International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2012)

Simulation Study of Some Spatial Diversity Techniques for MIMO Wireless Communication Systems
Prof. Gajanan R Patil1, Prof. V K Kokate2
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Associate Professor in Dept of E & Tc Engg, Army Institute of Technology, Pune-411015 Research Guide at Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pune-411041 & Former Director, COEP Pune-411005 There are number of parameters on which performance depends such as SNR, number of transmit and receive antennas, the transmission scheme used, the combining scheme used at receiver, modulation scheme, channel model etc. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section II various spatial diversity techniques are described. Section III includes discussion on simulation methodology, assumptions and parameters used for simulations. Simulation results are provided in Section IV. Finally section V contains our conclusions. II. SPATIAL DIVERSITY TECHNIQUES Spatial Diversity can be achieved with the help of multiple transmit antenna (transmit diversity) or multiple receive antenna (Receive diversity) with sufficient spacing between the antennas. The main idea of transmit diversity is to provide a diversity and/or coding gain by sending redundant signals over multiple transmit antennas [6]. At the receiver we use a combining scheme which eliminates spatial interference from other antennas. In all these schemes it is assumed that the channel state information is known to the receiver. A. Alamouti Scheme The value of transmit diversity was recognized when Alamouti proposed his simple scheme for 2X1 system which can be extended to 2XM system [4]. In this scheme the information bits are first modulated using M-ary modulation scheme. The encoder then takes a block of two modulated symbols s1 and s2 encodes them as transmission matrix given by

Abstract This paper presents simulation results and comparative analysis of some Spatial Diversity Techniques for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) based Wireless Communication Systems. Performance of Alamouti scheme and Space Time Block Codes (STBC) are evaluated through MATLAB simulation study. The Bit Error rate and Code rates of the schemes are compared. The simulation is carried out for various modulation schemes. Keywords Beamforming, MIMO, Rayleigh Fading, Space Time Block Codes, Spatial Diversity, Spatial Multiplexing.

I. INTRODUCTION In the recent years MIMO has drawn significant attention of researchers in the field of wireless communication. Multipath fading is major bottleneck in increasing the data rate and reliability of transfer of information over wireless channel. Channel coding Techniques which are used to improve reliability is insufficient to meet the requirements of modern multimedia communications. It was shown that, if multiple antennas are used at transmitter and or receiver can improve data rate and reliability [1]-[3]. The simple transmit diversity scheme suggested by Alamouti [4] and the space time coding suggested by V. Tarokh et al. [5] triggered research in this area. Several transmission schemes have been proposed that utilize the MIMO channel in different ways. These schemes can be categorized as spatial multiplexing, spatial diversity (space-time coding) and Smart Antennas & beamforming techniques[6]. In spatial multiplexing techniques, information is demultiplexed and independently transmitted over multiple antennas. This will increase the data rate i.e. multiplexing gain is achieved but the diversity gain is reduced because of higher error rate. Spatial diversity techniques transmit the same information over multiple antennas improving error rate and in turn diversity gain is achieved. Using beamforming techniques the antenna beam can be steered in certain desired direction so that signal-to-noise ratio is improved at the receiver. In this paper Performance of some spatial diversity techniques are studied through MATLAB simulations.

This code is called G2 code. The block is then transmitted on two antennas in two time slots. At the receiver a combining scheme allows the symbols to be recovered through simple linear processing. This scheme provides full diversity gain of the order 2M where M is number of receive antennas. 213

International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2012) B. Space Time Block Codes Alamouti scheme was generalized for more than two transmit antennas and is known as Space Time Block Codes (STBC) [7] [8]. Let there be M transmit antennas and Ts represent the number of time slots for transmission of one block of coded symbols. Then the transmission matrix will have M X Ts encoded symbols. Let the modulation scheme used have 2m different symbols. Then the spectral efficiency of the space time codes is given by M.m/Ts bits/s/Hz. Thus we can have following STBC codes. G3 Code : Here we use 3 transmit antennas and 8 time slots per block with transmission matrix The combining schemes used are as per the coding scheme discussed in [7][8]. III. SIMULATION METHODOLOGY The performance of Spatial Diversity techniques is evaluated through Bit Error Rate (BER) Vs SNR plot under various conditions and parameters. The simulation parameters can be varied and the effect of the change can be studied on performance of the system. The various parameters used are Number of transmit and receive antenna, modulation technique, Eb/No ratio, Bit error rate, Channel type. In the simulation results discussed in section IV the channel used is Rayleigh Flat Fading channel under AWGN. It is assumed that the CSI is available at the receiver. The methodology used for simulation is as below 1 Generate data 2 Modulate the data into symbols 3 Encode the symbols as per the MIMO scheme 4 Demultiplex the Encoded data and transmit on different antenna 5 Simulate the Channel and pass the transmitted symbols through it 6 Add noise as per required Eb/No ratio 7 Process the received symbols as per the MIMO scheme 8 Demodulate the symbols and recover the data 9 Compare recovered data with original data to compute Bit Error rate (BER) 10 Repeat above steps for different Eb/No ratios and plot the graph. The number of data items used are depending on frame length which can be varied. Also each BER value is obtained by averaging over number of packets [9] [10]. IV. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS Simulation Results of spatial diversity techniques discussed in section II are obtained and are given below. A. Alamouti Scheme This scheme is studied for 2X1 MIMO and 2X2 MIMO systems for Rayleigh fading channel under AWGN. Two modulation schemes MPSK and MQAM are used for the study. Bit error Rate Vs SNR is plotted as shown in Fig.. 1 to 4. Simulation Results show that Alamouti scheme performs better for 2X2 MIMO. For example we get an advantage of 5 dB for BER of 10-2 in case of QPSK and QAM modulation in case of 2X2 MIMO over 2X1 MIMO.

G4 Code : Here we use 4 transmit antennas and 8 time slots per block with transmission matrix

H3 Code : Here we use 3 transmit antennas and 4 time slots per block with transmission matrix

H4 Code : Here we use 4 transmit antennas and 4 time slots per block with transmission matrix

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Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2012)
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Fig. 1: BER of Alamouti Scheme with MPSK modulation for 2X1 MIMO System
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Fig. 4: BER of Alamouti Scheme with MQAM modulation for 2X2 MIMO System

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B. Space Time Block Codes BER Performance of Various STBC codes discussed in section II are simulated. G3, G4, H3 and H4 coding schemes are implemented and studied. Bit error Rate Vs SNR is plotted as shown in Fig.. 5 to 12. G3 and H3 schemes use three transmit antennas. It can be seen that G3 performs better than H3 Scheme. For example we get an advantage of 3 dB for BER of 10-2 in case of QPSK and QAM modulation in case of G3 over H3. But H3 uses only 4 time slots per block as compared to 8 time slots of G3.
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Fig. 5: BER of G3 Coded STBC with MPSK modulation for 3X1 MIMO System
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Fig. 3: BER of Alamouti Scheme with MPSK modulation for 2X2 MIMO System

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Fig. 6: BER of G3 Coded STBC with MQAM modulation for 3X1 MIMO System
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Fig. 9: BER of H3 Coded STBC with MPSK modulation for 3X1 MIMO System
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V. CONCLUSION
M=2 M=4 M=16 M=32 M=64

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Performance of spatial diversity techniques for MIMO wireless communication system in Rayleigh Fading channel under AWGN are studied through MATLAB simulation. Alamouti scheme is simple and gives better performance as we increase number of receive antennas. BER Performance of G3 and G4 coded STBC scheme is better than H3 and H4 coded STBC schemes respectively. But code rates of H3 and H4 are superior to G3 and G4 coded STBC schemes. REFERENCES
G. J. Foschini, Layered space-time architecture for wireless communication in a fading environment when using multi-element antennas, Bell Syst. Tech. J., pp. 4159, Autumn 1996. [2] G. J. Foschini and M. J. Gans, On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas, Kluwer Wireless Pers. Commun., vol. 6, pp. 311335, Mar. 1998. [3] E. Telatar, Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels, European Trans. Telecom., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 585595, Nov./Dec. 1999. [4] S. M. Alamouti, A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications, IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 14511458, Oct. 1998. [5] V. Tarokh, N. Seshadri, and A. R. Calderbank, Space-time codes for high data rate wireless communication: Performance criterion and code construction, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 744765, Mar. 1998. [6] Jan Mietzner, Robert Schober, Lutz Lampe, Wolfgang H. Gerstacker, Peter A. Hoeher, Multiple-Antenna Techniques for Wireless Communications A Comprehensive Literature Survey, IEEE communications survey and tutorials, Vol II No 2, Second quarter 2009. [7] V. Tarokh, H. Jafarkhani, and A. Calderbank, Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs, IEEE Trans. on Information Theory, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 1456-1467, July 1999. [8] V. Tarokh, H. Jafarkhani, and A. Calderbank, Space-time block codes for wireless Communications: Performance Results, IEEE Trans. On Selected Areas of Communication, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 451-460, March 1999. [9] J G Proakis, M Salehi, G Bauch, Contempoparary Communication Systems using MATLAB and Simulink, Thomson India Edition, 2nd Edition. [10] W H Tranter, K Sam Shanmugam, T S Rappaport, K L Kosbar, Principles of Communication System Simulation with Wireless Applications, Pearson Education. [1]

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Fig. 12: BER of H4 Coded STBC with MQAM modulation for 4X1 MIMO System

G4 and H4 schemes use four transmit antennas. It can be seen that G4 performs better than H4 Scheme. For example we get an advantage of 3 dB for BER of 10 -2 for QPSK and QAM modulation, in case of G4 over H4 coded STBC scheme. But H4 coded STBC scheme uses only 4 time slots per block as compared to 8 time slots of G4.

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