TR056/PG1007

Lecture 2 Fer4lisa4on, Implanta4on and Bilaminar Germ Disc Forma4on (Weeks 1 and 2)

Dr. Neil Docherty

In the Last Lecture

We examined how male and female gametes arose from the hormonally controlled maturation of primordial germ cells and covered the details of meiotic cell division and the generation of genetic diversity We addressed meiotic non-disjunction as a cause of chromosomal abnormalities and birth defects and you received a handout with further information on Downs Syndrome (Trisomy 21) as an example of this. I suggested that you should focus on being able to; 1 Describe the steps in meiotic cell division 2. Correlate the structural and functional features of male and female gamete maturation

Todays Objec6ves
To iden4fy the key stages in fer4lisa4on and describe the ini4al phase of cell division of the zygote To chart the development of the blastocyst and detail the key steps in implanta6on To link the changes in the endometrium and ovary following ovula4on, fer4lisa4on and implanta4on To track the changes in the inner and outer cell masses during the second week of development TO REVIEW THE ABOVE BY MEANS OF A SHORT INTERACTIVE EXERCISE AT THE END OF THE LECTURE

Germ Cells to Fer6lisa6on Summary

Primordial Germ Cells testes Primary spermatocyte Mitosis ovary

Primary oocyte

Meosis I and II

Meosis I Meosis II

Spermatazoon secondary oocyte fer4lisa4on

fer4lised oocyte Mitosis Two cell stage

Fer6lisa6on
Where? The gametes meet and fuse in the ampullary region (X) of the uterine tube
Spermatazoa that reach the ampulla (5-7 hours) can remain viable for several days At ovula4on, the release of chemotac4ns reac4vates mo4lity of the spermatazoa Fer4lisa4on usually occurs between 12 and 24 hours a]er ovula4on

Key Events During Fer6lisa6on

The secondary oocyte is protected

1. Penetra4on of the corona radiata and the zona pellucida by spermatazoon 2. Fusion of gamete membranes and blockade of access for other spermatazoa (cor6cal and zonal reac6ons in oocyte) 3. Comple4on of meiosis II in secondary oocyte

Have a look at the handout on intersexuality to see what happens and why when there Is fertlisation with non-disjunction of sex chromosomes

Changes in the Spermatazoa Allowing for Penetra6on of Oocyte

1. Capacita6on Interac4ons between spermatazoon and the uterine tube epithelium cause decapping of the head region of the sperm (Allows spermatazoa to pass through corona radiata) 2. Acrosome Reac6on -Occurs upon binding of sperm head to the zona pellucida (ZP3 ligand) -Causes the release of proteases (trypsin, acrosin) required for penetra4on of the zona pellucida

Fertilisation
Pro-nuclei approach (having replicated DNA) Formation of zygote and first cleavage

30 hours post ovulation

Two Cell Stage to Late Morula

Early divisions give rise to increasingly small cells (blastomeres) Cleavage Divisions By 3 days a 16-cell structure called the morula is formed -Cells on the inside of the ball =Inner Cell Mass (form embryo) -Cells on outside of the ball =Outer Cell Mass (contribute to placenta)

The Blastocyst
Entry of uid between intercellular spaces forms a cavity (blastocele) The structure is now given the name blastocyst =INNER CELLS-embryoblast =OUTER CELLS-trophoblast

Entry into uterus

4.5-6 days

Summary of the First Week

Normally in anterior or posterior uterine wall What about ectopic pregnancy?

B S C B-Basal S-Spongy C-Compact (layers of the endometrium) Note that at implantation, the endometrium is in the progestational phase under control of progesterone from the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum is sustained by human chorionic gondaotrophin (hCG) release from the trophoblast How are these hormones communicating between the tissues? What do you suspect happens in the absence of fertilisation?

Forma4on of the Bilaminar Germ Disc (Week 2 (The Week of Twos))

By day 8, the implanted blastocyst is undergoing a series of changes
OUTER CELL MASS (TROPHOBLAST) Inner aspect outer aspect

CYTOTROPHOBLAST

SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLAST

divide and populate INNER CELL MASS (EMBRYOBLAST) Inner aspect (by cavity) HYPOBLAST outer aspect (towards trophoblast)

EPIBLAST (A cavity emerges within =AMNIOTIC CAVITY)

Blastocyst Development

DAY 6

DAY 8

The Blastocyst Is A Source of Embryonic Stem Cells

Cells are pluripotent

hep://stemcells.nih.gov/info/faqs.asp This site is from the NIH, federal research funding body in the U.S.A. and details informa4on on all types of stem cell therapy

Stem Cells are Inducible From Adult Cells

This is the focus of the PG1004 tutorial on Thursday with Prof. Campbell
https://medicine.tcd.ie/physiology/assets/docs/lecturenotes/ND/HHD/JF/PG1004/PG1004%20Tutorial%207%20Induced %20Pluripotent%20Adult%20Stem%20Cells.pdf

Development (Day 9)
Note the amnio4c cavity and the cytotrophoblast and synci6otrophoblast* The synci4otrophoblast enters the lacunar stage Forma4on of the exocoelemic membrane from the hypoblast generates the primi6ve yolk sac The penetrated blastocyst is sealed in place now by a brin clot.

*What are syncitia and where have we seen them before?

Development (Day 12)

Establishment of the uteroplacental circula6on Forma4on of the extra-embryonic mesoderm and emergence of the chorionic cavity Surface defect is now healing with uterine epithelium

Development (Day 13)

The cytotrophoblast starts to project columns ( primary villi) into the syncy4otrophoblast The hypoblast cells proliferate to form a new cavity, the secondary yolk sac Development of the connec4ng stalk from the extraembyronic mesoderm

The deni4ve bilaminar disc will now gastrulate to form the three cell layers that give rise to all the organs and 4ssues (next lecture)

Your Learning Objec4ves

Your learning from today should focus on being able to; 1) Iden,fy the key stages in fer4lisa4on and describe the paeern of cell division of the zygote 2) Chart the development of the blastocyst and detail the key steps in implanta6on 3) Link the changes in the endometrium and ovary following ovula4on, fer4lisa4on and implanta4on. 4) Track and describe the changes in the inner and outer cell masses during the second week of development.