OBJECTIVE: Determine the characteristics of NTC type Thermistor.

INTRODUCTION:
A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance varies significantly with temperature, more so than in standard resistors. Thermistors are widely used as inrush current limiters, temperature sensors, self-resetting overcurrent protectors, and self-regulating heating elements. NTC thermistors offer many desirable features for temperature measurement and control within their operating temperature range. Although the word thermistor is derived from thermally sensitive resistor, the NTC thermistor can be more accurately classified as a ceramic semiconductor. The most prevalent types of thermistors are glass bead, disc, and chip configurations. NTC thermistor stands for negative temperature coefficient thermistors. NTC thermistors exhibit a decrease in electrical resistance with increasing temperature. Depending on the materials and methods of fabrication, they are generally used in the temperature range of -50C to 150C, and up to 300C for some glass-encapsulated units.

The characteristic equation for NTC thermistors is given by: R (t1) = R (t2)*exp ((1/t1-1/t2)*) Where, R (t1) and R (t2) are the resistances offered by the thermistor at t1and t2 K temperatures respectively. A constant depending upon the material of the thermistor, typically 3500 to 4500 K.

OBSERVATIONS: 1. For Voltmeter reading =1V a) Increasing temperature Temperature (oC) 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 Ammeter Reading(A) 150 153 160 162 165 170 175 Resistance (k) 6.6667 6.5359 6.25 6.1728 6.06 5.8824. 5.7143

b) Decreasing temperature Temperature (oC) 65 70 75 80 85 90 Ammeter Reading(A) 155 158 165 168 172 175 Resistance (k) 6.4156 6.3291 6.06 5.9524 5.814 5.7143

2. For Voltmeter reading =2V a) Increasing temperature Temperature (oC) 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Ammeter Reading(A) 285 290 293 295 300 308 312 Resistance (k) 7.02 6.8966 6.8259 6.7797 6.6667 6.4935 6.41

b) Decreasing temperature Temperature (oC) 40 45 50 55 60 65 Ammeter Reading(A) 290 295 304 307 309 310 Resistance (k) 6.8966 6.7797 6.5789 6.5147 6.4725 6.4516

ACTIVITIES:
Matlab program:
close all clc temp1_inc=65:5:95 r1_inc= [6.6667 6.401 6.21 6.1028 5.96 5.8324 5.7143] temp1_dec= 65:5:90 r1_dec= [6.4156 6.3291 6.06 5.9524 5.814 5.7143] temp2_inc=40:5:70 r2_inc= [7.02 6.8966 6.82 6.702 6.60 6.4935 6.41] temp2_dec= 40:5:65 r2_dec= [6.8966 6.7797 6.7189 6.6147 6.5125 6.4516] temp1=[temp1_inc temp1_dec] r1= [r1_inc r1_dec] temp2=[temp2_inc temp2_dec] r2= [r2_inc r2_dec] plot(temp1_inc,r1_inc) xlabel('Temperature(C)','FontSize',16) ylabel('Resistance(ohm)','FontSize',16) title('Heating curve of NTC for 1V') figure plot(temp1_dec,r1_dec) xlabel('Temperature(C)','FontSize',16) ylabel('Resistance(ohm)','FontSize',16) title('Cooling curve of NTC for 1V') figure plot(temp2_inc,r2_inc) xlabel('Temperature(C)','FontSize',16) ylabel('Resistance(ohm)','FontSize',16) title('Heating curve of NTC for 2V') figure plot(temp2_dec,r2_dec) xlabel('Temperature(C)','FontSize',16) ylabel('Resistance(ohm)','FontSize',16) title('Cooling curve of NTC for 2V') figure plot(temp1,r1) xlabel('Temperature(C)','FontSize',16)

ylabel('Resistance(ohm)','FontSize',16) title('Heating and Cooling curves of NTC for 1V') figure plot(temp2,r2) xlabel('Temperature(C)','FontSize',16) ylabel('Resistance(ohm)','FontSize',16) title('Heating and Cooling curves of NTC for 2V') %Calculation of the constant 'Beta' B=zeros(1,4) for i=1:6 b(i)= (log((r1_inc(i))/(r1_inc(i+1))))*(((temp1_inc(i))+273)*((temp1_inc(i+1)+273))/(temp1_inc(i+1)temp1_inc(i))) B(1)=B(1)+b(i) end B(1)=B(1)/6 for i=1:5 b(i)= log(r1_dec(i)/r1_dec(i+1))*((temp1_dec(i)+273)*(temp1_dec(i+1)+273)/((temp1_dec(i+1)+273)(temp1_dec(i)+273))) B(2)=B(2)+b(i); end B(2)=B(2)/5 for i=1:6 b(i)= log(r2_inc(i)/r1_inc(i+1))*(((temp1_inc(i))+273)*((temp1_inc(i+1)+273))/(temp2_inc(i+1)-temp2_inc(i))) B(3)=B(3)+b(i); end B(3)=B(3)/6 for i=1:5 b(i)= log(r2_dec(i)/r2_dec(i+1))*((temp1_dec(i)+273)*(temp1_dec(i+1)+273)/(temp2_dec(i+1)-temp2_dec(i))) B(4)=B(4)+b(i); end B(4)=B(4)/5

GRAPHS:
Heating curve of NTC for 1V 6.7 6.6 6.5

Resistance(ohm)

6.4 6.3 6.2 6.1 6 5.9 5.8 5.7 65

70

75

80

85

90

95

Temperature(C)

Cooling curve of NTC for 1V 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.1 6 5.9 5.8 5.7 65

Resistance(ohm)

70

75

80

85

90

Temperature(C)

Heating curve of NTC for 2V 7.2 7.1 7 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.5 6.4 40

Resistance(ohm)

45

50

55

60

65

70

Temperature(C)
Cooling curve of NTC for 2V 6.95 6.9 6.85

Resistance(ohm)

6.8 6.75 6.7 6.65 6.6 6.55 6.5 6.45 40

45

50

55

60

65

Temperature(C)

Heating and Cooling curves of NTC for 1V 6.7 6.6 6.5

Resistance(ohm)

6.4 6.3 6.2 6.1 6 5.9 5.8 5.7 65

70

75

80

85

90

95

Temperature(C)

Heating and Cooling curves of NTC for 2V 7.2 7.1 7 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.5 6.4 40

Resistance(ohm)

45

50

55

60

65

70

Temperature(C)

CALCULATION OF :
We Know, = ln(R(t1)/R(t2))*(t1*t2/(t2-t1)) From the matlab program output: The values of for the heating and cooling curves for 1 and 2 V respectively are: B=

1.0e+003 *

0.6336

0.5673 2.8280 0.3266

Q1. Comment on the nature of the graph and the hysteresis of the curve. Solution: NTC thermistor has a negative temperature coefficient semiconductor transducer. So, as the temperature increases its resistance decreases. The graphs of resistance vs temperature verify the theory. Also the decrease in resistance with respect to temperature is exponential as it possesses large sensitivity to a temperature change and follows the semiconductor properties. The heating and cooling curves together exhibit a hysteresis in characteristics i.e. the path followed during heating is not traced back during cooling. This is because during cooling period even if the oven temperature lowers down by same step change, the thermistor is still heated and has heat stored in it. So its resistance is lower down than that should be in an ideal condition and the cooling curve follows a lower path than the heating curve.

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

HIGH VOLTAGE AND MEASUREMENTS LABORATORY EE-851

DETERMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISCTICS OF NTC TYPE THERMISTOR

NAME:PUSPESH KUMAR GIRI ROLL NO:09/EE/28 SECTION : EEa GROUP:5

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

HIGH VOLTAGE AND MEASUREMENTS LABORATORY EE-851

DETERMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISCTICS OF NTC TYPE THERMISTOR

NAME:ASHUTOSH KUMAR ROLL NO:09/EE/30 SECTION : EEa GROUP:5

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

HIGH VOLTAGE AND MEASUREMENTS LABORATORY EE-851

DETERMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISCTICS OF NTC TYPE THERMISTOR

NAME:DEEPAK PANDEY ROLL NO:09/EE/26 SECTION : EEa GROUP:5

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

HIGH VOLTAGE AND MEASUREMENTS LABORATORY EE-851

DETERMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISCTICS OF NTC TYPE THERMISTOR

NAME:PRIYABRATA SAHOO ROLL NO:09/EE/29 SECTION : EEa GROUP:5

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

HIGH VOLTAGE AND MEASUREMENTS LABORATORY EE-851

DETERMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISCTICS OF NTC TYPE THERMISTOR

NAME:NITIN KOSTA ROLL NO:09/EE/31 SECTION : EEa GROUP:5

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

HIGH VOLTAGE AND MEASUREMENTS LABORATORY EE-851

DETERMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISCTICS OF NTC TYPE THERMISTOR

NAME:TANMOY RAY ROLL NO:09/EE/27 SECTION : EEa GROUP:5