cardoso Casado. Tratado Completo de Cosmographia e Geographia Historica,
Physica e Commercial Antiga e Moderna, Paris, 1825.

GODMAN, Frederick du Cane. Natural History of the Azores or Western Islands, London 1870.

GOMES, Bernardino António. Relatório sobre o Herbario da Madeira e das lhas Canárias, Lisboa, 1863.

GORDON-BROWN, A., A Madeira. A Concise Guide for the Visitor, 1951.

GRABHAM, Michael Comport. Matéria Atlantica. Fragmentada e Disseminada, London, 1901.

Plants Seen in Madeira, London, 1934.
Madeira its Flowering Plants and Ferns, London, 1942.
The Garden Interests of Madeira, London, 1926.
The Climate and Resources of Madeira, London 1870.

HADFIELD, William. Brazil the River Plate and the Falkland Island, London, 1854.

HARCOURT, Edward Vernon. A Sketch of Madeira, London 1851.

HOPKINS, F. S. An Historical Sketch of the Island of Madeira, London, 1819.

HOLIDAY, Tours in Portugal and Madeira, Liverpool, 1905.

HOLMAN, James, Travels in Madeira, Sierra Leone, Teneriffe, St. Iago, Cape Coast, Fernando Pó, Princes
Island, etc., London, 1840.

HUDGSON, Studholme. Truths the West Indies, London, 1838.

HUTCHEON, J. Edith. Things Seen in Madeira, London, 1928.

JARDIM, Alberto Figeura, Jacinto Inácio de Brito Rebelo. Madeira the Pearl of the Atlantic, Lisbon, 1914.

JOHSON, James Yate. Madeira its Climate and Scenery, London, 1885.

JONES, Eugene E. G. A Handy Guide to Madeira, London, 1909.

KERHALLET, M. C. Philippe de. Madère les iles Salvages et les l'Iles Canaries, França, 1880.

KOEBEL, W. H. Madeira: Old and New, London 1909.

LEAL, Oscar. Atravez da Europa e da Africa. Viagens, Lisboa, 1901.

LEMAY, Gaston. A Bord de la Junon, Paris, 1881.

LETHBRIDGE, Alan. Madeira. Impressions and Associations, London, 1924.

LONDONDERRY, Marchidness of. A Journal of a Three Months' Tour in Portugal, Spain, Africa, London,
1843.

LOWE, Richard Thomas. A Manual Flora of Madeira and the Adjacent Islands of Porto Santo and the
Desertas, London, 1868.
 Florulae Salvagicae Tentamen: or a List of Plants, London, 1869.

LYALL. Rambles in Madeira and in Portugal in the Early part of 1826, London, 1827.

MAIS, S. P. B., Gilliam Mais. Madeira Holiday, London, 1951.

MANTEGAZZA, Paulo, G . Thiry, Trad. Une Journée a Madère, Paris, 1882.

MARINE, Ultra. The Contents of a Madeira Mail-baig, os Island Etchings, London,

MARSH, A. E. W. Holiday Wanderings in Madeira, London, 1892.

MASON, J. A. A Treatise on the Climate and Meteorology of Madeira, London, 1850.

MENEZES, Carlos Azevedo de. As Zonas Botanicas da Madeira e Porto Santo, 1901.
Notas Acerca de Algumas Plantas daFlora do Archipelago da Madeira, Lisboa, 1926.
Subsídios para o Estudo da Flora do Archipelago da Madeira, Braga, 1922.
Novos Subsídios para o Estudo da Flora do Archipelago da Madeira, Caminha, 1926.
A Flora dos mais Altos Picos da Ilha da Madeira, Caminha, 1926.
Subsídios para o Conhecimento da Flora das Ilhas Selvagens, Lisboa, 1923.
Arvores e Arbustos Madeirenses, Funchal, 1904.
Uma Antiga Lista de Plantas da Madeira, Braga, 1922.
Flora do Archipelago da Madeira, Funchal, 1914.
Contribution à l'Étude de la Flore de la Grande Déserte, Lisbonne, 1911.

METCALF, Jess, Robert Cushman Murphy. Wandering Among Forgotten Isles, New York, 1926.

MÓNACO, Albert 1.er Principe de, Louis Tinayre. La Carrière d'un Navigateur, Paris, 1913.

MOSELEY, H. N., Notes by a Naturalist an Account of Observations Made During the Voyage of H. M. S.
"Challenger" Round the World in the Yyears 1872-1876, London, 1944.

NASCIMENTO, João Cabral do. A Arquiduquesa Carlota e as suas Impressões de Viagem, Funchal, 1951.
Compil.. Autores que Escreveram sobre a Madeira, Funchal, 1951.

NATIVIDADE, J. Vieira. Fomento da Fruticultura na Madeira, 1947.

NEUVILLE, Josephine. Memorias da Minha Vida. Recordações de Minhas Viagens, Lisboa, 1864.

NICHOLAS, Elizabeth. Madeira and the Canaries, London, 1953.

NORONHA, Eduardo de. O Passado... Reminiscencias Anedoticas dos Tempos Idos, Porto, 1912.
Da Madeira ao Alto Zambeze. Viagem Dramatica Através de Angola e Moçambique, Porto, 1907.

ORSEY, Alexander J. D., Colloquial Portuguese or the Words and Phrases of Every-day Life , London, 1868.

OSBORNE, John. Guide to the West Indies, Madeira, México, Northern South-America, etc., London, 1845.

OVINGTON, J., A Voyage to Suratt in the Year 1689, London, 1696.

PASSOS FREITAS, Humberto dos. Vinte e um Dias num Bote, Funchal, 1924.

PENFOLD, Jane Wallas. Madeira Flowers, Fruits, and Ferns, London, 1845.

PEREIRA, Jaime A. Azevedo. Um Jardim Botanico na Madeira, Funchal, 1950.

PERRY, M. C., Francis L. Hawks. Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas
and Japan, New York, 1856.

PICKEN, Andrew. Madeira Illustrated with a Description of the Island, London, 1840.

PINHEIRO, Francisco Alves, Madeira e Açores. Excursão às Ilhas Adjacentes em 23.7.1938, Braga, 1950.

PORTO DA CRUZ, Visconde do. O Problema Florestal no Arquipélago da Madeira, Lisboa, 1950.

POWER, Charles Alexandre Le Poer, Compil. Power's Guide to the Island of Madeira, London, 1927.

PROENÇA, Raul, Portugal, Madère: Iles Açores, Paris, 1935.

QUINTINHA, Julião, Vizinhos do Mar, Lisboa, 1923.

RAMBLES, in Madeira, and in Portugal in the Eearly Part of MDCCCXXVI, London 1827.

RAMOS, Acúrcio Garcia. Ilha da Madeira, Lisboa, 1879.

REID, William, Alfred Reid. Madeira. A Guide Book of Useful Information, London

REI, Manuel Alberto, Como eu vi a Madeira sob o Aspecto Florestal, Figueira da Foz, 1939.

RENDELL, J. M., Concise Handbook of the Island of Madeira with Plan of Funchal and Map of the Island,
London, 1881.

RIBEIRO PEREIRA, João Óscar. Recordando uma Viagem, Funchal, 1952.

RIBEIRO, Emanuel Paulo Vitorino. Terra Nossa, Porto, 1936.

RIDDELL, Maria. Voyages to the Madeira and Leeward Caribbean Isles, Edimburgo, 1792.

ROCHA, Hugo. Primavera nas Ilhas. Crónicas dos Açores e da Madeira, Angra do Heroísmo, 1936.

ROUNDELL, Charles. A Visit to the Azores with a Chapter on Madeira, London, 1889.

S., F. R. G. Wanderings in West Africa, Londres, 1863.

SARMENTO, Alberto Artur. A Proposito do Grande Brotero, 194?

SCHODDUYN, René. Contribution pour l'Hydrobiologie des Iles de Funchal et Porto Santo, Caminha, 1927.

SEQUEIRA, Manuel Braz. Argumento a Favor da Arborização Obrigatoria das Serras da Ilha da Madeira,
Funchal, 1913.

SERPA, António Ferreira de. Mónaco e Portugal, Porto, 1925.

SILVA, Fernando Augusto da. O Revestimento Florestal do Arquipélago da Madeira, Funchal, 1946.

SILVA, Mariana Xavier da. Na Madeira. Offerendas, Lisboa, 1884.

SMITH, Emily Geneviève. A Panoramic View of the City of Funchal, in the Island of Madeira, Weymouth,
1844.

SMYTH, Piazzi. Madeira Meteorologic, Edinburgh, 1882.

SPILSBURY, F. B. Accont of a Voyage to the Western Coast of Africa, London, 1807.

SPRINGETT, W. S. Pitt. Recollections of Madeira, London 1843.

STANFORD, Charles Thomas. Leaves from a Madeira Garden, London 1909.

STAUNTON, George-Thomas. An Authhentic Account of an Eembassy from the King of Great Britain to the
Emperor of China, London, 1797.

STEELE, Robert. A tour Through Part of the Atlantic, London, 1810.

TAYLOR, Ellen M. Madeira, its Scenery, and how to See it, London 1882.

TAYLOR, Fitch W. The Flag Ship or a Voyage Around the World in the United States Frigate Columbia,
New-York, 1840.

TEIXEIRA, Luiz. Reportagem, 1932.

THOMAS-STANFORD, Charles. Leaves from a Madeira Garden, London, 1910.

TRIGO, Adriano A., Annibal A. Trigo. Roteiro e Guia do Funchal, Funchal, 1910.

VALDEZ, Francisco Travaços. Africa Occidental. Noticias e Considerações, Lisboa, 1864.

Six Years of a Traveller's Life in Western Africa, Londres, 1861.

VELOZA, José Ezequiel. "O Fogo nas Serras foi de todos os Tempos", in Das Artes e da História da
Madeira, Funchal, 1948-1949.

WHITE, Robert, James Yate Johnson. Madeira. Its Climate and Scenery, Edimburgh, 1857.

WHITE, Robert. Madeira. Its Climate and Scenery, London, 1851.

WILDE, W. R. Narrative of a Voyage to Madeira, Dublin, 1840.

Narrative of a Voyage to Madeira, Teneriffe and Along the Shores of the Mediterranean, Including a
Visit to Algiers, Egypt, Palestine, Tyre, Rhodes, Telmessus, Cyprus and Greece, Dubin, 1840.

WINTER, A Winter in Madeira and a Summer in Spain and Florence, New York, 1850.

WORTLEY, Lady Emmeline Stuart. A Visit to Portugal and Madeira, London, 1854.
 Aguarelas, estampas e desenhos da Madeira
sécs. XVIII-XIX

As gravuras madeirenses são maioritariamente do século do século XIX e de mão inglesa.

Note-se que de centúrias anteriores são apenas registadas seis. A maioria situa-se no
período curto de pouco mais de trinta anos (1821-1858). As gravuras fazem parte de
registos de viagem ou de tratados científicos. Tudo isto porque a Madeira apresenta-se
neste momento como um eixo fundamental para a navegação e contactos entre a Inglaterra
e as suas colónias na América e no Índico. Também a ilha se transformou rapidamente
numa estância de turismo terapêutico que acolhe doentes de tísica de diversas
proveniências. Aristocratas, cientistas e aventureiros acodem à ilha à procura do seu clima
ameno para alívio e cura das doenças. Neste intervalo procuram descobri-la nas suas
paisagens, na riqueza e variedade da sua flora. A posição da Madeira justifica esta
desmesurada valorização inglesa que excede muitas vezes a das suas colónias das Caraíbas.

Perante estas evidências a Madeira entrou rapidamente no universo da ciência europeia dos
séculos XVIII e XIX. Ambas as centúrias são momentos assinaláveis de descoberta do
mundo através de um estudo sistemático da fauna e flora184. Daqui resultará dois tipos de
literatura com públicos e incidências temáticas distintas. Os textos turísticos, guias e
memórias de viagem, apelam ao leitor para esta viagem de sonho à redescoberta deste
recanto do paraíso que se demarca dos demais pela beleza incomparável da paisagem,
variedade de flores e plantas.

Tenha-se em conta que algumas colecções são feitas para deleite de alguns dos seus
apreciadores, que figuram em lista que as antecede. Assim sucede com os desenhos de
James Bulwer (1827), Andrew Picken (1842), W. S. Pitt Springett (1843), Frank Dillon
(1850), J. Eckersberg (1853-1855)185.

Já os tratados científicos aportam na divulgação deste recanto através daquilo que o

identifica. As técnicas de classificação das espécies da fauna e flora têm aqui um espaço
ideal de trabalho. Hoje a riqueza pictórica da ilha é devedora desta situação, existindo
valiosas colecções separadas ou em livro. No primeiro grupo enquadra-se a maioria e
riqueza da colecção de gravuras inglesas. De entre estas podemos destacar as de Andrew
Picken (1840), Rev. James Bulwer (1927), P. H. Springett(1843), J. Selleny, Susan V.
Harcourt (1851), Frank Dillon (1856), R. Innes, Joahn F. Eckersberg. Os temas são comuns
a todos os intervenientes. O Funchal apresenta-se através da sua baía e o deslumbramento
do casario da encosta tudo em várias perspectivas ou nos pormenores mais característicos
de sua arquitectura - A Sé, Os Conventos de Sta. Clara e S. Francisco

184
. Mary L. Pratt (19--), Stafford (1984), pp. 565-634.

185
. Estampas, Aguarelas e desenhos da Madeira Romântica, Funchal, 1988.
O interior da ilha mantém a mesma insistência em algumas localidades que mais chamam à
atenção do visitante e se encontram no traçado nas rotas de visita: Cabo Girão, Curral das
Freiras, Encumeada, Boaventura, Rabaçal. O quadro natural tem em Rev. W. V. Harcourt
(1851), John F. Eckersberg e Rev. James Bulwer (1827) os seus mais fieis e atentos
observadores.

A visão é atente e em alguns casos parece-se com um registo fotográfico. As perspectivas

aproximam-se da realidade e o quadro enche-se com dados de observação directa. A
vegetação é rainha logo seguida das quedas de água. Em quase todos o homem é uma
presença obrigatória a sua pose é de contemplação, de êxtase face as belezas que o rodeiam,
e raramente de total integração no conjunto. Mesmo assim esta presença, a pé ou cavalo, é
secundária e anicha-se quase sempre no canto esquecido186

Através de algumas estampas e gravuras é possível descortinar a presença de algumas

espécies arbóreas. Aquelas que assumem valor alimentar- como a vinha e a bananeira-
assumem algum destaque, seguindo-se o dragoeiro. Todavia toda a tenção está desviada
para a natureza selvagem que se afirma como o cumulo da beleza187.

Os retratos do quadro natural madeirense não são tão variados nos temas, mas sim nos
motivos e pormenores que enquadram e dão harmonia ao conjunto. A grande atenção está
nas encostas onde o casario se entrelaça ou não com o arvoredo. O céu, a luz188, não
pertencem ao universo destes artistas, pois aquilo que mais clama pela sua atenção são as
encostas e o litoral abruptos, onde se anicham as quedas de água, o homem, o casario e o
variado arvoredo. este último quase que parece ausente das encostas e vistas próximas à
cidade do Funchal. Aqui as encostas apresentam-se escalvadas. Os efeitos da acção do
homem são notórios. Só quando se penetra no interior, em Encumeada, Curral das Freiras,
Boaventura e S. Vicente se redescobre a exuberância da floresta. Aliás, é este o motivo
fundamental que domina o pincel do artista. O sul está cheio de motivos e dominado
sempre pela presença do homem e dos registos da sua acção como o casario, pontes, etc.

No grupo de textos científicos a atenção reparte-se entre a flora, destacando-se a variedade

de flores, e as formações geológicas. Estas últimas surgem com grande evidencia em
Edward Bowdich (1825).

BIBLIOGRAFIA

Estampas, Aguarelas e Desenhos da Madeira Romântica. Julho-Dezembro de 1988, Casa Museu Frederico de
Freitas (Organização e textos Dr. Paulo de Freitas e Francisco Clode), Funchal, 1988.

NASCIMENTO, João Cabral do, Estampas Antigas da Madeira: Paisagem-costumes-traje-edifícios-

marinhas, Funchal, 1935.

186
. Esta ideia vai ao encontro do que sucede na Europa. Confronte-se Barbara Novak (1980), pp. 184-189.

187
. Confronte-se K. Thomas (1980), pp. 260.

188
. Confronte-se B. Novak (1980), p. 23 e 233, Angella Miller (1993)
 - Estampas Antigas com Assuntos Madeirenses, in Arquivo Histórico da Madeira[AHM], Vol. II
1933, IV, 1934-1935.

MACEDO, Diogo de, Notas sobre Pintores Portugueses que Estiveram na Madeira, in AHM, VII, 1949.

PEREIRA, João Camacho, Colecção de Gravuras Portuguesas, V Série: Ilha da Madeira, Lisboa, 1948.

VIEIRA, Augusto Elmano, A Madeira nas Estampas da 1ª metade do Século XIX, Das Artes e Da História da
Madeira [DAHM], Vol. I, n1 2, 1950.

LISTAGEM Aguarelas, estampas e desenhos da Madeira

LIVROS ILUSTRADOS
ASTLEY, General Collection of Voyages and Travels, London, 1745-1747,
Xilografia a preto: the dragon tree.

BOWDICH, T. Edward, Excursions in Madeira nd Porto Santo During the Autumn of 1823, While on his
Third Voyage to Africa, London, 1925.
Estampas sobre a Madeira: Franciscano, Vilões, Viloas, Garapas, Canarios-Ruivo-Torrinhas-
Sidrão, Cabo Girão e Jardim da Serra, Curral das Freiras, Serras da Madeira, segmentos geológicos.

BOWLES, Wm Lisle, the Spirit of Discovery. A Descriptive and Historical Poem, London, 1804.
Gravura de I. Neagle: the tomb of Anna d'Arfet in the island of Madeira.

BRASSEY, Lady, In the Trades, the Tropics & the Roaring, London, 1885.
23 ilustrações alusivas à Madeira.

BULWER, Rev. James, Views in the Madeiras. Executed on Stone by ;esrs Westace, Nicholson, Harding,
Nash, Villeneuve, Gancy & after Drawings made from Nature, London, 1827.
Colecção de 26 estampas
Litografias a preto: The Loo Rock; Funchal from the Chapel of Santa Catharina; The Peak Fort;
View among the Moinhos; The District of Funchal, from the Mountains-path above the Alegria; The
Waterfall; Ribeiro dos Socorridos; Jardin de Serra; Descent into the Curral; The Church of Nossa Senhora do
Livramento in the Curral; Ribeira Brava; Calheta; Pico Ruivo, the Torrinhas from the Paul da Serra;
Encommiade of St. Vicente; The Church of Ponta Delgada; Pico Ruivo from the high grounds of St. Jorge;
Ribeiro de St. Jorge; Ribeiro Meyo-Metade; Santa Cruz; Machico, Cliffs on the North East Side of Point
Lorenzo; The Valley of Porto-Cruz, from the Portella; The town of Porto Santo; Interior of Porto Santo,
Fayal.

COMBE, William (?). A History of Madeira, London, 1821.

Gravuras - 26 a cores: Inside of a Cottage; Rural Toil; Peasants going to the Marcket; Manner of
Cultivating the Ground; A Farmer and his Daughter going to Town; Rural Occupations; Peasants in usual
Costume, Costume peculiar to some of the Western Inhabitants of the Island; Fishermen; Country Musicians;
Manner of bringing Wine to Town when clear; Manner of drawing Pipes &c. by means of the Sledge; An
accident upon the Road; A Prior of the Order of St. Francis, & a Lay Brother; A Franciscan Friar Collecting
Donations for his Convent; A Franciscan Father on a Journey; Priest in different Attire; Lay Sisters of the
Order of the Lady of Mount Carmel; A Nun and her Attendant; A Lady & her Servant going to Church; Usual
Manner of Travelling in Hammocks; Manner of Visiting among the Ladies at Funchal; Members of the
Senate; Official Dress of the Members of the Camera or Senate on the Death of the King and Accession of his
Successor; An Officer & Private of the Garnison of Funchal; Drilling; West View of Loo Fort.
DILLON, Frank, Scketches in the Island of Madeira, London, 1850-1856.
Colecção de 14 estampas a cores e p/b: Robert Machim's Cahpel, Machico-portuguese Cemetery,
Funchal; View looking up the Santa Luzia River; Town of Funchal (from the East); The Pontinha from the
West; View Near the Grand Curral; Convent da Encarnação from the Ponte Novo - View near the Praça da
Constituição; Cama de Lobos; The Governor's House; Fort St. Yago; Funchal Cathedral from the Beach;
Franciscane Convento, Funchal; Convento de Santa Clara.

DIX, John A. (?), A Winter in Madeira and a Summer in Spain and Florence, New York, 1850
Litografias de H. Vanostrand: Ravine east of Funchal; Funchal from St. John's; House of
Colombus.

ECKERSBERG, Johan E. Assichten von derIinsel Madeira, Dusseldorf, 1840

Litografias - partir de pinturas: Penha d'Águia (Adlerfels), Funchal von Ostern, Funchal von
Western, Rabaçal, Wasserfall bei S. Vicente, Curral, das Thal von S. Jorge, thal von S. Vicente, thal von Boa
Ventura, Kabo Girão.

FRANÇA, Isabella de, Jornal de uma Visita à Madeira e a Portugal 1853-1854, Funchal, 1970 (edição
também em inglês).
Colecção de 24 gravuras.

GRABHAM, Michael C., the Climate and Resources of Madeira, London, 1870.
Ilustrações de T.A.K.: Funchal from the Palheiro Road, the Hammock, the bullock-car, from the
fountain.

HARCOURT, Lady Susan Vermon, Scketches in Madeira Drawn from Nature & ou Stone, London, 1851.
Colecção de 14 desenhos a cores e preto e branco: Funchal from the West-Funchal from the East;
The Penha d'Aguia from the vista of Faial, Fort St. Thiago, Funchal - Ribeira Brava; Near Santa-Cruz-On the
Palheiro Road; View on the road from Funchal to St. Anne's; View of Funchal from the Sea; Fruit Market-
Washer-women; Street in Funchal-Ribeiro de Santa Luzia; Quinta at Santa Cruz; View in Funchal; View from
Pico Arriero; View behind the Jesuits'College; View from the Deanery; On the Ribeira St. João-View from St.
Martinho; Machico, Quinta at Santa Cruz, View from Pico Arieiro.
Gravuras : Group of peasants, english burial ground, Funchal from the sea, oxen car, view of
Funchal from Hollways cottage

HOCHSTETTER, Dr. Ferdinand von, Madeira ein Vortag, Wien, 1861, 1871.
Litografia de E. Hotzel: Ausicht des Pico do Gato (as Tows) vom Encumiada alta aus gegum gud,
Vila Davies.

MICNER, Rev. Thomas, The Gallery of Nature, London, 18...

Litografias a preto de J. Dryton: Estroza, Pass Madeira, descent of the Curral. Madeira.

PENFOLD , Jane Wallas, Madeira, Fruits and Ferns, London, 1845

Desenhado e colorido por Jane Wallas Penfold. The belladona lily, the custard apple, the banana
fruit, the septre isoplexis, Omiltrofalum arabicum, the castor oil plant, the guava fruit tomato or love aple, the
Eltriopian sichardia.

PICKEN, Andrew, Madeira Ilustrated, London, 1840-1842

Oito estampas: Funchal from the East, Ravine of St. SJorge, Penha d'Águia, Câmara de Lobos.
- História da Ilha pelo sr. James Macaulay e general information
Litografias a cor: Ravina of Camara de Lobos, Curral, the Curral Madeira, Quinta do Monte
Funchal from the bay, Funchal from São Lázaro , Rabaçal.
Aguarelas: Fajã do Mar, Near the file, Ribeiro Socorridos, on the road to the Courals the Ribeiro
Frio, on the Ravina of the cold river, Penha d'Águia, Bella vista, um vilão nas montanhas, Achada-
Campanário

PITTA, N. C., Account of the Island of Madeira, London, 1802.

 Litografia de E. Mitchell: Dress of the country people in Madeira.

ROUNDELL, Mrs Charles, A Visit to the Azores with a Chapter on Madeira, London, 1889.
4 ilustrações de Madeira: Porto Santo: aproach to Madeira, Cape Stramer leaving Madeira, View
from Quinta Sarmento.

S., W. S. P., Recollections of Madeira, London, 1843.

Gravuras: feriado na serra, moinho na serra

SCHACHT, Dr. Hermann, Madeira und Tenerife mit ihrer Vegetation, Berlim, 1859.
Litografias: Funchal, gesehen von den wage nach den Angustias, Haide, Krauter auf Madeira.

SMITH, Richard, Madeira and its Associations, London, 1869(?)

Cinco xilogravuras de Swain: entrance to the island, centre of Funchal, Penha d'Águia, the Eagle's
Rock, The Rabaçal, Blasting for A Levada or Watercourse.

SPRINGETT, W. S. Pitt, Recollections of Madeira Dedicated to Mrs Geo Stoddart, London, 1843
Colecção de 15 estampas a cores e preto e branco: The Promessa or Wow; Waiting for Daybreak
on the Serra; Belfry attached to the chapel of N. S. do faial, "The Signal"; Stranger's Grave; Mill at the Serra;
English Chapel, Funchal; Interior of a "Venda" in the Serra of St. Antonio; The Lagar or Wine Press; Girl
grinding corn; The Palanquin-The Hammock; The Xerola; A Portrait-Shepherds recolling cattle by the Buzio;
Roman Catholic Priest- A Nun of the Convent of Santa Clara; Madeira Peasant Girl; Madeira Peasant Boy.,
the xerola.

VALDEZ, Francisco Travassos, Six years of a travellers life in Western Africa, 2 volumes, London, 1861.
Gravura: Pontal da Cruz. Isle of Madeira.
-Africa Ocidental. Notícias e considerações, Lisboa, 1864.
Estampas de Madeira: Vista da Cidade do Funchal, Palheiro (vista da casa tirada da Horta) na ilha
de Madeira.

VIZETELLY, Henry, Facts About Port and Madeira. With Notices of the Wines Vintaged Around Lisbon and
the wines of Tenerife, London, 1880.
22 estampas sobre a Madeira. Tema dominante a vinha e o vinho.

WHITE, Robert, Madeira, its Climate and Scenery Containing Medical and General Information forIinvalids
and Visitors; a Tour of theIisland, etc.; and an Appendix, London, 1851.
Gravuras a partir de desenhos de John Botcherby: Penha d'Aguia (eagles rock) from the Lamaceiros,
Pontinha and Bay of Funchal from the west, village of Cama de Lobos and Cape Giram, Coast view, From
Heights above the fossil-bed, Rocks and Cliffs near the fossil-bed, Funchal from above São Gonçalves.

WOLLASTON, T, Vernon, Insecta Madeirensia, Being an Account of the Insects of the Islands of Madeira
Group, London, 1894.
Litografia.
COLECÇÕES DISPONÍVEIS NO MUSEU FREDERICO DE FREITAS (FUNCHAL)189

BIGGE, F. E., 1855

Aguarelas: Loo rock, Desertas of Madeira, little loural

GELLATLY, J.
Cinco litografias: Costumes of Madeira - Melada Boy, Villão or Peasant, Villoa or Country-girl,
Burroqueiro or Male teer, Woman spinning.

INNES, J. R.
Cinco litografias: Madeira sledge, Madeira hammock, Palácio de S. Lourenço, Palanquim e vista do
Funchal. Machico, Cliffs on the north east side of point Lourenzo, the valley of Porto da Cruz from Portella,
interior of Porto Santo.

MAY ,W., séc. XIX

Aguarelas: sunshine on the rock (form below the new road), salto do Cavalo, Curral dos Romeiros,
A Country men-bananas

ROBLEY, Cap. J. H., 1845

Desenho: Cheias de uma ribeira

SELLENY, séc. XIX

Litografia: Bucke riber den Ribeiro Secco, Curral dos frades.
Editadas em Viena por L. T. Neuman.
Litografias: Catedrale in Funchal, Buckliber den Ribeiro Secco (Ponte do Torreão na Ribeira de
Santa Luzia) Curral dos Fraies, Funchal.

THORMAN, C., séc. XIX

Litografia: Prospect mellen Rio Frio of St. Anna, Rio Frio, Portrait of en Flores,

WESTALL, R.
Gravuras a cores e preto e branco - the Paúl da Serra, mountains above the river St. Vicente, view
in the mountains between Funchal and Fayal.

189 Consideram-se apenas as estampas soltas