Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies Review of Related Literature Many researchers have already study ,construct

and develop device which is essential to our modern world.This chapter cover all about the related literature and related studies which is relevant today. It also include the Synthesis of the Art, Gap Bridged by the study, Theoritical Framework and their paradigms as well as their terms and meanings.

Related Literature The researcher have conducted a research about some various literature related to the study by means of reading books and researching through internet to obtained the desire functional output. The Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented the Printed Circuit Board(PCB) while working in England around 1936 as part of radio set in 1943.PCB is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate.The USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make proximity use to almost device or appliances this day. Electrons a negatively charged subatomic particle. It can be either free (not attached to any atom), or bound to the nucleus of an atom. Electrons in atoms exist in spherical shells of various radii, representing energy levels. The larger the spherical shell, the higher the energy contained in the electron.The concept of an indivisible quantity of electric charge was theorized to explain the chemical properties of atoms,beginning in 1836 by British natural philosopher Richard Laming.The name electron was introduced for this charge in 1894 by Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney.Electron was identified by JJ Thompson and his team as a particle in 1897.The discovery of electron and its behavior helps us to build more complex devices. Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity, though advances in the science were not made until the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Practical applications for electricity however remained few, and it would not be until the late nineteenth century that engineers were able to put it to industrial and residential use. The rapid expansion in electrical technology at this time transformed industry and society. The word electricity is from the New Latin lectricus, "amber-like", coined in the year 1600 from the Greek (electron) meaningamber, because electrical effects were produced classically by rubbing amber.Electricity operates almost all of devices made by the expanding technology. Lithium ion battery is a member of a family of rechargeable battery types in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge, and back when charging. Li-ion batteries use anintercalated lithium compound as the electrode material, compared to the metallic lithium used in the non-rechargeable lithium battery.

Lithium-ion batteries are common in consumer electronics. They are one of the most popular types of rechargeable battery for portable electronics, with one of the best energy densities, no memory effect, and only a slow loss of charge when not in use. Beyond consumer electronics, LIBs are also growing in popularity for military, electric vehicle, and aerospace applications.[6] Research is yielding a stream of improvements to traditional LIB technology, focusing on energy density, durability, cost, and intrinsic safety.These are the most common types of battery uses in cellular phones and other devices. Battery charger is a device used to put energy into a secondary cell or rechargeable battery by forcing an electric current through it.The charging protocol depends on the size and type of the battery being charged. Some battery types have high tolerance for overcharging and can be recharged by connection to a constant voltage source or a constant current source; simple chargers of this type require manual disconnection at the end of the charge cycle, or may have a timer to cut off charging current at a fixed time. Other battery types cannot withstand long high-rate over-charging; the charger may have temperature or voltage sensing circuits and a microprocessor controller to adjust the charging current, and cut off at the end of charge. A trickle charger provides a relatively small amount of current, only enough to counteract self-discharge of a battery that is idle for a long time. Slow battery chargers may take several hours to complete a charge; high-rate chargers may restore most capacity within minutes or less than an hour, but generally require monitoring of the battery to protect it from overcharge.These is one of the concern by the present study. Telegram was the first man invented device use to communicate.This made possible by eminent scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator Alexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847 August 2, 1922). On October 9, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson talked by telephone to each other over a two-mile wire stretched between Cambridge and Boston. It was the first wire conversation ever held. Yesterday afternoon [on January 25, 1915] the same two men talked by telephone to each other over a 3,400-mile wire between New York and San Francisco. Dr. Bell, the veteran inventor of the telephone, was in New York, and Mr. Watson, his former associate, was on the other side of the continent. They heard each other much more distinctly than they did in their first talk thirty-eight years ago.The signal travel through wires that can be received by the operators and interpreted as a message.These serve as an inspiration to modern communication using technology. In December 23,1947,the first developed transistor was born through te experiment of two scientist Walter H. Brattain and John Bardeen at Bell Telephone Laboratories.The demonstration made by them proves the amplifying actions on the first transistor device.The device was smaller,lightweight and does not require heating.It is more efficient because of less power absorption by it.This one of the component needed by the present study. The nickelcadmium battery (NiCd battery or NiCad battery)is a type of rechargeable battery using nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrodes. The abbreviation NiCd is derived from the chemical symbols of nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd): the abbreviation NiCad is a registered trademark of SAFT Corporation, although this brand name is commonly used to describe all NiCd batteries.Wet-cell nickel-cadmium batteries were invented in 1899. A Ni-Cd battery has a terminal voltage during discharge of around 1.2 volts which decreases little until nearly the end of discharge. Ni-Cd batteries are made in a wide range of sizes and capacities, from portable sealed types interchangeable with carbon-zinc dry cells, to large ventilated cells used for standby power and motive power. Compared with other types of rechargeable cells they offer good cycle life and capacity, good performance at low temperatures, and work well at high discharge rates (using the cell capacity in one hour or less). However, the materials are more costly than types such as the lead acid battery, and the cells

have higher self-discharge rates than some other types. Sealed Ni-Cd batteries require no maintenance. During the period 1904-1947 vacuum tube was undoubtedly the electronic device of interest and development that time.In year 1904 J.A Fleming introduced the vacuum tube and shortly in 1906. A vacuum tube also called a electron tubes is a sealed glass or metal-ceramic
enclosure used in electronic circuitry to control the flow of electrons between the metal electrodes sealed inside the tubes. The air inside the tubes is removed by a vacuum. Vacuum tubes are used for: amplification of a weak current, rectification of an alternating current to direct current (AC to DC), generation of oscillating radio-frequency (RF) power for radio and radar, and more.Diodes are mostly use in constructing prototype.

A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a device that can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link while moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public telephone network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single, private base station. The first hand-held mobile phone was [1][2][3] demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset [4] weighing around 2.2 pounds (1 kg). In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first to be commercially available. From 1990 to 2011, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew from 12.4 million to over 6 billion, penetrating about 87% of the global population and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid.Mostly people use this and cant live without this device.

Related Studies The researcher conducted a review about the past studies which seems to have similarities with the present studies.These is the output of the review made by the researcher. The study of Gerard et. All entitled Environmental Cellular Charger (ECC) is a device that convert or transformed solar energy into a usefull electricity which is needed to charge a battery.The feature studies share the same purpose which is to charge a battery. Universal Solar Charger by Molina et. all is exactly the same with the with the studies of Gerard et. all.