CCTV Basic Training

CCTV System Components: CCTV Basic Components Camera and Lens Transmission & Monitoring Video Management Digital Video Concept

Basic
How do we see things?
Light Sensor Light Source Foot Candle (Lux)

Foot Lambert
(Nits)

Light Source Measurement

Sensitivity , measured in foot candles or lux indicates the minimum light level required to get an acceptable video picture. Minimum scene illumination indicates the minimum light required at the scene to get an acceptable video picture.

Illumination
Illumination is not a measure of light strength strength or light power power. The measure of light power power, such as how much light is radiated, for example by a 100W bulb, is termed luminous flux and luminous intensity. The unit of luminous flux is the lumen and the unit of luminous intensity is the candela. One candela of radiated light is approximately equal to the light radiated by a common candle. One lux is equal to one candela illuminating an object at a (point to point) distance of one meter.

Camera and Lens

The Light Sensor

CCD = Charge Coupled Device
The Chip is made up of Light sensors sensors They react to the differences of light Intensity and cause the changes in voltage
P HO T O S E NS O R V E RT ICA L S HIFT RE G IS T E R (P IX E L )

0.7V =100 IRE 0.3V =40 IRE 1 Vp-p=140 IRE

O UT P UT A M P L IFIE R HO RIZO NT A L S HIFT RE G IS T E R

INTERLINE TRANSFER SYSTEM

CCD Chip
LIGHT INPUT

CCD SAMPLING

ANALOG STORAGE REGISTER

READOUT REGISTER

OUTPUT AMP

AN ALOG VID EO OUT

DIG ITAL CLOCKING AND CONTROL

Advantage: Small Size, Lower Production Costs, Robust physical Construction Condition: Sensitivity to light

The available CCD Chip in market

The Size of the CCD Chip is in Inches Width to height ratio is 4:3 (16:9)

8,8mm

6,4mm

4,8mm

3,6mm

2/3

6,6

1/2

4,8

1/3

3,6

1/4

2,7

Attention! Be careful which size lens is chosen for the camera.

The light is gathered

100 % 75% CCD CAME RA HUMAN EYE 50%

25%

0% 400 BLUE 500 600 700 RED 800 900 WAVELENGTH (nm)

GREEN YELLOW MERCU RY MULTIVAPOR SODIUM VAPOR

UV
FLUORESCENT (DAYLIGHT) TUNGSTEN LIGHT

INFRARED

B/W-Cameras collect the B/Wlight also the invisible light so called IR light Infra red spectrum Color Cameras work only with corrected illumination The best light is daylight Not only is the amount of light important but also the type of light The closer the light source is to actual sunlight, the better the picture quality will be

REL A TI VE RE SPO NS E

Why aren't color cameras as sensitive as BW cameras?

Cameraelectronics

Lens IR-Blocking filter

CCD Chip Color filter

IR-Light reduces the Quality of the Color signals and that is why it is filtered

CCD Refreshing Operations

0.7V =100 IRE 0.3V =40 IRE 1 Vp-p=140 IRE

As CCD receive light, it builds up electric charge in each of its its cells. The charge in each cell must be refreshed or it will become saturated and produce no picture. The process of refreshing is done line by line. Odd lines was refreshed refreshed first before the even lines. This method of refreshing is called Interlacing. The refresh signal was sent line by line through transmission medium. medium. The more the CCD cells, the more the signal line, that is why the measurement for CCD cell resolution is TV Line . TV Line measurement only applied to Analog camera. IP cameras, because they work in different way, do not use TV Line as measurement, instead they use Pixel.

The CCTV lens has four basic functions:

Lens Format Focal Length Control Iris Control BackBack -Focus Control

Lens mounting setting (C-mount vs. CS-mount)

Focal Point of CS Lens CS Lens XX C Lens Focal Point of C Lens

Flange

12.5 Surface mm 17.526 mm

C LENS: The one time industry standard lens with an imager focal point to flange surface distance of 17.526mm CS LENS: A smaller lens used with 1/2" and smaller cameras with an imager focal point to flange surface distance of 12.5mm. CS-Mount CS-Mount
Lens Camera CCD-Chip Back Focus 12,497 mm

Simply stated, the focal point of the lens is the point where the lens focuses. The camera's imager needs to be positioned at the focal point of the C or CS lens to produce a focused image.

Lens Format
A lens is designed to fill an imager (CCD) with light. (Lens Function 1) Each lens is formatted to a particular imager size (1/3, 1/2, 2/3).
1/2" Format Lens 1/2" imager
Both imagers are filled with light

1/3" Format Lens 1/3" imager

Lens Format: Do and Dont

Always use a lens format equal to or greater than the camera imager format.
1/2" Format Lens 1/3" imager 1/2" imager
Both imagers are filled with light

Do NOT use lens formats smaller than the cameras imager formats. This will NOT fill the imager with light.
1/3" Format Lens
Edges of image will be dark - no light

1/2" imager

Focal Length: Surveillance

Surveillance / Monitoring with an angle range of 1 to 8 mm (approx.) (you will only see but not recognise a person or an object)

Focal Length: Observation Observation

with a range higher than 6 mm (approx.), you can recognise a person person or an object)

Lens Basic Formula

LENS FOCAL LENGTH (mm) IMAGER FORMAT DISTANCE IN FEET * FIELD of VIEW

(mm)

(Ft) *

Distance (ft)* Lens (mm) = X Imager Format (mm) Field of View (ft)*

2/3" 1/2
6.6 mm 4.8 mm

1/3"
3.7 mm

1/4
2.4 mm 3.2 mm

8.8 mm

6.4 mm

4.9 mm

*Feet (FT) or meters(M) could be used in calculations, provided that the same unit of measure is used throughout the formula.

Camera/Lens Field of View

Common viewing angles and associated camera formats
Horiz. View 80 degrees 60 degrees 30 degrees 15 degrees Variable

Reference Ex. Wide Angle Wide angle Std. View Telephoto Zoom

Application Elevators, wide viewing area Small lobbies, check outs Lobbies, general views Hallways, corridors Detailed, distant views

1/3 1/2" 2/3 < 2.8 mm < 3.7 mm < 6 mm 4 mm 6 mm 8 mm 8 mm 12 mm 16 mm > 12 mm > 16 mm > 25 mm 5.8-58 mm 7.7-75 mm 10-100 mm

General rule: the smaller the focal length number, the wider an area will be covered

Focal Control
Fixed Focal Length Lens
Advantage Price (approx. 15.00 cheaper than Varifocal) Physical size is smaller

Disadvantage Fixed focal length The planning is more difficult not as flexible

Use For projects like tunnel, casino, Outside applications, etc. About 30%

Varifocal Length Lens

Advantage Changes the angle every time, manual zoom Nearly a zoom lens, but with a smaller zoom ratio Lower assembling costs Disadvantage More expensive (approx. 15.00 than Fixed lenses) Physical size is bigger Not suited for all applications (zoom ratio)

Focal Control
Use For projects like shops, industries, outside applications, etc. About 65%

Zoom lens
Advantage Changes the angle every time, usually motorized zoom ratio is high

Focal Control
Disadvantage Expensive (approx. 250.00) Physical size is biggest Special applications needed Use Special projects Outside applications About 5%

Iris Mechanisms
A) No Iris -Has a non adjustable iris, "fixed" F-Stop, and can not adjust to varying lighting conditions. B) Manual Iris -Has an adjustable iris. Level is determined by the installer at setup, at the camera location. C) Motorized Iris -Has an adjustable iris. Level is determined by the operator, or level controller. D) Auto-Iris -Has an adjustable iris. Level is determined by the video content, requiring connections to camera signal levels. Automatic operation is maintained within the lens. E) Direct Drive Iris -Has an adjustable iris. Level is determined by the video content, requiring camera to contain auto iris control circuitry. Automatic operation is maintained within the camera.

Iris Control Auto Iris (DC)

Advantage Not an ideal position of the camera Strong back light Changing light conditions (dark light) Connector is standardised Disadvantage More expensive (approx. 10.00) Physical size is bigger than manual iris Unsightly cable and connector Use All projects and applications About 75%

Lens Aperture F-Stop

LIGHT TRANSMISSION BY LENS

decrease

increase

f/300* f/64* f/5.6

f/4

f/2.8

f/1.4

f/1.0

f/0.8

(Typical f-Stop values)

-The larger the number, the smaller the opening, resulting in a change in light to the imager. -*Higher f/stop values utilize spot filters to operate in brighter light conditions. -Lenses are typically rated in an f/stop range; low - high (example: f/1.4-f/300)

Depth of Field Change with aperture change

f 300
DaylightSmall Aperture opening

f 1.4
EveningAperture Fully OPEN

Aspherical Technology
An aspherical lens focuses the light passing through its centre and the light passing through its edges on a single point. This results in crisp, sharply focused images, and the effective useful relative lens aperture is thereby increased by up to 2 aperture steps.
Compensation for Spherical Aberration

Image Place

Spherical lens

Image Plane

Aspherical Lens

IR corrected lenses
Visible Light and Infra Red light do not focus at the same point on CCD because of the difference of the wavelength.
Standard Lens used under IR light conditions with Day/Night camera:
Visible Light Focal Plane IR Light Focal Plane

Day & Night Lens used under IR light conditions with Day/Night camera:

IR Light

IR Light

Visible Light

Visible Light

Result: Blurry Image

Result: Sharp Image

The Difference between Standard Lens vs. IR corrected Lens

Day & Night Lens

Day time

Night time

Standard Lens

Knowing your camera

Electronic Shutter 2. Automatic Gain Control 3. Auto White Balance 4. Back Light Compensation 5. Wide Dynamic Range 6. Lens Mounting Set
1.

Electronic Shutter Operations

Under normal operations the camera/imager samples light and produces an image 60 times a second (50 times for PAL/CCIR). The electronic shutter allows the camera to sample this light at faster rates providing a stop action effect while viewing moving objects. Automatic Shutter operations allow the camera to automatically change the shutter rate in proportion to the amount of light seen by the imager. The faster the shutter rate will lower amount of light charge, effectively reducing the light level output of the camera. This allows manual iris lenses to be used in varying light conditions. Automatic Shutter operation should not be used in conjunction with AutoAuto-Iris lenses.
Slow shutter speed

Fast shutter speed

Automatic Gain Control (AGC)

AGC regulates the Voltage Level (For lower light conditions you can raise the db level. The Higher the db the more sensitive to low light.
0.7V =100 IRE 0.3V =40 IRE 1 Vp-p=140 IRE

Camera circuitry used to increase the sensitivity of the camera allowing it to produce an image in low levels of illumination. When ON ON AGC will provide an image in reduce light levels. This will also increase the signal noise levels and could be considered objectionable. AGC can be switched off increasing the signalsignal-to to-noise ratio but in turn reducing the sensitivity at low light levels.

Auto White Balance

ATW Automatic Tracing White Balance Auto white balance function follows the change of light from the object. This mode is the feedback system that automatically aligns the white balance. ( Operating Range 2,800K ~ 8,000K) AWB(AWC) The auto white balance function is provided with an orange-cyan axis offset adjustment and 64 segment photometric area designation. This mode perform more faster action than ATW mode without operating range. MANUAL Manual R and B adjustment possible. This mode is used for manual adjustment of white balance.

Back Light Compensation (BLC)

When the field of view contains a large brightly lit background and a smaller dimly lit foreground object the normal response of the camera/lens camera/lens is to reduce the light level across both areas. This would cause the smaller foreground area to be dark and undefinable. With backlight compensation ON ON camera circuitry will automatically adjust the cameras shutter operation within the foreground area to provide a usable picture in both areas.

Back light compensation OFF

Back light compensation ON

Normal

Wide Dynamic Range

Usage of latest DSP technology ( SONY SS2SS2WD) improved extended dynamic feature provides optimum picture information where standard cameras come up with overover - and/or underexposed picture areas

BLC

WDR

Can you tell the difference? Back Light Compensation Normal Mode

Wide Dynamic

Video Transmission Maximum Transmission Distance:

Coaxial : 500 m

Twisted pair : 1500 m

Fiber Optic m

: 20000

Coaxial Cable Characteristics

Pure copper center conductor Copper braid with at least 95% coverage Stranded where excessive cable movement

For optimum coax operation ALWAYS use a coax with a pure copper center conductor with at least a 95% copper shield.

RG 59 RG 6 RG 11

: Maximum Distance, 200 m : Maximum Distance, 350 m : Maximum Distance, 500 m

When to use Coaxial cable

Advantages: Low cost Simple to cable, simple handling PointPoint -to to-point connection No maintenance required No active amplifier required Disadvantages: Large space required due to wide diameter of cable Signal interference from electroelectro-magnetic sources Limited range: up to 200 m depending on cable specification Lightning protection expensive Separate cable required for control

Video Signal Termination

COAX

75 Ohm Termination

Correct Good Termination

Video Signal Termination with Multiple ends

OR

INPUT

COAX

75 Ohm Termination
OUTPUT

Correct Good Termination

Video Distribution Amp

Video Signal No Termination

PHILIPS

Lack of termination causes the video to not terminate at the last monitor, but reflect off the input and cause a ghosting effect on the first monitor.

(NC)

COAX
75 Ohm Termination

The unterminated signal may overdrive the monitor and wash-out the picture and/or cause distortion.

INCORRECT

Video Signal Double Termination

PHILIPS

Double termination weakens the signal. This will result in a faded picture. If the signal strength is low, due to long cable runs (etc.), the monitor could lose the sync signal required to lock onto the picture, causing the picture to vertically roll.
75 Ohm Terminations

COAX

INCORRECT

Twisted Cable Transmission

1 pair of Twisted cable
Transmitter

1 pair of Twisted cable

Receiver

When to use Twisted pair cable

Advantages: Range up to 1500 m More resistant to Electromagnetic interference compared to Coaxial Coaxial Uses existing cable infrastructure Small space required due to narrow diameter of cable CostCost -effective for medium distances Control data can be transmitted on the same line Disadvantages: Active elements (transmitter and receiver required) Maintenance required (temperature(temperature-dependent)

2 types of Twisted Pair Converters

Passive Twisted pair converter: Use no power. Maximum transmission is 300 m Commonly used in short distance but high Electromagnetic interference interference environment, for example the Lift shaft. Active Twisted pair converter: Use power. Maximum transmission is 1500 m Commonly used for its longer range transmission and Electromagnetic Electromagnetic interference function.
Transmitter

Fiber Optic Transmission

12 VDC
SI EM EN S

POWER GRD 4 + 12 VDC 3 VIDEO IN 2 VIDEO GRD 1

4 3 2 1

Fiber Optic

CT F - R M- 2 3 0 2 GF 5 4 0 8 - 8 C A CT F 2 1 4 1 - R M 2 GF 5 4 0 7 - 8 C D

IN PU T:
2 3 0 VAC - . 2 5 A5 0 / 6 0 HZ

OU TPU T:
G AC 2 0 A VC- 5 0 / 6 0 HZ - 3 A

O P WE R

CARR I ER

O P WE R

SI EM EN S

SIEMENS

When to use Fiber Optic

Advantages: Range up to 69 km Immune to Electromagnetic interference. Secure against tapping Low pallet and fire load (weight) No maintenance required Multiple transmission of signals possible Disadvantages: Higher cost (material and handling) Active elements (transmitter and receiver required) Significant effort and expense involved with changes in camera location Special installation training required

2 model of Fiber Optic Transmission

Multi mode Fiber Optic transmission model: Maximum transmission is 4000 m The Fiber is more expensive while the Converter is cheaper compared to Single mode

Multimode 62.5/125 micron 50/125 micron Singlemode 9/125 micron

Single mode Fiber Optic transmission model: Maximum transmission is 60000 m The Fiber is cheaper while the converter is more expensive compared to Multi mode

TCP/IP Transmission (LAN/WAN/Web)

Decoder

Controller IP-Network

Encoder

Camera

When to use TCP/IP transmission

Advantages: Uses existing network structures and hardware No range limit within the network Internet integration possible Disadvantages: Hardware cost Bandwidth restriction for image transmission speed Bandwidth restriction for image transmission quality

Typical format used in TCP/IP transmission

Picture transmission formats: Higher Security, larger bandwidth required. Wavelet MJPEG Motion transmission formats : Lower security, smaller bandwidth required. MPEGMPEG -1 MPEGMPEG -2 MPEGMPEG -4

Video Management
We have got the image captured and safely transmitted to our Control Room.
What we are going to do with them?

Video Management System

Based on the principle of Cost Saving and Efficiency, The Video management must allow the guards to view as many cameras as possible possible with as few monitors as possible within the least investment as possible. When viewing camera every operator must pick one function by sacrificing sacrificing another: 1. To view one camera at a time in cycles with clearer image 2. To view all cameras at the same time with less clear image 3. To record all cameras and view all later with clearer image.

Video Switcher
1 2

Video Switcher allows the operator to view one camera at one time time in cycles with full image

Multiplexer
1

16

Multiplexer allows the operator to view all cameras at the same time with compressed image

Matrix
1

16

Matrix is the same with Video Switcher, but it is programmable and and the size is usually bigger.

Time Lapse VCR

1

16

For recording purpose, A VCR is connected to a multiplexer or video video switcher to view later. To save cost on recording media, the recording recording is usually set to Time lapse motion.

DVR
LAN / WAN ISDN ADSL

Alarm button

DVR

Screen

The advancement of Digital Technology creates a new equipment which combined all the functions of multiplexer, video switcher, and VCR in a single system called Digital Video Recorder (DVR).

NVR
Video Encoder Video Encoder Video Encoder Video Encoder Video Encoder
NVR NVR NVR

Video Decoder

NVR

Video Decoder

Video Encoder TCP/IP

The integration of security system with the Information Technology Technology (IT) start a new generation of DVR called Network Video Recorder (NVR). NVR system transmit the Video signal in full TCP/IP. NVR possesses possesses all DVR capabilities plus the advantage of integration into IT advance advance advantages.

IV. Digital Video Concept

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Basic data communication: Dry contact, RS232, RS422, RS485, TCP/IP. TCP/IP. Protocols: PelcoPelco-D, PelcoPelco-P, Panasonic, TTY, VCL, Ultrak. TCP/IP basic hardware: Switch, Router, Gateway. Inside your Server: Bandwidth and Bottleneck. Resolution vs. frame rate. CIF vs. ips Digital Video formats: Wavelet, MJPEG, MPEG. TCP/IP access through: LAN, WAN, Internet. Integrated Security concept. Integrated Security in application.

Protocol
When we need to talk to another people, in order that both of us to understand each other, both of us need to agree to use the same language which both of us can understand. When an electronic machine need to communicate with another machine, mach ine, in order for the data do not get lost in the way, both of the machines machines need to agree to use the same rule of communication. This rule is called Protocol. The Protocol can consist of: The level of voltage and current used. The way to access the communication medium. The format of the data used in the communication. etc.

Protocol
There are many Protocols created, based on the standard made by International Standard Organization (ISO), 7 levels of protocol are defined, they are: Physical protocol : RS232, RS485, RS422, RJ45 Datalink protocol, which are divided into: Medium Access Control : Ethernet, Token ring Logical Link Control : Odd/even parity, CRC check Network protocol : IP (Internet Protocol) Transport protocol : TCP (Transport Control Protocol) Session protocol : Simplex, Duplex, Half Duplex Presentation protocol : Firewall Application protocol : email, www, ftp In order so that 2 machine can communicate, all 7 protocol MUST BE THE SAME.

1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Physical Protocol: RS-232

TX RX GND TX RX GND

RS-232 is a Physical Protocol. RSRSRS -232 communicate in full Duplex. 2 devices connected with RSRS-232 must have common ground. The basic connection consists of 3 wirings, TX, RX, and GND. In the wiring the TX in one device goes to the RX of the other device. device. The opposite also the same. Maximum distance of transmission is 12 m.

Physical Protocol: RS-422

TX-A TX-B RX-A RX-B TX-A TX-B RX-A RX-B

RS-422 is a Physical Protocol. RSRSRS -422 communicate in Full Duplex 2 devices communicate with RSRS-422 do not need to have common ground. The basic connection consists of 4 wirings, TXTX-A, TXTX-B, RXRX-A, and RXRX-B. In the wiring the TXTX-A and TXTX-B in one device goes to the RXRX-A and RXRX-B of the other device. The opposite also the same. Maximum distance of transmission is 1200 m.

Physical Protocol: RS-485

A Termination 120 ohm B B A Termination 120 ohm

RS-485 is a Physical Protocol. RSRSRS -485 communicate in Half Duplex 2 devices communicate with RSRS-485 do not need to have common ground. It is possible to connect many devices with a single RSRS-485. The basic connection consists of 2 wirings, A and B. In the wiring the A goes to A and B goes to B on the other device device and so on. At last and the beginning the devices must be terminated with resistors 120 ohm. Maximum distance of transmission is 1200 m.

PTZ control high level protocols

Every brand produce usually produce their own High Level Protocols Protocols to control the PTZ driver. These are several most common high level protocol we usually found found in market are: PelcoPelco -D PelcoPelco -P Panasonic VCL Sensormatic Diamond / KD6 Vicon JVC Typically all PTZ protocols use RS485 as their Physical Protocol. Protocol.

MJPEG vs. MPEG

MJPEG
Similar to a digital still picture camera. MJPEG consists on captured captured picture compressed frame by frame into JPEG format. Each individual picture picture is a compressed picture and all have guaranteed image quality.

MPEG
Simply described, MPEG basic principle is to compare 2 compressed compressed image and transmit the difference only. Using the first picture as reference ref erence frame and only sending the part of the following images that is differ from the reference picture.

MJPEG
Advantages: 1. Guaranteed image quality. If bandwidth is reduced, image quality is maintained at the cost of frame rate. Image quality remains constant regardless of image complexity. Clear on each individual images. 2. LessLess -computation computation-intensive. Many channels can be decoded and shown simultanously on a PC monitor. Less cost spent on the encoding and decoding equipments. equipments. Faster and simpler to perform content searches and do image manipulation. Disadvantages: 1. Higher bandwidth consumption at frame rate > 5fps. 2. Higher storage requirement at frame rate > 5 fps.

MPEG
Advantages: 1. Constant frame rate. Real time frame rate can be maintained If bandwidth is reduced, frame rate is maintained at the cost of image quality. Good for surveillance, not good for recording. 2. Lower bandwidth and storage consumption at > 5 fps. Disadvantages: 1. Higher cost. Complex compression. Requires more costly PC and equipments for encoding and decoding. Fewer channels can be displayed simultanously in a monitor. Licensing restriction. No free viewers. 2. Lower reliability video. If bandwidth goes down below a certain threshold, all video is lost. lost. Higher latency. Potential lagging problem when viewing live video video and PTZ control. What you see is not always what you get. Designed for realreal-time viewing, but not good for recording and video analysis.

CIF - Resolution metric for Digital System

MPEG Video Compression

MPEG-1 (1993): MPEGAveragely 1.5 Mbit/sec at CIF Frame rate is locked at 25 frame per second (PAL). MPEG-2 (1994): MPEGLarger and higher quality picture. The best quality picture so far. far. Frame rate is locked at 25 frame per second (PAL) MPEG-4 (2000) MPEGMulti method of compressions. MPEGMPEG -4 SP, MPEGMPEG-4 ASP, and MPEGMPEG-4 AVC. Variable frame rate possible.

Single Picture-Compression is already included in today's Video Standards

The advancement of picture compression.

Singular standard

Video standard

newest Video standard

64 Kbit/Pic

20 Kbit/Pic

10 Kbit/Pic

http://de.wi kipedi a.org/wi ki/Verlustbehaftete_D atenkompression

What Format should I choose?

1.

Choose MJPEG if: Picture quality is more important than Frame rate. Bandwidth is not guaranteed (Shared Network). Frame rate <5 frame per second is acceptable. Choose MPEGMPEG-4 if: Frame rate is more important than picture quality. High Bandwidth is available. Frame rate >10 frame per second is required.

2.