Title: Centrifugal force

1. Introduction Centrifugal force is the force which describes the outward pressure that is exhibited around an object rotating around a central point. Centrifugal force arises due to the property of mass known as inertia - the reluctance of a body to change either its speed or direction. In this experiment, the equipment was designed to determine the centrifugal force. 2. Objective In this experiment, the magnitude of the dependency of centrifugal force is as the conditions below. On the rotational speed On the size of the rotating mass On the radius of rotation 3. Method There are 3 cases respectively. For the first case, the radii and the mass are kept constant at r = 45mm and m= 50 g respectively. The rotational speed was first recorded at 100 rpm and was repeated for speed 200 rpm, 300 rpm and 400 rpm respectively. For the second case, the radii and speed are kept constant at r = 45 mm and N = 250 rpm. The motor was switched on at low speed and then was increased slowly until it reached 250 rpm. The reading was recorded and the procedure was repeated with mass (m) 75 g and 100 g. While for the third case, the mass and speed are kept constant at N = 150 rpm and m= 50 g. The radii value was recorded first at 20 mm and was repeated for radii 45 mm, 70 mm and 95 mm respectively. 4. Theory Centrifugal force formula comes from the Newtons 2nd Law of motion which states that a body moving in a circular path with constant speed must be acted upon by an unbalanced force which is always directed towards the centre. This necessary unbalanced force is called the centripetal force. We can simply put it as F = ma.

A body moving with constant speed in a circular path is continuously accelerated towards the centre of rotation. The magnitude of acceleration is given by a= = r.

Where v is the constant speed (v = ) and r is the radius of the circular path. The magnitude of the centripetal force on an object of mass m moving at a speed v along a path with radius of curvature r is given by: F= 5. Data collection Table 1 Mass = 50 g Radius = 45 mm Trial Speed (rpm) 1 2 3 4 100 200 300 400 = r

Error % 1 1.30 2.40 4.00 6.70 2 1.50 2.30 3.90 6.60 3 1.60 2.50 4.00 6.80 avg 1.47 2.40 3.97 6.70 0.25 0.99 2.22 3.95

Systematic error(N) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Table 2 Radii = 45 mm Speed = 250 rpm Trial Mass (g) 1 2 3 50 75 100 1 2 3 avg 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.1 2.8 3.2 2.4 2.8 5.4 5.2 5.3 5.3 1.54 2.31 3.08

Error %

Systematic error(N) 0.9 0.7 0.5

Table 3 Mass = 50 g Speed = 150 rpm Trial Speed (rpm) 1 2 3 4 100 200 300 400

Error % 1 1.10 1.70 3.00 2.80 2 1.20 1.90 2.90 2.70 3 1.10 1.80 2.80 2.80 avg 1.13 1.80 2.90 2.77 0.25 0.56 0.86 1.17

Systematic error(N) 0.3 0.5 0.5 1.0

6. Analysis & data interpretation In order to calculate the value of F, speed N needs to be change to

Rpm x
To calculate error %, we must subtract the systematic error with After that, we do as below. Error = | | x 100%

7. Conclusion Centrifugal force is dependent to the three aspects which is rotational speed, size of the rotating mas and the radius of rotation. 8. Question I.

Centrifugal Force against Mass

3.5 3 2.5

Force (N)

2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 20 40 60 Mass (g) 80 100 120 Experimental

Centrifugal Force against Speed

450 400 350

Force (N)

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Experimental

Speed (rpm)

Centrifugal Force against Radii

1.4 1.2 1

Force (N)

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Experimental

Radii (mm)

II. III. IV.

Examples are like in centrifugal casting and washing machines We can simply say that centripetal force is a centre seeking force while centrifugal force is a centre fleeing force. First we take the reading already displayed and then we can just add the error to the value we want to find. Example, if the error is 34.5 rpm, we should just add it to the value that we want which is 100 rpm. So we should record the value for 134.5 rpm.

9. References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_force http://www.assignmenthelp.net/assignment_help/centripetal-force.php http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/%E2%80%8Chbase/cf.html