BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Tutorials on Lessons 3-5

1. Determine the Thevenins equivalent circuit with respect to terminals AB of the
circuit shown in Figure 1.
Use the result to find the current in two impedances
O = 5 5
1
j Z , and
O Z =
0
2
0 10 Z , connected in turn to terminals AB.
Determine also the power delivered to them.

Solution
( )
0
0 0
0 10
5
0 50
5 5 5
0 50
Z =
Z
=
+
Z
= =
j j Z
V
I
The Thevenins equivalent voltage V is the voltage drop across the (5 + j5)
impedance.
i.e ( ) V j j I V V
AB
0 '
45 7 . 70 50 50 5 5 Z = + = + = =
The driving point impedance at terminals AB is
Z = -j5 in parallel with 5 + j5
i.e
( )
O =
+
+
= 5 5
5 5 5
5 5 5
'
j
j j
j j
Z
Thus, Thevenins equivalent is

To find the current when
(i) O = 5 5
1
j Z is connected across AB

A
j Z Z
V
I
0
0
1
'
'
1
90 5
10 10
45 7 . 70
Z =

Z
=
+
=
W x R I P 125 5 5
2
1
2
1 1
= = =
(ii) O Z =
0
2
0 10 Z

A
j Z Z
V
I
0
0
2
'
'
2
43 . 63 47 . 4
5 15
45 7 . 70
Z =

Z
=
+
=
W x R I P 200 10 47 . 4
2
2
2
2 2
= = =

2. Obtain the Thevenins equivalent circuit for the network shown in figure 2.

Solution
(i) Find V
TH
i.e V
AB
= I
2
x 6
The mesh currents in matrix form are:
(

Z
=
(

+
+
0
4 . 17 8 . 55
8 8 5
5 5 5
0
2
1
V
I
I
j j
j j

(

+
+
(

Z +
=
A
A
=
8 8 5
5 5 5
0 5
4 . 17 8 . 55 5 5
0
22
2
j j
j j
j
V j
I
Z

A
0
0
0
0 3 . 33
6 . 72 7 . 83
6 . 72 279
Z ==
Z
Z
=
V x V
AB
0
0 0 . 20 6 3 . 33 Z = =
(ii) Find Z
TH
when the source is shorted

( ) O + =
+
= 5 . 2 5 . 2
5 5
5 5
j
j
xj
Z
p


( )
( ) O Z = O + =
+
+
=
0
1 . 23 6 . 3 41 . 1 31 . 3
5 . 5 5 . 10
5 . 5 5 . 4 6
j
j
j
Z
TH

Thus the Thevenins equivalent circuit is:


3. Determine the Nortons equivalent circuit with respect to terminals AB of the
circuit shown in figure 1.
Use the result to find the current in the two impedances
O = 5 5
1
j Z , and
O Z =
0
2
0 10 Z , connected in turn to terminals AB.
Determine also the power delivered to them.

Solution
To find the Nortons equivalent circuit with respect to terminals AB of:

When a short circuit is applied to terminals AB, the short-current will be:
A
j
V
I
0
0
0
'
90 10
90 5
0 50
5
Z =
Z
Z
=

=
When the source is set to zero, the effective impedance is:
( )
O =
+
+
= 5 5
5 5 5
5 5 5
'
j
j j
j j
Z
Thus, the Nortons equivalent circuit is:

(i) Connect O = 5 5
1
j Z across terminals AB
The current that flows in Z
1
will be:
A
j
j
Z Z
Z
I I
0 0
1
'
'
'
1
90 5
10 10
5 5
90 10 Z =
(

Z =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
Power, W x R I P 125 5 5
2
1
2
1 1
= = =
(ii) Connect O Z =
0
2
0 10 Z across terminals AB
The current that flows in Z
2
will be:
A
j
j
Z Z
Z
I I
0 0
2
'
'
'
2
43 . 63 47 . 4
5 15
5 5
90 10 Z =
(

Z =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
Power, W x R I P 200 10 47 . 4
2
2
2
2 2
= = =
Note that from Questions 1 and 3, it is seen that Thevenins and Nortons
circuits are equivalent to each other.

4. Replace the active network shown in figure 3 with
(i) The Thevenins equivalent circuit, and
(ii) The Nortons equivalent circuit respectively, at terminals AB.

Solution

(i) To find the Thevenins equivalent circuit of Figure 3,
With AB open circuited, the current I1 flowing is given by:
A
j
I
0
0
0 0
1
1 . 17 47 . 1
1 . 17 6 . 13
0 20
4 3 10
0 20
Z =
Z
Z
=
+
Z
=
The voltage drop across the 10 resistor is
V x I V
0
1 10
1 . 17 7 . 14 10 Z = =
The voltage across terminals AB will be the sum of the two voltage sources and
the voltage across the 10 resistor with polarity as shown.

That is:
V j
j j j
V
AB
0
0 0 0
4 . 264 44 . 11 39 . 11 12 . 1
32 . 4 05 . 14 071 . 7 071 . 7 0 20
1 . 17 7 . 14 45 10 0 20
Z = =
+ =
Z Z Z =

The equivalent impedance looking at terminals AB with all sources short-
circuited is:


( )
O Z = =

+ =
0
2 . 15 26 . 8 16 . 2 97 . 7
4 13
4 3 10
5 j
j
j
Z
AB

Therefore, Thervenins equivalent circuit is:

(ii) To find the Nortons equivalent circuit of Figure 3,
Short-circuit terminals AB and determine the short-circuit current, I
2


The mesh equation in matrix form is: | || | | | V I Z =
(

Z
Z
=
(

V
V
I
I j
0
0
2
1
45 10 20
0 2
15 10
10 4 13

( )
0
3 . 32 36 . 112 60 95 100 15 4 13 Z = = = A j j
Z

0 0
0
22
45 10 0 20 10
0 20 4 13
Z Z
Z
= A
j

( )( ) 200 07 . 7 93 . 12 4 13 = j j
0
63 . 247 73 . 155 63 . 143 19 . 60 200 63 . 143 81 . 139 Z = = = j j
A I
Z
0
0
0
22
2
93 . 279 39 . 1
3 . 32 112
63 . 247 73 . 155
Z =
Z
Z
=
A
A
=
The impedance looking at terminals AB is the same as obtained in Q 4(i).
Therefore, the Nortons equivalent circuit is:



5. Write the Nodal Voltage equation for the circuit shown in figure 4 in the form
| || | | | I V Y =
.
Solution

At Node 1,

( )
0
2
2 1
1
1
1
=

R
V V
R
V
I
Or
1 2
2
1
2 1
1 1 1
I V
R
V
R R
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

At Node 2,

0
3
2
2
2 1
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
R
V
R
V V
I
Or
2 2
3 2
1
2
1 1 1
I V
R R
V
R
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
The two equations can be written in matrix form as follows:
(

=
(

(
(
(
(

+
+
2
1
2
1
3 2 2
2 2 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
I
I
V
V
R R R
R R R


Note: It is seen that the LHS consist of currents flowing into or out of the Nodes
as a result of the Nodal Voltages, while the RHS are source currents.
In general, | | | | | | I V Y =

6. In the network shown in figure 5, determine the voltages of Nodes 1 and 2 with
respect to the selected reference.

Trainees are to solve this Question and submit.

















Solution

The Nodal equation may be written in matrix form by inspection as follows:
i.e | | | | | | I V Y =
Take note that since
Z
V
I =





At Node 1,

4 2 5
0 50
2 1 1 1
0
V V
j
V V
+ =
Z

0 2
1
0 10
4 4
1
2
1
5
1
Z =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
V
j
V

At Node 2,

2 2
90 50
4
2 2
0
2 1
j
V V V V

=
Z
+

0
2
1
90 25
2
1
2
1
4
1
4
Z =
|
.
|

\
|

+ + + V
V


(

Z
Z
=
(

(
(
(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
0
0
2
1
90 25
0 10
2
1
2
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
2
1
5
1
V
V
j
j


( )
( )
0
95 . 15 546 . 0
5 . 0 75 . 0 25 . 0
25 . 0 5 . 0 45 . 0
Z =
+

= A
j
j
Y

( )
0
11
3 . 56 5 . 13
5 . 0 75 . 0 25 0
25 . 0 0 10
Z =
+ +
+
= A
j j
j


( )
0
22
8 . 37 35 . 18
25 0 25 . 0
0 10 5 . 0 45 . 0
Z =
+
+
= A
j
j j


V V
Y
0
0
0
11
1
25 . 72 7 . 24
95 . 15 546 . 0
3 . 56 5 . 13
Z =
Z
Z
=
A
A
=
V V
Y
0
0
0
22
2
75 . 53 6 . 33
95 . 15 546 . 0
8 . 37 35 . 18
Z =
Z
Z
=
A
A
=