List of Map Projections

List of map projections - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
4/12/13 9:37 PM
List of map projections

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This list/table provides an overview of the most significant map projections, including those listed on Wikipedia. It is sortable by the main fields. Inclusion in the table is subjective, as there is no definitive list of map projections.
Contents
1 Table of Projections 2 Key 2.1 Type of Projection 2.2 Properties
Table of Projections
Projection Images Type Properties Creator Year Notes Simplest geometry; distances along meridians are conserved. Cylindrical Compromise Marinus of Tyre 120 AD Plate carre: (c.) special case having the equator as the standard parallel. Lines of constant bearing (rhumb lines) are straight, aiding navigation. Areas inflate with latitude, becoming so extreme that the map cannot show the poles. This transverse, ellipsoidal form of the Mercator is finite, unlike the equatorial Mercator. Forms the basis of the Universal
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Equirectangular
= equidistant cylindrical = rectangular = la carte paralllogrammatique
Mercator
= Wright
Cylindrical
Conformal
Gerardus Mercator
1569
GaussKrger
= Gauss conformal = (Ellipsoidal) Transverse Mercator
Carl Friedrich Gauss Cylindrical Conformal Johann Heinrich Louis Krger 1822
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections
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Transverse Mercator system. Intended to resemble the Mercator while also displaying the poles. Standard parallels at 45N/S. Braun is horizontally stretched version with scale correct at equator. Intended to resemble the Mercator while also displaying the poles. Standard parallel at the equator. Aspect ratio of (3.14). Base projection of the cylindrical equalarea family. Horizontally compressed version of the Lambert equalearea. Has standard parallels at 30N/S and an aspect ration of 2.36. Horizontally compressed version of the Lambert Equal area. Very similar are Trystan Edwards and Smyth equal surface (= Craster rectangular) projections with standard parallels at around 37N/S. Aspect ratio of ~2.0.
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Gall stereographic
similar to Braun
Cylindrical
Compromise James Gall
1885
Miller
= Miller cylindrical
Cylindrical
Compromise
Osborn Maitland Miller
1942
Lambert cylindrical equalarea
Cylindrical
Equal-area
Johann Heinrich Lambert
1772
Behrmann
Cylindrical
Equal-area
Walter Behrmann 1910
Hobo-Dyer
Cylindrical
Equal-area
Mick Dyer
2002
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GallPeters
= Gall orthographic = Peters
James Gall Cylindrical Equal-area (Arno Peters) 1855
Horizontally compressed version of the Lambert equalarea. Standard parallels at 45N/S. Aspect ratio of ~1.6. Similar is Balthasart projection with standard parallels at 50N/S. Meridians are sinusoids; parallels are equally spaced. Aspect ratio of 2:1. Distances along parallels are conserved. Meridians are ellipses.
Sinusoidal
= Sanson-Flamsteed = Mercator equalarea
1600 Pseudocylindrical Equal-area (Several; first is unknown) (c.)
Mollweide
= elliptical = Babinet = homolographic
Pseudocylindrical Equal-area
Karl Brandan Mollweide
1805
Eckert II
Max EckertGreifendorff
1906 Parallels are unequal in spacing and scale; outer meridians are semicircles; other meridians are semiellipses. Parallels are unequal in spacing and scale; meridians are half-period sinusoids. Hybrid of Sinusoidal and Mollweide projections. Usually used in interrupted form.
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Eckert IV
1906
Eckert VI
1906
Goode homolosine
John Paul Goode
1923
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Kavrayskiy VII
Pseudocylindrical Compromise V. V. Kavrayskiy 1939
Evenly spaced parallels. Equivalent to Wagner VI horizontally compressed by a factor of . Computed by interpolation of tabulated values. Used by Rand McNally since inception and used by NGS 198898. A family of map projections that includes as special cases Mollweide projection, Collignon projection, and the various cylindrical equalarea projections. Equivalent to Kavrayskiy VII vertically compressed by a factor of . Depending on configuration, the projection also may map the sphere to a single diamond or a pair of squares. Hybrid of Collignon + Lambert cylindrical equalarea Meridians are parabolas. Standard parallels at 3646!N/S; parallels are
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Robinson
Pseudocylindrical Compromise
Arthur H. Robinson
1963
Tobler hyperelliptical
Waldo R. Tobler
1973
Wagner VI
Pseudocylindrical Compromise K.H. Wagner
Collignon
Pseudocylindrical Equal-Area
douardCollignon
1865 (c.)
HEALPix
Polyhedral
Equal-area
Craster Parabolic
=Reinhold Putni P4
John Craster
1929
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unequal in spacing and scale; 2:1 Aspect. Standard parallels at 3345!N/S; parallels are unequal in spacing and scale; meridians are fourth-order curves. Distortion-free only where the standard parallels intersect the central meridian. Parallels are unequal in spacing and scale. No distortion along the equator. Meridians are fourth-order curves. Standard parallels 45N/S. Parallels based on Gall orthographic, but with curved meridians. Developed for Bartholomew Ltd., The Times Atlas. From the designated centre, lines of constant bearing (rhumb lines/loxodromes) are straight and have the correct length. Generally asymmetric about the equator. Stretching of modified equatorial azimuthal equidistant map. Boundary is 2:1
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Flat Polar Quartic

= McBryde-Thomas #4
Felix W. McBryde and Paul Thomas
1949
Karl Siemon Quartic Authalic Pseudocylindrical Equal-area Oscar Adams
1937 1944
The Times
Pseudocylindrical Compromise John Muir
1965
Loximuthal
Pseudocylindrical
Karl Siemon, Waldo Tobler
1935, 1966
Aitoff
Pseudoazimuthal Compromise David A. Aitoff
1889
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ellipse. Largely superseded by Hammer. Modified from azimuthal equalarea equatorial map. Boundary is 2:1 ellipse. Variants are oblique versions, centred on 45N. Arithmetic mean of the equirectangular projection and the Aitoff projection. Standard world projection for the NGS 1998present. Boundary is a circle. All parallels and meridians are circular arcs. Usually clipped near 80N/S. Standard world projection of the NGS 1922-88.
Hammer
= Hammer-Aitoff variations: Briesemeister; Nordic
Pseudoazimuthal Equal-area
Ernst Hammer
1892
Winkel tripel
Pseudoazimuthal Compromise Oswald Winkel
1921
Van der Grinten
Other
Compromise
Alphons J. van der Grinten
1904
Equidistant conic projection

= simple conic
Conic
Equidistant
Based on Ptolemys 1st Projection
Distances along meridians are conserved, as is 100 (c.) distance along one or two standard parallels[1]
Lambert conformal conic
Conic
Conformal
1772
Albers conic
Conic
Equal-Area
Heinrich C. Albers
1805
Two standard parallels with low distortion between them.
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Werner Pseudoconical Equal-area Johannes Stabius
1500 (c.)
Distances from the North Pole are correct as are the curved distances along parallels.
Bonne
= Cordiform (heartshaped)
Pseudoconical
Equal-area
Bernardus Sylvanus
1511
Parallels are equally spaced circular arcs and standard lines. Appearance depends on reference parallel. General case of both Werner and sinusoidal
Alternative to the Bonne projection with simpler overall shape Bottomley Pseudoconical Equal-area Henry Bottomley 2003 Parallels are elliptical arcs Appearance depends on reference parallel. Distances along the parallels are preserved as are distances along the central meridian. Used by the USGS in the National Atlas of the United States of America. Distances from centre are conserved.
American polyconic
Pseudoconical
Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler
1820 (c.)
Azimuthal equidistant
=Postel zenithal equidistant
Azimuthal
Equidistant
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Gnomonic
Azimuthal
Gnonomic
Thales of Greece (possibly)
All great circles map to straight 580 BC lines. Extreme distortion far (c.) from the center. Shows less than one hemisphere.
Lambert azimuthal equalarea
Azimuthal
Equal-Area
1772
The straight-line distance between the central point on the map to any other map is the same as the straight-line 3D distance through the globe between the two points.
Stereographic
Azimuthal
Conformal
Hipparchos (deployed)
Map is infinite in extent with outer hemisphere inflating severely, so it is often used as two 200 BC hemispheres. (c.) Maps all small circles to circles, which is useful for planetary mapping to preserve the shapes of craters.
Orthographic
Azimuthal
Hipparchos (deployed)
200 BC View from an (c.) infinite distance.
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Vertical perspective
Azimuthal
Matthias Seutter (deployed)
1740
View from a finite distance. Can only display less than a hemisphere.
Two-point equidistant
Azimuthal
Equidistant
Hans Maurer
1919
Two "control points" can be arbitrarily chosen. The two straight-line distances from any point on the map to the two control points are correct.
Peirce quincuncial
Other
Conformal
Charles Sanders Peirce
1879
Guyou hemisphere-in-asquare projection Adams hemisphere-in-asquare projection
Other
Conformal
mile Guyou
1887
Other
Conformal
Oscar Sherman Adams
1925
B.J.S. Cahill's Butterfly Map

Polyhedral
Bernard Joseph Compromise Stanislaus Cahill

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Waterman butterfly projection quadrilateralized spherical cube Dymaxion map
Polyhedral Polyhedral
Compromise Steve Waterman Equal-area Buckminster Fuller
Polyhedral
Compromise
1943 Projects the globe onto a myriahedron: a polyhedron with a very large number of faces.[2][3]
Myriahedral projections
Polyhedral
Jack van Wijk
Craig retroazimuthal
= Mecca
Retroazimuthal
James Ireland Craig
1909
Hammer retroazimuthal, front hemisphere
Retroazimuthal
Ernst Hammer
1910
Hammer retroazimuthal, back hemisphere
Retroazimuthal
Ernst Hammer
1910
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Littrow
Retroazimuthal
Joseph Johann Littrow
1833
Key
Main article: Map_projection The designation deployed means popularisers/users rather than necessarily creators. The type of projection and the properties preserved by the projection use the following categories:
Type of Projection
Cylindrical: In standard presentation, these map regularly-spaced meridians to equally spaced vertical lines, and parallels to horizontal lines. Pseudocylindrical: In standard presentation, these map the central meridian and parallels as straight lines. Other meridians are curves (or possibly straight from pole to equator), regularly spaced along parallels. Pseudoazimuthal: In standard presentation, pseudoazimuthal projections map the equator and central meridian to perpendicular, intersecting straight lines. They map parallels to complex curves bowing away from the equator, and meridians to complex curves bowing in toward the central meridian. Listed here after pseudocylindrical as generally similar to them in shape and purpose. Conic: In standard presentation, conic (or conical) projections map meridians as straight lines, and parallels as arcs of circles. Pseudoconical: In standard presentation, pseudoconical projections represent the central meridian as a straight line, other meridians as complex curves, and parallels as circular arcs. Azimuthal: In standard presentation, azimuthal projections map meridians as straight lines and parallels as complete, concentric circles. They are radially symmetrical. In any presentation (or aspect), they preserve directions from the center point. This means great circles through the central point are represented by straight lines on the map. Other: Typically calculated from formula, and not based on a particular projection Polyhedral maps: Polyhedral maps can be folded up into a polyhedral approximation to the sphere, using particular projection to map each face with low distortion. Retroazimuthal: Direction to a fixed location B (by the shortest route) corresponds to the direction on the map from A to B.
Properties
Conformal: Preserves angles locally, implying that locally shapes are not disorted. Equal Area: Areas are conserved. Compromise: Neither conformal or equal-area, but a balance intended to reduce overall distortion. Equidistant: All distances from one (or two) points are correct. Other equidistant properties are mentioned in the notes. Gnomonic: All great circles are straight lines.
1. ^ Carlos A. Furuti. Conic Projections: Equidistant Conic Projections (http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjCon/projCon.html#EqdCon)
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2. ^ Jarke J. van Wijk. "Unfolding the Earth: Myriahedral Projections". [1] (http://www.win.tue.nl/~vanwijk/myriahedral/) 3. ^ Carlos A. Furuti. "Interrupted Maps: Myriahedral Maps". [2] (http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjInt/projInt.html#MyriahedralMaps)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_map_projections&oldid=545767005" Categories: Cartographic projections This page was last modified on 20 March 2013 at 20:07. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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