Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
2
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
3
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
Unit 2
• Either/Neither exercises
• Articles + Exercises
• Writing Articles
4
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
Remember that before doing these exercises, you have to press the
Control Key and Click on ..\LINKS\Phrasal Dictionary..\Phrasal
Dictionary\PHRASAL VERBS.doc
1. There’s too much snow on the road. I’m afraid we’re going to have to
the TV !
5
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
B) Phrasal verbs with back:
Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the phrasal
verbs above.
1. Whenever I hear that tune it happy memories.
Something ”
6. When the thief was caught, he had to all the money he had stolen.
home?
6
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
C) Phrasal verbs with down
Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the phrasal
verbs above.
3. They offered her a lot of money for the house but she them .
4. As the old lady was crossing the road she was by a bus.
You , although
he is far away from you!
7
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
D) Phrasal verbs (time)
Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs
above. Use two of the verbs for the same sentence.
trouble.
7. Can I just have a quick word with you? It shouldn’t too much
time.
I think we have to
8
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
E) Phrasal verbs (food)
Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs above.
1. We’ve of cheese. I’ll have to go and get some more.
4. After the Mad Cow Disease scare, a lot of people eating meat
completely.
5. Before you put the pork in the pan it should be into little pieces.
the
things
9
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
F Phrasal verbs with bring
Match the phrasal verbs in list A with their meanings in list B. Write the
number that corresponds in each line.
A B
Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs above.
I have
me!
10
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
Exam practice: Use of English
For questions 1-15, read the text below and think of the word which best fits
each space. Use only one word in each space.
A famous cartoon
There are few people in the world today who have not heard of The Flintstones.
The Flintstones is broadcast on TV channels all (1) the world every hour of every
day. It is watched regularly (2) an incredible 300 million fans. Recently the
whole series of 166 episodes was broadcast non-stop across the USA - a remarkable
achievement for a cartoon (3) was so badly received by the critics on its first
appearance nearly 40 years (4) .
Hanna and Barbera are the cartoonists responsible for Fred and Wilma Flintstone
and (5) neighbours, Barney and Betty. In the late 1950s they were approached by
Screen Gems with the idea of producing an animated prime-time TV programme,
something which (6) never been done before. The already successful creators of
Huckleberry Hound decided to give (7) a try.
The cartoonists created a Stone Age married couple but gave (8) the
problems of a modern suburban family. The characters were also given a whole lot of
gadgets made of stone and (9) prehistoric materials. Fred’s famous cry of “yabba
dabba doo” was not at first part of the script but was made (10) by the actor
who was responsible for Fred’s voice.
The cartoonists carried (11) research into prehistoric times, which helped
them in the creation of the series. The storylines were based on other TV series
(12) families and many of the episodes depended (13) audience fears, like
unemployment or going to the dentist. There were also guest appearances by famous
personalities, (14) as “Leonard Bernstone” and “Stony Curtis”.
It is hard to believe today that some of the reviews of the first episode (15)
actually very bad. Today it is one of the most popular cartoons on TV.
11
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
Either... or, both ... and, neither... nor, not only ... but also
You use either ... or to talk about a choice between two possibilities.
You can have either biscuits or cake.
I’m not sure when they will finish; either tomorrow or Saturday.
The opposite of both…….and is neither... nor, and it is used to join two negative
ideas.
My father neither smokes nor drinks.
She speaks neither French nor Italian.
When you use neither... nor to join A)singular subjects, the verb is normally
singular, but in B)informal spoken English the verb is sometimes plural.
A) Neither Oliver nor Stan is very smart.
B) Neither Oliver nor Stan are very smart.
You use not only ... but also to add extra information. It is quite formal.
Eastwood is not only an actor, but also a director.
He not only writes poetry, but also composes music.
When not only comes at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, the order of
the verb and subject changes.
Not only is he the best player in the world, he is also the youngest.
Not only can she speak Russian, she can also speak Hungarian!
12
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
Notes:
You use either alone to mean “'I don’t mind which one.”
When you agree with a negative idea, you use neither + modal/auxiliary + subject.
“I can’t drive.” “Neither can I.”
Complete these sentences using Either... or, both ... and, neither... nor,
not only ... but also
1 What would you like? You can have coffee or orange juice.
3I know nor care what the people next door are doing.
13
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
Articles
Here are some of the basic rules for using articles in English.
• With something that both the speaker and listener know about.
• With something there is only one of (the Parthenon, the Moon, the King, the
President).
I'm looking forward to seeing the Pyramids when we visit Egypt.
• With certain public places (the theatre, the cinema, the bank, the post office,
the library).
He took a gun out of his pocket. It was the one he’d used in the last
robbery.
14
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
• With jobs.
• When you talk about one thing in a general way. (You are not referring to a
particular one.)
A teacher can only help you learn; she can’t make you learn.
• With abstract nouns (used in their general sense), plural nouns and
uncountable nouns (people, love, fruit, beer, politicians).
Money does not bring happiness.
Corrupt politicians are ruining our country.
• With most geographical/place names.
Note
In the sentences below, the use of the definite article refers to the place as a
building, whereas the use of no article emphasizes the function of the place.
15
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
night.
After having read the basic rules for using articles in English, you are ready
now to answer some questions.
What do you use when you talk about most geographical/place names?
What do you use when you talk about something there is only one of?
What do you use when you talk about certain places or situations? (E.g. hospital, home,
school)
What do you use when you talk about something for the first time?
What do you use when you talk about something that both the speaker and the listener
know about?
What do you use when you talk about something mentioned before?
What do you use when you talk about singular countable nouns? (When the person or
What do you use when you talk about certain public places?
What do you use when you talk about abstract nouns (used in their general sense),
plural
What do you use when you talk about certain geographical/place names?
16
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
Depardieu.
6 I have to stay at home tonight because I’m expecting phone call.
7 She wants to be actress when she grows up.
8 I believe friendship is more important than love.
9 I saw man talking to woman. man was about fifty years old;
woman was tall and attractive.
10 How long has Jean been in hospital?
17
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
suit dress costume custom
3 It’s the in Britain for the bride and groom to cut the wedding cake together.
18
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
When you report what someone has said (direct speech), you often have to make
certain changes to verb tenses and other words (reported or indirect speech).
Reporting statements
When the reporting verb is in the past, you normally make the following tense
changes. The verb usually “moves back” one tense.
19
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
Simple future -> would
I’ll be here until Saturday,” David said.
David said he would be there until Saturday.
• if the direct speech is in the past perfect or has the following modals: must (for
deduction), might, ought to, could, should, would.
“You ought to exercise more,” said my doctor.
My doctor told me I ought to exercise more.
“Tim had gone by the time I arrived,” said Helen.
Helen said that Tim had gone by the time she arrived.
• if you want to emphasize that what you are reporting is still true. This can be because
it is generally true or because it is very near in time.
20
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
Other changes
You usually change pronouns, depending on who is speaking and who is
reporting, and you usually change expressions of time and place. The main rule for
these changes is that the sense of the reported sentence should be clear. Here are some
of the possible changes. (You do not need to make these changes if the time or place
is the same when you report it as it was in the direct statement.)
Direct Reported
now then
here there
this/that the
Reporting verbs
Here are some verbs you can use when you report speech:
admit, advise, agree, apologize (for), blame (for), congratulate (on), deny, explain,
offer, promise, recommend, remind, say, tell, think, warn
Spoken English
In spoken English we often put the reporting verb in the past continuous when
reporting what someone has said recently.
21
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
Reporting questions
When you report a question, you use the same word order as in the statement.
You make the same tense and other changes as you do for reported statements.
“Where did Pete go?” asked Lucy.
If there is no question word (where, what, who, when, how, why), you use
if/whether.
Note
You do not use a question mark in the reported question.
22
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
Reporting suggestions
You can use the following patterns to report suggestions
• suggest + -ing
• suggest + person + infinitive
• suggest + that + person + should + infinitive
“If you attend the conference next week, you will hear many theories about dreams. He
promised
23
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
Here are some things people have said. Complete the reported speech
sentences using the correct form of one of the verbs below in each space.
1. “I love you.”
6. “We have only finished because we’ve worked late every evening.”
He they had only finished because they had worked late every
evening.
2. “When was the last time you went to the doctor?” been
24
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
3. “Where did the concert take place?” had
5. “Did you meet him last night?” Chris asked Lucy. met
8. “What shall I do with this cat?” Anna asked her mother. should
11. “Have you ever been to the dentist before?” the dentist asked Peter. visited
25
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
Match words from list A with words from list B that have a similar
meaning. Write the correct number in each circle.
A B
1 insult habit
2 persist straight
3 custom embarrass
4 reason signal
5 persuade accept
6 common usually
7 information offend
8 humiliate regulations
9 sign ordinary
10 receive insist
11 direct convince
12 prompt cause
13 rules knowledge
14 frequently punctual
26
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
Complete these pairs of sentences using the correct form of one of the words
from the previous page. (You can choose from either list A or list B). Use the
definitions to help you choose the right word. (The ones in brackets)
27
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
• Complete the text using one of the words from the Vocabulary lists. (two
pages before)
The art of tipping is a difficult one to learn, given the differences in attitude and
(1) of the game. And in today’s supposedly classless society, it’s a wonder the
custom (2) , since the historical (3) for tipping have now disappeared.
The word tip, it is said, is an acronym of the sign “To Insure Promptness”, which
was posted in eighteenth century London coffee houses. However, the (4) of giving
a tip to low-paid workers, such as maids, waiting staff and bellboys, goes back much
further. Originally, London cab drivers (5) a tip to (6) them to go from A to B
by the quickest, most (7) route. In France, the term pourboire means, literally, “for
drinking”. The custom of handing over the price of a beer (even if the service is poor or
non-existent) is still (8) in some European countries.
Sometimes the customer - for lack of (9) about the local custom - may give too
much, but if you do not give enough, you had better watch out. Waiters in some
restaurants (10) make their feelings known in a loud and insulted voice or have
even been known to return the tip to the now humiliated customer.
28
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
• Complete these questions with an appropriate word and then answer them.
5 do waiters react if they think they have been given a small tip?
29
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
EXAM PRACTICE: Use of English “Is a good holiday what I need?”
For questions 41-50, read the text below. Use the words given in CAPITALS at the
end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
set off for the airport, although the ticket (42) says I am INFORM
late as I can.
This habit of mine was almost (45) the last time I set DISASTER
off for the airport by train. Everything was going (46) SMOOTH
course this was another way of saying the train had broken
down and it meant a delay of about twenty minutes. As if
that wasn’t enough, on (49) at the airport there was a ARRIVE
huge queue at the check-in counter. There had been a (50) TERROR
I NEVER
miss a flight!
30
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
EXAM PRACTICE: Use of English, Part 4
For questions 26-40, read the text below and look carefully at each line. Some of
the lines are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. If a line is
correct, put a tick. If a line has a word which should not be there, write the word.
Eating abroad
26 Eating out in other countries around the world can to be very difficult; the words
27 we use may seem similar but they are often mean different things. Take scrambled
28 eggs. An American woman visiting Thailand decided to order breakfast at an
29 outdoor restaurant. She asked for scrambled eggs and the waiter has answered,
30 “Yes, of course. Scrambly ag. We make very good scrambly ag.” A short time later
31 he returned back with two fried eggs, sunny side up. “No, no,” said the woman,
32 “I ordered them scrambled.” The waiter nodded and smiled her and took the eggs
33 back to the kitchen. However, once more again he returned with two fried eggs.
34 This time the woman said slowly, but with great emphasis, “No, no, scrambled, like
35 this ...”', and she made up a very clear stirring motion with her hands. The waiter
36 nodded and a few minutes later he came back with two fried eggs. He spun round
37 on his toes and then set the plate in the front of her with a satisfied grin. Then there
38 was the British tourist in the Madrid who had a soft spot for mushrooms and did not
39 know the Spanish word for them. The tourist cheerfully took out a piece of a paper
40 and a pencil and drew a picture of his favourite dish; the waiter nodded and a
couple of minutes later came back with an umbrella.
31
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
A) Harrods is a tourist attraction, but for shopping in
London try other big department stores, such as Selfridges, Lewis’s and Debenhams. A
good place for clothes is Marks and Spencer. Take a stroll along Oxford Street, the main
shopping centre. When there are sales on, you are allowed, and even expected, to
bargain with the shop assistant to try and get a better price for goods. If there are a lot of
people, you should wait your turn to be served. Most large stores also have restaurants
where customers can have lunch or a quick snack.
32
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
C) People in Britain are generally quite careful about
time. When you are invited to someone’s house, you should either arrive on time or no
later than fifteen minutes after the time arranged. If in doubt, give your hosts a ring. You
should be careful about overstaying your welcome. Look out for signs of tiredness in
your hosts. The best time to leave is when they appear with their pyjamas on. You can
say, “Well, I think it’s time we were going ...”
Mmm… I was
about to order more!
34
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
ask (politely) for your free meal. People may pay for their own drinks or take it in turns
to buy a “round”, in other words, to pay for the whole group.
EXAM PRACTICE:
For questions 1-11, choose from the situations A-F (from the text: “Avoid
Culture Shock” on the previous page). Some of the situations may be used more
than once. When more than one answer is required, these may be given in any
order.
• Compare the customs in the text with those in your country. What are the
differences and what are the similarities?
35
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
• Choose five topics from the box below, and write how you think your
country’s culture and costumes are different from others.
Example: driving: We are very dangerous drivers
food: Our food is salty.
• Reread the text quickly and choose a heading for each part from the box
36
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
1. If you invite a visitor from an Arab country for dinner, which of the following
should you avoid serving?
2. You are with someone from Saudi Arabia and you notice they are wearing two
watches -why?
3. In which languages do the following mean thank you? Match the countries with the
word.
a) Spanish ( )
danke
b) French ( )
grazie
c) German ( ) gracias
d) Italian ( )
merci
6 In which countries do people tend to stand close to you when they speak to you and in
37
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
which do they “keep their distance”? Write Close or Distant under each country.
Japan Britain Arab countries Mexico Finland
7 What typically American and British gesture below means OK, but in Australia and
Bangladesh is rude?
10 True or false? There is no difference between the United Kingdom and Great
Britain.
38
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
EXAM PRACTICE: Magazine article
In Part 2 of the writing exam, you may be asked to write an article for a
magazine. An article is about a particular subject and is written for a general audience. It
could include information, description, your opinions or arguments for and against a
topic. The key to writing a good article is that it attracts the reader’s attention-you want
them to read it! Here are some tips on writing an article.
• Read the question carefully. Make sure you understand what is being asked
for.
• Think about who you are writing for. What age are they? What interests do they
have?
• Think about who you are writing for, and how this will affect the kind of
language you use.
• Think about how you can make your article interesting and different.
• Plan your article before you begin writing.
• Begin and end your article in an interesting and unusual way.
• Write in a neutral or friendly style.
• Organize your article into paragraphs, each with a clear topic.
• Use a good range of grammar and vocabulary.
• Use appropriate punctuation.
• Check your article for mistakes when you have finished.
On the next page is a student article. Read the article quickly. Which
country is the student describing? Use the photographs as a clue.
Then give each paragraph a suitable heading. Choose from the topics in the
box below, and write them on the red lines provided.
Hotels in the summer are usually full. If you are stuck, try asking
for rooms in private houses. However, you may have to share a bathroom with other
guests. Do not expect the owners to spend a lot of time with you; they will tend to keep
themselves to themselves.
The traditional food of my country is rich and tasty and uses a lot
of meat; not many fresh vegetables are used. The golden rule is: eat the main meal at
lunch-time. In the evening, we prefer to eat a cold dish, such as sausages and cheese.
The first course is usually soup; the famous goulash is not a main dish but a soup,
My country has a wide variety of wines, both red and white. Try
the white demi-sec Tokaj Aszu, which is probably the best, but quite expensive. Besides
wine, there is an excellent local beer and Russian vodka is also available, which is very
cheap.
Welcome to !
40
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”
Write an article about your country for an international student magazine.
The aim of the article is to give information to visitors so that they can get the most
out of their stay.
Before you begin to write your article, think about what information, advice
or suggestions you could give to visitors to your country. Make notes on your ideas,
and then organize them into paragraphs, only then you will be ready to write your
article.
Use some of the expressions below.
Useful language
Giving advice
One thing you should remember… You had better...
If you want to... Remember to...
Be careful not to... A golden rule is...
Generalizing
Most people tend to... People generally…
It is common... On the whole, ...
Generally speaking,...
41
Este material educativo es para uso exclusivo de los alumnos del Programa de Educación a Distancia del
Liceo Naval “Almirante Guise”