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CONTENTS

(1) (2) (3)

Introduction Firm Profile Product Profile

(4) Methods of Construction (5) Marketing and Sales Promotion (6) Analysis of Survey Findings (7) Suggestions and Conclusion

Annexes Questionnaire Bibliography

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
Introduction Objective Scope of the study Methodology Limitation of the Study

INTRODUCTION Shimoga is a city, which is growing in all trades at a good speed. So as the construction industries too.

Hence in order to make this industry in par with other developing cities in economy, faster construction

method the so called concrete blocks are the subjects chosen to make people their mind towards the usage of these blocks.

Concrete blocks are the composite mixture of cement, sand and stone aggregates. In the year 1979 BSI approved the usage of concrete blocks. Economy is the word, which sounds in everybody and anybody who wants to build his house. Hence to achieve this hollow blocks are the only solution.

As we need an alternative to every item hollow blocks are the answer for the conventional bricks.

Blocks are made in three grades namely Grade A, B and C. The grade A and B are load bearing blocks. Grade C is non-load bearing. Another material, which is now,

used masonry increasingly in the concrete blocks. The reasons are being machine made mostly is more uniform in dimensions, as greater degree of reliability and quality, faster in construction.

Objectives of the study: This project report on manufacturing and

marketing of hollow blocks has the following objectives.


To study the various construction material with their

implications on their economy.


To know about the alternate construction material

and implementation of these material practically.


To study the advantages and disadvantages over the

conventional materials which are being used.


To study the possible decrease of construction time.

To suggest measures, to improve the performance of

both men and material.

Scope of the study: The scope of this project report is confined to the usage of new construction materials, comparison of economy, various problems towards achieving efficiency with the conventional materials, user-friendly aspects.

Methodology: The date collected for the preparation of this project report include both primary and secondary data. Primary data has been collected from many practicing engineers, professional qualified contractors, consultants, manufacturers, and practical observations. Secondary data comprises of journals, books, magazines, and newspapers and IS code.

Limitation of the study: As this is more technical and professional subject, it is rather difficult to deal and understand each and every step of manufacturing of hollow blocks. The inferences have been drawn and the

information collected from the firm.

CHAPTER - 2 FIRM PROFILE

History and Nature Financial Resources Origination Chart Numbers of workers working under the factory

FIRM PROFILE History and nature of Factory History of Factory Athani Concrete Blocks is situated in Bommankatte, i.e., via Keerthi Nagar, Shimoga and office R.M.R. Road, Durgigidi, Simoga. In the year 1994, July the project was filed and applied to the bank. And in the middle of September

1994, the bank sanctioned the term loan for the placement of orders of machinery. The machinery,

electrification, commissioning were arrived and started the trial production at the end of November 1994. And finally in the 1994 December, the production was commercially started. Now it has developed wide market with the help of good relation with public and leading civil engineers, builders and contractors in and around shimoga.

Office: R.M.R Road, Durgigudi, Shimoga 577 202 Phone : 08182 - 226159

Nature of Factory: The Athani Concrete Blocks manufactures are manufacture- two kind of blocks they are (1) Hollow Concrete Blocks & (2) Solid Concrete Blocks.

The installed capacity is 8*8*16 - 1440 blocks per 6Hrs, 6*8*16 1800 blocks per 6Hrs, 4*8*16 2880 blocks per 6Hrs.

The total working days per months are 25days, in a year; the Athani factory manufactures more than 36,72,000 blocks per year.

Athani Manufacturers cover (1) Shimoga district,

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(2) (3) (4)

Chickmagalure, Hassan district, Devangere district, and other cities. The sizes of concrete blocks manufactured by

Athani factory are as follows: (1) (2) (3) 8*8*16 - 45% 6*8*16 - 43% 4*8*16 - 12%

The raw materials required for the manufacturing of concrete blocks are cement, jelly, quarry dust, sand and water. The Regular Manpower Working (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Machine Operator 2 Concrete Mixing Operator 1 Trolley Operator 2 Loaders for mixer 4 Curing Purpose 2 (female)

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(f) Supervisor and technicians The 50*100 Organization Chart Proprietor Supervisor Supervisor minimum area (Platform) required is

Storekeeper

Storekeeper

Skilled Labors (a) Masons (b) Mortar mixers (c) Machine Operators (d) Drivers

Unskilled Labors (a) Helper (b) Waterman (c) Male coolies (d) Female coolies

12

Manpower recruitment: Following are the labors Supervisory and personnel requirements for the unit Sl.N Laborso. supervisory 1 Supervisor @ 3500/month 2 Machine Operator @ 1,200/month 3 Mixer Operator @ 1,200/month 4 Semi skilled operator for moldings machine and mixer (sandy) @ 1,000/month 5 Unskilled workers Molding machine Mixer Batching Curing Handling Each at Rs. 900/month Total Number of workers 1 2 1 1 Total Rs./month 3,500 2,400 1,200 1,000

2 2 8 3 4

1,800 1,800 7,200 2,700 3,600

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25,200

13

Financial Resources: The following were the major activities in the implementation of this management unit.

a.

Preparation and

of

Project of loan

July 1994

report

filing

application to bank b. Sanction of term loan from bank and placement orders for machinery c. Arrival of machine 1994 d. Commercial Production 1994 The following were the major activities in the implementation of this manufacturing unitDecember End October Mid September

of 1994

14

Cost of the project and means of finance (Rupees in lakhs) I. Land Own II. Plant and Machinery (a) Machinery (b) Rain and Moulds 1.93 (c) Mixer 0.35 (d) Electrification 0.45 (e) Generator (20Kva) 1.50 III. Vehicle 5.85 IV. Civil works (a) Godown for cement 0.50 store 2.50 (b) Platform for 0.055 pressing (c) Water supply for curing V. Bore well 0.70 VI. Deposits with telephone 0.04 VII. Preliminary and pre operative 0.20 Expenses VIII. Interest during implementation 0.20 IX. Contingencies @ 5% on office 0.24 And Machinery X. Working capital 5.08 XI. M/s on fixed deposits 1.13 Total cost of the project 21.22 Proprietors investment 25% 05.31 Bank Loan 75% = 15.91

15

Explanatory note on cost of the project: (1) Plant and Machinery The estimated cost of plant and machinery works out to Rs. 4.04 lakhs.

(2)

Miscellaneous fixed assets It is proposed that to procure office equipments

table, chairs, almirahs etc, a sum of Rs. 25,000 is provided for this purpose in the project cost.

(3)

Deposit with telephone A sum of Rs. 4,000 is earmarked in the project

costs

towards

deposit

to

be

0paid

to

telephone

department. (4) Preliminary and pre operative expenses A sum of Rs. 20,000 is included in the project cost to cover the following expenses like traveling, service charges towards the preparation of feasibility report,

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printing, stationery, postage, telephones and other miscellaneous expenses.

(5)

Interest during implementation A sum of Rs. 20,000 has been provided towards

interest during the pre-commission period.

(6)

Contingencies A sum of Rs. 24,000 (5% on plant and machinery)

is included in the project cost in order to take care of unforeseen expenditures and also escalation in prices and Machinery. (7) Working capital margin The working capital requirement is utilization has been worked out and is given vide annexThe working capital margin is based on 1-month requirement of raw material like Portland cement and 2

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weeks requirement of other raw material viz., sand and jelly, 3 weeks goods in process, 2 weeks finished goods in stock, 1 month bills receivable and 1 month working expenses.

(8)

Proprietor Contribution The proprietors contribution works out to Rs.

5,31,000, which is 25% of the cost of the project. This has also been included in the means of finance.

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CHAPTER - 3 PRODUCT PROFILE Production and Manufacturing of H.C.B. Particulars of the product In fracture of the product Process Details-Hollow Concrete Blocks Requirement of Raw Materials & Consumables Cost of Production

19

PRODUCT PROFILE Production and Manufacturing of Hollow Concrete Blocks The raw material viz. Sand, Portland Cement, Quarry Dust, Jelly, Granite aggregates are mixed in the required proportion with adequate water in the

hydraulic concrete mixer. The concrete mix is fed to the Minato molding machine, which moulds the concrete mix into concrete blocks on the casting yard as per the mould, fitted on the machine. After each lying of the

blocks, the machine moves forward for next laying. These blocks are left on the yard for a period of 24 hours of initial setting and later the blocks are stacked to 6 to 8 layers for curing, sprinkling water for the period of 21 days and left for drying for a period of one week does curing. After curing the blocks are removed from the curing yard for dispatch.

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The technology of manufacture cement hollow concrete blocks is in vibratory compaction and Egg laying type which comes along with the molding machine. Process flow chart for the Hollow Concrete Blocks are given below Matching of raw materials Mixing in concrete mixer with water Molding a blocks Stacking for curing Dispatch of finished goods

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Requirement of Raw Materials and consumables: The Major raw materials required are Portland cement, sand, and granite, aggregate: (1) Portland Cement: The requirement of Portland cement will be about 9,330 bags for 4.50 lakhs Hollow Concrete Blocks of the given product mix. Presently Portland cement is

available in the open market from dealers as well as from the manufacturers as non-lavvy cement. landed cost of cement at the works is 175 + 25 (12.5% VAT) Total= 200 per bag (2) Sand: The requirement of sand will be about 58.135 cft for 4.50 lakhs hollow concrete blocks of the given product mix. The sand is available from the nearby river The

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beds and the transportation cost will be minimum and ten the cost of sand is Rs. 5 per cft. (3) Granite aggregate: Granite aggregate of size 10mm and below is required to an extent of 69,695 cft for 6 lakhs hollow concrete blocks of the given product mix. (4) Other Consumable: The consumable are oil, grease, cotton, and waste etc. that are required for cleaning the moulds etc. The lump sum provision of 1% of 23,86565 has been made at 100% capacity utilization.

The requirements of the above raw materials have been worked out at recommended concrete mix of 1:5:6: for hollow concrete blocks and also taking into account 2% breakage and wastage in the process as recommended by the manufacturer of the machinery

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Annual

requirements

of

raw

materials

and

consumables at 100% capacity utilization: Sl.No . 1 2 3 Portland 9330 cement Sand Granite aggregate bags 58,135cf t 69,695cf t Total Other consumable at 1% Total 23,86 5 24,10,43 0 135/bag 5/cft 5 12/cft 8,36,34 0 23,86,56 5 12,59,55 0 2,90,67 Materials Quantity Price Total

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Total requirement of concrete at utilization: No. Of blocks: - 3,82,500(per year)


Sl.No . size Block y Quantit Concrete

100% capacity

Total

requirement requirement per block cft of concrete cft 53,679.82 18,429. 58 0.1682 8 73,0 0.1682 8 44 44 12,284. 12,284.

1 2 3 4

8*8*16 6*8*16 4*8*16

1,46,000 73,000 73,0 00

0.36767 0.2524 6

Other blocks

solid 00

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Explanatory solution: (1) Size: 8*8*16 (30mm shell thickness) Volume = Volume of blocks-volume of voids = 16,000-(5.5cm*15.5cm*17.0cm) 4cc = 16,000-5797cc = 10,203cc = 0.3603155cft Assuming 2% wastage, -- The requirement of concrete for the above size block = 0.36767cft (2) Size: -6*8*16 (22mm shell thickness) Volume= Volume of blocks-volume of voids = 1,200-(4.2*17.8*16.7) 4cc = 1,200-1,994cc = 7,006cc = 0.2474145cft Assuming 2% wastage, - 0.25246cft concrete per block

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(3) Size: - 4*8*16 (22mm shell thickness) Volume = Volume of blocks-volume of voids = 8,000-(5.6*17.8*16.7) 4cc = 8,000-3,330cc = 4,670cc = 0.1649194cft Assuming 2% wastage - 0.16828cft concrete required per block For 353cft of ready concrete in the ratio 1:5:6, the requirement is 28.25 bags of cement, 176cgt of sand and 2121cft of granite aggregate. Hence the total

requirement of raw material at 100% capacity is as follows Cement = 09,330bags Sand = 58,135 cft Granite Aggregate = 69,695 cft

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Particulars of the product: (1) Capacity The capacity of proposed unit will be to produce 1,500 hollow concrete blocks per day of 8 hrs shifts. It is assumed that the plant functions for 300 days in a year. This capacity is decided by the block-molding

machine (capacity 200 blocks per hour of size 8*8*16) in case of hollow concrete blocks.

(2) Economic factors The proposed unit has been envisaged in tiny scale units, the capacity of the entrepreneur to invest and here managerial capacity. A unit of above-mentioned

capacity has been found to be an economically viable size. (3) Nature of products

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Normally hollow concreter blocks are produced in two ranges of shell thickness of 22mm and 30mm. Indian standards institutions has brought out on issued vide is 2185-1967, further revised as is 2185-part 1 in 1979. Prescribing requirements regarding dimensions, material surface-texture, mix visual

tolerances,

examination and other physical requirements for load bearing hollow concrete blocks.

(4) Product Planning The unit envisages operating a single shift basis with and working hours per day. The machines are so balanced that none of the machine are kept idle. The utilized capacity is proposed to be built unto maximum of 80% from the third year and onwards with 66.66% capacity utilization in the first year and 73.33% capacity utilization in the second year of operation. (5) Marketing Demand

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Based

on

the

general

demand

pattern,

the

following product mix is assumed in working out the project report.

Concrete Blocks
Hollow Concrete Blocks
(a) 8*8*16 55% (b)6*8*16 45% (c) 4*8*16 00% 100%

Solid Concrete Blocks


(a) 8*8*16 40% (b) 6*8*16 35% (c) 4*8*16 25% 100%

Cost of Production: Cost of Production & Profitability Cost of production, profitability and cash flow has been projected for period of 8years from the

implementation of the project and the same are given. From this projection, it is evident that the unit will be in a position to pay back borrowings comfortably.

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Sl.No. 1 2 3

Size per block 8*8*16 6*8*16 4*8*16

Weight block 23kgs 18kgs 18kgs

per Rate per block Rs.13.00 Rs.11.00 Rs.11.00

Explanatory

note

on

cost

of

production

and

profitability: (1) The unit will be operating at a capacity utilization

of 70% in the first year of operation, 80% in the second year of operation and 85% from 3rd year and onwards. (2) The cost of raw material and consumables has

been calculated in previously. (3) Labor and supervisory charges are assumed to

increase every year by an amount equal to 5% of salaries of the first year and the provision of 20% of salaries is made towards social benefits. (4) A lump sum provision of Rs. 10,000, 12,000 and

15,000 is made towards repairs and maintenance of

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plant and machinery for the first, second and third year of operation respectively. (5) (6) A provision of Rs. 4,000 is made towards taxes. A sum of Rs. 9,000 is also provided towards

insurance on plant and machinery. (7) A provision of Rs. 8,000, 10,000 and 12,000 is

made towards miscellaneous expenses for the first, second and third year of operation respectively. (8) A sum of Rs. 5000 is provided towards profession

and consultancy fees in each year of operation. (9) A lump sum provision of Rs. 5,000, 7,000 and is made towards postage telegram and

9,999

telephone expenses for the first, and second and thirds year of operation respectively. (10) A sum of Rs. 20,000, 25,000 and 30,000 is provided towards selling and distribution overheads during first, second and third year of operation respectively. (11) The rate o interest on term loan is taken at 14.5%per annum

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(12) An interest rate of 15% per annum is taken on working capital loan. (13) Depreciation on plant and machinery is taken at 13.57%.

33

Chapter 4 Methods of Construction


Methods of Construction Traditional Wall construction Puddle soil construction Unburnt Bricks Construction Burnt Bricks Construction Bamboo reinforce mud wall Introduction of Hollow Blocks in structures Advantages and disadvantages

34

Methods of Construction
Methods of Construction In an ancient time in Shimoga traditional wall construction is the only the way of construction of the buildings, house and other walls. Now a day some of

the other materials are available in use for the new construction. Concrete Blocks, Clay Hollow Bricks, Table Molded Bricks, are the new constructional materials.

Hence it is essential need to under stand the other Traditional as well as Modern Methods that adopted by our people from the long time. Some of the other constructional Materials are as follows.

Soil has been used extensively as a material for wall construction in traditional houses in India and abroad. It is one of the material that easily available in every place and low cost and other factors lead to its

35

wide spread in allover India. And also some of the other traditional wall construction are easy/simple and they are acquired their importance every were.

Soil is used in various forms for wall construction like

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Puddle Soil, Unburnt bricks, Burnt bricks, Bamboo reinforced mud.

Traditional wall constructions (a) Puddle Soil Construction: In this type of construction there are mainly two activities-soil preparation and construction of the wall. The soil preparation consists of mixing the appropriate quantity f water with the soil to get a consistency such it

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can be easily puddle. Some times chopped paddy straw or some grasses are added. This mix is use for constructing the wall. The thickness of the wall varies between 1.5 to 2.0 feet. The height of the wall raised per day will be around 1.0 to 1.5 feet. For the

construction of such walls no special skills and tools are required.

The

major

disadvantages

of

this

type

of

construction are: (a) The wall becomes very thick leading to the

reduction of available floor space. (b) (c) Susceptibility to erosion, when exposed to rain. Needs frequent maintenance.

(b) Un burnt Bricks construction: Unburnt bricks are often used for construction of wall of houses with light roofs such as tiled and thatched roofs. There are bricks made by using wooden moulds

37

and bricks made by cutting a sheet of soil into blocks. The former type is most commonly used.

(1) Preparation of un burnt bricks using wooden mould: These bricks are made on fairly level ground. The soil and water are mixed thoroughly, such that the soil is in plastic state and easily workable. This plastic soil is then dashed into a wooden mould and kept on the level ground. The top of the

mould is finished with hand and it is then immediately removed leaving the fresh bricks on the ground. This process is continued. The bricks are left on the ground for a day or two for drying. Then these bricks are

stacked and dried in sun for few more days before using for construction of walls. The wooden moulds used will have two compartments to permit moldings of tow bricks at a time.

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The

size

of

these

bricks

will

be

23cm*11.4cm*7.5(9*41/2*3).

The walls constructed

with these bricks will normally have a minimum thickness of 34cms(13.5inches). These walls are

normally constructed using mud mortar. (2) Unburnt Bricks made without using wooden moulds: In this case the plastic soul (prepare by thoroughly mixing water and soil) is spread on the fairly level ground in the form of a sheet of uniform thickness. This sheet of soil is then cut into blocks by slicking in two mutually perpendicular directions using a knife. These blocks are slightly bigger in size than unburnt bricks made by using wooden moulds. After drying in sun for a few days the blocks will be ready for wall construction. These walls are also built using mud mortar. The Major disadvantages are: (1) Poor erosion resistance against rain, (2) The walls need frequent maintenance and

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(3) The walls are thick leading to sacrifice of available floor space. (c) Bamboo reinforces mud walls: The bamboos of 1-to12.0cms diameters are

stacked until the foundation at spacing of 60cms. Bamboo of smaller diameter (3cm) is interwoven with the vertical bamboos. This arrangement roughly

resembles a grid.

The space between horizontal

bamboos will be around 15cms this forms the main structure of the wall. The plastic soil (soil mixed with water thoroughly) is pressed by hand on wither side of the bamboo grid, such that if penetrates well into the interstices of the bamboo grid, This whole bamboo supporting structure is curved with sol this is completely built by hands without using any tools. This type of wall construction is faster compared to the puddle soil construction the wall thickness will be approximately 20to30cms. This method of construction is similar to

wattle and daub construction.

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The major disadvantages are: The bamboos supporting structure inside the wall is susceptible to termite attach, Poor erosion resistance against rain, Needs frequent maintenance and Bamboo has become scarce and costly. Modern Method of Construction Burnt Brick Construction: Burning at high temperature renders the soil immune to strength loss saturation ad suppresses the erosion resistance. Burning has been practiced since

ancient times to improve the properties of building materials such as bricks and tiles. The performance of well-burnt bricks used for wall construction. They are

country Bricks and table molded bricks. The process of manufacturing differs with each type: -

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Country Bricks: The preparation of these bricks is similar to that of unburnt bricks, as explained earlier. These are burnt

after drying in sun for a few days. The burning is carried out in clamps using firewood; Sometimes coal is also used for burning. The bricks and the firewood are

stacked in alternate layers in clamps. Each bricks (size 2cm*11.4cm*7.5) consumes about 0.32kgs of firewood. This is equivalent to 2kwh of thermal energy. mortar or cement of mortar can be will used for Mud the be

construction

wall

thickness

generally

34cms(13.5inches).

Table Molded Bricks: The preparation of these bricks is almost similar to the country bricks. Here metal moulds are used and the bricks are prepared on table. The fresh bricks are

immediately removed from the table and stacked in a

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different place for drying.

These bricks are burnt in

bulls trench kilns. In these kilns the heart lost during cooling of the bricks is utilized for preheating of the next set of bricks. Hence these kilns have a better thermal efficient than clamps. Normally coal is used as a fuel in such kilns table molded bricks consumed about 0.20kgs of coal per bricks. The table-molded bricks have better shape and strength compared to country bricks. mortar or cement mortar can be used for Mid the

construction of walls using these bricks. Even though the performance of burnt bricks wall is quite satisfactory, the bricks consume significant amount of fuel energy. The energy crosses emphasizes on conservation of firewood and coal. Hence

constructing bricks houses alone cannot satisfy the present housing demand.

43

Advantages and Disadvantages Bricks: Advantages: No specific skilled labor is required, as it is of the oldest construction methods in practice, Size and Weight are convenient for picking up, placing, It can be cut to any shape with very little effort and most of the times, it is cut by trowel only, Defects in masonry are easily rectifiable, Maintenance is easy, It can be used most conveniently; brick wall can be used as load bearing walls, Reasonably resistant against fire, chemicals, weather and insects, Modular construction is possible with less effort, Elevation treatment is possible with special kind of bricks,

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Very easy to chase the wall for laying electrical and water supply conduits,

Walls can be nailed.

Disadvantages: In the manufacturing process of bricks, earth is the chief raw material. Hence the fertile earth is being used. To manufacture bricks, for burring charcoal and coal are being used. Hence smoke is lot, thereby less environmental friendly, Since most of the bricks are manufactured

conventionally, the dimensions Are non-uniform, Labors intensive, Cement mortar consumption is high, as number of joints is more. Direct use of soil (without burning) for construction in any of the explained above has explained above has certain disadvantages. The performance of these walls

45

is not every satisfactory.

The performance of burnt However burnt bricks

bricks wall is quite satisfactory.

consume significant amount of fuel energy. Introduction of Hollow Concrete Blocks Hollow Concrete Blocks are mainly used in framed structures for walls in high rise buildings, industrial sheds and temporary structures like

compound walls, labors shed etc. Even though the load bearing Hollow Blocks can be manufactured. There is no demand in the market for these blocks as still people are under the pressure that they are weak as they are hollow. Hence in this aspect to make the usage of these blocks in structures, there is a market need to convince people and make them to make their mind to use these blocks for individual houses also. Advantages and disadvantages of Hollow

Concrete Blocks: Advantages:-

46

They are more uniform in dimensions, quality and strength, Builders concern about quality and reliability of supply is lessened as most of the block manufactures are from organized trade, Usage of mortar is less, as a number of joints are less, Less weight for a given volume of masonry, Plaster is not necessary if, quality of workmanship is good, Offers greater resistance to heat and sound

transmission, They are economical, Less labor intensive, Since the raw materials is cement, sand and

aggregates, no wastage of fertile earth, As there is no coal and charcoal being used, it is environmental friendly.

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Disadvantages: (1) (2) (3) Being hollow it is difficult to repair, It cannot be used for elevation purposes, Difficult to pickup and place in position as the sizes

are large, (4) It cannot be used for load bearing structures

without getting special kind of blocks, (5) Recession for electrical and water conduits is

practically not possible.

48

Chapter 5 MARKET POTENTIAL

Demand And supply Marketing and Distribution Market Arrangement

49

MARKET POTENTIAL Demand And Supply It has been estimated that the housing requirement cater to the net addition in the population in the seventh plan period will be 16.2 million dwelling units which over and above the already existing backlog of 24.7 million dwelling units (2005). In addition to this, with growing impacts given to industrialization, the demand for construction from the commercial sector is also on the increase. If, these requirements are to be met, it will

demand a production of 55, 00 corers of bricks by 2005. For making first class burnt clay bricks, clay soil of Celtic aluminum are best suited. The alluvial belt

suitable for making good quality bricks is mainly confined to the plans of North India. Other area,

excepting isolated pockets near to the coastal region, are comprised of different grades of black soils, red soils, or laetrile soils which are either unsuitable for

50

making bricks or render bricks of poor quality.

Black

soils and its derivatives and mixture do not make good bricks, as these soils swell enormously when wetted and consequently shrink upon drying producing cracks in the bricks. Wet soils are of low plasticity and succumb to lime bursting upon firing. The laterite is non-plastic and can not be molded in plastic form. Due to this the bricks produced in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are of poor quality having a comprehensive strength of 30kgs per sq.cm, compared to the strength of 70kgs per sq,cm and above for the bricks manufactured I the northern region. Coal is another important input for the manufacture of bricks and this important input is becoming scarce and costly which inturn results in the frequent hike in the cost of bricks. Hollow concrete blocks being a variable alternative for bricks can easily capture the market for bricks, due to its superiority and easy availability compared to that

51

of bricks. It is interesting to note that a good number of cement plants are situated in areas identified as having soils unsuitable for making good bricks. In such areas, the proximity of the cement plant ensures regular supply of cement to the units manufacturing these blocks. Also the quality of the burnt bricks available in these areas being poor the concrete blocks can compete as a suitable walling material. The estimate on production and demand for burnt clay bricks show that the demand and supply gap will persist for years to come. Also even though housing

activity is more intense around union centers the brickmanufacturing unit are pushed away for urban areas due to scarcity of suitable and resulting in shortage leading to high prices in certain urban areas in particular, Shimoga. The substitution of brick by hollow concrete blocks has been cosseted due to inconsistent capacity of conventional bricks are savings in material viz. steel and

52

cement on an account of use of cement hollow concrete blocks. This saving in cement at the construction site is on an account of lesser thickness of plastering required on the wall constructed of hollow concrete blocks. There is also saving in steel due to lighter weight of the hollow concrete blocks as compared the conventional burnt bricks, which results in reduction in loading on the columns and beans in a framed structure. The resultant overall savings will be of the order of 30% to 40% in the masonry and hence preferred in the construction of buildings. There is an additional desirable quality of This

hollow concrete blocks i.e. heats insulation.

property is accomplished on account of air packets I the cavities of the hollow concrete blocks which act as the isolations. On the basis of the market data collected from the experts in the field it was found that about 1.60 lakhs of hollow concrete blocks are required every month for construction activity in and around Shimoga.

53

This

primarily

includes

demand

arising

from

the

commercial sector like office structure and business shops. Market information reveals that hollow concrete block utilization by residential individual houses is less. Presently effectively hollow for concrete blocks are of being used sheds,

the

construction

factory

compound walls, multi-storied buildings and very little household construction. How ever due to increased

shortage and poor quality of bricks the demand from the household sector is also on the increase. Presently there are about five manufacturers of hollow concrete blocks in Shimoga district. In addition to this three other manufacturers will be shortly setting up plants in the near future. The present installed

capacity is 5 lakhs of hollow concrete blocks per annum. Taking into account the fact that the manual machines run at 40% efficiency.

54

The demand being 1-lakh hollow blocks per month, it is clear that there exits a gap between supply and demand. The proposed unit could function to fill this

gap partially to certain extent. Marketing and Distribution Presently, there are as such no middlemen in the distribution process. The contractors place the order

directly to the manufacturers and the delivery is made directly to the site. It should be noted that there is no competition growing in Shimoga and no necessity to do some marketing to push the product I the market. One important aspect of hollow concrete blocks is that the public contractors have gradually accepted the concept.

Market Arrangements: As mentioned earlier, the construction activity of residential and commercial buildings are increasing day by day on account of non-availability of local bricks or good quality bricks in and around Shimoga.

55

The sudden spurt in construction activity coupled with the preferential acceptability of hollow concrete blocks over bricks has created a gap in demand and supply. Hence there is good scope for the unit. The proprietor has good public relations and contacts with many of the leading civil engineers, builders and contractors in and around Shimoga an hence no problem is envisaged in marketing hollow concrete blocks. The proprietor intends selling hollow concrete blocks at Rs.13.00for 8*8*16 11.00 for 6*8*16Rs.11.00 per block of 4*8*16 size which is lesser than the price of market leader thus gaining customer preference for this product. It is proposed to appoint an experienced sales officer on commission basis whose duty is to travel extensively to procure orders for the unit.

56

The proprietor has also planned to offer an attractive package of incentives to the contractors, which will motivate them to place their orders with the proposed unit. Demand and Supply of Hollow concrete Blocks during last four years: year 2005 2004 1,38,25 0 1,00,00 0 2003 1,39,35 2 1,20,50 0 2002 1,25,50 0 1,05,00 0

Particulars Production 1,42,458 Demand 1,50,000

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Chapter -6

Analysis of Survey Findings

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Analysis of Survey Findings


Today as we all very well known Consumer is the King. In the market, he is the judge and the final

decider for the product to purchase or not. Because he is the final consumer satisfaction should be ultimate aim of the producer and the marketer consumer interest should be taken into consideration while taking

decisions.

However it ids clear that consumer is the

one and all for all the area. The total number of Blocks user is interview by this survey the result is more than 87 respondents were selected on a random basis in different areas. It was

observed that Hollow Concrete Blocks was famous enough with masses and most of them posses Hollow Concrete Blocks competition mainly from Molded Bricks , Burnt Bricks, and other kind of Bricks

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1. Table showing respondents occupation Occupation Government servants Businessmen Agriculturist Others Total No. of respondents 46 27 04 10 87 Percentage s 53 31 05 11 100

Analysis: From the above table it is clear that number of respondents from the side of government servants and then the businessmen occupies the second place in the respondents area.

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Graph showing respondents occupation

Agriculturist 5%

Others 11%

Businessmen 31%

Government servants 53%

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2. Table showing Income group Income Below 5000 5000 10000 10000 25000 Above - 25000 Total No. Of Respondents 25 30 15 7 87 Percentage 32 40 19 9 100

Analysis: The above clearly and numerically suggest that maximum number of persons from the second groups only.

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Graph showing Income group

30 30 25 25

20 15 15

10

0 Below 5000 5000 10000 10000 25000 Above - 25000

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3. Table showing type of bricks used

Type of bricks Bricks Hollow Concrete Blocks Unburnt Bricks Solid Concrete Blocks Total Analysis:

No of respondents 33 44 03 07 87

Percentage 38 51 3 8 100

From the survey it is clear that maximum

number of respondents used the Hollow Concrete Blocks only and then the Bricks occupies the second place in the table.

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Graph showing type of bricks used

44 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 7 10 5 0 Bricks Hollow Concrete Blocks Unburnt Bricks Solid Concrete Blocks 3 33

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4.

Table showing reasons for buying Hollow

Concrete Blocks Reasons No.of Respondents Less in price 55 Quality Others 12 Uniformity in size 9 of blocks Others Total 11 87 Percentages 63 14 10 13 100

Analysis: Maximum respondents prefer only less in price. From the above table it is clear that the second higher group will be quality respondents.

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Graph showing reasons for buying Hollow Concrete Blocks

13% 10%

14%

63%

Less in price Quality Others Uniformity in size of blocks Others

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5. Table showing the Special feature for buying Athani Concrete Blocks

Special feature No.of Respondents Low price 27 High performance 33 High quality 20 Others 07 Total 87

Percentages 31 38 23 8 100

Analysis:

From the above table it is clear that the

customer of the above firm identified the performance of the firm as compared to other quality.

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Graph showing the Special feature for buying Athani Concrete Blocks

35 27

33

30

25 20 20

1 5 7

1 0

0 Lowprice High performance High quality Others

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6. Table showing on what basis or what made to buy Athani Concrete Blocks

Factor Goodwill

of

No. of respondents the 09 45 16 10 07 87

Percentage 10 53 18 11 8 100

company Service provided by the company Price Service quality Other factors total
Analysis:

Maximum respondents came buy the Blocks

on the basis of service provided by the Athani Concrete Blocks.

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Graph showing on what basis or what made to buy Athani Concrete Blocks

45 45 40 35 30 25 20 1 5 9 1 0 5 0 Goodwill of the company Service provided by the company P rice Service quality Other factors 1 6 1 0 7

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7. The table showing satisfaction about Athani Concrete Blocks

Particulars Satisfactory Not Satisfactory Total

No.of respondents 69 18 87

Percentage

100

Analysis: The maximum numbers of respondents are satisfied with service provided by the Athani Concrete Blocks.

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The Graph showing satisfaction about Athani Concrete Blocks

Not Satisfactory 21%

Satisfactory 79%

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Chapter 7

SUMMARY, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION

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SUMMARY, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION Summary: The survey has been conducted to different kinds of sectors. Customer according to them occupation monthly income types of bricks reasons, factors influence to purchase, advantages and satisfaction. In occupation sector there are many types of respondents like government servant Business and others. As per survey has been conducts government servant are majority of respondents of 45% and next to him businessmen, 30%,15%, 10%. As per survey of monthly income the people majority are will as to buy the bricks are who earn income from 5000-10000 means 60%of respondents As per survey on the types of bricks used in people agriculture, other respectively

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In that hollow concrete bricks are commonly used by all that is 65%of respondents and reaming 35%is other. I studied about willingness of people to buy the Hollow concrete bricks. The most common attitude of human being are concentration on price factor same in the case of Hollow bricks 55%of despondence of on price factor because it is tower in price. As per survey of publicity the people were current know about Athani Association by the held of

engineers [i.e 45%] and reaming were came to know from advertisements, friends, goodwill, others. At lost advantages of bricks advantage in the people set good and strong quality of bricks, which gives long life to buildings and secondary factor of low price. If we see throughout out the table of survey on an average the people who gave positive response

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towards Hollow bricks is 80% and they are satisfied and remaining are unsatisfied because of some reason may be transport, price, advertisement ect.

Suggestion It ha to maintain to supply the concrete blocks as early as possible door delivery It has to make mere advertisement to Know the firms popularity It is to be made easily available to the poor class with low price as far as possible Blocks should be readily available in large numbers and blocks should be made available by door delivery Smaller width blocks could be more useful for walls By reducing the quantity of dust and increasing in quantity of cement helps the blocks in better strength and also useful for load bearing walls.

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To rise the portion of ingredients and thus helps to use for multi storied buildings

It needs vast publicity to show and demonstrate the work at size, so that, common people can use this

It should maintain uniform size and specifications The manufacturer of Hollow Concrete Blocks. Experts in the field engineers, technician, and traders can be asked to gather for symposiums. aspect of improving the The different strength,

quality,

marketability, and popularity of Hollow Concrete Blocks can be discussed so that it could be competitor for the traditional burnt bricks. Conclusion I hereby conclude by saying that Hollow Concrete Blocks will be ultimate in construction technology in the near future and construction without it will be inevitable. It has been a great experience to work with the proprietor of Athani Concrete Blocks. I have really

enjoyed doing this project. Thank you one and all.

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Annexes

Questionnaire Bibliography

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Questionnaire

Dear Sir or Madam: I am a student of Sahyadri arts and Commercrce collage Shimoga-577203 studying in final year BBM for the academic year 2008-09 for the partial fulfillment of my course. I am conducting the survey on the

Marketing Of Hollow Concrete Blocks -a case study of Athani Concrete Blocks, Shimoga and preparation of project report. Therefore I request you to spend for me a few minutes to answer the question in the

questionnaire.

Thanking you, Yours faithfully, SIDDESHA.N.C 1. Name 2. Address : :

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3. Occupation

Government Servant [ ] Businessman Agriculturist Others 4. Monthly Income Below 5000 05000 10000 10000 25000 Above 25000 [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

5. Have you ever involved in construction of any premises? Yes [ ] No [ ]

6. If yes, what type of Bricks you have used? Burnt Bricks Unburnt Bricks Hollow Concrete Blocks Solid Blocks [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

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Others

Please Mention -------

7. Have you ever used Hollow Concrete Blocks? Yes [ ] No [ ]

8. If yes, which of the following factor you consider while purchases Hollow Concrete Blocks? Less in price [ ]

Quality Others [ ] Uniformity in size[ ] Others [ ]

9. What are the advantages and disadvantages you found in the bricks? Advantages Uniformity in size Strength More savings Less Labour intensive Others Disadvantages Difficult repaid More weight Others

10. How do you come to know about Hollow concrete Blocks? Advertisements [ ] Friends Engineers [ ] [ ]

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Others

[ ]

11. In case you are planning to buy a Hollow Concrete Blocks, which company would you prefer first? 12. Have you ever heard of Athani Concrete Blocks Yes [ ] No [ ]

13. If yes, how did you come to know about it? Advertisement Goodwill of Company Engineers Friends Others [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

14. Which of the following factor you consider while purchasing Athani Concrete Blocks? Goodwill of the company Service provided by the company Price Good quality Others [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

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15. Do you find any advantages in using Athani Concrete Blocks ? Yes [ ] No [ ]

16. If yes, what are the advantages you found Low price High [ ] Performance High quality [ ] [ ]

17. If no, disadvantages are ? High price Bad service [ ] [ ]

Other, Please mention [ ] 18. Was the service provided by Athani Concrete Blocks satisfactory Yes [ ] 19. If yes, No [ ] level after using Athani

Satisfactory

Concrete Blocks Very high Cost of service Price level Speed of High Low Very low

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service quality

20. Would you recommend your

friends/relatives to

purchase Athani Concrete Blocks, concrete Blocks? Yes [ ] No [ ]

21. Suggestion for Improvement of Athani Concrete Blocks, Blocks --------------------------------------------------------------Place: Date: Signatur e

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Bibliography
Marketing Management - Phillip Kotler Marketing Management - Sherleker Human Resource Management - B.S. Raman Journals 1. Inside Outside a magazine 2. Architectural Design 3. Building Materials

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