Berrios Melissa Berrios Annotated Bibliography Introduction Cultural policy is a broad spectrum of political policies that deal with

national identity

and cultural identity. The following conversations are all proposed theories that several different people have viewed as culturally important. The conversations are written by both International Relations (INR) professionals and professionals who are not in the INR genre. The validity of each article is based upon the experiences and professionalism of each author. The writers within the genre are more qualified than the writers who are only giving opinions based upon experience. The INR professionals that are qualified and capable of understanding the content of each article are those who understand the idea of cultural policy. The theories proposed in the conversations deal with the cultural policies that directly affect the direction of a nation. Not all the conversations are subject related. However, they all deal with culture and its use as a national marker. There are policies that are solely about the cultural aspects of a country. However, the theories that follow are primarily politically driven. The goal the professionals are trying to reach by speaking of politically driven cultural policies is to educate and create a butterfly effect. The effect they want may be to change a countries or persons opinion as well as to implement national change. The conversations below may not directly relate, but they all show the effectiveness of cultural policy.

Annotations:
Range and Diversity in the GDR?: Television Drama in the early 1970s Beutelschmidt, Thomas, and Henning WRAGE. "Range and Diversity in the GDR?: Television

Berrios Drama in the early 1970s." Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 24.3 (2004): 441451. Historical Abstracts Both authors are of German descent. For this reason upon searching their names the information appears in German. I am unable to determine their credentials however; the article they wrote together was first published in German. I can deduce that they understand their own history and culture. The authors try to explain an idea that the East German Broadcasting (GDR) system tried to create in partner with the government. The idea they formulated basically entailed that they use public television as a form of propaganda. GDR would twist certain phrases of shows to promote the German way of life. For a culture that emphasize preservation this maneuver is very modern and out of

character. The reason they conceptualized this idea was because of the Germans insisting need to spread their identity. Just like the British and their Arts Council the Germans created a program that used the Range and Diversity [formula]... for the new cultural policy (Beutelschmidt and Wrage 441) this in turn would be the program that tried to hide cultural propaganda in their dramas. The idea of restricting and holding back a media source is a common government controlling technique. In North Korea the citizens are only allowed to watch government propaganda. The concept that the Germans wanted to implement would be nothing like the North Koreans. They wanted to show-off their superiority in terms of culture. This is an example of how a government can use cultural policy in a negative way. Despite the governments good intention it would still act as a restriction on the people of Germany. The writers are reporting on a media spectacle. Just like an American newspaper would announce a scandal within the Central Intelligence Agency.

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The Rise of Militant Bretonite Bloodgaard, MC. "The rise of militant Bretonite ." National Identities 10.3 (2008): 281-293. Historical Abstracts . MC Bloomgaard The Bretons were an influential family in France. They developed their own cult like group. The members all shared a common cultural identity. They spoke their own unique language and used force if anyone doubted them. The Bretons created a pure idea of what the French identity should be. They wanted to isolate the French people in an attempt to lock in their culture. According to Boomgaard the Bretons were very elitist and believed that anyone who didnt speak their idea of proper French was immediately not considered French. This conversation is a perfect example of cultural policy used to the extreme. The Bretons used this from of policy making to influence an entire French movement. It is not to say that what he did was not with good intention. To understand the reason for his abuse of culture you need to understand that the country defines cultural policy furthermore, the reason for it to exist is for the benefit of the country. The strategic culture of the European Union: a progress report Cornish, Paul, and Geoffery Edwards. "The strategic culture of the European Union: a progress report." International Relations 81.4 (2005): 801-820. Historical Abstracts Geoffery Edwards is a professor of politics and international studies at the University of Cambridge and Paul Cornish is a Professor of Strategic Studies at

Berrios University of Exeter. Edwards and Cornish collaborate on the creation of a United Nations (UN) theory. They both speculate that the UN is leaning towards accepting culture as an acting force. Both authors want to let a broad audience know about the

changes that are happening in the UN. According to Cornish and Edwards the UN finally sees that major changes are occurring worldwide. They realize now that in order to maintain balance they have to make significant changes in how they handle culture. Cultural policy is a relatively modern concept. Most policies are made by looking a socio-economic factors and diplomatic policies. Cultural policy give lawmakers and INR professionals a different view of how our world functions. Edwards and Cornish understand the effectiveness of cultural policy and therefore are able to effectively deliver their message. Not many now what is going on with the UN. Most citizens understand their function, but are unable to name contemporary sanctions. This is the only thing that makes understanding these conversations difficult. It takes a special kind of professionals or someone educated in the UN to grasp the situation Edwards and Cornish are naming.

The Broken Hexagon: French Nuclear Culture between Empire and Cold War Douglas Smith; (2010) ''The Broken Hexagon: French Nuclear Culture between Empire and Cold War''. Modern and Contemporary France, 18 (2):213-229. Douglas Smith a professor of languages and literature at the University of Dublin explains his thought on the relationship between Frances nuclear power and it Cultural Policy. Smith begins by introducing the idea of a hexagon. Smith says that the people use a hexagon as a schematic representation of France (Smith 214). The citizens view their country as a hexagon and the walls of the shape protect and guard the country.

Berrios Charles de Gualle wanted carryout his plan of establishing France as a world power by maintaining soft hegemony over the new nations of an emerging postcolonial world while asserting cultural superiority (Smith 215). By this Smith means that de Gaulle considered the French cultural entity more valuable than anything else. Smiths articles The Broken Hexagon: French Nuclear Culture between Empire and Cold War is a perfect example of how an International Relations (INR) professional

would develop his or her theory. Even though Smith is not an INR professional he writes proficiently in the genre. He makes it clear and easy to read. Smiths theme is the French attempt to reassert its global status in the 1960s through its transformation from an imperial into a nuclear and cultural power (Smith 215). By asserting the theme from the start anyone outside the INR community can read the article and learn about the way France chose to control and develop its nuclear power. Deutsch als Weltsprache? Franz Thierfelder, the Deutsche Akademie in Munich and the Promotion of the German Language Abroad Eckard, Michels. "Deutsch als Weltsprache? Franz Thierfelder, the Deutsche Akademie in Munich and the Promotion of the German Language Abroad." The German History Society 22.2 (2004): 206-228. Historical Abstracts. Michels Eckard is a reader in German history and the undergraduate German program direct at the University of Birkbeck. Eckards article expands on the idea of Cultural Diplomacy. The idea of Cultural Diplomacy is relatively new it is an instrument used by nation states to either defend or extend their influence abroad (Eckard 206). The concept is a branch derived from cultural policy. States try to

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nationalize their culture in order to expand their power. Germany uses cultural diplomacy to regain and establish their power, primarily after World War I. The program the Germans created was to promote the German language (Eckard 207). The Germans wanted to use this as a cultural propaganda. They provided the means as to which the language was spread. Eckard tries to explain that this program was the first major use of a countries cultural identity to try to influence political policy. The theory Eckard proposes tries to explain the frame of mind the Germans were in when they decided to use cultural identity as a tool to spread their nationalism. For those who are unaware of Germanys history the ability to understand the concept is fairly easy. Eckard explains his idea in a way that allows a broad spectrum of readers to understand. Although he is not a member of the INR community Eckard effectively develops a in depth analysis of Germanys history. Unlike most INR conversations, this one does not require any prior knowledge of cultural policy. The way the article is organized says that the goal of the conversation was to promote international awareness. Multiculturalism in Germany: From Ideology to Pragmatism and Back? Eckardt, Frank. "Multiculturalism in Germany: From Ideology to Pragmatism and Back?" National Identities 9.3 (2007): 235-245. Historical Abstracts . Frank Eckardt is a German sociology professor at the Institute for European Urban Studies at Bauhaus University. Eckardt analyzes Germanys ever-growing multiculturalism. He begins by suggesting, Germany has been particularly affected by significant levels of immigration (Eckardt 236). This sentence is particularly important when looking at Germanys cultural history and development. Throughout its growth it

Berrios has adopted many of the cultures from the immigrants that settle in. For German society it is important to incorporate their traditions with those of the incoming peoples. It is

because these nomadic people have no set cultural definition yet and the Germans wish to take advantage of this. According to Eckardt many major cities in Germany have acknowledged the main factors influencing German attitudes are predominantly the product of national frameworks (Eckardt 242). This is one way the German people begin to explore how to define their nationality. Over the years German people have found it difficult to define their nationality. Eckardt wrote this article from the perspective of the German people. It is easy for anyone outside the genre to grasp the concept of nationality confusion. Deconstructing the City of Culture: The Long-term Cultural Legacies of Glasgow 1990 Garcia, Beatriz. Deconstructing the City of Culture: The Long-term Cultural Legacies of Glasgow 1990. Urban Studies 42.5/6 (2005): 841868. Historical Abstracts . Beatriz Garcia is the head of research at the Institute of Cultural Impact. She focuses on Cultural Policy & Impact. Garcia speaks about Glasgow who are widely acclaimed for showing how the designation (Garcia 842) might affect the growth and reestablishment of a city. Glasgow is the first large-scale city that formed in the United Kingdom. How the city grew is what started the idea of culture-led urban regeneration (Garcia 841). The concept of regeneration according to Garcia is the process of culture creating multiple cities. Years ago cities banned together with common culture identities instead of urban policy. The idea Garcia is proposing are based upon the way Glasgow was formed. She uses the cities cultural development to analyze the United Kingdoms

Berrios (UK) present cultural standing. The European City/Capital of Culture program is a European Union initiative that has promoted cultural regeneration. Garcia continues to

attribute city and cultural development in modern UK to the people the believe culture is fundamentally priceless. Without them programs like the ECOC would not work. Garcia is a native of Liverpool and therefore her perspective of the impact culture has on city development is reliable. She is not an expert in INR theories or the concepts the genre promotes. Her expertise lies in a sub-category that is not directly tied to normal INR. She is a professional in the field of cultural policy. The use of graphs and multiple charts to explain the quality of life in a city that centers on culture shows that her targeted audiences are individuals that do not know much about cultural policy. This particular article defines the meaning of cultural policy. There are many subjects that fall into this category such as, Frances view of itself as a hexagon. Garcias article shows how beneficial cultural policy can be to the development of national policies and identities. Retrieving a Redemptive Past James, Jason. "Retrieving a Redemptive Past." 27.3 (2009): 1-24. Historical Abstracts Jason James is a professor of Sociology and Anthropology at the University of Mary Washington. James argues that Germany uses its past as a symbol more than a means to continue moving forward. They protect their past cultures and beliefs like a relic instead of using it to better themselves. He uses Eisenach, a small city in Germany, as an example of how Germans try to preserve history. The structure of the city and its architecture is homage to the old ways in Germans. Many cities reflect the same style. It is similar to how the Spanish have retained old architectural styles to continue to keep

Berrios alive their past culture. James theory is concrete instead of the usual abstract thought. Using modern examples and contemporary situations James allow his readers to develop their own

opinion. Most conversations dealing with cultural policy deal with hypothetical situations and occurrences that happened decades ago. This is a type of cultural policy conversation that engages and welcomes further interpretation. Unlike absolute theories that are based on years of historical evidence, James theory needs continuous work. Revolutionizing mind and soul? Soviet youth and cultural campaigns during the New Economic Policy Neumann, Matthias. "Revolutionizing mind and soul? Soviet youth and cultural campaigns during the New Economic Policy." Social History 33.3 (2008): 243-267. Historical Abstracts Matthias Neumann is a Lecturer in Modern Russian History at the University of Anglia. His argument is that during the rise Soviet Russia and Bolsheviks Russia began recruitment based on cultural encouragement. This meant that they selected only the youth to join a Communist Youth Organization called the Komsomol. Neumann explains that this was done because the younger citizens of Russia were easy to manipulate. Along the way they developed their own cultural identity. This created a group of new adults that had been raised with the communist mentality. Neumann theorizes that this is how communism began to spread so rapidly. The conversation Neumann creates is a strong example of how culture can influence an entire political movement. With just a few pep talks and propaganda posters

Berrios 10 the ideas of Communism spread. The party gave the young adults a purpose and identity. That concept of identity is what cultural policy is all about. The Bolsheviks capitalized and used cultural policy to their advantage. Over centuries culture has created and destroyed civilizations. After decades Soviet Russia was able to promote and spread their political ideology. The reason cultural policy is so relevant is that it is timeless. No matter when in time culture will always define a state. Justifying Multiculturalism: Social Justice, Diversity and National Identity in Australia and New Zealand Smits, Katherine. "Justifying Multiculturalism: Social Justice, Diversity and National Identity in Australia and New Zealand." Australian Journal of Political Science, 46.1 (2011): 87103. Historical Abstracts. Katherine Smits a professor at the University of Auckland studies the assimilation of two tribes, the Australian indigenous and the New Zealand Maori. Smits article examines the relationship between social justice objectives and cultural recognition, and argue[s] that both sets of values, in fact, play a key role in defining multiculturalism (Smits 88). As the Senior Lecturer in Political Studies Smits needs to understand the different factors that impact multiculturalism. Smits proposes that Australia and New Zealand both rely heavily on their cultural identity to control their policies. Smits says that they are nations in which the politics of cultural diversity are a key part of the social landscape (Smits 88). Australia has claimed that multiculturalism is a federal policy. This means that the concept of integration and identity is important to them. Smits uses her knowledge of political science to write a theory within the INR

Berrios 11 community. Her knowledge of political inner workings and social importance help her write efficiently. Australian and New Zealand peoples have welcomed the idea of multiculturalism. However the indigenous and Maori peoples are not to keen to the idea of intercultural relations. Indigenous Australians and New Zealand Maori have maintained ambivalent attitudes towards ethnic multiculturalism (Smits 89), they are worried about the ramifications that may come with accepting multiculturalism things such as loss of tribal identity. The tribes of each country have lived independently from outside interference for so long that accepting outside pressure is accepting defeat. However, Smits says, much of the state response to diversity has focused on inclusion and access to state support (Smits 99). According the Smits the Australian and New Zealand government want to work with the tribes. Smits analyzes the conflict between the tribes and the governments effectively. She does a good job of using INR theories to compose her overall idea of what is going on in Australia and New Zealand. The Revolution of Russian Identity Solovei, VD. "The Revolution of Russian Identity." Russian Social Science Review 50.2 (2009): 17-40. Historical Abstracts . VD Solovei is an author of many published novels and articles dealing with Russia. Solovei uses his expertise in Russian life to explain the dependence Russia has on its migrant citizens. The one thing that needs to be understood to understand Soloveis article is that Russia has more immigrant people than it does natural born Russians. This created a strong animosity towards non-Russian individuals. The hostility grew into a phobia. Xenophobia is the fear of the unknown or the different. Many felt that the

Berrios 12 blending of ethnicities was an abomination. However, the Russian way of life depends heavily on these migrant workers. Crops, industrial jobs, and technical position are mainly filled by the other ethnicities. Solovei explains that the citizens are not hiding their fear of ethnic blending and exposure. They are found to openly express their hatred. Those who are more phenotypically similar to ethnic Russians (Solovei 24) are treated with less disdain. Solovei makes it clear that just because they are hated less does not mean that they are not still considered impure. In this conversation it is explicit that Russia keeps its cultural pursues separate from its political and economic policies. This means that a reader may understand the political aspects of Russian life, but not understand the way they capitalize their culture. It is clear that this particular subject within cultural policy is very rare. Most of the time culture and politics are intertwined. In the theory Solovei presents Russia does not want its identity to interfere with its political conquests. This makes it easy for Russian citizens to target their immigrant class because they have no connection to their way of life. Solovei acts like a medium between the Russian history and the outside world. The way he present the article makes it clear that he is not trying to convince anyone of his theories, but in fact lecturing and informing his audience. Imperial Scholars and Minority Nationalisms in Late Imperial and Early Soviet Russia Tolz, Vera. "Imperial Scholars and Minority Nationalisms in Late Imperial and Early Soviet Russia." Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 10.2 (2009): 260-290. Historical Abstracts . Vera Tolz is a professor of Russian Studies at the University of Manchester she

Berrios 13 uses her knowledge of Russian politics to describe how nationalism impacted the identity formation in Soviet Russia. According to Tolz the Imperial time in Russian was marked by intense multiculturalism and ethnicity. It stands to reason the trying to identify a Russian identity in a society that is confused and lost is nearly impossible. Tolz says The late imperial period in Russia was marked by intense debates about how to achieve social, political, and, in some instances, cultural cohesion within the context of the empires multi-ethnicity and multiculturalism (Tolz 261). In terms of the theories composed by INR professionals, Tolzs theory is not new. Many have tried to track the imperial and soviet cultural development. Many focus on the impact it had on post soviet Russia. Russia during this time tried to utilize ethnic markers to organize politics (Tolz 262). By doing this they created separate states with independent cultural markers. All states identify themselves as Russian, but they have adapted and changed things to fit their way of life. Tolzs use of other theories and explanations of major Russian events are a clear indicator that she is a part of the INR community. The previous articles and their writers are fluent in the language and structure of this genre, but Tolz is a member of the community. Bringing Art to the man in the back street: Regional and Historical Perspectives of Labour and the Evolution of Cultural Policy in Europe Vall, Natasha. "Bringing Art to the man in the back street: Regional and Historical Perspectives of Labour and the Evolution of Cultural Policy in Europe." Labour History Review 75.1 (n.d.): 30-43. Historical Abstracts

Berrios 14 Natasha Vall is a Reader in the department of Arts and Sciences at the Teesside University. She begins her argument by explaining the incorporated cultural policy initiatives (Vall 31) that the British government implemented. The purpose of the initiative was to make cultural exposure much more assessable. She talks about the different events that arose with the creation of this project. One event that Vall focuses on is the creation of a public theatre in Sweden. Although Sweden is not a part of the United Kingdom (UK) the implementation of the initiative by the British Arts Council spread through its many regional representatives. Vall theorizes that the use of cultural policy after World War II was to improve the economic standing of Britain. During this time unionization among the working class began throughout Europe. In many regions this greatly impacted the use of cultural policy. The groups banded together to change the social workings of Europe. Vall continuously give example of how Britain used the unionization to create a nation wide cultural movement. The movement surpassed the British Isle. At one point the development of Keynesian politics evolved. John Maynard Keynes was the director of the British Arts Council. While he was in power Keynes made it his mission to see that culture did not mix with politics. This however greatly impacted the spread of the councils goal. In Eastern Europe many cities did not have television, theatre, or art. Valls theory emphasizes on both spectrums of the Arts Council. She wants to show both the positive and the negative effects of the British Arts Council. Valls organization makes it easy to understand her position in the use of cultural policy in Europe. After explaining both positions it becomes clear to the reader that she supports the idea of cultural policy. Although Vall is another writer that is not in the INR genre she effectively supports and explains her position. The audience can rely on her

Berrios 15 understanding of the cultural history of Europe. As an avid researcher in comparative social and cultural history of 20th century Britain and Sweden Vall has a clear understanding of how to word her theory. To understand this conversation you need to know about World War II and its impact on European life. This gives you the ability to be compassionate and realize the enormity of the British Arts Council. Negotiating Serbias Europeanness. On The Formation and Appropriation of European Heritage Policy in Serbia Vos, Claske. Negotiating Serbias Europeanness. On The Formation and Appropriation of European Heritage Policy in Serbia. History and Anthropology 22.2 (2011): 221242. Historical Abstracts. Claske Vos is an anthropologist at the University of Amsterdam. Anthropology has many sub-fields one of which is cultural. Those who study cultural anthropology Studies all aspects of modern human behavior. In this case Vos used applied anthropology to come up with her theory. Voss theory aims to provide insight into how this European heritage programme is expected to bring about Europeanization in Serbia (Vos 222). This program was used at various stages throughout European history. The program was used to Europeanize different countries that joined the European nation. After the fall of the Soviet Union many countries scrambled to regain a sense of identity. In the case of Serbia they tried to assimilate to European culture. Vos claims that the principle of becoming European happens when countries accept and adopt notions, practices and values that are introduced by this heritage programme (Vos 222). The overall goal of the heritage program is to create a political entity. When it was applied to

Berrios 16 Serbia there was no definite definition of what cultural heritage was and the meaning of being European was unclear. What defines a nationality? This is Voss target question when dealing with the EU and Serbia. The European nations acted like Christian missionaries who were hell bent to push their cultural beliefs on other states. It was either being accepting of the European way or exile. Vos uses an established idea and expands on it. The program she speaks of has been addressed in many different angles. Such as, how the program started and why it was so important for the European nations to create a culturally driven program. Unlike most INR conversations Vos doesnt propose a theory. Instead she elaborates on an already open theory. The INR genre is known for accumulating opinions before organizing a set theory. The reason for this is to allow research and history to be up to date. INR is an ever-changing genre. The article Vos writes is not meant for a general audience. Those who can truly understand her ideas are individuals who studied the EU and their cultural programs.

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