Mechanics of Materials

Stress-Strain Curve for Mild Steel

13-1

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Mechanics of Materials
Definitions
Hookes Law Shear Modulus:

13-2a

Stress: Strain: Poissons Ratio: Normal stress or strain = " to the surface Shear stress = || to the surface
!

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Mechanics of Materials
Definitions
Uniaxial Load and Deformation

13-2b

Thermal Deformation

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Mechanics of Materials
Stress and Strain
Thin-Walled Tanks

13-3a

Hoop Stress: Axial Stress:

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Mechanics of Materials
Stress and Strain
Transformation of Axes

13-3b

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Mechanics of Materials
Stress and Strain

13-3c

Five simplified steps to construct Mohrs circle 1. Determine the applied stresses (x, y, xy). 2. Draw a set of - axes. 1 (" x + " y ). 3. Locate the center: " c = 2 4. 5. Find the radius (or max): Draw Mohrs ! circle.
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Mechanics of Materials
Stress and Strain
For examples 1 and 2, use the following illustration.

13-3d1

Example 1 (FEIM) The principal stresses (2, 1) are most nearly (A) 62 400 kPa and 14 400 kPa (B) 84 000 kPa and 28 000 kPa (C) 70 000 kPa and 14 000 kPa (D) 112 000 kPa and 28 000 kPa
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Mechanics of Materials
Stress and Strain

13-3d2

The center of Mohrs circle is at 1 1 "c = 2 (" x + " y ) = 2 (#48000 kPa + 0) = #24000 kPa Using the Pythagorean theorem, the radius of Mohrs circle (max) is:
!

"max = (30000 kPa)2 + (24000 kPa)2 = 38 419 kPa

" 1 = " c # $max = (#24000 kPa # 38 419 kPa) = #62419 kPa " 2 = " c + #max = ($24000 kPa + 38 419 kPa) = 14 418 kPa

!
! !

Therefore, (D) is correct.

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Mechanics of Materials
Stress and Strain
Example 2 (FEIM): The maximum shear stress is most nearly (A) 24 000 kPa (B) 33 500 kPa (C) 38 400 kPa (D) 218 000 kPa

13-3d3

In the previous example problem, the radius of Mohrs circle (max) was
"max = (30000 kPa)2 + (24000 kPa)2

= 38 419 kPa (38 400 kPa)

!

Therefore, (C) is correct.

!

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Mechanics of Materials
Stress and Strain
General Strain

13-3e

Note that " x is no longer proportional to # x .

!
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Mechanics of Materials
Stress and Strain
Static Loading Failure Theory Maximum Normal Stress: A material fails if Or ! " # Sc " # St

13-3f

This is true of brittle materials. ! For ductile materials: Maximum Shear $" #" " #" " #" ' S 1 2 1 3 2 3 ) > yt Tmax = max& , , & 2 2 2 ) % ( 2 Distortion Energy (von Mises Stress)
!

#" =

1 2

2 2 2 % ' #1 $ # 2 + #1 $ # 3 + # 2 $ # 3 ( * > Syt & )

) (

) (

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Mechanics of Materials
Stress and Strain
Torsion For a body with radius r being strained to an angle , the shear strain and stress are: d# d$ "=r " = G# = Gr dz dz For a body with polar moment of inertia (J), the torque (T) is: ! d" d" 2 T =G r dA = GJ # dz A dz The shear stress is: T Tr " #z = Gr = ! GJ J For a body, the general angular displacement () is: ! L T " = #0 dz GJ
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13-3g
For a shaft of length (L), the total angular displacement () is:

Torsional stiffness:

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Mechanics of Materials
Stress and Strain
Hollow, Thin-Walled Shafts

13-3h

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Mechanics of Materials
Beams

13-4a

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Mechanics of Materials
Beams
Load, Shear, and Moment Relations Load: Shear:

13-4b

For a beam deflected to a radius of curvature (), the axial strain at a distance (y) from the neutral axis is " x = # y / $.

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Mechanics of Materials
Beams
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

13-4c1

Example 1 (FEIM): Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the following beam.

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Mechanics of Materials
Beams
" N% Rl + Rr = $100 ' 16 m = 1600 N m& # Rl = (8) ( Rr (4) = 0 Therefore, Rl = 533.3 N and Rr = 1066.7 N

13-4c2

# # N& N& From 0 m to 12 m, V = Rl " %100 (x = 533.3 N " %100 (x; 0 m < x < 12 m m' m' $ $ Shear is undefined at concentrated force points, but just short of x = 12 m # N& " V (12 ) = 533.3 N " %100 ((12 m) = "666.7 N m' $
From 12 m to 16 m, V = V (12" ) + Rr " (100 N)(x " 12) # N& V = 1600 N " %100 (x; 12 < x ) 16 m m' $ So the shear diagram is:

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Mechanics of Materials
Beams
The bending moment is the integral of the shear.

13-4c3

!
!

! ! !

M = 533.3x 50x2; 0 m < x < 12 m 12 x 12 $ N ' M = "0 Sdx + "12 Sdx = #800 + "0 &1600 N # 100 x ) dx m ( % x $ $ N' 2' = "800 N # m + & 1600 N x " &50 )x ) % m ( (12 % $ N' 2 $ N' M = "800 N # m + 1600 N x " &50 )x " 1600 N 12 m + &50 ) 12 m % m( % m( $ N' 2 M = "12800 N # m + 1600 N x " &50 )x % m( 12 m < x " 16 m

)(

Or, let the right end of the beam be x = 0 m # N& Then, S = "%100 (x; " 4 m < x ) 0 m m' $ $ N' 2 0 0 $ N' M = " x Sdx = " x #&100 ) x = #&50 )x m( % % m(
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Mechanics of Materials
Beams
The bending moment diagram is:

13-4c4

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Mechanics of Materials
Beams

13-4d1

Example 2 (FEIM): The vertical shear for the section at the midpoint of the beam shown is (A) 0 1 P (B) 2 (C) P (D) none of these

Drawing the force diagram and the shear diagram,

Therefore, (A) is correct.

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Mechanics of Materials
Beams

13-4d2

Example 3 (FEIM): For the shear diagram shown, what is the maximum bending moment? The bending moment at the ends is zero, and there are no concentrated couples. (A) 8 kN m (B) 16 kN m (C) 18 kN m (D) 26 kN m

Starting from the left end of the beam, areas begin to cancel after 2 m. Starting from the right end of the beam, areas begin to cancel after 4 m. The rectangle on the right has an area of 16 kN m. The trapezoid on the left has an area of (1/2)(12 kN + 14 kN) (2 m) = 26 kN m. The trapezoid has the largest bending moment. Therefore, (A) is correct.
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Mechanics of Materials
Beams
Bending Stress

13-4e

Shear Stress

Deflection

Note: Beam deflection formulas are given in the NCEES Handbook for any situation that might be on the exam.
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Mechanics of Materials
Beams
Example (FEIM):

13-4f

Find the tip deflection of the beam shown. EI is 3.47 106 N m2, the load is 11 379 N/m, and the beam is 3.7 m long. From the NCEES Handbook:
# 4 N& %11379 ( 3.7 m m' woL4 $ "= = = 0.077 m 6 2 8EI 8 3.47 ) 10 N * m

( )(

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Mechanics of Materials
Columns
Beam-Columns (Axially Loaded Beams) Maximum and minimum stresses in an eccentrically loaded column:

13-5a

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Mechanics of Materials
Columns
Eulers Formula Critical load that causes a long column to buckle:

13-5b

r = the radius of gyration k = the end-resistant coefficient kl = the effective length l = slenderness ratio r

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Mechanics of Materials
Columns
Elastic Strain Energy:

13-5c

Strain energy per unit volume for tension:

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