Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
UC-NRLF
51 533.
ILCULATION
TOBK
".
I
l
Amply
Illustrated
when
the Subject
Demands.
LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
Cla&s
'.
9.-A TREATISE ON FUEL, By Arthur V. Abbott, C.E. Founded or, tht original treatise of C William Siemens, D.C.L.
10.
No.
COMPOUND ENGINES
French of A.
Maliet.
Translated
from the
revised,
Second
edition,
No.
No.
No.
THEORY OF ARCHES. By Prof. W. Allan. 12. THEORY OF VOUSSOIR ARCHES. By Prof. W. ? Cain. Second edition, revised and enlarged. 18.-GASES MET WITH IN COAL-MINES. By J. J.
11.
Atkinson.
No.
No. No.
14.
Atkinson,
j
15.
16.
SKEW ARCHES. By Prof. E. W. Hyde, C.E. Illustr. A GRAPHIC METHOD FOR SOLVING CERTAIN
No.
117.
G. L. Vose.
Second American
18.
University
edition.
:
By
at e
Ed
By
' '
tor
' '
Engineering News.
SERIES.
of Arches." Second edition, revised. No. 20.-BRIDGE AND TUNNEL CENTRES. By John B. McMaster, C.E. Second edition. No. 21.-SAFETY VALVES. Second Edition. By Richard H. Buel, C.E. No. 22. HIGH MASONRY DAMS. By E. Sherman Gould, M. Am. Soc. C. E. No. 23. THE FATIGUE OF METALS UNDER REPEATED
With various Tables of Results and Experiments. From the German of Prof Ludwig Spangen burgh, with, a Preface by S. H. Shreve, A.M.
STRAINS.
No.
84.
W. -Robinson.
Second
edition, revised.
No.
25.
No.
26.
27.-ON BOILER INCRUSTATION AND CORROSION. By F. J. Rowan. New Ed. Rev. by F. E. Idell. No. 28. TRANSMISSION OF POWER BY WIRE ROPES. Second edition. By Albert W. Stahl, U S.N. No. 29. STEAM INJECTORS. Translated from the French
No.
of M.
Leon Pochet.
No. 30.
No.
31.
TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM AND THE MAGNETISM OF IRON VESSELS. By Prof. Fairman Rogers. THE SANITARY CONDITION OF DWELLINGHOUSES IN TOWN AND COUNTRY. By
George E. Waring,
;jun.
No. No.
No. No.
32.
MECHANICS OF VENTILATION. By George W. New and Revised Edition. Rafter, C.E. 34. -FOUNDATIONS. By Prof. Jules Gaudard, C.E.
33.
Second
edition.
35.
Fourth
edition.
J. Clerk edition.
;
No.
No.
36.
Second American
C.E.
37.
No.
38.
MAXIMUM STRESSES
IN
FRAMED BRIDGES.
SERIES.
40.
41.
42.
VOUSSOIR
BRIDGES,
ARCHES
DOMES. By
No.
43.
No.
44.
No.
45.
No. No.
46.
47.
MOTION. By Dr. Thomas Craig, of Johns Hopkius University. TURBINE WHEELS. By Prof. W. P. Trowbridge, Columbia College. Second edition. Revised. THERMODYNAMICS. By Prof. H. T. Eddy, University of Cincinnati. ICE-MAKING MACHINES. From the Trench of M. Le Doux. Revised by Prof. Denton.
de Roos.
No.
48.
No. 4. No.
50.
IN
A FLUID.
.
Corfield.
No.
No.
51.
52.
THE TELESCOPE:
By Thomas Nolan.
IMAGINARY QUANTITIES.
French of M. Argand.
No. No.
53.
INDUCTION COILS:
USED.
By
Fifth edition.
54.
KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY.
:
No.
55.
56.
No.
N-
5?.
THE ACTUAL LATERAL PRESSURE OF EARTHWORK, By Benjamin Baker, M. Inst. C.E. INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LIGHTING* A
Practical Descr.piion of the Edison System. By L. H. Latimer, 10 which is added the Design and Operation of 'Incandescent Stations. By C. J. Field, and the Maximum Efficiency of Incandes-
W. Howell.
and Geo.
;
No.
58.
Andre,
No.
59.
CANTILEVER BRIDGES.
BY
R. M.
WILCOX,
PH.
B.,
NEW YOEK
>.
MURBAY AND
27
WARREN STREET
1898
Copyright, 1898,
BY
D.
PREFACE.
THIS volume replaces the
of
original No. 25
Nostrand's Science Series, bear" the title ing Theory and Calculation of Continuous Bridges," by Prof. Mansfield
Van
Merriman, which was published in 1875. The continuous girder, though extensively built in Europe prior to 1875, has
entirely out of use, except for revolving draw-bridges, and the cantilever
now gone
its place.
modern
cantilever
is
tor,
very great advantage over simple trusses of erection without false work. This book has been written with
the
object of presenting as clearly as possible the theory and methods of calculating the
stresses in the trusses of cantilever bridg-
IV.
PREFACE.
es.
railroad structures
are discussed.
number
out to illustrate the application of the methods, and the stresses in all the members are given in tables.
B.M WILCOX
SOUTH BETHLEHEM,
March, 1898.
PA.,
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
AKT. "
1
.
I.
Introduction.
2.
CHAPTER
AET.
1 '
II.
Highway
Bridges.
3.
Definitions.
4.
5.
* l
to
Dead Load.
"
' *
6.
7.
"
8.
Shear and Shear Diagrams. Moment and Moment Diagrams. Horizontal Chords; Cantilevers with
Stress in
Web
Members.
Horizontal
"
* '
9.
Cantilevers
Stress in
with
Chords;
10.
"11.
"
12.
Chord Members. Cantilevers with One Chord Inclined. Shears and Moments Due to Concentrated Live Load.
Max.
Max.
and
Live Load.
"13.
"
14.
+ and
Moment Due
to
Uniform
Live Load.
Cantilever with Horizontal Chords, Uni-
Stresses.
71.
CONTENTS.
ABT. 15.
"
* '
16.
17.
Snow Load and Snow Load Stresses* Stresses Due to Wind. False Members for Purposes of Erection.
Final Max. and Min. Stresses.
'
18.
CHAPTEE
ABT. 19. " 20.
"
21.
22. 23.
III.
Railroad Bridges.
Live Load.
24.
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION.
ARTICLE
1.
I.
HISTORY.
is
THE
ment
is
cantilever
bridge
a
;
developin fact
it
the continuous girder with the chords cut and hinged (properly) at the points of
reversion of flexure.
The first real practical type of cantilever bridge consisted of two sets of logs projecting out from the two opposite shores
of a stream
and the space between the ends of these arms spanned by other logs or beams. Such a bridge was built in Thibet about 240 years ago. For a description see R. R. Gazette, 1882, p. 2. book entitled "A Treatise on Bridge
Architecture/ by
in
New York
for bridging the Hudson river. It was " called Pope's Flying Pendant Lever
Bridge/' and contained the principles of but Pope's ideas the cantilever bridge were decidedly erroneous as regards the
;
stresses.
At a time when tubular bridges and continuous girders were in favor, about
1850, it was suggested, by Edwin Clark, that the chords in continuous girders be
severed at the points of contrary flexure, and the central portion be hung at those points. This plan though not carried into
practical operation until
years
some twenty-five was nevertheless the essential principle of the modern cantilever bridge. In 1833 M. A. Canfield built a bridge at Paterson, N. J., which is claimed to be
later,
the
first
America.
built the
was
The bridge was from the shore panel by panel until the towers were reached, and then continued on until connections were made
at the middle.
alternate
stresses
the bridge was perfectly stiff, the chords were cut on the shore arms
duced
if
near the
This bridge is located on piers. the Kentucky river, about 112 miles from For full description see Cincinnati.
Transactions of the
1878.
Am.
In
1867-68
Prof.
W.
P. Trowbridge,
of the School of Mines of Columbia College, New York, conceived of and executed a
first
long-span cantilever in
America. It was designed to span the East river opposite 76th street, New York,
and involved the construction of two immense masonry piers 135 feet high placed
on BlackwelPs Island. On top of these masonry piers it was intended to place iron towers 150 feet higher. For full
description of the proposed bridge see Eng. News, Dec. 29, 1883. " The Niagara Cantilever Bridge " was begun in April, and completed in DecemIt was considered a wonderful ber, 1883. of piece engineering, both in the rapidity of construction and obstacles overcome.
It
Am.
Central Bridge Works" of Buffalo, N. Y. The principal dimensions are Length over all 910 feet, each cantilever 375 feet, and central span 120 feet. It has two points of support 25 feet apart at the piers, which
built
C.
C. Schneider, "
M.
by the
:
carried
are simply iron towers. The structure two lines of railroad 299 feet above
is to be found in XIV of the Transactions of Am. Soc.,
C. E.
The next cantilever bridge of importance built in America was the " St. John
River Bridge."
It
was opened
for traffic
in September, 1885, and was another exIt had the ample of rapid construction.
feet, two cantilevers of 287 and 382 feet respectively, and a central span of
812J
143J
feet.
is
to be
p. 691.
"
The
Bridge,"
over
of
the
Ohio
river,
connecting the
cities
Lou-
isville,
sists of
Ky., and New Albany, Ind., contwo cantilever spans 480 and 483
feet long respectively, separated by a continuous span of 360 feet two anchor spans
;
of 260 feet each, a swing span of 370 feet, and a fixed span on the New Albany side
of 240 feet
feet.
The
95
feet.
It
was
Co.
built in 1886,
under trying
27, 1886.
and
was
The Poughkeepsie Bridge/ over the Hudson river at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., has
7
a total length (not including viaduct approaches) of 3093 feet. It is 212 feet above high water and consists of five spans of continuous and cantilever trusses. It
was
built
1887-88.
Co., in
piers of
were very deep, one being 129 feet below the surface of the river. See R. R. Gazette, July 1, 1887, and also Eng.
this bridge
over the Schuylkill river at Market street, completed in 1888, is about 409 feet long and 77 feet wide, and consists of two cantilever spans 166 feet lOf indies, and one central span 76 feet long. " "
The Great Forth Bridge was commenced in 1881 and completed in 1890.
li crosses the "Firth of
Forth" in Scotland, and consists of three gigantic cantilevers connected by two central spans each 350
feet long. The middle cantilever is 1620 feet long, and rests on two supports 260 feet apart. The other two cantilevers are
each 1505 feet long, and rest on two supThe total length ports of 145 feet apart. of the bridge is, therefore, 5330 feet. This length does not include the approaches, which in themselves are immense structures. The maximum distance between piers is 1700 feet, the longest span in the
world.
The clearance
is
150
A full
his-
London
Other important cantilever bridges have been built, principal among which in
"
Bed Rock
built in 1890,
and
its
main
April 25,
was opened
feet.
May
2.
ARTICLE
CLASSIFICATION.
shaped beam trusses extending inward from their supports and connected at the middle of the span, either directly or by an intermediate span of ordinary construction.
and
This arrangement is shown in Fig. I, is the simplest type of the modern cantilever bridge. Various modifications
of the arrangement of the trusses exist in cantilever bridges, but all contain the
principle of the bracket or
arm supporting
ed into two general classes, depending upon the arrangement of the supports.
The
first
points of support at the pier, as is shown " 7 in Fig. xxm. The Niagara Cantilever'
Great Forth " bridges are examples of this class. The second includes those
and
"
cantilever bridges which at the pier are supported at a single point. Fig. vil represents the arrangement of the reactions for the second class, and the St. John River " and " Louisville " bridges are
"
good examples of
it.
The
calculations of
is quite will be as reference to seen different, by the formulas in Articles 21 and 5 respect-
ively.
CHAPTEE
HIGHWAY
ARTICLE
3.
II.
BRIDGES.
DEFINITIONS.
The following
definitions of shore
arm,
river arm, and central span apply generally to both classes of cantilevers, but particularly to the truss
arrangement repre-
sented by the Niagara cantilever bridge r in which there are two piers and two
abutments.
Fig.
trusses,
vil.
definitions clearer.
Shore arm is that part of the bridge included between the abutment and pier, or
AF.
River arm is that part included between the pier and central span, or FJ. Central span is a simple truss supported
by the ends
Only one
10
half of the central span
VII.
is
shown
in Fig.
All forces acting upward are to be taken as positive, and all forces acting downward Thus a positive reaction is one negative. acting upward, while a negative reaction
is
downward.
stress means the greatest possible stress, either positive or negative, that can occur in a member. Minimum
Maximum
stress
means the
maximum
stress,
opposite kind.
stress.
Shear diagrams are drawn to represent the distribution of shear throughout the bridge due to the position of the load
shown, while moment diagrams represent
the distribution of
moments
shown.
The plus sign placed before a stress means tension, and the minus sign compression.
11
ARTICLE
4.
DEAD LOAD.
The problem of deducing a general formula for dead load in a cantilever bridge,
in order to calculate the
is
dead load
stresses,
one very
so
many ways,
a distinct problem in itself. With such conditions to contend with, it seems almost impossible to derive a formula for
dead
load.
satisfactory formula for dead load in cantilever bridges has ever been found, to
No
the
author's
re-
cently.
In
is presented a formula or diagram for dead load. From this the dead load for each apex of shore
and river arms can be found by means of what is called a " percentage curve." This curve is plotted from values taken from
a
number
12
load of any panel of the shore and river arms, and the dead apex load of the susIt checks with remarkable precision the estimated weight of the proposed North River Bridge at New York. Although Mr. Waddell does
made, as
principle.
it
seems
to be
In the absence of any formula, the only way to get the dead load is to weigh the
material, or get the actual shop weights. This is laborious, and involves the calculation of the stresses in certain
members
say the end panel of the river arm, due to half the dead weight of the central span,
live
wind, together with an assumed weight of the members themselves. If the bridge
is
mum
their
designed (rather
13
assumed and actual of the weights members, all well and good ; but if too great a difference exists between them, the work should be repeated to the
the
If there is
but slight
differ-
extent necessary for close agreement in assumed and actual weights. This book is not intended to explain the method of designing bridges, but to show
how
little
memof
hence,
it is
importance whether the results obtained are the stresses caused by the actual weight of the bridge and the possible weights which may act upon it. The dead apex loads, therefore, will be assumed, and such values taken as to give simple
numerical computation.
ARTICLE
5.
REACTIONS DUE TO
DEAD LOAD.
Let
R!
/
= load per linear foot. = shore reaction. R = river reaction. = length of shore arm*
w
8
14
m =
= W=
n
weight on bridge.
Since one half the weight of the central span, w n, is supported at the end of the
taking
river area, the reaction 2 can be found by as the origin of moments, then
+
2
~
t
(I
+ w) +
(?
w)
-0,
or
wn(l
n
/
But
+R =w +m+
2
W
R-i ..... ( 2 )
and Bi
w(l
+m+
is
g)
taking the end of the river arm as the origin of moments, the moment of the
By
)*
Ei
(Z
-h
m)
= 0...(3)
15
and R,
> tg
+ MI )'-' B m
I
-f-
........(4)
These equations are sufficient to determine the reactions in any cantilever with supports arranged as shown in Fig. I. RI may have a positive, negative, or zero
value, depending of I, and n.
upon the
RI
relative length
The
-
criterion that
from which
I
+mn V m + m n.
2
-f-
m'2 -j- m n, the greater than value of Rj is greater than zero, or positive^ and acts upward also, when I is less than
When
is
V m + m n,
2
the value of Ri
is
negative,
ARTICLE
6.
beam
it
Since the shear in any section of a is equal to the algebraic sum of the
vertical forces
on the
arm
l)
at
from Ri
(see Fig.
may be
16
w
Ri
x.
For the
RI
river
from
any
its
+R
is
x.
The shear
in
end
^-^
x.
The
distribution of shears
due
to
dead
load for the different sections throughout, for the case when I is greater than
ym
-f-
mn
is
?
gram
of Fig. n.
ii
Fig.
ill
when
is
is less
than
Vm
4-
m n^
or
when
negative.
17
----- 1 ---- *h
TO
---- n ---
Fig. Ill
ARTICLE
7.
moment
at
any
sec-
B 2 and R The moment from equations (1) and (2). at any section of the shore arm distant x from Ri is represented bv the equation
t
and
it is
neces-
M = Ri x
2
'
2~-
The point of maximum moment is where Put the the vertical shear equals zero.
equation for shear
wx
equal to zero,
18
solve for #, and substituting this value of x in the above equation will give the maxi-
mum moment in
When
shore arm.
RI is positive there exists, in the shore arm, an inflection point or point at which the moment changes from positive to negative, and is sometimes called the To find where point of reverse flexure. w x2 this point is, put R x equal to ^
:
zero,
x.
The moment
in the river
arm
at
any
is
expressed by
This
same ment
is
,..
The
mo-
wn
=
x
h
x*
,
,
where x
to
is
the dis-
,,
,.
tance
tion
to
from
use
in
section
is
the
end
of
river arm.
This
in
former, or negative
which
RI
may be
as
I
positive
according
is
greater
19
in n This should be determined and the proper sign given
to Rj in the equation of moment of forces on left. In the central span the moment
is
found just as in the case of a simple The % equation of moments at beam. section distant x from its lift end is, wnx w x* r
Mz ~2
..
2~"
for
-f-
the
case
when
R,
is
greater than
vm
m n, or when
is positive, is
shown
in Fig. IV.
K-
*-
represents
20
Fig. "V
ARTICLE 8. CANTILEVERS WITH HORIZONTAL CHORDS; STRESSES IN WEB MEMBERS DUE TO DEAD LOAD.
The rule for finding the stress in the web members of a truss with horizontal
upper and and lower chords
is
as follows
Pass a section cutting the member, the stress in which is to b& found, and multiply tlw shear in the section l>y the secant of the angle which
member makes ivith the vertical. Let the cantilever shown in Fig. VI have length of shore arm equal to 100 feet, river arm 80 f eet, central span 80 feet and
the
21
Then sec# = 1.18. Let depth 16 feet. uniform dead load equal 250 pounds per linear foot, or 5000 pounds per panel.
p R
wm
~~
(I
+ m) + w
-21180
(I
-f w)
180'
'
._
8
250
80
+ 250 x =
200
R,
= =
250
+ m + (100 + 80 + 40)
acts
in
58 500
that
',
is, it
downward.
a
)
The
stress
sec. B, or a
+
=
Ab = Bc=
7080 pounds.
12 980 pounds.
22
F<7
=
P
R,
:
+R
(
P,
etc.,
.........
8)
(
sec 0.
F# =
X
Ij
-.=
(
3500 3500
5000) 1.18
= +
58 500
2500
8
5000) 1.18
3j
*^sec0-= 7500 x
8850
pounds.
Enough of the members have been taken show how the stresses are calculated for web members throughout the bridge
to
due to dead
load.
stress in the
horizontal chords first, by the Method of Moments " and, second, by the method of " Chord Increments." The method of chord increments does not hold good when one of the chords is inclined so the method of moments will
"
;
with
23
Draw
the origin
of moments at the intersection of the two members cut, other than the one in which the stress is to be found ; then state the equation of moments between flie stress and tlie aplift
stress.
reactions
Art.
8.
R
If
taken in this case as used in the last ar= 58 500 and R 3500 ticle, then R 2
pounds.
Let
it
be required to find the stress in Pass a section cutting and take the origin of
of
(_R
_P )30
o
- 6000 X
30
and b c = Take the member D E. The origin of moments is at e and the equation is
= + 6cxl6 =
16
6000
x 80
15 000
X 40
51 875 pounds. The origin of moments for the chord member fg is at F, and the equation of
and
DE = +
+DE x
16
25 000 2500) 110 + R x 10 X 50 +fg x 16 = 6000 x 110 + 58 500 x 10 25 000 X 50 +fg X 16 = 82 813 pounds. and/# = The moment equation may express the moment of the forces on the right instead
R!
and
it is
often a sav;
ing of labor to express it in that way as, I the for example, to find the stress in
is
origin is at i, I x 16
20
HI =
The examples given are sufficient to show how the stress in any member of a
highway cantilever with horizontal chords, due to dead load, can be found.
25
ARTICLE
CHORD
INCLINED.
A favorite
When
exists,
is
is inclined.
web
the principle that the stress in any member is equal to the shear in the
by the secant of the the makes with the member which angle vertical no longer holds true, for the reason
sections, multiplied
member
takes
up
Let cantilever shown in Fig. VII have arm equal to 100 feet,
G
F,
river
arm 80 feet, central span 80 feet, and distance apart of trusses 16 feet B b = 20 feet, F / = 24 feet, I i = 21 feet and K Jc = 21 feet. Let the dead load
;
be,
is the same and the load per linear foot double that of the examples given in Art. 8, R a = 58 500 x 2 = + 117 000 and R, = 3500
7000 pounds.
b as
Taking
stress in
AB
AB
and
the apex load that comes upon it. For the stress in 5, take the center of
moments
12 000
at B.
Then
Ab
14.142
20
or A b =
16 960 pounds.
& C, pass a section through, cutting B C, & C and b c take the origin of moments at the inter;
For the
stress in the
member
section of
BC
and
It
c,
which
is
420 feet
to the left of
is
C and
296.98 feet.
296.98
6C X
and
b
400
The
stress in be is
The lever arm origin of moments at C. of fee is 20.97 feet giving the equation fee X
20.97
12 000
x 40
10 000
20
and
I c
32 400 pounds.
The
the left of C, and the equation gives Cc X 420 12 000 X 380 20 000
and C
410
30 380 pounds.
sufficient
number
of
the
illustrate the
members method
of calculating the stress due to uniform load in the members of the shore and river
arms.
The member F/ may, however, offer some difficulty if treated according to the method shown. If the section be passed, cutting efj fg and F/, the solution becomes
very simple by placing the vertical component of the stress in ef, fg and F/J equal to the reaction R 2 This equation will contain only one unknown quantity F/
.
The equation
is
28
orF/=R -(Ve/+V/,
8
in which
cal
Ve/and
vei*ti-
components of the stress in ef and fg These stresses, taken from respectively. the table, are 133 600 and 133 500 pounds, and vertical components of them 6680 and 6675 pounds. The above equation for F/
reduces then to
6675) = (6680 103 600 pounds. The stress in the members of the cen-
tral
span are calculated just like those of a simple deck truss. Since it has its chords parallel, the stress in any web
member
by The
members
of the
in Fig. VII, due to dead load, are calculated in the manner shown, and the stresses given in the fol-
cantilever truss
shown
lowing
table.
The
tables of
stresses
is
the book,
swers to any self-selected problem that the student may take. For instance, if the student wishes to test his ability in working
29
out the stress in any member not already given he may take for example F Gr
and apply the same principles as used in finding the stress in A B, and verify his result from the table.
pursue this course be found to be of very great help to him in better understanding the probIf the student will
it
will
lems.
Dead Load
shown
in Fig. VII.
31
horses and wagons, electric cars, etc. In order to determine the maximum
and minimum
affected
members
by this
What, then, is the possible arrangement of the live load ? Unlike the
it.
duce
live load
may occupy
part of, or different parts of, the bridge at the same time it may also, like the dead
;
load, cover the entire bridge at once. It is necessary, therefore, to consider all possible arrangements of the live load,
it which will produce the maximum and minimum shear and moment for any section.
and
Consider
first,
which
is
in the nature of
32
(a)
For a load
The
on a
of shears
Vill.
Fig.
(6)
For a load
-',
I
on river arm,
= -P
and
R,=
(6)
tributed as
and the shears and the moments are shown in Fig. ix.
dis-
33
---n---
rz
~\
TH
IX
(c)
For load
P
,
on central span,
1=
_P. n
and
K,= In\
Fig.
34
distribution of shears
An
and
(c)
shows
that the
section,
maximum
positive shear in
load
tion,
is
occurs
left of
when
the load
is
the section.
that, for case (a), the
moment
any
;
is
positive, tion in lj
and
is
maximum
is
for
secthat,
when P
(&),
for case
m, or when P is placed at the end and that, in case (c), of the river arm
5
a negative moment is produced in both the shore and river arms, and a posialso tive moment in the central span
j
maximum when P
is
maximum
35
in
mum
P for Maximum
Shear*.
and Negative
-f
Max.
Shear.
Max.
Shear.
36
ARTICLE
The diagrams
and moments in
The
2,
effect of
,
P P Pa
etc.,
manner, the resulting diagram being the same as the combined diagrams for each load taken separately,
When
together and are of the same intensity, the result is a uniformly distributed load. Such a load is represented in highway
in a continuous or
It is necessary, therefore, to conbridge. sider the effect of such load, and the posi-
tion or possible
the
at
maximum
section.
+ and
any
The
live load in
37
not, however, generally made in highway bridges, as the result is not as injurious as
If
such
a combination should be desired, the rules of Art. 11, 12 and 13 are to be followed.
The shearing
will
effect of
uniform
live load
now be
considered.
in the shore arm, the
greatest positive shear occurs when the load is so placed as to give to RI the
from
it.
Any
arm and
central
span causes a negative reaction at RI; therefore, the maximum positive shear in
any section of the shore arm occurs when arm is covered with the uniform load to the right of the section, which
the shore
makes
(8)
Fig.
38
i-
In the river arm, tne maximum positive shear for any section occurs when the load covers the central span and the river arm
to right of the section.
m
ivm
1
and
==%D+_
L*l
Since
R!+R
2?
substituting for RI
and
and
/m
(9)
reducing, gives
= Ywn
which equation
.section.
-\-wrn'
is also the algebraic sum of the vertical forces on the right of the
39
The position of load for maximum positive shear, for any section of river arm, is shown in Fig. XII.
In order to obtain the greatest negative shear in any section of the shore arm, it is R wx, apparent, from the equation that Rj should have the greatest negative value possible. Since RI is negative due
V=
tral span, it is evident that the proper position of live load to fulfill the condition
is, to cover the river arm and central span with the uniform load, and also the shore
arm to the left of the section. The value of RI is found from the equation
40
wmn
~
21
21
wx
(10)
Kig.
XIII
is no possible arrangement of the load to produce a negative shear in the river arm. load on left of section gives
The maximum
41
on the right of the section; maximum negative, when central span is loaded on
the left of section, just as in the case of a simple beam.
Table giving Positions of Uniform Live Load Give Max. Positive and Negative Shears.
to
ARTICLE 13. MAXIMUM POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE MOMENT DUE TO UNIFORM LIVE LOAD.
The
position
is
of
'live
maximum moment
shore arm
in
when
The equation
of bending
moment
at
left
end
is
Substituting for Rj
its
value
wl
u
in the
WlX
WX*
If
any
live load is
arm
or central span, its effect is to produce a negative value in RI, thereby de-
The diagram
tribution of
in Fig.
dis-
maximum
moments
43
There is no position of the live load that will give a positive moment in the the moment in the river arm river arm
;
is
beam, its maximum positive moment for any section occurs when it is fully loaded, as shown in Fig. XV, in which
--
wnx WHJU
ivx2
'IV JU
'2
.(12)
Fig.
XV
shore
load
The maximum negative moment in the arm will evidently occur when the
is
so placed as to give the greatest negative value for Ri, and to have no load
44
To produce
arm and central span should be fully loaded and no load on the shore arm. The diagram of moments is shown in Fig. xvi, and the value of the moment is found from M - -Ria (13)
The
mum
negative moments in river arm is of course that which will produce the greatest negative value of RI. This will occur the river arm and central span are
when
loaded, with no load on shore arm, as in The equation of moments for Fig. XVI.
45
any section
is
in river
arm
x)
distant x
from
2
M=
Rj
(I -f-
R ^-^- +
left of
x.
The moment
zero
at the section
due to that
the section
on the
-i
above equation becomes zero if the load is placed on the central span and on
in the
the right of the section only in the river arm. The effect is the same, and the
above equation
is
simplified to
1
M=
(I
jc)
+R
(14)
this posi-
The following table gives, in condensed form, the position of live load for max. positive and negative moments in the different parts of cantilevers.
Table Showing Position of Uniform Live Load to and Moments. Give Maximum
ARTICLE 14. CANTILEVER BRIDGE WITH HORIZONTAL CHORD; STRESSES DUE TO UNIFORM LIVE LOAD.
To
let
illustrate
method
of
calculating
live load,
stresses in a cantilever
due to
same example
as given in Article
be taken. Shore arm 100 feet, river arm 80 feet, central span 80 feet, and depth of Let live Sec# = 1.18. truss 16 feet.
load be taken at 70 pounds per square foot of floor surface. Assuming the
bridge to be 30 feet wide, 1)he weight per linear foot for one truss is 70 X 15
This multiplied by the 1050 pounds. panel length 20 feet gives 21 000, or say 20 000 pounds, as the live panel load which is all applied to the chord that supports
the floor system.
VvAAi
To
find the stress in
maximum
shear.
positive
For maximum positive shear, load covers shore arm on right of section, (see
table in Art. 12).
20 000
40 000 pounds.
Stress in
Aa = 40 000 X
1.18
47 200
For maximum negative shear, pounds. oad covers river arm, central span, and
48
shore arm
left of section.
R l=
Shear
64 000 pounds.
t
For stress in Qh due to maximum positive shear, the live load covers central span and river arm on the right of section.
The panel
h,
i,
j,
k and
I.
Th n
-R
(2)
From
therefore
Rf Ri 60 000
+ R = 90 000 and R =
2
2
=W,
60 000+150
1.18
arm
mOfc
For the
positive
C
be
the
maximum
considered,
moment
first
49
aud
this occurs
by reference
to table in
Art. 13,
when
live load
then
n-n
40 000
60
40000x30
Maximum
through C central span
_ 75 000 pounds.
loaded.
IT"
For
T?
_ 60 000
x 40 + 50 000 X
80
T00~
and Ri
64 000
^
This
Take the lower chord member of the There is no positive moment possible, so the maximum negative
moment
takes place
when
-~p
rr
-f 90 000 pounds.
50
With
center of
moments
)
at J, stress in ij
equals
31 250 pounds.
The following is perhaps a shorter and more rapid method of calculating the reactions in a cantilever truss, due to live Ioad than the one just used. Let P P], P 2 P 8 etc., be the panel
7
,
, ,
loads at the apex points, a, &, c, d, etc., of the truss shown in Fig. XVIII. Then, since 4 5 / 5 of P is supported by R 17 / 5 of P goes
}
goes to the same can be of coefficients a table reaction, formed giving the part of each load supto Rj
and
/5
of
P2
etc.,
position for maximum, positive, and negative shear or moments, the reaction 1?
on the required panel is found by adding together the points obtained by multiplying each product panel load by its coefficient in the column R r In the same way the value of R 2 can be found. This applies to loads on the
to the. loads
due
51
river
arm and
To
the river
find the stress in G/&, the load covers arm and central span to the right
h, i,j, Jc and Z, are loaded each with 20 000 pounds, except that 2Q QQQ at I, which is one half or Then by ^ 2 the use of the table R, is found to be
52
20 000
-.6 .4 8,) + 10 000 8, - 60 000. and R is 20 000 = X + 1.4 + 1.6 + 1.8 4- 1.8 + 10 000 X + 1.8 = + 150 000 then V = 60 000 4- 150000 = 4- 90000 and stress in Qh = 90 000 X 1-18 = 106 200 pounds, the
(
.8
same value
as that
its greatest advantage the loads are unequal, or when a uniform live load with excess loads is used,
when
as will be
shown
ARTICLE
15.
way
In addition to dead and live loads, highbridges are subjected to another kind of vertical load, at times in certain climates
j
from
& Bridges,
Merriman's and Jacoby, Part I, Art. 41.) Snow load is assumed to be distributed uniformly over the floor surface, and con-
53
sequently acts on the members of the truss in the same manner as the dead
load.
Let
iv
snow
load per linear foot per truss S the stress in a member due to dead load, and S l the
stress in the
load, then
to
snow
= S
To
andS'
S *..
due
to
'
...(15)
snow
load,
may
or
may
not
act
same
maximum and minimum due to dead, live, snow and wind loads combined may be determined, as is shown in the table of maximum and minimum stresses at the end of the chapter.
order that the
stresses
to
be
15
54
floor surface,
the snow load per linear foot per truss for the cantilever of Article 10 is if the dis-
tance of trusses apart be 16 feet and there are two sidewalks each 5 feet wide
-i of the trusses, outside
4.
e^
15(16
2
+ T
2
5)
390 -
or say 200
pounds per
truss.
The
stress in
A & due to
500
snow load
is S'
~ = 16960
w
16.
==
6780 pounds.
ARTICLE
STRESSES
DUE TO WIND.
To counteract the
acting horizontally, tends to deflect the truss in a horizontal plane, just as the vertical forces tend to deflect the truss in a
vertical plane,
members
introduced, extending from the chord apex point of one truss to the same apex point of the other truss, and also tension members or tie -rods extending from the chord apex point of one truss to the next
55
apex point of the other truss. The arrangement of the members of this lateral system is like the members of a Pratt
truss, as
shown
in Fig. xix.
Lateral System F' G' H' i'
Upper
A'
B'
p'
E'
j'
K'
i/
IXIXLXIXJXJXIXIXDxJXCKI
J
J
KL KL
*J~Q
LXIXIXXXJXlXXIXXlXf HI Abode
/
Lower
Lateral,
System
Fig.
XIX
The wind blowing in one direction stresses one system, and blowing in the opposite
direction stresses the other. This arrangeto take tension only. The actual surface exposed to wind in the cantilever bridge is an unknown quantity before the
bridge
is
designed
there-
fore,
some approximate value must be assumed in order that the stresses due to
56
A closely apwind may be calculated. proximate wind load is found for simple trusses (see Merriman's Roofs and Bridges Part I, Art. 42,) by assuming the members of the truss to be each one foot wide
;
then the total area exposed to wind is twice as many square feet as there are
linear feet in the skeleton outline of the
truss.
The pressure per square foot exerted by wind may be taken at about 30 pounds, although a pressure as high as
is
sometimes
act-
Wind
is
taken as
ing uniformly over the entire length. It similar to the dead load, exis. therefore
cept that it acts horizontally and produces tension in the leeward chords and com-
The pression in the windward chords. stresses in the horizontal system effected
by wind are calculated just as the stresses would be for a Pratt truss system. The distribution of shears and moments due to wind on truss is represented by the diagrams of shears and moments due to dead load, shown in Figs. II, in, IV and v.
57
points
The wind-load
table
stresses
given in the
:
have been calculated as follows results are necessarily an approxima(The since the true area exposed to wind tion, is not known.) The skeleton outline of the cantilever, Fig. XIX (dimensions of which are given in Art. 10), is about 1070
feet.
Assuming the wind pressure per square foot at 30 pounds, the total wind pressure on one truss is
1070
30
32 120 pounds.
Assuming two-thirds to be applied to the upper chord, since it carries the floor system, and one-third to the lower chord,
gives
2
X 32 X 32
o
;
120 120
11
3X11
and
,
= 1946,
07Q stt97o pounds
-,
58
respectively for the upper and lower chord apex wind loads. To be on the side of
safety, and giving at the same time better values for computation, these may be increased to 2000 and 1000 pounds respectively.
To find the stresses in the upper lateral system (see Fig. xix), proceed as follows
:
X 100 = 8 X 4000 x
*|+10
A-
000 X 180.
-3X
4000
40.
R =
T
4800.
lateral
angle which diagonals in upper system make with the vertical; then 1.25. secant 6', = 1.6 and tan 6' Stress in A' B equals 4800 X 1.6 + 7680 pounds.
Let
6'
Stress in
CD
4800
for
40
+ 4000 X 20 _
wind West, and 33 000 for wind East. For C' D the wind blows West and the
is
shear
4800
4000
4000
12 800
59
pounds. This multiplied by the secant of the angle C' D D' gives 4- 12 800 X 1.6
:
+ C'D = +
20 480 pounds.
the wind blows in the opposite direction, or East, the member C D' is
stressed an equal amount -f 20 480 pounds. The effect of the wind on the upper
When
chord
is
70200
7O2OO
Fig.
XX
Fig. XX,
shown
in Fig.
force acting at F is 46 800 pounds, and, if the two trusses are rigidly connected by
members
F/
and
F/
7
and
7
struts,
this
force of 46 800 pounds tends to produce rotation about the point/ and is held in
,
about/
is
- 46 800
24
+ 70 200 X 16 =
if
0.
the center of
as
midway
be-
tween
couple.
and
2,
which
latter act as a
is less
than
the value
2,
the
downward
force neces-
sary to produce equilibrium, the bridge R 2 due to dead load is will overturn.
117 000
therefore there
is
a good factor
of safety against overturning, due to the assumed wind pressure of 30.84 pounds
per square foot, since in order to overturn the bridge the wind would have to exert a
pressure per square foot equal to
117000X16X30.84
46 800
51.4 Ibs.
24
61
lows:
and
Therefore, F'/=
13.28.
^+8458Qlbs>
In the table of
mum
ing effect of wind on truss are not given, and are omitted, because their effect is so
small as not to materially change the final
results.
The stresses due to overturning wind on truss and train are given in the table of final maximum and minimum stresses in a railroad cantilever bridge and
effect of
the
method of
In actual practice
compare the assumed apex wind loads with the actual wind apex loads as the result of multiplying the assumed pressure
in pounds per square foot by the actual surface exposed in the designed structure.
62
This should be done at least to make sure that the assumed wind apex loads are on the side of safety.
Wind.
63
forms
of bridges, the suspension bridge excepted, consists in its economy of erection under
unfavorable
little
conditions.
is
Comparatively
false
work
is
arms
abutment is reached on one and made at the middle connection side, of the central span on the other.
until the
In order to
dle
it is
make connection
in the mid-
necessary that the central span or a part of it be made, temporarily, a continuation of the river arm by means of false
;
members introduced merely to support the arm and the necessary apparatus, etc., used
in erection.
It is readily seen that, in the case of the cantilever shown in Fig. VII, the compres-
sion
to
Jc
64
make
is
the central span, or as much of it as necessary, a part of the river arm of the
cantilever.
some
of the
members
of the truss.
What this change is remains to be determined; so that, if necessary, provision may be made in the cross-section of the members effected to safely erect the bridge. Fig. XXI represents the skeleton diagram
of Fig. VII changed by the false members ij,j k and 3j being introduced for purposes
of erection.
I
The dimensions cf truss are the same as that of Fig. vn, and dead apex loads the same, 10 000 pounds but the live load will
;
65
in erection.
pounds.
and
fc,
etc.
make with
vertical is 1.38.
The position farthest out on the that the traveler is likely to occupy
K, since
all
arm
is
at
the
members L
it
I,
I,
etc.,
in that position
and
connection made.
greatest
est stress in all chord
This
position gives
moment, and consequently greatmembers, to the left. The stress in L I is 10 000, pounds due to dead load. K I = 10 000 X 1.38 = +
13 800 pounds.
9520 pounds. 10 000 10 000 - 40 000 = - 60 000 pounds, which is greater than the maximum stress due to dead snow and live load as given in table.
*l= Kk =
Jk =
.
.
- 60 000 X
. ,
1.38
50 000
X
J
70 000 X 1.38 pounds, 96 600 pounds. When the traveler is brought over the point I the stress in I i is
i
- 66 660
- 40 No
000
66
members throughout
minimum
live load.
stresses
maximum and dead snow and The following table shows what
due
are stressed during erection when subjected to dead snow than greater
members
and
live load.
In addition to the stress due to wind on the truss there may be stress, due to wind
to considerits
position
During
Erection.
The work
67
carried on at times
when
at a high velocity, at which time the traveler should be run back to a point of safety.
On
this
made
for
members due
to
members
ARTICLE
18.
due to dead load, live on truss is given and wind load, load, for the cantilever bridge shown in Fig's vii and xix, and the final maximum and minimum stresses given in the last two
A table of stresses
snow
columns.
The overturning
to
but
little
much
in this case.
But
68
members. All of these omitted forces are mentioned merely to call attention to
them, so that the student
treated.
showing in some members the reversal of stress from tension to compression and
visa versa.
69
T %
f 3
a oo CM O ^ CM
I
o
00
I
s
I
esioco^i
++++
0000000 O
co
CN
in
ox
CO t-
LO 00 cs
CO OQ CN
I |
^H
|
+ +++++
g^O-*t-rHrH-*T^CN(MC5t-t~XCCOOlOrOOOkOCMiOt-CO<MCOO'^^<MCOt-CS'^ C
1
I
+ + + + +" +++
I I
!
+ +
I
O o
Tt iH
cncii^^csr-ii-i
CO CO
Ci
TH
CM co
O n
ft
S Q
70
"
6
I
5
5Q
*
^ I
71
C5O^,t-^OOO
C;O
1 Q
5^33S2 S + + +7 +1
I I
i
MJ
72
CHAPTER
III.
19.
members
it
Snow
falls
tween the
ties.
The
been
fully discussed in Art. 4 for highway bridges, and the same remarks apply here.
The wind
bridges.
considerably
In addition to the effect of wind blowing on the truss the wind blowing on the train is considered, both as regards its
effect in stressing the lateral bracing, and in overturning the bridge and causing additional stress in the leeward truss members.
truss
is
considered as a
73
moving
load,
place the train in the same position that it occupied when live load stress was found,
so that the stresses due to the different
causes
may be
live
(For
Art. 22.)
ARTICLE
20.-
The stresses due to dead load in a railroad cantilever bridge are calculated in
precisely the same cantilever of the
way
as for a
highway
same
arrangement of
members.
The railroad cantilever bridge used in the following analysis of stresses will be that shown in Fig. XXII.
74
It differs
from those so
far considered
in that
it
and
8,
and the
cantilever
would
therefore form
were continuous from end to end. If the diagonals in the panel between R 2 and R 3
are omitted, this ambiguity disappears, inasmuch as the strains transmitted by the
remaining members of that panel are those due to moments, and the shear in the
panel
is zero.
The equations
as follows
:
found
all
the loads
the shore arm, P 2 the resultant of all the loads on the river arm and central
span, and let l\ and mi be their respective distances from The funda2 and 8
forces
shall
equal zero,
gives
Pi
P =
2
(16)
in the panel
between
(17)
B.
0,
opB,
=P
75
That
is
to say,
right of
B,+B, =
The equation
of
P, ............... (18)
of the external
moments
2,
is
R! I but R 3
Pi
I,
=P
+P
Pl
(a
+ mO
P 2^i
I
= 0,
to
The moment
=
R
............
(20)
and
(19),
gives
These equations are general for this and may be used for both uniform and concentrated load, with
class of cantilever,
slight modifications.
76
ARTICLE
21.
STRESSES LOAD.
DUE TO DEAD
Let the single track deck railroad bridge in Fig. xxill have the following dimensions Length of shore arm 180 feet, river arm 120 feet and central span 120 feet; the panel length on the upper chord 15 feet, except the panel between R 2 and R 8 which is 10 feet;, the depth of truss 30 feet and distance apart of trusses 16
shown
feet.
Let the dead apex load on the upper chord be assumed at 12 000 pounds, and the apex load on the lower chord 4000
pounds.
The
pounds.
total
dead load
is
P =
2
P =
l
184 000
the
pounds.
Taking a
apex load
2
at
and
a,
:
From
(17),
R = P =
3
R + R3
2
77
= P = 184 000 (18), R x + R 2 is found from and RI (19) to be pounds 108 000 X 60 Ri X 180 = 184 000 X 90 - 16 000 X 45 48 000 X 120,
From
1
or R!
8
-f
R =
P!
20 000 =
With
to
dead load
a comparatively simple
matter.
The members are arranged after the manner of the Baltimore truss with
chords horizontal.
.
inclined
web
45
vertical is
is 1.41.
6,
D d,
F/, apex load that comes upon them, which in the case of dead load is 12 000 pounds.
All the
etc.,
equal to the
members
A 6,
C d, E/,
and equal
Ts, Tu, to
12000 secS, or
6000
1.41
8460 pounds.
78
79
To calculate the stress in ac, pass a section cutting three members B C, C b and a c, then take the center of moments
C and equate the moment of the forces on the left of the section to zero,
at
30 4- (20 000
12000X15
and a
c
16 000) 30
0,
2000 pounds. For the member D E proceed in the same manner, taking the center of moments at
c,
the equation
is
12 000 X 15 from which D E = 4000 pounds. The stress in G/is found by multiply-
DEX
30 4000 12 000 X 15
30
it,
by
Shear = 20 000
=
and
3 X 4000 64 000
1.41
X 12
000
90 240 pounds. found by taking the center of moments at n and express, ing the moment of the forces on the right
64 000
G/ =
The
stress in
MN
is
80
or
From
static
fundamental
condition
of
of
sum
the
stresses in
MN
bers in the river
mn = km =
arm
it is
np.
mem-
best to consider
the forces on the right of the section for example, to find the stress in P Q, pass
section cutting P Q, center of moments at
Pq
r,
made equal
000 X 60+ 40 000 X 30 - 12 000 X 15, which gives P Q = + 154 000 pounds.
30
PQX
= 60
ARTICLE
22.
LIVE LOAD.
The
lation
live
of
stresses
bridges in America, consists of two of the heaviest locomotives in general use, fol-
81
of
about 3000
The exact solution of stresses due tosuch a live load for simple trusses is given in standard works on stresses in framed
structures.
in calcu-
load method
road
companies
varies
considerably in
different parts of the country, there arises, on the part of bridge building companies
method
a general desire for some conventional of treating the train load which
will give easy and short computations without giving results materially different
Very close approximations to the actual wheel loads have been found, and used
quite extensively in bridge computation. The one given and used by Prof. u A. J. in his Framed Structures "
Dubois,
apart,
either
82
ahead
of,
max. shear and moments. Another method, and one quite extensively used on account of its simplicity and satisfactory agreement with the wheel load method, was proposed by Geo. H.
train load, as desired, for
Soc.
C. E.,
for 1886. This method makes use of one excess load, which may occupy any position in the uniform train load, and which
be conceived as rolling across the on top of the uniform train load.' span
may
live load is
form train
excess load, except when the train is divided so as to occupy two different portions of the bridge,
may be
when an excess load taken with each part. This kind of loading is adopted because it is easier,
and renders the analysis of stresses much simpler and more easily understood, while at the same time omitting none of the
principles involved in the exact wheel-load
method.
83
ARTICLE
23.
Assuming the excess load acting on one truss to be 20 000 pounds, and the uniform train load at 2000 pounds per foot or 2000
15
live
load stresses for the cantilever of Fig. xxin are found, as follows Since the
live
one excess load, the proper position of these loads to give maximum positive and negative shears and moments will be
found by reference
to the rules already established in Articles 11, 12, and 13. The maximum Live-load stress in B &,
etc.,
D dj
train
will
occur
when
the uniform
panel load and excess load come upon them, and is 30 000+20 000 = 50 000
pounds. Let the chord stresses be considered. In Arts. 11 and 13 it is shown that the chord members in the shore arm are subject
live
to
positive
moment, according
load.
Maximum
positive
in
moment,
producing compression
84
sion in lower chord, occurs when the uniform live load covers the entire shore arm,
at
the center of
moments.
Maximum negative moment, producing tension in upper chord and compression in lower chord occurs when the river arm and
central span is loaded, with the excess load The upper at the end of the river arm.
always tension and lower chord always* compression in river arm, and is a maximum for this particular kind of truss
chord
is
at
central span, being a simple truss, requires no discussion as to proper loading^ since that is supposed to be understood.
The
The
be produced by positive moment, or, when the uniform live load covers the shore arm and the excess load at the
live load will
center of moments, which is at apex point The reaction R] for this position of C.
85
load,
if
is
as-
snmed
come
at
A, is
ri l
T}
- 30 000
x 13
15 000
x +6
20000
= 196666 pounds.
-
This result
is
true
if
a b is allowed to
take compression which it is not, because the counter b c comes into action thus re-
ducing a
to
o.
For F G the center of moments is at e and the excess load at E. The reaction
is
180 000
+- X
20 000
193 334
pounds.
Then
(193 334
FG =
-
BP =
30 OOP (45
la OOP) 60 30
+ 30)
and
FG = -
members
end of
86
The
the load
(135 OOP
equal to
+20000) 120
~"+
X
60
210000 x 60
pounds, or RI
To
in c
c
e,
find
maximum
compressive stress
then ce
173 333 oU
= -346670
mX
and Jem
30 = 173 330 X = mn = np =
30
1040000
pounds. Let a few of the chord stresses in the river arm be next considered. Here the
tension and
called
to
the fact
that
greater stress can be obtained in the upper chord members, if the central
span and river arm is loaded with the uniform load on the right of the center of moments than if the load extends up
to the
section
87
either case at the
This
is
tions representing the stress in P Q for the two conditions of loading alluded to
P Q, P q
and
p r and
taking center of
equations of to section is
PQ =
X 30 30 OOP X 15 30 or P Q = 385 000 pounds. When the load is placed on the right
155 OOP
60
+ 90 OOP
of the origin of
is T>
moments
that
is,
up
to
S,
the equation
n ^
155 000
60
90 000
30
~130~
400 000 pounds. This proves that the stress in P Q is 15 000 pounds greater when the load extends only as far as the middle of the panel to the right of the center of moments than when it is brought up to the
section.
For the
stress in
pr
moments
at P, then
*r
or'j? r
155 000
-'
90
-sr
690 000 pounds.
150 000
45
The calculation of stresses in the web members of the river arm involves the very same principles of loading that were used in the calculation of web stresses in river arm of highway bridge. Art. 14.
Take, for example, the
multiplied by 1.41.
member R s.
Its
right of the section, or when the central span and river arm right of section is
loaded with uniform load, and with excess load at some point between section and end of river arm.
The maximum shear in section is then 245 000 pounds, and Us = 245 000 X 1.41 == 345450 pounds.
To
of
web members
part of the whole problem, but with care in placing the loads in the proper position
to produce the greatest possible positive
89
and negative
readily
become
d.
known when Rj
known.
Take, for
example, the
member E
The greatest possible tensile stress in this member will occur when the river arm
and central span is loaded with uniform load and with excess load at end of river arm and the shore arm covered left of section.
The
from formula
R =
z
_ 98 335.
=
The shear
90 000
in section is then
Ed
This result
diculous supposition, in that the load on left of the the section on shore arm, though isolated from the other load on river arm,
is
without any locomotive or excess load to more reasonable suppoplace it there. sition would be to place an excess load at
90
the head of the uniform load left of the
section on shore arm.
(19)
Ri
180
155 000
120
210 000
60
90000 X 150
in section is
20 000
and R,
110 000
=
= = +
135,
The shear
35 250 apex load at D or c d = 272 600 = 237 350 pounds. Since c d supports C c the stress in C c
193 335 272 600 pounds. The stress c d is equal to the stress in d minus the stress in E d caused by the
1.41
vertical
component
of the
therefore
or
Gc
The
stress in
Nn = R = P =
8
2
Mm
=
equals
2,
but
The
when
R,. P, greatest value for R 2 will occur the bridge is covered with live load.
That on the
river
arm and
central span
91
mum negative moment in shore arm, while the shore arm is covered with uniform live load with excess load at M. This gives
(12x30000+200004-15000) = P,== 395 000 pounds, and 210 000 X Rj X 180 = 155 000 X 120 60 -- (11 X 30000) 90 -- 15000 X 180 or Rj = -|- 6666 pounds, and R 8 = m = 395 000 6666 = 401 666
pounds.
the shore loaded on the right of a section cutting D E, d E and c e with the excess load at E. RI due to this position of the
is
and d E
produced when
arm
is
load
is
20 000
X
to
1.41
= 103 =
is
103 335
itself
Here
be subject to alternate tension and compression for different positions of the live load, which is an objectionable condition, and can be avoided by the introduction of a counter member d e. which will
92
d and d
from
The
of the stresses in c d
due
to
dead
live
and
train loads, which, taken from the table of stress are 42300 -- 145 700
wind on
and
is
sum of which
counter
is
needed, therefore, in any panel in which the live load and wind overturning load negative shear exceeds numerically the
dead-load positive shear. By reference to the table of final maximum and mini-
mum
stresses,
it
is
only panels which need counter bracing are the first three at the end of the shore arm
In practice another or be, d e and fg. panel might be counter braced for the sake of security.
ARTICLE
25.
WIND LOAD
STRESSES.
Wind
93
double
effect.
First,
it
stressing the
members
of the lateral-sys-
tem, and thereby producing compression in the windward chords and tension in the
it
This latter of overturning the bridge. effect produces an additional vertical load
on the leeward
truss,
and consequently
greater stress in the members of it, while at the same time decreasing the stress in the members of the windward truss. The
change
of
stress
in
web members
of
trusses due to overturning effect of wind is caused, however, by the wind on train
or live load alone, while the chord
mem-
and wind on truss. Let the wind apex load on both the upper and lower chords due to wind on truss be 2000 pounds, except the end apex load, which is 1000 pounds. The stresses in the lateral system and chord members are now found by applying the principles given in the case of
16.
The
reactions
Np
"t*
(
',*-?>
M
s
:!' 'x' c
X x: x
1
{-?tf
1^ I:
K. /
.x
flj
_c>
UJ
z\
I" x:
:i
s
A'
5
,
\ \
x
x"
95
are found
by reference
:
to Fig. XXIY, to
be
as follows
For the
formula
lower
upper
8
lateral
system
from
for
(18),
R =:+56000, and
system
lateral
R 3 = +16 000
pounds. From formula (19), Rj for upper 3333 and lower lateral system/ equals 8000 pounds respectively. These and
on the supposition
wind apex loads on the central span are all transmitted by the lateral systems of the central span to the end of the river arm, and then acts through the
that the
lateral
is
This
a rather more reasonable supposition than that in the case of wind in the high-
of Art. 16, where the wind apex loads on the lower chord of the central span were assumed to be transmitted to the end of the river arm, and then into the lower chord of the river arm by means of the inclined transverse bracing J i and J' i. See Fig. xix. for upper system is found from Rj 53 333 pounds, and formula (21) to be for lower system +18 000 pounds. To
way bridge
96
find the stress in
upper
lateral
multiply the shear into the secant of the angle which the member makes with the
vertical.
For
and Sec<9
N O' shear is 52 000 pounds, = ?| = 1.4, and N O' = 52 000 16 1.4 = + 72 800 pounds.
The same stress takes effect in N' O when wind is reversed. Since these members
one system.
shear or
truss
are duplicates the stress is given for only Stress in P P' is simply the
P P' = -46
000 pounds.
The overturning
is,
effect of
wind on the
difficult
is
of
evident in the problem at hand wind blowing on the shore arm affects the
lat-
and that
mitted by the lateral system to the ends of the shore arm, where, by means of the
cross-frame
river
it
is
transmitted directly
to
arm and
97
it
acting on the lower chord, has, however, the effect of twisting the river arm, and thereby causing some additional stress to
the chord
members of the central span, as, well as additional stress in both chord and
web members
of the river
arm.
This
change of stress must take place either when the train is on the bridge or when
the bridge is unloaded. In the first case the overturning effect of wind on train
would have the opposite effect to the wind on truss or, in other words, would counteract the overturning effect of wind on In the second case, the wind blowtruss. time when no train is on the at a ing the bridge, overturning effect of which on truss would give stresses which combined with the dead-load stresses would give re5
very much less than the possible maximum stresses caused when the bridge
sults
is
in the
For these reasons the stresses of truss due to the overturning effect of wind on the truss will be
loaded.
members
omitted.
The overturning
effect of
wind on the
98
members
time when the live load acts, should be taken into account to give the maxim/urn
stresses.
Assume
box
cars 10 feet high, and the wind presThis sure per square foot 30 pounds. 300 linear or 300 foot, gives pounds per
4500 pounds per panel. Taking X 15 the center of pressure of the wind at 9.5 feet above the center of the upper chord,
moment at each panel 42 750 pounds. point is then 4500 X 9.5 This causes an additional vertical weight
the overturning
to act at each apex point of the leeward 2675 girder, equal to 42 750 -4- 16
pounds, and relieves the windward girder by the same amount. This apex load effects the chord and web members of the truss in the same manner as a live apex load, and the process of finding the stress is consequently a repetition of that for live load.
stresses are the result of combining those stresses caused by the different possible
loading,
it
is
99
be taken to get the stress in the members due to overturning effect of wind, when
the live load occupies the same position on the bridge that it occupied when the
live-load stresses
were calculated.
The
lated,
stress in the
members
of the cross
frames of the bridge have not been calcusince the method of calculating them has been explained at the end of Article 16, in highway bridges, and differs
in the railroad bridge only in the additional surface exposed to the wind by the
train, or
4500 pounds per panel. is to be considered only when the bridge is a deck structure, since the wind on the train is transmitted through the wheels and track to the chord on which it rests.
This force
100
Section of Truss
Fig.
XXV
101
ssnj}
no
pupto.
SgogS + +
I 1
-d 'S
r-o
Tt
I
^S^^^
5
k
ni'Ba;uopatA\.o;
Tpja
,
anp raa^s^g
t^
I
-M-O
-f
uo sassaa^g
sb
S
B
||||g||^||||||||g
l
+ + +
I I
I-M
+ +
I
OQ
+7+T+T+T +T+T+T+T+
102
Trus
Wind
4-1
H-l
____ T __
______
S
Ma
aaras
Baw S nmniix^
ui'Bai
no pniAv
8
o,
aup
-88^8 OK
o a
103
;oo5^;cxSc;tscoo:C"3oTp5!r::*::5
tO-*lO-*?O->i'OOTf[-'*t
IOO O 9 *O O O JO IQ O O O Q 1C ig ad IO MS
O 16
-*<
M M
Maxi
R***s*i***M*i*3*
i
i i
i
-^COtS'fOT^t-TC'.
i :
M
i
ii
Mill
sb
S
3.
Id
'
t-<
~
-.s
~
--0
-Tc; -o ts VD
t-
c; to -N
M--t-i. - -^ w ^ ys * no
--o
r-l
r-i
O O U5 O
$.
tt
OOOO
10
6 ^
aj
g=g
OOOOCrsO(MiOt-OCOlO
'
M M M M
ii
^^CJOXOOOOOOO nT iT M ii
i
2
^o
! I
I I I
M Hs'tf A ^ K O Pi G'PS 32 H P
104
a'a
5 IO IO QO
O CM
U
..
. ^ -COOC-<Nt-OCOt _ -inOQO
++
J
ow
i
I I I i i
^~Ji
i i
+ +
7 7
-^
ri
O
CO
l
l
5 (M
O O CO
CO
O CO CO tC O CO O O O O
l-
+ +'7+7+7+7+7+
c5
^co^ics
I
I
c5
oo
oo
+ + + + +
2O o
5
CS
c:OOOOOOOOOOnO
C
2^
i i
CO C5
7+i + +
I-H-I n-
&&l4*tj+?i^i t-OOOOO3i-liH
I
o
iH
ooiooocooooopo-OGO
rHlTJO;eCNCSCraCOCN!M
i
r-q
t-
CiC;i
OCO-<i'CO
+ + 4-++4-hH-H- Ml!
1 1
i-i ir
<M
"Win
Cl
I
(^
+1+1
rH
(l-r-.r-l
1
+++
t-.
O C^c5 O \O t- t- IO
1O CM
O
i
CT
+ + ++++T-++++
<^
4
u
CQ
I
7777777
+++
+ +
1
H +++ 08000000000000
1
+
A M
+ + ++7^++++!
'
106
o 10 io o d us 10 CI OS :> O CO CC CO X CO Ci
<<
C5
CO
CO t-
CO OO t- c-
+
%
i
7-
7TT'T 1' 7+
s
i
s
i
sfesssls
77777 +
1
ggd
*3
16
OD
O O ^< ^t to
J
(O > r-ir^Ci
p ?Jg
I H
JLJ
+
"
T + T +7 +7 +" 7 7 T 7
III
fi
o in
o o
c
Hi
oooooo o ooooooio
" oDinin>r<M t
c<5
I
++++
+ + +
sooocoeototooooooo
l+l+l+l+l
i+
107
g
t-
O
*
M5LO
rH
OCO
M
CS
t-i-l O 00
OO
IO UJ 00 OS
O X
O
-*?
1
OO
CP Cl
OS tIM
^*O i-l
C^
CO "* CO
t- CM
OSCO
<N rH
O
r-
i^is^I
T iTT
s
J
OOOOlQOOOVQOOlOOOOOOOiQO'^OUSkQC
i+i+i
^^S32^H^H^ 1+1+
i
CN
i
CS C^ ^ i+i+i i+i+i
COCO
i
i
5
i
55 _|?5 T_|'|
I 1 1
i-H
ir-ti
1
1
CM
1
<M
1
CS
1
CM
1 I
COCO
I I
**<
+ + +++ + ++ + ++ +
+1+1 +++ + ++ + ++ +
I I I
108
***
***
sg g 3
1 I
I
i
i-H-f
n
-f
s
-H-
3o
I
8.g
5noooiooir. o
r-tCO
g^vr^jlxS
I I
II
00^^ III
CO "*
I
<*!
CO
I I I I I
I I I
I
T^XO
Tt'*
COCO
CO
I+++I+ ++ +++
+-H-H-H
Soo^SoSooScN 13 ^r-IO^C^^H^S^^COt- ^
00
I I I I
-I
I+++ + -H-g-H
S g
CATALOGUE
OF THE
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION
OF
D.
23
WARREN
STREE', i.
if.
ADAMS
tricts.
(J.
W.)
for
8vo, cloth
Populous Dis.$250
XTniversal Dictionary of
.
.
Weights
3 50
and Measures. 8vo. cloth Broke Down: What Should I Do ? A (S. A) Ready Reference and Key to Locomotive Engineers and Firemen, Round-house Machinists, Conductors, Train Hands and Inspectors. With 5 folding plates. i2mo, cloth
50
ATKINSON (PHILIP).
trated.
r
The Elements
of Electric Light-
ing, including Electric Generation, Measurements, Storage.' and Distribution. Seventh edition. Illusi2mo, cloth
150
The Elements
ism,
of
Dynamic
i^o illustrations.
and Magnet-
200
=-
Elements of Static Electricity, with full description of the Holtz and Topler Machines, and their mode of operating. Illustrated. 12010, cloth
Transformation of Power and its Application by the Electric Motor, including Elei trie Railway Construction. Illustrated, i^mo, cloth
-
150
200
The
Electric
AUCHINCLOSS
Cloth
Link and Valve Motions SimIllustrated with 37 woodcuts and 21 lithoplified. graphic plates, together with a Travel Scale, and numerous useful tables. Eleventh edition. 8vo,
(W.
S.) 3
oo
D.
BACON
(F. W.) A Treatise on the Richards Steam-Engine Indicator, with directions for its use. By vJiis Jes T. Porter. Revised. Illustrated. 12010, cloth .......
oo
BADT
With 70 (F. B.) Dynamo Tender's Hand-book. Second edition. i8mo, cloth ...... ____ illustrations.
.
too
i
oo
Incandescent Wiring Hand-book. With 35 illustrations and five tables. i8mo, cloth ..................
oo
Electric Transmission Hand-book. With 22 illustrations and 27 tables. i8mo, cloth ...................
P.)
jJALE (M.
Hand-book
for
i
Pump
Users.
oo
BAR BA
of Steel for Constructive Purposes. (J.) Method of Working, Applying, and Testing Plate* and Bars. With a Preface by A. L. Holley, C.ti. 1 2mo, cloth ................... .......... .........
.
The Use
50
BARNARD
(F. A. P.) Report on Machinery and Pror cesses of the Industrial Arts and Apparatu r of the Exact Sciences at the Paris Universal Exposition, 1867. &vo, 152 illustrations and 8 folding plates. cloth ................................ ........... 5 oo
.
.
BEAUMONT
BEILSTEIN
ical
(ROBERT).
Color
in
Woven
Design.
With 32 colored Plates and numerous oiiginal illustrations. Large 12010 ................................. 7 yo
Analysis.
cloth
the Materials and Manufacture of Terra-Cotia, Stoneware, Fire-brick, Porcelain, Earthenware, Brick, Majolica, and Encaustic Tiles, 8vo, paper ..........
(A.)
6<
BF.RNTHSEN
Illusiratcd.
........... ................
250
oo
BIGGS
(C. H. W.) First Principles of Electrical EngiIllustrated... ............... i neering". i2mo, cloth.
_
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS.
-^L
8vo.
2
oo
..
Ceramic Art.
_'
oo
(T. H.) Alternating Currents of E.ecFor the use of Students and Engineers. tricity. __..ir>" cloth
.
50
&-L* TH (A. WYNTER, M.R.C.S., F.C.S.) Foods their 6 oo ... Compositions and Analysis. Crown 8vo, cloth.
:
Crown
8vo, 6 oo
BODMER
(G. R.) Hydraulic Motors; Pressure Engines, for the use of Engineers, Manufacturers, and Students. With numerous illustrations. 12010, cloth
(S.
Turbines and
500
50
8OTTONE
-
R.)
Amateurs.
With
.
and
all
about them.
Illustrated.
;o
The Dynamo
cloth
.
Used.
12010,
too
.1
Electro Motors :
cloth
(G. E.)
12010.
50
Electro-Platers' Hand-book, 12010, cloth
BONNEY
The
60
i
Illustrations.
ao
BOW
Treatise on Bracing. With its applica(R. H.) tion to Bridges and other Structures of Wood or Iron. 156 illustrations. 8vo, cloth
(Prof.
150
BOWSER
E. A.)
An Elementary
Treatise on
Analytic Geometry. Embracing plain Geometry, and an Introduction to Geometry of three Dimensions.
12010, cloth.
Thirteenth edition
Treatise on the Differential and With numerous examples. 12010,
175
An Elementary
cloth.
2 25
Treatise on Analytic Mechanics. With numerous examoles. 12010, cloth. Fifth edite>*
An Elementary
-300
D.
BOWSER
cloth.
(Prof. E. A.) An Elementary Treatise on Hydro-mechanics. With numerous examples. i2mo, Third edition 2 50
J.,
BOWIE (AUG.
the
Hydraulic Mining in California. With Description of Use and Construction of Ditches, Flumes, Wrought-iron Pipes, and Dams Flow of Water on Heavy Grades, and its Applicability, under High Pressure, to Mining. Third edition. Small quarto,
;
Jun.,
M. E.)
Practical Treatise
on
cloth.
Illustrated
oo
BURGH
to
(N. P.)
Paddle and Screw Propulsion. colored plates, 259 practical woodcut illustrations, and 403 pages of descriptive matter. Thick 4to vol., half
applied Consisting of 36
10 oo
morocco
BURT (W
A.)
Key
to the Solar
or's Companion. Comprising all the rules necesrary for use in the field. Pocket-book form, tuck 2 sc
CALDWELL
A. A.)
(Prof. GEO. C., and BRENEMAW (Prof. Manual of Introductory Chemical Practice.
Illustrated
i
8vo, cloth.
50
Iron
with
8vo,
200
CLEEMAN
(THOS. M.) The Raih-oad Engineer's Practice. Being a Short but Complete Description of the Duties of the Young Engineer in the Preliminary and Location Surveys and in Construction. Fourth edition, revised and enlarged. Illustrated, ismo, cloth,,
Rules, (D. KINNEAR, C.E.) Tables and Data for Mechanical Engineers. Illustrated with numerous diagrams. 1012 pages. 8vo,
of
cloth
2 <*d
CLARK
A Manual
50
750
;
Half morocco Fuel its Combustion and Economy, consisting of abridgments cf Treatise on the Combustion of Coal. By C. W. Wiliiams; and the Economy of Fuel, by With extensive additions in recent T. S. Prideaux practice in the Combustion and Economy of Fuel, Peat, Petroleum, etc. i2ino, cloth, Coke, Wood, Coal,
50
D.
DORR (B. F
Book.
The Surveyor's Guide and Pocket Table ) i8mo, morocco flaps. Second edition
Graphic
Statics.
DUBOIS
With
EDDY
Researches in Graphical Statics. Embracing New Constructions in Graphical Statics, a New General Method in Graphical Statics, and the Theory of Internal Stress in Graphical Statics. 8vo,
(Prof.
H. T.)
cloth
*z*-~
50
Stresses under Concentrated Loads. Treated graphically. Illustrated. 8vo, cloth JSSLER (M.) The Metallurgy of Gold; a Practical Treatise on the Metallurgical Treatment of GoldBearing Ores. 187 illustrations. i2mo, cl
Maximum
150
500 400
of Silver; a Practical Treatise on the Amalgamation, Roasting, and Lixiviation of Silver Ores. 124 illustrations. i2mo, cloth
cal Treatise
The Metallurgy
a Practiof Argentiferous Lead on the Smelting of Silver Lead Ores and the refining of Lead Bullion. With 183 illustrations.
;
The Metallurgy
8vo, cloth
5 oo
ELIOT
W.) and STORER (Prof F. H.) A Compendious Manual of Qualitative Chemical An(Prof. C.
Revised with the co-operation of the authors, by Prof. William R. Nichols. Illustrated, ijth edition. Newly revised by Prof. W. B. Lindsay. 12010,
alysis.
cloth
50
EVERETT
FANNING
and
8 vo,
(J.
D.)
T.)
Illustrated.
(J.
121110,
40
on Hydraulic Water-supply Engineering. Relating to the Hydrology, Hydrodynamics, and Practical ConstrucIllustrated. tion of Water-works in North America.
Practical Treatise
cloth
500
FISKE
,
(Lieut.
BRADLEY
;
A., U. S. N.)
or,
The Elements
Electricity in of Electrical
8vo, cloth
250
Alternate Current Trans. .
FLEMING
former
(Prof. A. J.)
The
in Theory and Practice. Vol. I. The Induction of Electric Currents. Illustrated. ?vo, cloth.. 3 oo
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS.
FOLEY
chanical Engineers' Reference-book for Machine and Boiler Construction, in two parts. Part I General Part 2 Boiler Construction. Engineering Data.
.
Jr.
The Me-
With fifty-one plates and numerous illustrations, .25 oc specially drawn lor this work. Folio, half mor.
FORNEY (MATTHIAS
tive.
Revised and
Locomo3 50
ROSTER
cloth
(Gen. J, G.. U. S. A.) Submarine Blasting in Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. Removal of Tower and Corwin Rocks. Illustrated with 7 plates. 4to,
3
(Jas.
t>
_ /L_"iNCIS
Lowell Hydraulic Experiments. Being a selection from experiments on Hydraulic Motors, on the Flow of Water over Weirs, in open Canals of uniform rectangular section, and through submerged Orifices and diverging Tubes.
B.,
C.E.;
Made
at Lowell.
Mass
Illustrated
*to. cloth
.15
oo
GERBER
Physical Analysis of Milk, Conden&ed Milk, and Infant's Milk... Food. 8vo, cloth.
25
GILLMORE (Gen.
8vo, cloth
Q. A.) Treatise on Limes. Hydraulic Cements, and Mortars. With numerous illustrations.
.
...
400
Practical Treatise on the Construction of Roads, With 70 illustration. Streets, and Pavements. 2 oo .. 12010, cloth
,
Report on Strength of the Building-Stones United States, etc. Illustrated. 8vo, cloth.
in the
i
oo
GOODEVE (T.
Text-book on the Steam-Engine With a Supplement on Gas-Engines. 143 illustrations. ..200 t2mo, cloth.
M.)
.
GORE
of
(G., F.R.S.)
trated.
The Art
3 5
GORDON
E. H.)
School Electricity
..,
Illustrations.
-..
20
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS.
HERRMANN
A Guide for the Use of Ivi-rhinisis, and Engineers and also a Text-book for Technical Schools. Translated and annotated by A. P. Smith, M.E. i2mo, cloth, 7 folding plates
Mechanism.
Architects,
;
(GUSTAV).
The Graphical
Statics of
oc
HEWSON (WM.)
Principles and Practice of Embanking Lands from River Floods, as applied to the Levees of the Mississippi. 8vo, cloth
2 ex
HENRICI (OLAUS).
Skeleton Structures, Applied to the Building of Steel and Iron Bridges. Illustrated.,
5c
HOBBS
(W. R.
P.)
The Arithmetic
of Electrical Meas-
i2mo, cloth.
...
50
Railway Practice. American and European Railway practice in the Economical Generation of Steam, including the Materials and Construction of Coal-burning Boilers, Combustion,
the Variable Blast, Vaporization, Circulation, Superheating, Supplying and Heating Feed-water, etc., and the Adaptation of Wood and Coke-burning
Engines to Coal-burning; and in Permanent Way, including Road-bed. Sleepers. Rails, Joint Fastenings, Street Railways, etc. With 77 lithographed plates.
Folio, cloth
12
oo
HOLMES
larly
(A.
BROMLEY). The
R.)
Explained.
(C.
Fifth edition.
i2mo,
paper
40
HOWARD
Earthwork Mensuration on
the
Basis of the Prismoidal Formulae. Containing Simple and Labor-saving Method of obtaining Prismoidal Contents directly from End Areas. Illustrated by Examples and accompanied by Plain Rules for Practical Uses. Illustrated. 8vo, cloth.
HUMBER
50
C. E.) A Handy Book for the Calculation of Strains in Girders, and Similar Structures, and their Strength Consisting of Formulae and
(WILLIAM,
practical cloth
Corresponding Diagrams, with numerous details for Fourth edition, 121120, application, etc.
2
BUTTON
tical
50
(W. S.) Steam-Boiler Construction. A PracHand-book for Engineers, Boiler Makers, and Steam Users. With upwards of 300 illustrations.
8vo, cloth
700
IO
D,
VAN
rDST.TXAND COMPANY'S
ISHERWOOD
2vols.ini.
F.) (B. Engineering Precedents for Steam Machinery. Arranged in the most practical and useful manner for Engineers. With illustrations.
8vo, cloth
250
C.E.)
fAMIESON (ANDREW,
and Steam-Engines.
tion of
;
Text-book on Steam
i2mo, cloth
Illustrated.
300
JANNETTAZ (EDWARD). A
Plympton.
i2mo, cloth
JONES
CHAPMAN).
Text-book of Experimental
i8mo, cloth
i
Organic Chemistry
for Students.
oo
JOYNSON
(F. H.) The Metals used in Construction. Iron, Steel, Bessemer Metal, etc. Illustrated. i2mo, cloth
75
2
8vo, cloth
oo
O. Chanute, Chief Engineer, and George Morrison, Assistant Engineer. Illustrated with 5 lithographic
views and
12 plates of plans.
410, cloth
6 oo
KAPP (GISBERT,
C.E.) Electric Transmission of Energy and its Transformation, Subdivision, and Distribution. A Practical Hand-book. i2mo, cloth
oo
KEMPE
Book
(H.
of
The Electrical Engineer's Pocket Modern Rules, Formulae, Tables, and Data.
R.)
Illustrated.
32mo, mor.
(A. E.)
gilt
75
ENNELLEY
Dynamic
50
ING (W.
Lessons and Practical Notes on Steam. The Steam-Engine, Propellers, etc., for Young Marine Engineers, Students, and others. Revised by Chief Engineer J. W. King, United States Navy.
H.)
2
8vo, cloth
oo
KIRKALDY (WM.
G.) Illustrations of David Kirkaldy's System of Mechanical Testing, as Originated and Carried On by him during a Quarter of a Century.
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS.
Comprising a Large Selection of Tabulated Results, showing the Strength and other Properties of Materials used in Construction, with Explanatory Text and Historical Sketch. Numerous engravings and 25
lithographed plates.
4to, cloth
'
II
25 oo
tCIRKWOOD
4to, cloth
(JAS. P.) Report on the Filtration of River Waters for the supply of Cities, as practised in Europe. Illustrated by 30 double-plate engravings.
15 oo
LARRABEE
cloth
Cipher and Secret Letter and Telei8mo, graphic Code, with Hog's Improvements.
(C. S.)
60
Course on Heat.
12010,
2
oo
Heliographic Processes. A Manual of Instruction in the Art of Reproducing Drawings, Engravings, etc., by the action of Light. With 32 wood-cuts and ten specimens of Heliograms.
Second edition
300
LOCKWOOD
tion
Magnetism, and Electro-Telegraphy. A Practical Guide for Students, and cloth. Third ediOperators, Inspectors. 8vo,
D.)
Electricity,
2 50
J.)
(THOS.
LODGE (OLIVER
i2mo, cloth
20
LOCKE (ALFRED G.
and CHARLES G.) A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid. With 77 Constructive Plates drawn to Scale Measurements, ?nd other Illustrations. Royal 8vo, cloth 15 oo LOVELL (D. H.) Practical Switch Work. A Handbook for Track Foremen. Illustrated. i2mo, cloth., i 50 LUNGE (GEO.) A Theoretical and Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid and Alkali with
the Collateral
tions.
Branches.
Vol.
I.
Sulphuric Acid.
342 Illustra-
and HUNTER F.) The Alkali Maker's PocketBook. Tables and Analytical Methods for Manufacturers of Sulphuric Acid, Nitric Acid, Soda, Potash *, Second edition. i 2 mo, cloth
- :
1500
300
12
D.
MACCORD
^ u tn e (Prof. C. W.) A Practical Slide- Valve by Eccentrics, examining by methods the action of the Eccentric upon the Slide-Valve, and explaining the practical processes of laying out the movements, adapting the Valve for its various duties in the Steam-Engine. Illustrated. 4to, cloth. 2 50
MAYER (Prof.
cloth
A. M.)
8vo.
200
McCULLOCH
Elementary Treatise on the Mechanical Theory of Heat, and its application to Air and Steam Engines. 8vo, cloth
for Railroads.
(Prof. R. S.)
50
E., U. S. A.) Iron Truss Bridges of calculating strains in Trusses, with a careful comparison of the most promi-
The method
410,
reference to
cloth
economy
in
combination,
etc.
Illustrated.
500
150
METAL TURNING.
MINIFIE (WM.)
By
Geometrical Drawing for the use of Mechanics and ochools, in which the Definitions and Rules of Geomthe Practical Problems etry are familiarly explained are arranged from the most simple to the more complex, and in their description technicalities are avoided as much as possible. With illustrations for Drawing Plans, Sections, and Elevations of Railways and Maan to Isometrical Drawing, and Introduction chinery ;
;
Mechanical Drawing.
A Text-book of
an Essay on Linear Perspective and Shadows. Illustrated with over 200 diagrams engraved on steel. With an appendix on the Theory and Application of
Colors.
8vo, cloth
4 oo
Geometrical Drawing. Abridged from the octavo Illustrated with 48 edition, for the use of schools. steel plates. Ninth edition. i2mo, cloth
200
50
MOONEY
Superintendents' Hand-book, consisting of Rules, Reference Tables, and original matter pertaining to the Manufacture, Manipulation, and Distribution rf Illuminating Gas. Illustrated. 12010, morocco
.
oo
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS.
MOTT (H.
A., Jun.) A Practical Treatise on Chemistry (Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis), Stoichiometry, Blow-pipe Analysis, Mineralogy, Assaying, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Human Secretions, Specific Gravities, Weights and Measures, etc. New Edition, 1883. 650 pages. 8vo, cloth 4 oc
MULLIN (JOSEPH
Pattern-making.
of Pulleys,
MUNRO
MURPHY
NAQUET
i 50 Guide to the De(A.) Legal Chemistry. tection of Poisons, Falsification of Writings, Adulteration of Alimentary and Pharmaceutical Substances, Analysis of Ashes, and examination of Hair. Coins, Arms, and Stains, as applied to Chemical Jurisprudence, for the use of Chemists. Physicians, Lawyers. Pharmacists and Experts. Translated, with additions, including a list of books and memoirs on Toxicology, etc., from the French, by J. P. Battershall, Ph.D., with a preface by C. F. Chandler, Ph.D., 2 oo M.D., LL.D. i2mo, cloth
.
Stationary Engine and Locomotive Cylinders, Globe Valves, Tool Work, Mining Machinery, Screw Propellers, Pattern-shop Machinery, and the latest improvements in English and American Cupolas ; together with a large collection of original and carefully selected Rules and Tables for every-day use in the Drawing Office, Pattern-shop, and Foundry. i2mo, cloth, illustrated (JOHN, C.E.) and JAMIESON (ANDREW, A Pocket-book of Electrical Rules and C.E.) Tables for the use of Electricians and Engineers. Seventh edition, revised and enlarged. With numerous diagrams. Pocket size. Leather Practical Mining. A Field (J. G., M.E.) Manual for Mining Engineers. With Hints for Investors in Mining Properties. i6mo, morocco tucks.
A Practical Treatise upon Patternembracing the Moulding Spur jGears, Worm Gears, Balance-wheels,
:
P.,
M.E.)
2 50
50
NEWALL
:
and Cutting Bevel-Gears, showing how the Teeth may be cut in a plain Milling Machine or Gear Cutter so as to give* them a correct shape, from end to end and showing how to get out all particulars for Inthe Workshop without making any Drawings. Folding cluding a full set of Tables of Reference.
ing, Sizing
(J.
W.)
Draw-
Elates, 8 vo.
cloth.
oo
14
Assistant
D.
NEWLANDS
:
(JAMES).
Selection, Preparation and Strength of Materials, and the Mect,anical Principles of Framing, with their
application in Carpentry, Joinery, and Hand-Railing; and an illustrated also, a Complete Treatise on Sines Glossary of jTerms used in Architecture and Building. Illustrated. Folio, half mor 15 oo
;
NIBLETT
(J.
T.)
Secondary Batteries.
E.,
Illustrated.
i
izmo, cloth
50
NIPHER (FRANCIS
Least Squares.
oo
NOAD (HENRY
NUGENT
PAGE
Students' Text-book of ElecA new edition, carefully revised. With an tricity. Introduction and additional chapters by W. H. Preece. With 471 illustrations. i2mo, cloth 4 oo
M.)
The
(E.)
Treatise on Optics
or,
theoretically and practically treated, with the application to Fine Art and Industrial Pursuits. With 103 illustrations. i2mo. cloth
150
75
(DAVID). The
Earth's Crust, a
Handy
Outline
of Geolagy.
i6mo, cloth
PARSONS
ual of
Track, a Complete Man(Jr., W. B., C.E ) Maintenance of Way, according to the Latest and Best Practice on Leading American Railroads.
Illustrated.
(B.)
/EIRCE
cloth
200
10 oo
Analytic
Mechanics.
Chemistry.
4 to,
PHILLIPS (JOSHUA).
Engineering
Practical Treatise for the use of Analytical Chemists, Engineers, Iron Masters, Iron Founders, students and others. Comprising methods of Analysis and Valuation of the principal materials used in Engineering
8vo. cloth
400
Topographical
PLANE TABLE
Surveying.
(THE).
Its
Uses
in
Illustrated.
8vo, cloth
200
PLATTNER.
Manual of Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis with the Blow-pipe. From the last German edition, revised and enlarged, by Proi. Th. Richter, of the Royal Saxon Mining Academy Translated by
.
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS.
Prof. H. B. Cornwall, assisted by John H. Caswell. Illustrated with 87 wood-cuts and one lithographic Fourth edition, revised. 560 pages. 8vo, plate. cloth 5 oo
PLANTE
(GASTON). The Storage of Electrical Energy, and Researches in the Effects created by Cur-
rents, combining Quantity with High Tension. Translated from the French by Paul B. Elwell. 89 8vo illustrations.
400
PLYMPTON
cloth
Blow-pipe. A Guide to its use in the Determination of Salts and Minerals. Compiled from various sources, izmo,
(Prof.
GEO. W.)
The
150
to
POCKET LOGARITHMS
Four Places of Decimals, including Logarithms of Numbers and Logarithmic To which is and to Sines Tangents Single Minutes. added a Table of Natural Sines, Tangents and CoTangents. 1 6mo, boards
graph. A Technical Hand-book for Electricians, Managers and Operators. New edition, rewritten and enlarged, and fully illustrated. 8vo, cloth
(Jr.,
50
POPE
(F. L.)
Modern
50
PRAY
Years with the Indicator; being a Practical Text- book for the Engineer
Illustrated.
THOMAS). Twenty
or the Student.
8vo, cloth
2 50
the author of
i
Pattern Making," etc., etc. Illustrated with over one hundred engravings. i2mo, cloth PREECE (W H.) and STUBBS (A. J.) Manual of Tele-
50
phony.
Illustrations
Plates,
tamo, cloth
450
PRESCOTT (Prof.
A. B.) Organic Analysis. A Manual of the Descriptive and Analytical Chemistry of certain Carbon Compounds in Common Use ; a Guide in the Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Organic Materials in Commercial and Pharmaceutical Assays, in the estimation of Impurities under Authorized Standards, and in Forensic Examinations for Poisons, with Directions for Elementary Organic Analysis. 8vo, cloth
>
500
Outlines of Proximate Organic Analysis, for the Identification. Separation, and Quantitative Determination of the more commonly occurring Organic Compounds- ismo, cloth
75
l6
D.
PRESCOTT
and
istry
Chemistry.
Analysis.
50
Guide
in
and in the work With Descriptive Chemistry extended throughout PRITCHARD (O. G.) The Manufacture of Electric
Light Carbons. Illustrated. 8vo, paper H.) Notes for a History of Lead. 8vo, cloth, gilt tops PYNCHON (Prof. T. R.) Introduction to Chemical Physics, designed for the use of Academies, Colleges, and 111^,1* Schools. 269 illustrations on wood. Crown
50
60
4 oo
PULSIFER (W.
8vo, cloth
300
50
RANDALL
cloth
A Practical Treatise on the Incan(J. E.) descent Lamp. Illustrated. i6mo, cloth New edi(P. M.) Quartz Operators Hand-book. tion, revised and enlarged, fully illustrated. latao,
2
oo
RAFTER
States.
in
the United
6 o*
RANKINE
(W. J. MACQUORN, C.E., LL.D., F.R.S.) Applied Mechanics. Comprising the Principles of Statics and Cinematics, and Theory of Structures, With numerous diaMechanism, and Machines. grams. Thoroughly revised by W. J. Millar. Crown
8vo, cloth
5
oo
Comprising Engineering Surveys, Earthwork, Foundations, Masonry, Carpentry, Roads, Metal-work, Railways, Canals, Rivers, WaterWorks, Harbors, etc. With numerous tables and illustrations. Thoroughly revised by W. J. Millar.
Civil Engineering.
Crown
8vo, cloth
'.
6 50
Machinery and Millwork. Comprising' the Geomtry. Motions, Work, Strength, Construction, and
Objects of Machines, etc. Illustrated with nearly 300 woodcuts. Thoroughly revised by W. J. Miller.
oo
and
Other
Prime
Movers.
the Mechanical Properties 01 Steam, folding plates, numerous tables and illustrations. Thoroughly revised by W. J. Millar. Crown 8vo, cloth 5
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS.
RANKINE
(W. J. MACQUORN, C.E., LL.D., F.R.S.) Useful Rules and Tables for Engineers and Others. With Appendix, tables, tests, and formulae for the use of Electrical Engineers. Comprising Submarine Electrical Engineering, Electric Lighting, and Transmission of Power. By Andrew Jamieson, C.E., F.R.S.E. Thoroughly revised by W. J. Millar.
Crown
8vo, cloth
oo
Mechanical
Text-book.
By
Prof.
50
Marine Board Examinations petency as First and Second Class Engineers. W. H. Thorn. Illustrated. Svo, cloth
By
450
RICE (Prof. J. M.) and JOHNSON (Prof. W. W.) On a New Method of obtaining the Differential of Funcwith especial reference to the Newtonian Conception of Rates or Velocities. i2mo, paper
tions,
50
RIPPER (WILLIAM). A
Course of Instruction in Machine Drawing and Design lor Technical Schools and With Students. Engineer 52 plates and numerous explanatory engravings. Folio, cloth
(J.
50
ROEBLING
A.)
Bridges. Illustrated with large copperplate engravings of plans and views. Imperial folio, cloth 25 oo
ROGERS (Prof. H. D.) The Geology of Pennsylvania. A Government Survey, with a General View of the
Geology of the United States, essays on the Coal Formation and its Fossils, and a description of the Coal Fields of North America and Great Britain. Illustrated with plates and engravings in the text. 3 vols. 4to, cloth, with portfolio of maps 15
oo.
The Pattern-makers'
Assistant.
collection of useful and valuable Tables. Sixth edition. IlluL ated with 250 engravings. 8vo. cloth, a
-
Embracing Lathe Work, Branch Work, Core Work, Sweep Work, and Practical Gear Constructions, the Preparation a' d Use of Tools, together with a large
50-
Enc nes and Engine-Running. A Practical Treatise uf >n the Management of Steam Engines and Boilers, f. the Use of Those who Desire to Pass
Key
to
i8
D.
Boiler.
tions
upon Enginters'
Engine Adjustments,
frams, nformation 12mo, cloth
Calculations, Indicators, Diaand other Valuable necessary for Engineers and Firemen.
3 00
SABINE (ROBERT).
History
and
Progress
of
the
1 25
some of
connec1
SAELTZER
in
00
SALOMONS
DAVID, M. A.) Electric Light Installations. Vol. I. The management of Accumulators. Seventh edition, revised and enlarged, with numerous
illustrations.
12rno, cloth
1 50
allied
SEATON
Marine Engineering. Comprising the Designing, Construction and Working of Marine Machinery. With numerous tables and
E.)
illustrations.
A Manual
10th edition.
8vo, cloth
500
SCHUMANN
A Manual of Heating and Ventila(F.) tion in its Practical Application, for the use of Engineers and Architects. Embracing a series of Tables
and Formulae for dimensions of heating, flow and return pipes for steam and hot-water boilers, flues, 1 50 etc. 12mo, illustrated, full roan
Formulas and Tables for Architects and Engineers in calculating the strains and capacity of structures in Iron and Wood. 12mo, morocco, tucks
150
SCRIBNER
and Mechanics' Companion. Comprising United States Weights and Measures, Mensuration of Superfices, and Solids, Tables of Squares and Cubes, Square and Cube Roots, Circumference and Areas of Circles, the Me(J.
M.)
Engineers'
chanical Powers, Centres of Gravity, Gravitation of Bodies. Pendulums, Specific Gravity of Bodies, Strength, Weight, and Crush of Materials, WaterWheels, Hydrostatics, Hydraulics. Statics, Centres of
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS.
Percussion and Gyration, Friction Heat, Tables of the Weight of Metals, Scantling, etc. Steam and
the Steam-Engine.
19
i6mo,
full
morocco
50
SCH ELLEN
Magneto- Electric and DynamoElectric Machines: their Construction and Practical Application to Electric Lighting, and the Transmission of Power. Translated from the third German edition by N. S. Keith and Percy Neymann, Ph.D. With very large additions and notes relating to American Machines, by N. S. Keith. Vol. i, with
(Dr. H.)
353 illustrations
5 oc-
SHIELDS
(J.
E.)
Embracing Discussions of the Principles involved, and Descriptions of the Material employed in Tunnelling, Bridging, Canal and Road Building, etc.
i2mo, cloth
i
50
SHREVE
H.) A Treatise on the Strength of Bridges and Roofs. Comprising the determination of Algeformulas for strains in Horizontal, Inclined or braic Rafter, Triangular, Bowstring, Lenticular, and other from and moving loads, with practical fixed Trusses, applications, and examples, for the use of Students and Engineers. 87 woodcut illustrations. 8vo, cloth. 3 50
(S.
SHUXK
(W. F.) The Field Engineer. A Handy Book cf Practice in the Survey, Location, and Truck-work of Railroads, containing a large collection of Rules and Tables, original and selected, applicable to both
the Standard and Narrow Gauge, and prepared with special reference to the wants of the young Engineer.
Ninth edition.
rocco, tucks
i2ino,
mo2 50
SIMMS
Treatise on the Principles and Prac.tice of Levelling. Showing its application to purposes of Railway Engineering, and the Construction of Roads, etc. Revised and corrected, with the addition of Mr. Laws' Practical Examples for setting" cut ... 2 $c Railway Curves. Illustrated. 8vo, cloth
(F.
W.)
Practical Tunnelling. Explaining in detail Settingout of the Work, Shaft-sinking, Sub-excavating, TimSvo, cloth bering, etc., with cost of work
-
730
THE VAN
No.
81
WATER METERS
COMPARATIVE TESTS OF
Distinctive ACCURACY, DELIVERY, ETC. features of the Worthington, Kennedy, Siemens, and Hesse meters. By Koss E. Browne.
No.
32
By Samuel
Bagster BoulProf,
ton, C. E.
No. No.
83.
MECHANICAL INTEGRATORS.
S.
By
llenrv
SHAW,
C. E.
84.
FLOW OF WATER
P. J.
By
Prof,
de
86.
HAND-BOOK OF MINERALOGY: DETERMINATION AND DESCRIPTION OF MINERALS FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES. By Prof.
J.
C.
Foye.
Fourth
edition, revised.
No.
87.--TREATTSE
STRUCTION
ARCHES.
No.
Xo.
By John L. Culley, C. E. BEAMS AND GIRDERS. Practical Formulas for 88. their Resistance. By P. H. Philbrick. 89.--MODERN GUN COTTON: ITS MANUFACTURE, PROPERTIES, AND ANALYSIS. By Lieut.
John
P. Wisser, U. S. A.
90.
No.
ROTARY MOTION AS APPLIED TO THE GYROSCOPE. By Gen. J. G. Barnard. LEVELING- BAROMETRIC TRIGONOMETRIC AND SPIRIT. By Prof. I. O. Baker. PETROLEUM JTS PRODUCTION AND USE. By
:
No. No.
No.
91.
92.
Boverton Redwood, F.
93.
I.
C., F. C. S.
-RECENT PRACTICE IN THE SANITARY DRAINAGE OF BUILDINGS. With Memoranda on the Cost of
Second Plumbing Work. William Paul Gerhard, C. E.
edition, revised.
By
Mey-
No.
94.
Dr. C.
dy.
No.
No.
95.
Isami Hiroi,
96.
By
Gis-
No.
No.
97.
By
98.
PRACTICAL DYNAMO BUILDING FOR AM TKURS. HOW TO WIND FOR ANY OUTPUT. By i rederick
Walker.
Fully illustrated.
No.
99-TRIPLE
TRIALS.
with notes,
Edited,
SERIES.
or the Theoin fitting
No
101.
for the duties of the Civil Engineer. By Prof. Geo. W. Plympton. THE SEXTANT, and other Reflecting MathematiWith Practical Hints for their cal Instruments. adjustment and use. By F. R. Brainard, U. S.
Navy.
No.
102.
THE GALVANIC
CIRCUIT
INVESTIGATED
Dr. G. S. Ohm, BerTranslated by William Francis. With lin, 1827. Preface and Notes by the Editor, Thomas D.
MATHEMATICALLY. By
Lockwood, M.I.E.E.
No.
103.
No.
104.
VAN NOSTRAND 'S TABLE BOOK FOR CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS. Compiled
(
by
No.
105.
Prof. Geo.
W. Plympton
DETERMINANTS. An
of,
G. A. Miller.
No.
106.
COMPRESSED
AIR. Experiments upon the Transmission of Power by Compressed Air in Paris. (Popp's System.) By Prof. A. B. W. Kennedy. The Transmission and Distribution of
Air.
GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR SWING-BRIDGES. A Rational and Easy Graphical Analysis of the
Stresses in Ordinary Swing-Bridges. With an Introduction on the General Theory of Graphical Statics. By Benjamin F. La Rue. 4 Plates.
No.
108.
French Method
for Constructing Slide Valve Diagrams. By Lloyd Bankson, B S.. Assistant Naval Constructor, U. S. Navy. 8 Folding Plates.
No.
109.
THE
RENTS.
James Swinburne. Meters for Electrical Energy. By C. H. Wordingham. Edited, with Preface, by T. Commerford Martin. Folding Plate and numerous illustrations.
No.
110.
By
for EnginRules and Tables for Laying out Transition Curves. By Walter G. Fox, C.E.
Specifica-
No. 111.
and Rules for Gas-Piping. Notes on the advantages of Gas for Cooking and Heating, and Useful Hints to Gas Consumers. Second edition, rewritten and enlarged. By Wm. Paul Gerbear
C. E.
No.
112.
By
E. Sherm*r
tih'JUES.
PHYSICAL PROBLEMS
pital.
No.
No.
114.
115.
TRAVERSE TABLE,
Table Book.)
American Machinist. showing the difference of Latitude and Departure for distances between 1 and 100 and for Angles to Quarter Degrees bet ween 1 degree and 90 degrees. (Reprinted from Scribner's Pocket
RULE. By
F. A. Halsey,
STAMPED BELOW
AN INITIAL FINE OF
25
CENTS
WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE.
4Jan'55BHY
TA 01397
70?
TEXT BOOKS
Colleges and Technological Institutions,
.
FGK
*^H
--
THEORETICAL .MECHANICS,
With an Introduction
;
to the Calculus.
Book
oi
I
Designed as a
for
use
igini ers
Ph.D.
Translat.
and Colleges, and for the A zhitects, &c. By JULIUS WEISBAGH, m the German by ECK LEY B. COXE, Ifi One Volume, large 8vo, 1112 igineer,,
,
IT.
ucal Schools
Illustrations,
............ $10.00,
Mechanism.
The Graphical
Statics of
GUSTAV HERMANN,
Guide for the use of Machinists, Architects and Engineers and also a Text-Book for Technical Schools. By
;
Professor in the Royal Polytechnic School at Aix~la-Chapelle. Translated and Annotated by A. P. SMITH, M. E. {Second Ed. 12010, cloth, illus.
$2.00.
Elementary Mechanism.
Text-f>..'ok
'
:
for
i'H
j
F.
WOODS,
S,
liissor
Students of Mechanical Engineering. Assistant Engineer U.S. Navy, of Mechanical Engineering, Illinois
versity, etc.,
anl
Engineer U.
Engineering, Purdue University, La Fayette, Ind. Fourth ..iition. . '121110, cloih, illustrated. .
?.
.
etc.
.$2,00,
Elements of Mechanics,
Including Kinematics, Kinetics and Statics. With appli:ati ons. By Professor T. W. WKIGHT, of Union College.
8vo, cloth, illustrated
$2.50.
An
numerous examples.
Ninth Edition,
Emv
,
'
I2rno cloth
........
A, BOWSER, L. L.
.
I).
^3.00.
inx>1v.4lig
Hydrostatics
'LIVER
illustrated.
c ^th,
..............
J,
LODGE.
Revised Edition.
.
i2mo
^i.co.
to
Experimental, Numerical^ and Graphical Exercises, Illustrating the Subject By JOHN PERRY, M. E., D. Sc., F. R. S. 8vo, cloth, Price
............
, '
$2.50.