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Quantitative Research Process

Christian University of Indonesia


Parlindungan Pardede

Quantitative Research Major Characteristics


Aims to describe a trend, to explain the relationship of variables; Research questions are specific and narrow aiming to obtain measurable and observable data on variables; Employs reliable/tested instruments (questionnaires, standardized tests, checklists, interview guide) to collect quantitative data; Uses statistical analysis; The results could be generalized to a larger scale of population; The report uses a standardized pattern, covering : introduction, review of the literature, methods, results, and discussion; The report is free from personal reaction, biases and values.

The Six Steps in the Research Process


Identifying a Research Problem

Reporting and Evaluating Research

Reviewing the Literature

Analyzing and Interpreting Data

Specifying a Purpose and questions for Research

Collecting Data

(1) Identifying a Research Problem


A research topic is the broad subject matter addressed by the study. E.g. Students Vocabulary Research problems are the controversies, issues, or concerns that guide the need for conducting a study. E.g. Students Vocabulary is poor A purpose is the major intent or objective of the study used to address the problem. E.g. To identify why students vocabulary is poor, To see whether reading comics enrich students vocabulary or not. Research questions narrow the purpose into specific questions that the researcher would like answered or addressed in the study. E.g. Does reading comics enrich students vocabulary?

(2) Reviewing the Literature


A literature review is a written summary of journal articles, books, and other documents that describes the past and current state of information on the topic of a research. Importance of a literary review: (1) to document how a study adds to the existing literature; (2) to build ones research skills; (3) learn how other educators compose their research studies; (4) to develop skills in locating needed materials in a timely manner

Sources of Literature Review Materials

(3) Specifying Research Purpose & Questions (Hypothesis)


The purpose statement is a statement that advances the overall direction or focus for the study. E.g.: The purpose of this research is to see whether reading comics can enrich students vocabulary or not Research questions are questions which narrow the purpose into specific questions that the researcher seek to answer. E.g. Does reading comics enrich students vocabulary? Hypotheses are statements in quantitative research in which the investigator makes a prediction or a conjecture about the outcome of a relationship among variables. Ho: Reading comics does not enrich students vocabulary Ha: Reading comics significantly enriches students vocabulary

(4) Collecting Data


Five steps of quantitative data collection: 1. determining the participants (Population & Sample) 2. obtaining permissions needed from several individuals and organizations 3. considering the types of information to collect from several sources available 4. locating and selecting instruments to use 5. administering the data collection process to collect data

Sampling Techniques
Sampling Techniques Probability Sampling Techniques

Nonprobability Sampling Techniques

Convenience Sampling

Judgmental Sampling

Quota Sampling

Snowball Sampling

Simple Random Sampling

Systematic Sampling

Stratified Sampling

Cluster Sampling

(5) Analyzing Data


4 Steps of Data Analysis: scoring the data selecting a statistical program, and inputting the data into a program and then cleaning up the database for analysis

(6) Reporting and Evaluating Research


A research report is a completed study that reports an investigation or exploration of a problem; identifies questions to be addressed; and includes data collected, analyzed, and interpreted by the researcher. It is composed for audiences, varies in length and format. Always consider your audiences!

Practice
Work in group of 4-5 members and discuss the process of carrying out a quantitative research on the following topic
A. Identifying Topic: Reading Comprehension Problem Purpose Res. Question B. Literature Review C. Specifying Research Purpose & Questions Purpose Statement Research Question Hypothesis (Ho & Ha) D. Collecting Data Population & Sample Types of Data to Collect Instrument (s) E. Analyzing Data (Statistical formula/program to use) F. Reporting (Skip)

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