Hayune penonynnje: Honep, Kyn, Aaxa1om

n nayxa o ueynaponnu onocnua

Anc1pax1: Avmopu norvuaeafv oa rpos +ucaouu ercnepu-
+eum npoeue vnompeo+ueocm Honepoeoe uav:uoe onoe-
peaeana, Kvuoeoe rouenma o npo+eua+a napaoue+u u
Haramoueeux ucmparuea:rux npoepa+a v oucun.uuu
+ehvuapoouux oouoca u pas+ompe nuxoev ea+auocm npu
npoeuu uanpemra v oreupv ne. Hau u+ fe oa norare+o
oa cv npea oea cxeamana uenpu+eu+uea ua uavrv rofa uc-
mparvfe maro c.oreuo no+e rao umo cv +ehvuapoouu oo-
uocu, a oa mpehe +ore oa ropucmu npu npoeuu uanpemra
v oreupv ca+ux meopufa (ucmparuea:rux npoepa+a), a.u
ue u ua uueov e.orvnue oucun.uue. Haue cmauoeuume fe
oa cv uav:ue peeo.vufe v +ehvuapoouu+ oouocu+a ueoop-
ruee, umemue u oa ue oouoce ropucm oucun.uuu +ehvua-
poouux oouoca rofa u+a ep.o c.oreu npeo+em ucmparu-
eana. Tarohe, c+ampa+o oa oeof oucun.uuu npeocmofu
nouoeuo pas+ampane +emooo.ourux u enucme+o.ourux
npemnocmaeru oo rofux no.asu.
Knyune peun: onoepeaeane, napaoue+amcre peeo.vufe,
uav:uu ucmparuea:ru npoepa+u, +ehvuapoouu oouocu,
+ehvuapoouu cvroou, uanpeoar
Haxon sanpmerxa Xnanor para n nojane xoncrpyxrnnnsma y npo-
yuanany mehynaponnx onoca, reopernuapn one ncnnnnnne cne uemhe
nocranajy nnrane a nn y oxnnpy ne nocrojn reopnjcxn nanpeax n a
nn onasn o penonynnonapnnx npomena naunna mnmena o mehynapo-
nnm onocnma nnn je cne ncra crapa menopama.
1
Ienepanna xnnoresa
onor paa rnacn a reopnjcxe penonynnje xaxo nx opehyjy Kapn Honep
(Karl Popper) n Tomac Kyn (Thomas Kuhn) nncy cnojcrnene ncnnnnnnn
mehynaponnx onoca, a a npnmena merareopnjcxnx xpnrepnjyma Hmpa
Haxaroma (Imre Lakatos) oarno yunpmhyje nocrojehe crane y noj. Ayro-
1
Martin Wight, Why is there no International Theory?, Diplomatic Investiga-
tions: Essays in the Theory of International Politics, eds. Herbert Buttereld and
Martin Wight, 17-34 (London: Allen&Unwin, 1966).
93
Mapuua Huuh, Huuoua 1oeuh VK 930.9-339.9
marina.ilic@fpn.bg.ac.rs; j_nikola21@yahoo.com
CHHTE3HC III/1 (2011) PEBOAYHH1A
94
pn cmarpajy a cy penonynnje y ncnnnnnnn mehynaponnx onoca nens-
nonne sor npomennnor, mehysanncnor, pymrnenor xapaxrepa nenor
npemera, na uax n nexopncne. To ne snaun a ncnnnnnna enexn cra-
nan nanpeax, neh nanpornn, a naxnn nnypannsam onpnnocn nenoj
xpyrocrn, nennnenrnnnocrn n yuaypenocrn. Kaxo n omno o nanperxa y
nnnnnnnn mehynaponnx onoca, neonxono je a reopnje nanycre na-
panrmarcxn naunn nocmarpana mehynapone crnapnocrn n a nouny a
pasronapajy.
ncnnnnnna mehynaponnx onoca uecro ce npnxasyje xao jeno
nennxo noe cyxoa xojn ce, o nenor sacnnnana xao nesanncne ncnnn-
nnne, noe nsmehy nennx reopnja n npanana. Tpnecernx n uerpecernx
ronna XX nexa, y rsn. Hpnoj nennxoj earn omno je o cnopa nsmehy
peannsma n neannsma oxo npemera ncrpaxnnana npnpoe mehynapo-
nnx onoca. pyrn cnercxn par je noxasao xo je oneo noey y onoj ea-
rn n osnauno reopnjcxy omnnannjy peanncrnuxor npncryna y mehynapo-
nnm onocnma. pyra nennxa eara nohena je oxo meroa ncrpaxnnana
npemera ncnnnnnne, n ro nsmehy meroonomxor rpannnonannsma
(xnacnunn mero, xonnsam) n meroonomxor moepnnsma (nayunn mero,
nxennopnsam). Axo norneamo rpanc]opmannjy y paonnma reopernuapa
peanncrnuxor npanna n nnxon saoxper xa nosnrnnnsmy, a sarnm n cymrnny
uernpre nennxe eare, cxnarnhemo naxo a je nayunn mero nsnpmno jax
yrnnaj na noe ncrpaxnnana mehynaponnx onoca.
Oxo Tpehe nennxe eare nocrojn najmane carnacnocrn mehy re-
opernuapnma ncnnnnnne mehynaponnx onoca.
2
Cyxoene crpane ono-
ra nyra cy nne peannsam (neopeannsam), nnepannsam (neonnepannsam)
n mapxcnsam (panxanne reopnje). Ho mnmeny nexnx ayropa, onasax
]emnnnsma, nocrcrpyxrypannsma, xpnrnuxe reopnje, xoncrpyxrnnnsma, y
crnapn sarnapa ony eary n ornapa none pacnpane xoje rpajy n anac.
3
V
uernproj nennxoj earn onasn o cnopa nsmehy nosnrnnnsma (panno-
nannsma) n nocr-nosnrnnnsma (pe]nexrnnnsma), xoja ce norom npememra
y noe pacnpane nsmehy pannonanncrnuxnx npanana ca jene, n xoncrpyx-
rnnnsma ca pyre crpane.
Hornuno n nno npernocrannrn a je y jenoj ncnnnnnnn no-
xeno nmarn pacnpane nsmehy nennx rnannnx reopnja n npncryna xaxo
n ce ocnrypano a ona ynex ye xnna, yna n cnpemna a oronop
na nno xoje nocraneno nnrane. Henocpena pasmena mnmena nsmehy
reopernuapa pasnnunrnx crpyja onpnnocn crannom nanperxy nayxe y
xojoj nnjena crpana nema npenocr na pyrnma, n re cne ro, na xpajy,
2
paran P. Cnmnh, Ceemcra no.umura (Feorpa: uaxynrer nonnrnuxnx nayxa,
unroja mramna, 2009), 34.
3
Ibid., 35.
Mapnna Hnnh, Hnxona 1onnh / HOHEP, KYH, AAKATOm 93-114
95
pesynrnpa nenpncrpacnnm n cnpcncxonnm reopnjama ncrpaxnnana mehy-
napone crnapnocrn. Mehyrnm, ro nnje cnnxa onora mro ce emana n mro
ce pannje emanano y ncnnnnnnn mehynaponnx onoca. 3apoene y
nnrannma onronornje, enncremonornje n meroonornje, reopnje mehyna-
ponnx onoca noe nennone pacnpane o rome unjn je norne na cner nc-
npannnjn, saopanajyhn cnpxy cnor nocrojana: pasymenane, ojamnene
n npennhane mehynapone peannocrn.
Hocroje ayropn xojn cmarpajy a onronomxa nnrana ne n rpeano
a yy npemer nnrepeconana reopernuapa mehynaponnx onoca, nnn
a anene nnma ne onocn anconyrno nnxaxny xopncr.
4
Hcrnuy a cy
o cnnx emnnpnjcxn opnjenrncannx no-noa nonnrnuxnx nayxa, mehyna-
ponn onocn neponarno najcamocnecnnjn y ]nnoso]cxom norney, n naj-
sannrepeconannjn sa cranno npencnnrnnane ]ynamernannnx nnrana o
rome mra n n xaxno n rpeano a ye pymrneno ncrpaxnnane. oajy
n unnennny a ce ronnxo mano sna o xonxpernnm nponemnma, nojanama
n nponecnma y mehynaponnm onocnma, n a n nnrane o ]nnoso]cxnm
ocnonama nayxe rpeano npenycrnrn ]nnoso]nma, a ne noxymanarn a ce
ona peme y oxnnpy ncnnnnnne mehynaponnx onoca.
Onaxno nparmarnuno nnhene ncnnnnnne je npno noxeno npn-
mennnarn xaa ce pan o ncnnrnnany npemera mehynaponnx onoca,
ann ayropn onor rexcra cmarpajy a cnaxa nayxa n nayuna ncnnnnnna
mopajy a ycnoje opehene xpnrepnjyme sa nponeny nocrojehnx reopnja n
npanna pasnoja nnn nasaonana came ncnnnnnne. 3aro he, y npnom eny
onor paa, ayropn opasnoxnrn xpnrepnjyme sa nponeny pasnoja ncnnn-
nnne na nornyno cynporna cranonnmra xoje ajy na reopnjcxa raxmana,
Honep n Kyn, n rpeher, cpener pemena xoje npenaxe Haxarom. V py-
rom eny ayropn he ce annrn npnmenom merareopnjcxnx xpnrepnjyma xoje
ajy ona rpn reopernuapa na ncnnnnnny mehynaponnx onoca. V rpehem
eny ayropn he nsnoxnrn naunn nponene nanperxa y ncnnnnnnn n npnme-
pe nexonnnnne reopernuapa xojn cy npnmennnn nayunn nparmarnsam sapa
pemanana xonxpernnx nponema n ojamnena nojana y mehynaponnm
onocnma. V saxyuxy hemo nsnpmnrn cnnresy nperxono nsnernx apry-
menara na nponem nanperxa y ncnnnnnnn mehynaponnx onoca.
4
Bnern: James Fearon and Alexander Wendt, Rationalism v. Constructivism: A
Skeptical View, Handbook of international relations, eds. Walter Carlsnaes and
Beth A. Simmons, 52-73 (London, SAGE Publications: 2002); Samuel J. Barkin,
Realist Constructivism: Rethinking International Relations Theory (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2010); Patrick Thaddeus Jackson, Bridging the
Gap: Toward A Realist-Constructivist Dialogue, International Studies Reviw 6
(2004): 337352; Robert S. Snyder, Bridging the Realist/Constructivist Divide:
The Case of the Counterrevolution in Soviet Foreign Policy and the End of the
Cold War, Foreign Policy Analysis 1 (2005): 55 71.
CHHTE3HC III/1 (2011) PEBOAYHH1A
96
Teopnjcxn njanor n xpn1epnjyun
sa nponeny nanpe1xa y naynn
Honepoeo uayuuo onoepeaeane uao +epuuo ea+auocmu meopuje
Honep, Kyn n Haxarom cy npenosnann a ce nayunnnn uecro ys-
pxanajy o oannnana cnojnx reopnja. Vmecro rora, xaa ce cyoue ca
cynpornnm unnennnama n oxasnma, nayunnnn onuno xopncre unran nns
crparernja xaxo n nx cnacnnn, yxyuyjyhn n nnxono npenpanane.
Kaxo moxemo ncnnrarn reopnje n nponennrn a nn one npecranajy na-
npeax y ncnnnnnnn nnn cy camo cpecrno xpnena pyna nacrannx
nonnm unnennnama, cynpornnx nocranennm reopnjama?
Kapn Honep je ao npno jenocranan oronop na ro nnrane: najnpe
mopamo a naunnnmo npernocranxy, no moryhcrny npno xpapy, a sarnm
a rparamo sa unnennnama crnapnocrn xoje je ononpranajy. Jenocranno
naromnnanane unnennna sa xoje ce unnn a nye norpnpy nocranenoj
npernocrannn nncy onone, jep moxa nocrojn maxap n jena unnennna
crnapnocrn xoja n ry reopnjy ononprna. Xnae ennx nayona ne o-
xasyjy a cy cnn nayonn enn, ann camo jean npnn nay oxasyje a je
nouerna npernocranxa nerauna. Honepona neja xpnrnuxor recra nounna
na pasnnnn nsmehy noxymaja a ce oxaxe ncrnna n cnoconocrn a ce
oxaxe nencrnna. Honep je neponao a je ono nocnene moryhe, ann a ono
npno nnje.
5
Haxo ce nncnnpncao nparmarnsmom n nornuxnm nosnrnnnsmom,
Honep je onyuno a saysme opnrnnanny nosnnnjy. V Hoeuu uav:uoe om-
rpuha rnpno je a nnje nerauno pehn a je nayxa camo nncrpymenr unja
je cnpxa a npennn, na ocnony rpenyrnor ncxycrna, nexo yyhe ncxyc-
rno, ononnxo anexo xonnxo je moryhe a ra xonrponnme. Hayuna reopnja
mopa nrn onnxonana xao ynnnepsanna rnpna, xojy n nno xo morao
a oann na ocnony ncxycrna. Hsnoehn nmnnnxannje xoje onocn ara
reopnja n nnxono ynopehnnane ca unnennnama je crpnxrno eyxrnnan
nponec, naxo ce unnn a on ne y nnyxrnnnom cmepy: o ncxycrnennx
unnennna xa xnnoresama. Ha onaj naunn, cmarpa Honep, pemana ce nos-
nar Xjymon nponem nnyxnnje.
6
Cmarpao je a je moryhe saxyunrn a
5
Kapn P. Honep, Hoeura uav:uoe omrpuha (Feorpa: Honnr, 1973), 3-27.
6
Hoeu:ru npoo.e+ uuovrufe je e]nnncan nnranem xoje je nocranno ejnn
Xjym, a xoje rnacn: Bra je npnpoa one enonynnje xoja nam nornphyje nsnecno
peanno nocrojane n marepnjanny unnennny nsnan npncyrnor cneouancrna
namnx uyna nnn nan noaraxa namer namhena?. Onocno, xaxo je n na ocnony
uera moryhno snanem caamnnx n arnx noaraxa onern saxyuax o onome
mro jom nnje aro? (Bnme y: Cnanomnp Mnnocanennh n Hnan Paocanennh,
Mapnna Hnnh, Hnxona 1onnh / HOHEP, KYH, AAKATOm 93-114
97
cy nexe rnpne noysannje o pyrnx, jenocranno saro mro ojamnanajy
mnoro nnme crnapnnx nojana n nponeca, n saro mro cy npemenom oonena-
ne noxymajnma a yy oauene. Bnxona opa ]opma ojamanana ce,
jenocranno, unnennnom nnxonor oncranxa. 3aro nn emnnpnjcxor mero-
a nnje a recrnpa ncrnny y reopnjama, neh a nx ocnaxn xpos neycnene
noxymaje nnxonor oannnana.
Bro nnme reopnja ycnena a oonn noxymajnma nenor oann-
nana, ro nocraje unpmha. Taxo ona nocraje npno noysan nonu sa npe-
nnhane yyhnx orahaja, n reopernuapn ca nennxom noysanomhy mory
a ce naajy a ona ocnnxana crnapne emnnpnjcxe npannnnocrn. Ann, ne
nocrojn rapannnja a ona npecrana nnxony nenonnry n nornyno ncrn-
nnry pe]nexcnjy.
Epon Xapnc (Errol Harris) je 1970. ronne ojanno snauajny, ann
mano nosnary xnnry Xunomese u nepenufe. Ben nacnon cyrepnme a
pesynrarn recrona saxrenajy nnrepnperannjy, n neron rexcr raxo pasnnja
aprymenr a je nansrne xpnrnuxn recr y najoy pyxy nponemarnuan.
Tecronn xojn noxymanajy a oane reponjy cy nohenn npornn asnunnx
nn]opmannja xoje ce ysnmajy spano sa rorono.
7
Kaxo moxemo a snamo a
cy re nn]opmannje nannne? Moxa je npna nrnna o xoje nam ce yunnnno
a je nay, y crnapn nna hypxa.
8
Hnmra nnje emnnpnjcxo n cnrypno xao
mro cy oanno rnpnnn Xjym n Kanr.
Hocrana ce nnrane a nn cy ona pasmnmana penenanrna sa nc-
nnnnnny mehynaponnx onoca? Bepyjemo a jecy, jep cnaxa reopnja mopa
a ce cacrojn o nperxonnx oxasa o ncrpaxnnauxom nnrany, a reopnja
xoja nrnopnme nocrojehe oxase je oxcnmopon.
9
V onoj nosnrnnncrnuxoj
nepcnexrnnn, sa xojy ce sanaxe n Honep, unnennne cy nsnopn reopnja n
nnxone cynje. Teopnja nna recrnpana raxo mro je cyounmo ca rnpnm
unnennnama emnnpnjcxe peannocrn. Ha nnax, raxnnx unnennna nma
ecxonauno mnoro. Koje unnennne he nrn ysere xao oxasn sa nnn npo-
rnn reopnje? 3or mehysanncnocrn reopnje n unnennne ne moxemo arn
jenocranan oronop. Vnpxoc cnnm remxohama recrnpana, mn mopamo a
onennmo reopnje xaxo ncmo ce orapacnnn norpemnnx. Ca onnm ce cnaxy
Ocuoeu +emooo.oeufe no.umu:rux uavra (Feorpa: Cnyxenn rnacnnx, 2006),
226-238.
7
Errol E. Harris, Hypothesis and perception: the roots of scientic method (Lon-
don: Allen & Unwin, 1970), 45.
8
Kenneth N. Waltz, Thoughts about assaying theories, in Progress in Internation-
al Relations Theory Appraising the Field, eds. Colin Elman and Miriam Fendius
Elman, vii (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003).
9
Ibid., viii
CHHTE3HC III/1 (2011) PEBOAYHH1A
98
n Honep n Kyn n Haxarom, ann ce nnxone nosnnnje pasnnxyjy no naunny
onene onnx reopnja.

1o+ac Kyu u uoeuua napaue+amcuux peeouyuuja
Kynono eno Cmpvrmvpa uav:uux peeo.vufa je n caa, nona nexa
naxon neronor npnor nojannnana npe axaemcxom jannomhy, axo ne no-
nasna, ona cnaxaxo nesaonnasna nnreparypa y pasymenany nayxe n nayu-
nor mnmena. Peu je o eny xoje ce ne ann ncropnjom pasnoja nayxe, neh
npe nponemnma xojn ce janajy y rom pasnojnom nponecy. V rom cmncny,
nerono nonmane nayxe npnnnxana ce cranonnmry Mnxanna Mapxonnha,
xojn je cmarpao a npemer nayxe nncy nojane n nponecn crnapnocrn, neh
nponemn xojn ce y nnma janajy.
10
Kyn ncrpaxyje nponemarnxy xonep-
nnxancxnx npomena y crpyxrypn nayxe rj. npomena o xojnx onasn y oc-
nonnnm nojmonnma, cranonnma, saxonnma, npannnnma, axcnomnma n reope-
mama nayxe. Kynoncxnm peunnxom peueno, ncrpaxyje nornxy n crpyxrypy
npomena napanrmn. To nnrane je mncaonn xyu sa pasymenane nopmanne
nayxe
11
n penonynnonapnnx nayunnx npeoxpera, onocno nayxe yonmre.
Hpomene napanrmn ynpano cy xpynnjanno cnojcrno nayunnx peno-
nynnja. Haxo jean, Kyny naxnonenn, nnrepnperarop neronor ena nanon
a je Kyn y cnom pay repmnn napanrma ynorpeno na 22 pasnnunra naun-
na, cam ayrop nanomnne a repmnn napanrma nma na ocnonna snauena.
Hpno, napanrme cy xonsncrenran cxyn ynepena, npenocrn n npannna sa-
cnnnana ncrpaxnnana xoja ene unanonn jene nayune sajennne. pyro,
napanrme cy eo ror cxyna na ocnony xora ce pasnnjajy ne camo moen-
nponemn neh n moen-pemena. V jenom cnyuajy cy napanrme mane na
nyry xoje noe nayuny sajennny y nnxonnm ncrpaxnnannma, ox cy y
pyrom cnyuajy napanrme ysopnn npnmepn y pemanany nayunnx npo-
nema xojn ce janajy y rnm ncrpaxnnannma.
Kyn ce nnra xaxo onasn o cmene napanrmn n mra snaun, cne-
yxynno, sa jeny nayuny ncnnnnnny ra npomena? Oronopn n ojamnena
xoja aje noxpehy nennxn poj enncremonomxnx n meroonomxnx nnrana,
xoja ce, yrnannom, onoce na xapaxrepncrnxe nayunor meroa y pymrne-
nnm nayxama n moryhnocrn casnana xaysannnx onoca. Hoceno je naxno
ncrahn a ce Kyn y cnom nayunom onycy, yrnannom, anno pasymenanem n
ojamnenem crpyxrype npomena y npnponnm nayxama. Orya je noceno
10
Mnnocanennh n Paocanennh, Ocuoeu +emooo.oeufe no.umu:rux uavra,
171.
11
Ho nopmannom nayxom Kyn cmarpa crane opehene nayxe y xojem ce cna
ncrpaxnnana y oxnnpy ne onnjajy no npannnnma npeonnahajyhe napanrme.
Mapnna Hnnh, Hnxona 1onnh / HOHEP, KYH, AAKATOm 93-114
99
nnrepecanrno ncrpaxnrn xaxne cy nmnnnxannje npnmene Kynonor cra-
nonnmra na pymrnene nayxe, nnn, mro nac noceno sannma, na nayxy o
mehynaponnm onocnma. Hapanno, mopamo ncrahn a nnje peu o npnmenn
cnaxor acnexra nerone ]nnoso]nje nayxe, neh camo onnx enona n rnpnn
unja ce npnmena na reopnje mehynaponnx onoca onon y nnrane, napo-
unro y enncremonomxom cmncny.
Hpe cnera, mopamo yrnpnrn xaxo Kyn e]nnnme nayxy n nayune
penonynnje. Hopmanny nayxy Kyn e]nnnme xao yonuajeno crane nayxe
y xojem ce ncrpaxnnana onnjajy no npannnnma jene npeonnahajyhe na-
panrme. Ca pyre crpane, nayune penonynnje sa Kyna cy one nexymyna-
rnnne pasnojne ennsoe y xojnma je crapnja napanrma y nornynocrn nnn
ennmnuno samenena nonom, xoja je necnojnna ca rom crapom.
12
Hayune
penonynnje, crora, npexnajy axymynarnnne nepnoe pasnoja nopmanne na-
yxe rnme mro nnayrypnmy nonn norne, nony napanrmy. Kaxo n ojacnno
samro n xaxo onasn o raxnnx npomena, Kyn nanon ocnonne onnxe nop-
manne nayxe: ona je no onmy n npennsnocrn neoma orpannuena; nopyuja
xoja ona ncrpaxyje cy +a.eua; nnenn ncrpaxnnana nopmanne nayxe nncy
none npcre nojana nr. Hs onora nponsnnasn a nopmanny nayxy unnn o-
pehnnane snauajne unnennne, ycxnahnnane unnennna ca reopnjom n ap-
rnxynannja reopnje.
13

Taxo e]nnncana nopmanna nayxa ocrana opehena nnrana n
nponeme nan cnor rnoceonomxor onyca. Vnpano re xapaxrepncrnxe nop-
manne nayxe noe nenpannnnocrnma y ncrpaxnnany, a one nocnenuno o
npencnnrnnana nopmanne nayxe, n na xpajy nayunnm penonynnjama. Ho-
pacr nenpannnnocrn nesannx sa jeny napanrmy moxe npemenom nonrn
o enncremonomxnx xpnsa y nayunoj sajennnn n, ys opehene ycnone, o
npomene napanrmn.
14
Henpannnnocrn cy nocnenna orpannuennx moryh-
nocrn cnaxe napanrme, a npe cnera orpannuenor poja nponema n nn-
rana ca xojnm jena napanrma moxe a pauyna xao ca nnrannma xoja je y
moryhnocrn a pemn. H ynpano ona xaa ro ce oron onocno xaa
npo]ecnja ne moxe nnme a nserne nenpannnnocrn xoje nopnnajy noc-
rojehy rpannnjy nayune npaxce raa nounny neonuna ncrpaxnnana
xoja npo]ecnjy noe y najmany pyxy nonom cxyny npnnnnna, nonoj ocnonn
sa ynpaxnanane nayxe.
15

Taj nonn cxyn npnnnnna onon o nayunnx penonynnja n nornynor
oannnana npomnor cxyna npnnnnna, raxo a napanrmy y nornynocrn
12
Tomac Kyn, Cmpvrmvpa uav:uux peeo.vufa (Feorpa: Honnr, 1974), 145.
13
Ibid., 77-78.
14
Patrick T. Jackson and Daniel H. Nexon, Pragmatic Faults in International-Real-
tions Theory, International Studies Quarterly, vol. 53, n 4 (2009): 909.
15
Kyn, Cmpvrmvpa uav:uux peeo.vufa, 45.
CHHTE3HC III/1 (2011) PEBOAYHH1A
100
samenyje pyra. Haxon rora, cnecrneno Kynonom cxnarany, nona napa-
nrma n ncrpaxnnana sacnonana na noj noe xa nopmannoj naynn. Tnme
ce nponec nayunnx penonynnja oxonuana, cne o onor rpenyrxa ox ce ne
nojane none nenpannnnocrn n nonn xannar sa napanrmy.
Hayuuu ucmpaxueauuu npoepa+u H+pa Bauamoua
Kaa xpapa npernocranxa oxnnana neycnex y xpnrnuxom rec-
rnpany, reopernuap jom ynex mopa a onyun o nmnnnxannjama xoje rpea
nsnyhn ns ror pesynrara. Haxarom ce anno onnm nponemom cmarpajyhn
a nn Honepona nn Kynona pemena nncy opa, jep cy npennme crpora.
Berono recno je: Mn ne moxemo a oxaxemo reopnje, ann nn a nx onon-
prnemo.
16
Hpema Haxaromy, reopnja nnje y crany a open unnennne n
onaxaje xojn n je oannnn. Axo, xaxo xaxe Haxarom, nnjena reopnja ne
moxe nrn nn norpemna nn ncrnnnra, xaxo n ona reopernuapn rpeano
a ce nonamajy? Vmecro a pemn nponem recrnpana reopnje, Haxarom
ce ]oxycnpao na nporpamcxe opre. Kaxo nnjena reopnja ne moxe nrn
nornphena nn oauena, on noxymana a onenn cepnje reopnja xoje nasnna
ncrpaxnnauxnm nporpamom.
Haxaromen moen nayune npomene ne ae o Honeponor, raxo
mro mena jennnne xoje ce saxnarajy o nojennaunnx reopnja xa cexnen-
nama reopnja. On je one cexnenne nasnao nayuno-ncrpaxnnauxnm nporpa-
mnma. Onn yxyuyjy cepnje reopnja xoje cy nonesane cxynom xoncrnry-
rnnnnx n ynpannnnx npernocranxn, n cacroje ce o uernpn ena: rnpo
jesrpo, nosnrnnna xeypncrnxa, nerarnnna xeypncrnxa n opyu o nomohnnx
npernocranxn.
17
Tnpo jesrpo yxyuyjy ]ynamenranne npemnce nayuno-
ncrpaxnnauxnx nporpama. Ha npnmep, jena o rnpnx npernocranxn ne-
opeanncrnuxor ncrpaxnnauxor nporpama je a cy pxane, ne cy-pxane
nnn cynpa-pxannn axrepn, npnmapnn axrepn mehynapone nonnrnxe.
Tnpo jesrpo je samrnheno nerarnnnom xeypncrnxom xoja mrnrn nayunnxe
o onaxena y xonrpanxnnjy ca ]ynamenrannnm npemncama nnn rnpnm
jesrpom. 3amena rnpor jesrpa n pesynrnpana crnapanem nonor nayuno-
ncrpaxnnauxor nporpama, saro mro rnpo jesrpo ecennnjanno e]nnnme
nayuno-ncrpaxnnauxn nporpam, a axo ce ono npomenn, n on ce mena.
Hayuno-ncrpaxnnauxn nporpam raxohe nma samrnrnn opyu o no-
mohnnx xnnoresa. Ono cy nponosnnnje xoje cy recrnpane, npnnarohene n
samenene xao non oxas xojn ce ysnma y osnp. Ha npnmep, y neopeannc-
rnuxom ncrpaxnnauxom nporpamy nayunnnn pasnnxyjy ne nepsnje onor
16
Waltz, Thoughts about assaying theories, xix.
17
Imre Lakatos, The Methodology of Scientic Research Programmes, Philo-
sophical Papers Vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), 47-58.
Mapnna Hnnh, Hnxona 1onnh / HOHEP, KYH, AAKATOm 93-114
101
samrnrnor opyua: e]ansnnnn peannsam, y xome pxane maxcnmnsnpajy
cnojy esenocr panehn craryc xno, n o]ansnnnn peannsam, no xome
pxane ro pae a n maxcnmnsnpane moh.
18
3amena jenor cxyna nomoh-
nnx xnnoresa pyrnm crnapa nnrpanporpamcxn nponemcxn opr n camo
samrnrnn opyu, a ne rnpo jesrpo, nna npomenen. Hnrpanporpamcxn
nponemcxn opr rpea npeysern y cxnay ca nporpamcxom nosnrnnnom
xeypcrnxom, rj. cxynom cyrecrnja nnn nasnaxa xoje noe pasnoj opehennx
reopnja y oxnnpy nporpama. Ha npnmep, nosnrnnna xeypncrnxa neopeannc-
rnuxor ncrpaxnnauxor nporpama n yxyunnana cyrecrnjy a nayunnnn
npane npennhana o mehynaponoj nonnrnnn xao na npnmep: a pannorexa
rexn a crnopn mehynaponn cncrem, nnn a cy mynrnnonapnn cncremn
cnpemnnnjn na par nero nnonapnn.
19
Vnpxoc nerarnnnoj xeypcrnnn, nayunnnn nexaa pasnnjajy none
reopnje xoje ce memajy y rnpo jesrpo, crnapajyhn na raj naunn non nc-
rpaxnnauxn nporpam xpos nnrepnporpamcxn nponemcxn opr. Hnrepna-
panrmarcxn npenas je onaj xojn, cynporno nerarnnnoj xeypncrnnn, mena
enemenre rnpor jesrpa, n raxo ce nomepa o jenor nporpama xa pyrom.
H nnrepnporpamcxn n nnrpanporpamcxn nponemcxn opr ce cyouanajy
ca ncrnm nponemom xojn cy nenrn]nxonann n Honep n Haxarom: Karo
+ore+o pehu oa .u cv oeu meopufcru saxeamu ca+o oeqausueuu nomesu
vc+epeuu ua oorase rofu ux onoepeaeafv, u.u ce paou o npaeo+ uanpemrv?
Haxarom je rnpno a ono mro ce cmarpa nporpecnnnom nonom reo-
pnjom mopa a npennn none unnennne. Axo ne, none reopnje cy camo ad
hoc xapaxrepa, a ncrpaxnnauxn nporpam je ereneparnnan. Haxaromen npn-
cryn ce uecro onon y cynpornocr ca npncrynom Tomaca Kyna, unja reo-
pnja nayunor pasnoja nnn nayuny npomeny xao penonynnonapny n nepann-
nonanny, xoja ce cacrojn o unrane samene jenor omnnanrnor mnmena
o ]ynxnnonncany cnera (napanrma), pyraunjom. Cynporno Kyny, Haxa-
rom je ono cranonnmre a jean ncrpaxnnauxn nporpam moxe a xonr-
ponnme nayuny ncnnnnnny y nno xom arom npemeny, nnn a onyxa a
ce oann crapn ncrpaxnnauxn nporpam n npnxnarn non nnje asnpana na
pannonannoj samenn. On je, ymecro rora, rnpno a n ncrpaxnnauxe npo-
rpame rpeano nponennnarn na asn pannonannnx xpnrepnjyma: nnxone
cnoconocrn a ycnemno crnapajy npennhana nonnx unnennna xoja cy
npahena emnnpnjcxnm oxasom.
Haxarom je openo excnnnnnrna npannna a nn raxnn npenasn
crnapajy nanpeax. Ono mro je nyxno sa cxnarane Haxaromennx mepnna je
cxnarane nonnx unnennna V nenononom (degenerative) ncrpaxnnauxom
18
Colin Elman and Miriam Fendius Elman, Appraising Progress in International
Relations Theory, in Progress in International Relations Theory, eds. Colin El-
man and Miriam Fendius Elman, 15 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003).
19
Ibid., 16.
CHHTE3HC III/1 (2011) PEBOAYHH1A
102
npojexry, none reopnje jenno uynajy nporpam o oxasa xojn ra oanyjy
n nnmra pyro. Ca pyre crpane, nporpecnnnn ncrpaxnnauxn nporpamn cy
onn xojn nye oarnn capxaj npennhajyhn nnn emnpnjcxn ojauanajyhn
nexom nenosnarom, neouexnnanom nnn neynorpeenom unnennnom.
V opehnnany a nn je nponemcxn opr nporpecnnan nnn neno-
noan (degenerative), npocrannne Haxaromene meroonornje ce najuemhe
ocnanajy na rpn pasnnunre e]nnnnnje ad hoc npernocranxn: ad hoc1 xoje
ce onocn na reopnjcxn npanan xojn crnapa nona npennhana y nopeheny
ca cnojnm nperxonnnama, ad hoc2 xaa nnjeno nono npennhane none
reopnje nnje y crnapn nno oxasano emnnpnjcxnm onasom n ad hoc3 xojn
ce onocn na cnryannjy y xojoj nomohne xnnorese nnajy npomenene na
naunn xojn nnje y cxnay ca yxom nosnrnnne xeypncrnxe nporpama. Hnrpa-
nporpamcxn opr ce nponenyje na ocnony cna rpn ad hoc xpnrepnjyma.
Hnrepnporpamcxn opr rpea a nserne a ye ad hoc1 nnn ad hoc2.
20

Hajnaxnnjn enemenr Haxaromene meroonornje je e]nnnnnja
a opa nayxa saxrena mnoro nnme o jenocrannor cnacanana reopnje
xaa je oxpyxe neoronapajyhn oxasn. Hponemcxn oprn mopajy nrn
reopnjcxn nporpecnnnn n crnaparn npennhana nonnx unnennna nnn noc-
nenna, jep ojamnene crnapn xoje neh snamo je je]rnn ycnex. Haxarom
saxrena nona npennhana saro mro je naxo naunnnrn reopnjy nponepn-
nom axo nexo neh sna xaxo he ce recr sanpmnrn. Axo je reopnja T rpenyrno
npnxnahena n nacrane nexn non oxas e xojn nnje no npennhen reopnjom
T, ona je yonmre rpnnnjanno naxo xopncrnrn T n e xaxo n nacrana nona
reopnja T1.
21

To ne snaun a nonpanxe ynepene na pemanane anomannja nocrajy
ayromarcxn ereneparnnne. Hpema Haxaromy, nema nnuer norpemnor y
nponemcxnm oprnma crnopennm a nonyne ncxpenanrne unnennne, cne
orne ox one crnapajy n nona npennhana. Ann nponemcxn opr mopa a
unnn nnme o jenocrannor npennhana nonnx unnennna. Ta npennhana
mopajy nrn emnnpnjcxn recrnpana n axo ne nspxe onaj recr nponemcxn
opr nocraje ad hoc. Kaxo n nnn cnrypnn a nn je nexa npernocranxa ad
hoc, ereneparnnna nnn nporpecnnna, y mehynaponnm onocnma mopamo
openrn arym nonnm npennhannma n onern onyxy o rome xonnxo yro
uexarn na emnnpnjcxy nornopy ap jene o npennhennx nonnx unnennna
xoje cy crnopene onnm nponemcxnm oprom. arnpane nacranxa nayunnx
ncrpaxnnauxnx nporpama n nerone cepnje nponemcxnx opra nnje ynex
naxo. Ha npnmep, axo nexo noxyma a arnpa sauerax peanncrnuxor nc-
rpaxnnauxor nporpama, nmao n nnemy a nn a sanoune o Tyxnna
nnn Moprenraya. Haxarom enexn a ne n rpeano a yemo cynnme
20
Ibid., 26.
21
Ibid., 27.
Mapnna Hnnh, Hnxona 1onnh / HOHEP, KYH, AAKATOm 93-114
103
necrnpnnn n a ne saxrenamo rpenyrny onyxy. Hayunnnn ne n rpeano
a pso opee nexn nponemcxn opr xao nenonoan camo axo nerone
npennhene none unnennne nncy jom nornphene.
Hpnuena ue1a1eopnjcxnx xpn1epnjyua
y ncnnnnnnn ueynaponnx onoca
V cnom rexcry Onoepeaeane u +emooo.oeufa uav:uux ucmparuea:-
rux npoepa+a, Haxarom ce npnpyxno earn nsmehy Honepa n Kyna o rome
xaxo ce nayxa pasnnja. Honep je cmarpao a, xaxo n nayxa nanpeonana, nc-
rpaxnnaun mopajy a ]opmynnmy npernocranxe raxo a nm osnone a yy
cyouene n ononprnyre emnnpnjcxnm unnennnama. Ononpranane, mehyrnm,
nnje onono xaxo n ce nayxa pasnnxonana o onora mro nayxa nnje. Honep
je npnsnao a nayunnnn mory a naunne camo rpnnnjanne npomene y cnojnm
xnnoresama xaxo n nsernn nenoyapane ca emnnpjcxnm oxasnma, ann
ro ne snaun a ry nocrojn nanpeax. V cxnay ca rnm, on je nojauao xpnre-
pnjyme sa ononpranane ca meroonomxnm npannnom xoje sapanyje a npna
nomohna npernocranxa nocrane ayromarcxn nona reopnja.
22
Cneoyxnarna npnmena Honeponnx merareopnjcxnx xpnrepnjyma
camo n onena penarnnnsannjy y nonaxo cnao pasnnjeny ncnnnnnny
mehynaponnx onoca. Ben npemer je ronnxo cnoxen, nnmecnojan, no
yrnnajem ronnxo mnoro ]axropa a je npocro nemoryhe oannrn nno xojy
neny reopnjy camo na ocnony jene unnennne. Vsmnmo npnmep reopnje e-
moxparcxor mnpa n nene npernocranxe a emoxparcxe seme mehycono
ne paryjy. Hocrojn orpoman poj npnmepa ns nonnje n crapnje ncropnje
mehynaponnx onoca xojn nornphyjy ony reopnjy, ann n nexonnxo nsysera-
xa, xao mro je Cnnnnnjancxa excnennnja Arnne na Cnnnnnjy (415-413.
npe none epe), Bnancxo-amepnuxn par (1898), upannycxo-rajnancxn par
(1940), Kaprnncxn par nsmehy Hnnje n Haxncrana (1999). Hsysnmajyhn
nnrane npanor emoxparcxor xapaxrepa crpana y onnm cyxonma, npnme-
na Honeponnx xpnrepnjyma na ocnony camo jenor cnyuaja onena n o
nornynor oannnana reopnje emoxparcxor mnpa. A ro ne n nno no-
xeno, jep ona reopnja, y sancra nennxom pojy cnyuajena npyxa naxna
ojamnena sa pasymenane yspoxa nsnjana cyxoa n, mro je jom naxnnje,
nnxono npennhane.
Vnpxoc nanopnma pojnnx reopernuapa a ncxpenrnjy peannsam
xao nporpecnnan reopnjcxn ncrpaxnnauxn nporpam mehynaponnx ono-
ca, nera je nemoryhe oannrn camo na ocnony nexonnxo unnennna xoje
my ne ny y npnnor. Hon A. Bacxes (John A. Vasquez) je no najrnacnnjn
22
Ibid., 28.
CHHTE3HC III/1 (2011) PEBOAYHH1A
104
xpnrnuap peannsma, cmarpajyhn ra ereneparnnnnm npncrynom sor ne-
ronor crannor onjana a xonauno n rpajno e]nnnme cnoje nouerne
nosnnnje (rnpo jesrpo) n ycnajana nomohnnx npernocranxn sa cacranne
enone reopnja xaxo n ce nonynnne emnnpnjcxe npasnnne. Mehyrnm,
ynpxoc nanopnma a ce oxaxe cynporno, peannsam nnax ocraje cnaxna
crpyja pasymenana mehycoonnx onoca n nonamana mehynaponnx axre-
pa n npecrana ocnony sa xpenpane cnonnx nonnrnxa pojnnx pxana.
Honeponn xpnrepnjymn, xaxo je ro npnmerno Haxarom, cynnme cy crporn n
nnxonom npanonnnnjcxom npnmenom nacrana n npana nycrom y ncnnn-
nnnn mehynaponnx onoca.
Kynono nnhene pasnoja nayxe neoma je ncxyrannno, noceno axo
ce npnmenn na nayxy o mehynaponnm onocnma, na n nno xojy pyry
pymrneny nayxy nnn nayuny ncnnnnnny. Bnme je npornnpeunnx unnn-
nana nsmehy Kynone ]nnoso]nje n nayxe o mehynaponnm onocnma. Kaxo
ncmo yxasann na re unnnone pasnnxonana, naano n nsnern opehene
Kynone npernocranxe sa xoje on cmarpa a cy ynnnepsanno naxehe xaa je
peu o naynn. Haxon rora hemo xpos enncremonomxy, meroonomxy n reo-
pnjcxy ocnony nayxe o mehynaponnm onocnma nnern a nn je Kynona
]nnoso]nja nayxe npnmennna n nan noponne npnponnx nayxa. Hn-
rane xoje ce namehe y nponecy unrana Kynonor ena je: a .u fe Kvuoe
noe.eo ua uavrv ooprue u nocmofau raoa ce npu+euu ua opvumeeue uavre,
u, suamuo vre, ua uavrv o +ehvuapoouu+ oouocu+a?.Ha npnn norne, uax
n es ye anannse, unnn ce a nnje. Hnax, rex ya anannsa moxe o-
pasnoxnrn raxan nonasnn cran.
Hpna n ocnonna, npe cnera meroonomxa, xpnrnxa Kynonor crano-
nnmra jecre nncncrnpane na monononncrnuxom n ayronomnom nonoxajy
jene napanrme, xoja e]nnnme n non ncrpaxnnana nopmanne nayxe.
Kyn ncrnue a ce nayune penonynnje sanpmanajy rorannom noeom je-
nor o na noennuxa raopa.
23
Taxno nonasnmre nernpa moryhnocr
ncronpemenor nocrojana ne nnn nnme napanrmn. Mehyrnm, reopnjcxn
]ynyc nayxe o mehynaponnm onocnma ne unnn camo jena napanrma
nnn reopnja. Hanpornn. unnn ce a je ocnonna xapaxrepncrnxa re nayxe,
xao n pyrnx pymrnennx, nponn]epannja, onocno, napanenno nocrojane
nnme napanrmn. V nepnoy sacnnnana nayxe o mehynaponnm onocn-
ma cmarpano ce a nocroje na ocnonna npncryna, onocno ne mxone
mnmena: peannsam n neannsam. anac, ys mana nnn neha pasmnmonna-
xena reopernuapa, raxcarnnno moxemo naopjarn nnme reopnja xoje noc-
roje napanenno: peannsam, nnepannsam, xoncrpyxrnnnsam, mapxcnsam,
nocrmoepnnsam, xpnrnuxe reopnje, ]emnnnsam nr. Cne one nam mory
23
Kyn, Cmpvrmvpa uav:uux peeo.vufa, 229.
Mapnna Hnnh, Hnxona 1onnh / HOHEP, KYH, AAKATOm 93-114
105
cnyxnrn, na pasnnunre naunne n ys pasnnunre npernocranxe, pasymenany
mehynapone nonnrnxe.
pyrn nponem ca Kynonnm cranonnmrem naonesyje ce na nome-
nyry ayronomnocr n nocenocr cnaxe napanrme. Hanme, Kyn ce excnnn-
nnrno nsjamnana a ce y nponecy nayune penonynnje paha nona napanrma
xoja je xareropnuxn necnojnna ca crapom. Moxe nrn ncrnna, n onuno
jecre, a nona napanrma nonasn o nornyno nonnx cranonnmra. Ann mano
je neponarno a ca nperxonnm nnn onnma xoje oxo ne neh nocroje ne enn
nexy sajennuxy npernocranxy. Axo ysmemo y osnp peannsam, nnepann-
sam n mapxcnsam, nnehemo a cna rpn npncryna, ma xonnxo nna pasnn-
unra, nmajy nexe sajennuxe pannonanncrnuxe npernocranxe. Orya one
n cnaajy y pannonanncrnuxe reopnje. Hcra je cnryannja n ca nocrmoep-
nnsmom, ]emnnncrnuxom reopnjom n xpnrnuxom reopnjom, xoje sor o-
pehenor cxyna sajennuxnx oconna cnaajy y pe]nexrnnncrnuxe reopnje.
Haxo je jacno a nocroje pasnnxe nsmehy onnx reopnja, one nmajy mnomrno
sajennuxnx npernocranxn. Bnxono n]epennnpane uecro je n nocne-
nna reopnjcxe ope sa oncranax, y xojoj reopnje mopajy a nernpajy
xonxypennnjy xaxo n oncrane. Mehyrnm, mehy nnma je najuemhe mnoro
nosajmnnana. Pasnor sa ro rpea norpaxnrn y unnennnn a ce none na-
panrme n nnxonn crnapaonn y nponecy nacranxa, nornuno, ocnanajy na
neh nocrojehn ]on nepn]nxonannx nayunnx casnana n ncre nnn cnnune
rpyne unnennna. Orya je remxo npnxnarnrn Kynon cran a cy napanrme
mehy coom necnojnne, jep naxo ce pasnnxyjy, nehnna nnx nma sajennuxnx
enemenara.
Tpehn ce nponem onocn na cranonnmre a ce napanrme ne mory
xopnronarn ox je nayxa y xymynarnnnom, nopmannom crany. Kaxo Kyn
cmarpa, napanrma nopmanne nayxe nocn ca coom n moen-nponeme n
moen-pemena. To snaun a je y oxnnpy ne e]nnncano xoja nnrana je mo-
ryhe ncrpaxnnarn n xaxne pesynrare moxemo ouexnnarn. Kaxo je ro noe,
mehyrnm, cnojenpcnn casnajnn recnan, npemenom ce ymnoxanajy nnrana
n nponemn xojn ce ne mory pemnrn npnmenom are napanrme. Kyn cmar-
pa a je jenna nocnenna axymynannje raxnnx nponema nspacrane none
napanrme. Mehyrnm, naxo ro moxe nrn cnyuaj, on ne ynaxana moryhnocr
ynanpehnnana reopnje, mro je neoma ncxyrannno. Kyn rnpn a nop-
manna nayxa ne rexn nnxaxnnm nonnrernma.
24
To snaun a ce napanrma,
xoja e]nnnme nopmanny nayxy, ann camo onnm mro je sa ny yonuajeno,
ox cne ono mro je novum n perxocr ocrana no crpann, axymynnpajyhn
raxo cnoje nemoryhnocrn. Hayxa ce, am cynporno, ynex ann onnm mro je
perxo, a ne onnm mro je yonuajeno. Hayuno mnmene je ononpranane n
oxasnnane, a ne nenpecrano nsnohene neh nornphenor n nosnaror.
24
Ibid., 99.
CHHTE3HC III/1 (2011) PEBOAYHH1A
106
Kaa je peu o reopnjama mehynaponnx onoca, n nonpmnom nos-
nanaony re onacrn jacno je a je omnnanrnnjn nponec orepnnana re-
opnja nero janane nonnx, npn uemy nocnenne orepnnana nncy sane-
mapnne. Vsmnmo sa npnmep peannsam n mapxcnsam. Peanncrnuxa reopnja
ce pasnnjana npnnarohanajyhn ce npemeny, ann n nonnm npernocranxama.
Orya nmamo xnacnunn peannsam (E. X. Kap); nnepannn peannsam (X.
Fyn); neopeannsam, y oxnnpy xojer ce pasnnno nexonnxo npanana: o]ansnn-
nn (H. Mnpmajmep), e]ansnnnn (C. Bonr), crpyxrypannn (K. Bonn); n, na
nocnerxy, nocrojn neoxnacnunn peannsam (P. Bnenep). Cnnuno je n ca map-
xcncrnuxom reopnjom y mehynaponnm onocnma xoja ce na pasnnunrn na-
unn pasnnjana xo K. Mapxca, A. Ipammnja, H. Bonepcrnna, F. Bopena n H.
Posenepra. Jacno je a nenpannnnocrn y ]ynxnnonncany jene reopnje,
npnrncax xoje na ny npme pyre reopnje n nonn cxyn unnennna onoe
xaxo o nacranxa nonnx napanrmn, raxo n o ynanpehnnana crapnx.
uernprn nponem onocn ce na Kynono cranonnmre a, npn nojann
none napanrme, nayunnnn pae y nornyno nonom cnery, ca nonnm cxy-
nom unnennna n nonnm npernocranxama ycmepennm na pemanane nonnx
nponema. unnennna je, nnax, a cy ce none reopnje annne pasnnunrnm,
cnnunnm, ann n ncrnm nponemnma mehynaponnx onoca. To cy yrnan-
nom ocnonna nnrana, nonyr onnx o ysponnma n nocnennama anapaxnje y
mehynaponnm onocnma, ysponnma parona, ocrnsana esenocrn nr.
Ha ono nnrane naonesyje ce ono o onocnma mehy napanrmama.
Bra ce emana xaa xpnsa npohe? Kyn cmarpa a crapy, noeheny napanr-
my samenyje nona. Hnax, ysmnmo sa npnmep onoc peannsma n xoncrpyx-
rnnnsma. Peannsam, naxo noeha reopnja mehynaponnx onoca, y jenom
ncropnjcxom rpenyrxy nocycrao je ycne nomer onoca reopnje n npaxce.
Hn cnaxe reopnje je, nanme, a onnme, npennn n caner. Peannsam
nnje sanao y xpnsy camo sor rora mro nnje ycneo a npennn xpaj Xna-
nor para, saxyxranane rnoannsannje [] n mnpene samncnn o ese-
nocrn na none nnnoe n nmensnje.
25
Hpennhane y nonnrnuxnm nayxa-
ma nsyserno je rexax nocao. Hope rora, nponem ca peannsmom no je n
raj mro je, ycne npomennne npnpoe mehypxannnx onoca, peannsam
oxasao neoma mann poj xnnoresa. V ro npeme, y nosannn nomenyror
nponeca pasnnjao ce xoncrpyxrnnnsam. Ocnm mro je nocrao neoma nony-
napan y nayunoj sajennnn, y npnn max, ao je n oronope na nnrana xoja
peannsam nnxaxo nnje ycnenao a pasyme, xao mro cy xpaj Xnanor para,
nponanaxene modus vivendi y nocr-xnanoparoncxom anapxnunom cncre-
my, ynehann snauaj exonomnje, xynrypnn n nnnnnnsannjcxn cyxon. Ann,
mra ce norom ecnno? Ho Kynonoj nornnn, connjannn xoncrpyxrnnnsam n
npeyseo npnmar n ncrncnyo n peannsam. Ann, no cnemy cyehn, nsrnea
25
Cnmnh, Ceemcra no.umura, 34.
Mapnna Hnnh, Hnxona 1onnh / HOHEP, KYH, AAKATOm 93-114
107
a je Kynona nornxa nenocrojana xaa je peu o naynn o mehynaponnm o-
nocnma. V npnnor rome ne n unnennna a ce neoma pso, nomro ce cner-
na orahajna npamnna naxon Xnanor para, ncnocrannno a peannsam n
ae aje oronope xoje nam najoe mory ojacnnrn xaxo crape nponeme,
raxo n nojane xoje cy ocrane nsa re npamnne, poenoncxnm peunnxom pe-
ueno. Hpe cnera, ro ce onocn na omnnanry ynory mohn y mehynaponnm
onocnma, nennxn poj parona, npomnpnnane HATO canesa, ycnon Knne
nr. Taxan rox cnaxaxo nnje npennhen Kynonnm enom, y xojem nayuna
penonynnja y cymrnnn snaun ymnpane crape n pahane none napanrme.
Honep je cnaxno xpnrnxonao onaj Kynon norne na nayxy. Honep
je neponao a pymrno ronepnme necnarane n a am saro mro je nayuna
sajennna nsnoxena nnmecrpyxom xpnrnnnsmy, ona npecrana najon
npnmep ornopenor pymrna. To je nornyno cynporno Kynonoj rnpnn a je
nayxa, sanpano, nn mane nn nnme o onora mro moh xaxe a jecre.
Haxarom je nmao cnnune pnre n xeneo je a pasnnje reopnjy na-
yunnx meroa xoja je onono cynrnnna a ce nocn ca eranma crnapne
ncropnje nayxe, a oner n onono pannonanncrnuxa a ce oynpe nonn-
rnuxnm onacnocrnma xoje nomnne Kyn. Haxaromeno pemene nosajmyje
enemenre n o Honepa n Kyna, ann neron npncryn ce uecro onon y cyn-
pornocr ca onnm Kynonnm, unja reopnja nayunor pasnoja nnn nayuny npo-
meny xao penonynnonapny n nepannnonanny, n xoja ce cacrojn o unrane
samene jenor omnnanrnor mnmena o ]ynxnnonncany cnera pyra-
unjom napanrmom. .
Cynporno Kyny, Haxarom je ono cranonnmre a jean ncrpaxn-
nauxn nporpam moxe a xonrponnme nayuny ncnnnnnny y nno xom a-
rom npemeny, nnn a onyxa a ce oann crapn ncrpaxnnauxn nporpam n
npnxnarn non nnje asnpana na pannonannoj samenn. Vnpano Haxaromena
meroonornja oxasyje nouerny npernocranxy ayrop onor paa a cy pe-
nonynnje y reopnjn mehynaponnx onoca nemoryhe, nenorpene n xpajne
nennoornopne.
Beronn meroonomxn xpnrepnjymn sa nponeny nanperxa y oxnnpy
camnx ncrpaxnnauxnx nporpama cy nnme nero xopncnn n rpeano n nx
xopncrnrn y ncnnnnnnn mehynaponnx onoca, jep ocranajy onono
npocropa reopernuapnma a nponepe nocranene nomohne xnnorese n a
nx, na xpajy, ynpcre y cnoj ncrpaxnnauxn nporpam. Mehyrnm, onn ne mory
nrn o xopncrn xaa nponenyjemo nanpeax y camoj ncnnnnnnn mehy-
naponnx onoca. Hanperxa y onoj ncnnnnnnn nema n nehe ra nrn cne
orne ox ne noune npana pasmena nosnnnja nsmehy nennx sanahennx re-
opnja, napanrmn n ncrpaxnnauxnx nporpama. Heonxono je a ce cne one
nsnrny nsna cnojnx onronomxnx n enncremonomxnx oxnnpa n nsahy
CHHTE3HC III/1 (2011) PEBOAYHH1A
108
ncnpe snnna cnojnx napanrmarcxnx nopana
26
xaxo n morne a ca-
rneajy mnpy cnnxy orpomnor npemera ncnnnnnne xaxna je ncnnnnnna
mehynaponnx onoca.
Hanpeax y ncnnnnnnn ueynaponnx onoca
Hponeny nanperxa y oxnnpy ncnnnnnne mehynaponnx onoca
rpea npmnrn na ocnony onpnnoca xojn nene reopnje, npncrynn, napa-
nrme n ncrpaxnnauxn nporpamn ajy na noy pemanana xonxpernnx
nponema mehy pxanama, pasymenany nnxonor nonamana n mehyconnx
onoca, xao n npennhany yyhnx orahana.
Ono mro je nrno narnacnrn je unnennna a je cnaxn npncryn
mehynaponnm onocnma orpannuen cnojnm ]oxycom, onaxajnnm noem,
n saro nnjean nocrojehn npncryn nnje cam no cen onona ocnona sa
ncrpaxnnane nojana y mehynaponnm onocnma, xoje cy no cnojoj npnpo-
n npno cnoxene n ca nnmecrpyxnm nocnennama. 3aro je ncnpanan cran
ne anarn npenocr jenom npncryny na ymrp pyror, nnrn saronaparn
crnapane nonor, n y ncrpaxnnany panje nrn nohen meroom nero napa-
nrmarcxnm nponemnma xoje cnaxn npncrynn ca coom nyxno noce.
Hapanno a ce ne npenopyuyje nornyno nanymrane onronomxnx
n enncremonomxnx pacnpana, neh jenocranno a ce saysme jean nparma-
rnuan cran n a ce ona nnrana ne memajy ca nnrannma crnapnnx nojana n
nponema y mehynaponnm onocnma. Hsmehy pasnnunrnx npncryna noc-
roje noa npexnanana, noa npno jacnnx xomnarnnnnocrn, ann n noa
jacnnx pasnnxa. Jean npncryn, axo ce npannnno e]nnnme, moxe a ocna-
xn, ann nnxaxo a norunnn pyrn.
Pasronop nsmehy reopnja crnnno je sanoueo nouerxom onor
nexa, a najnehn npooj oxnneo je nnepanno-xoncrpyxrnnncrnuxom ca-
panom y onacrn pasymenana n ojamnena nacranxa n ]ynxnnonncana
Enponcxe ynnje y eny Enpya Mopanmunxa (Andrew Moravcsik). oca-
amnn paonn xojn cy xopncrnnn peanncrnuxo-xoncrpyxrnnncrnuxy cnn-
resy xao nonasny reopnjcxy ocnony sa cnoja ncrpaxnnana yrnannom cy ce
annnn anannsama cnonnx nonnrnxa jene pxane, re ce ]oxycnpann na
xonxperny pxany nnn nponem y mehynaponnm nocnonnma. Mehy nn-
onnpnma nanasn ce Bnajepon rexcr Bridging the Realist/Constructivist
Divide: The Case of the Counterrevolution in Soviet Foreign Policy at the End
of the Cold War, ojanen 2005. ronne, xojn noxymana a npemocrn reo-
pnjcxe pasnnxe peannsma n xoncrpyxrnnnsma na npnmepy xpaja Xnanor
para. Ayrop pasmarpa xpenpane crparernje xoja oyxnara n crpyxrypanne
n nonynrapncrnuxe npncryne. Ha camom nouerxy, Bnajep ncrnue a cy
26
Barkin, Realist Constructivism: Rethinking International Relations Theory, 1.
Mapnna Hnnh, Hnxona 1onnh / HOHEP, KYH, AAKATOm 93-114
109
peanncrn y npany xaa rnpe a je Iopauon nsnpmno pe]opmy cnone
nonnrxe npnencrneno ns nncrpymenrannnx pasnora, xao noxymaj oxnna-
nana nocpnyne exonomnje. Mehyrnm, narnamanajyhn marepnjanne ]axrope
one npomene, peanncrn onase y erepmnnnsam. Ca pyre crpane, ncrnna je
a naxna ycmepena na neje, ayronomnjy n rpancnannonanne axrepe xoje
ncrnuy xoncrpyxrnnncrn, nnxaxo ne n rpeano a npeneperne unnennny
a je Conejrcxn Canes raa no cyouen ca xaracrpo]annnm exonomcxnm
naom, crarnannjom, n, na xpajy, sanpmno nocrojane pacnaom. Ono mro
cy xoncrpyxrnnncrn jacno nonyxnn na npnmepy xpaja Xnanor para, jecy
nonn ]axropn mehynapone nonnrnxe: sajennuxa esenocr, pymrnena
reopnja nenrnrera, npomena cncrema. Bnajep mnpn ona na npncryna,
crnapajyhn crparernjy sanncny o nyra (path-dependent strategy, sentier
de dpendance),
27
xoja mnpn crpyxrypy n ayronomnjy xpos nncrnrynnje.
On noxasyje xaxo je pasymenane nonesanocrn nsmehy cnone nonnrnxe
n nperxone penonynnonapne npomnocrn CCCP-a nomorno Iopauony a
cnponee cnojy concrneny npornnpenonynnjy y cnonoj nonnrnnn.
28
Cennna Kan (Selina Khan) anannsnpa cnony nonnrnxy Cjennne-
nnx Amepnuxnx pxana npema Haxncrany n Hnnjn y reopnjcxom xon-
rexcry xoncrpyxrnnncrnuxe n peanncrnuxe mncnn, xojy cama noxymana
a onnxyje. Ona pasmarpa rpn nennxe reme xoje cy sajennuxe y onocy
Amepnxe n npema Hnnjn, xao n npema Haxncrany: a) nyxneapno naopy-
xane, ) cnaenane oe seme xonnennnonannnm nojnnm naopyxanem
o crpane Amepnxe n n) ynora Cjennennx pxana y exonomnjama Hnnje
n Haxncrana. Ayropxa, ca jene crpane, saxyuyje a cy onocn nsmehy
Amepnxe n Haxncrana sacnonann nperexno na xoncrpyxrnnncrnuxnm npn-
nnnnnma, ca npno mano xparxopoune peanncrnuxe xapmonnje. Ca pyre,
nornyno cynporno, onocn Amepnxe n Hnnje cy yropouno sacnonann n
na peanncrnuxnm n xoncrpyrxnnncrnuxnm npnnnnnnma, mro sajeno non
o njamerpanno cynpornor onoca Cjennennx pxana npema Hnnjn n
npema Haxncrany.
29
Anpej Hnranxon (Andrei P. Tsygankov) n Merjy Tapnep-Banxncr
(Matthew Tarver-Wahlquist) y rexcry Duelling Honors: Power, Identity and
27
Cmpameeufa saeucua oo nvma (path-dependent strategy) oajmnana xaxo
cy onyxe xoje nexo onece y aroj npnnnnn orpannuene onyxama xoje je
raj nexo oneo y npomnocrn, naxo re npomne oxonnocrn moxa nncy nnme
penenanrne.
28
Robert S. Snyder, Bridging the Realist/Constructivist Divide: The Case of the
Counterrevolution in Soviet Foreign Policy and the End of the Cold War, Foreign
Policy Analysis 1 (2005): 5571.
29
Selina Adam Khan, The realist/constructivist paradigm: U.S. foreign policy to-
wards Pakistan and India, Islamabad: Institute of Strategic Studies, http://www.
issi.org.pk/publication-les/1298970931_92329003.pdf (15.10.2011.), 1-37.
CHHTE3HC III/1 (2011) PEBOAYHH1A
110
the Russia-Georgia Divide, ojanenom 2009. ronne, ncnnryjy opr y Pycxoj
cnonoj nonnrnnn npema Ipysnjn, o Penonynnje pyxa y Ipysnjn 2003.
ronne. Harnamanajyhn moh n esenocr xao ojamnena sa nonamane
Pycnje, ayropn ce raxohe ane n uamhy n npecrnxom. Ho nnma, npecrnx je,
y onom cnyuajy, penannonanan n npecrana pesynrar nepnennnje Pycnje o
nesama nsmehy ne n sanannx pxana, a uacr nrpa onyuyjyhy ynory y cra-
ny Ipysnje npema nenom cenepnom cycey. Hena Kanxacxa onacr nocraje
raxo apena cnmonnuxnx arpnyra mohn nsmehy nehnx pxana, xoje nmajy
cnoconocr a ocrnape yrnnaj y pernony. Ayropn npno ycnemno npnxa-
syjy xopncrn n orpannuena rpannnonannnx ojamnena cnone nonnrxe
y cyxoy Pycnje n Ipysnje, n ane ce ]opmynncanem moryhnx naunna a ce
y yyhe cnpeun nsnjane nnarepannnx cyxoa.
30
Knm MexKemnn (Kim McKechney) y cnojoj macrep resn no nasn-
nom Canadas Military Intervention in Afghanistan: Combinin Realism and
Constructivism in the Analysis of Canadian Foreign Policy Decision-Making,
ncrpaxyje uernpn xyune onyxe npemnjepa Kanae o nojnom anraxmany
y Anranncrany 2001. ronne. uecro ce rnpn a ce nonamane npemnjepa
Kanae no nnrannma cnone nonnrxe najoe moxe pasymern norpeom
a ce crnopn xomnpomnc nsmehy na cyxoena saxrena: nonnrnuxe norpe-
e a ce oronopn na nopmarnnne xee anrn-amepnuxe n mnpoynne no-
nynannje n norpee a ce saonoe amepnuxn esenocnn saxrenn a n
ce samrnrnnn xanacxn nnrannn exonomcxn nnrepecn. Ona na saxrena cy
ycnemno sajeno oncrajana cne o 2006. ronne, xaa cy ce snarno noneha-
ne xanacxe nojne xprne y Anranncrany. Ayrop nocrana ne rnpne o
rome xaxo cy ona na saxrena oncrajana. Jena je a xanacxn mnpornopau-
xn naparnn nnje nn nsnnsa ronnxo mohan n mononnran, xaxo ce ro uecro
npernocrana, a pyra a cy npomne nonnrnuxe onyxe nsnpmnne nennxn
yrnnaj na yyhe n ynpannne onyunnane y npanny nacranxa xanacxor
nojnor anraxmana y Anranncrany.
31

Hoe mehynaponnx onoca xoje, na xanocr, jom ynex nnje nox-
pnneno paonnma ca peanncrnuxo-xoncrpyxrnnncrnuxnm reopnjcxnm no-
nasnmrnma, noe je ncrpaxnnana yspoxa mehynaponnx cyxoa. Hocrojn
npno mano ]ynamenrannnx pasnora sa npernocranxy a je par ncxyunno
pesynrar neemoxparcxe nnacrn nnn yoxnx connjannnx cyxoa, nnn a je
yspox para nopemehena pannorexa cnara, nepasnnjene mehynapone nnc-
30
Andrei P. Tsygankov and Matthew Tarver-Wahlquist, Duelling Honors: Power,
Identity and the Russia-Georgia Divide, Foreign Policy Analysis Vol. 5 Issue 4
(October 2009): 307-326.
31
Kim McKechney, Canadas Military Intervention in Afghanistan: Combinin Re-
alism and Constructivism in the Analysis of Canadian Foreign Policy Decision-
Making, Thesis for Master of Arts, Unviersity of Saskatchewan, (Summer 2009),
http://summit.sfu.ca/item/9567 (15.10.2011.).
Mapnna Hnnh, Hnxona 1onnh / HOHEP, KYH, AAKATOm 93-114
111
rnrynnje, nnn, jenocranno, camo yrnnaj neja. Cneoyxnarno pasymenane
nexor cyxoa saxrena connapan pa reopnja n npncryna y mehynaponnm
onocnma, a npernocranxa je a napounro peanncrnuxo-xoncrpyxrnnnc-
rnuxa cnnresa moxe arn nnone pesynrare y onom noy. Bena sacnona-
nocr y nornnn pymrnenor, ncropnjcxoj nensnecnocrn n pe]nexcnnnocrn
npecrana neanny nouerny rauxy sa ncrpaxnnane yspoxa cyxoa. Ona
ncrpaxnnaua cnacana, najnpe o reopnjcxor nyrana n amnnnje pacne-
ranana unopa pasnnunrnx npncryna y mehynaponnm onocnma, a norom
n o cnnx onnx rpemaxa xoje ce onuno emanajy npn ncrpaxnnany ys-
poxa cyxoa: jenocrpanocrn, cyjexrnnnocrn, npenennxor ocnanana na
ncropnjy, rpaxena neunnx n nenpomennnnx yspoxa para, npnmnnana
xpnnnne sa nsnjane para rpemxn y xoy nnn ypohenoj nacnnnocrn na-
nnje n cnnuno. Ayronomnja axrepa n nornxa mehyconor ycnocranana
axrepa n crpyxrype naxny ycmepana na ono mro ce napounro sanemapyje
xo ncrpaxnnana yspoxa parona: yrnnaj nonnrnuxnx noha, pyxonocrna n
caneroannnx rena, nnxonnx norpea sa npnsnanem, norpemne nepnen-
nnje, nenrnrerne, cnmonnuxe n emonnonanne nmensnje n ysponn para.
3axnyuax
Hayune penonynnje y ncnnnnnnn mehynaponnx onoca cy ne-
moryhe sor cnoxenocrn npemera ncrpaxnnana xaxan je mehynapona
crnapnocr, a n xaa n nne moryhe, one ne n nne nnoornopne, jep n
onene o nornynor pasapana n nayune nycromn y oxnnpy ncnnnnnne.
Honepono nayuno ononpranane je npennme crpor xpnrepnjym sa nponeny
naanocrn reopnja, jep jean nsyserax ayromarcxn snaun oannnane nene
reopnje xoja je o ror rpenyrxa nynna npno opa ojamnena n npe-
nnhana. Kynona nornxa napanrmarcxnx penonynnja nyn sameny jenor
naunna mnmena pyrnm, mro ce neh nyno nyra noxasano norynnm n
y reopnjn n y npaxcn mehynaponnx onoca. Haxaromenn ncrpaxnnauxn
nporpamn cy noxenn xaa ce nponenyje nanpeax y oxnnpy camnx reo-
pnja (ncrpaxnnauxnx nporpama), ann neononn xaa ce pan o nanperxy
y oxnnpy nenoxynne ncnnnnnne mehynaponnx onoca.
Tpenyrno, y onoj ncnnnnnnn nema nanperxa, jep je nena ncropnja,
caunnena o uernpn nennxe eare, cymrnncxn norpemna, nanoehn un-
raona na nomncao a nsmehy nnx sanpano nocrojn xoncrpyxrnnna pacnpa-
na, pasmena mnmena, mehycono pasymenane, ynaxanane n ncnomarane.
Hanpornn, nene reopnje, napanrme n ncrpaxnnauxn nporpamn cy yman-
uenn nsa cnojnx nouernnx onronomxnx n enncremonomxnx nosnnnja, ne-
cnocone a carneajy mnpy cnnxy mehynaponnx onoca. V nocnennx
nexonnxo ronna onasn o npomene cnecrn xo nexonnnnne reopernuapa
mehynaponnx onoca, xojn npnxnarajy nosnnnjy nayunor nparmarnsma
CHHTE3HC III/1 (2011) PEBOAYHH1A
112
npn npnmenn pasnnunrnx reopnja n npncryna ncrpaxnnany mehynapo-
nnx onoca. Ayropn onor rexcra nosnnajy n ocrane reopernuape a ce y
nennxom pojy npnxnone onaxnom naunny pasmnmana, ys neronane ]n-
noso]cxnx nponema: onronornje, enncremonornje n meroonornje, ann ne
y nny reopnjcxor namerana, neh ycmepeno xa pemanany xonxpernnx
nponema, pasymenany onoca n nonamana mehy pxanama n npennhany
nojana y mehynaponnm onocnma.
Mapnna Hnnh, Hnxona 1onnh / HOHEP, KYH, AAKATOm 93-114
113
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114
Summary
Marina Ilic
Nikola Jovic
Scientic revolutions: Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos
and the discipline of international relations
Key words: falsication, revolutions of paradigms, scientic
research programs, international relations, international
conicts, progress
Authors attempt to assess the usefulness of Poppers scientic
refutation, Kuhns concept of paradigmatic shifts and Lakatos scientic
research programmes in the discipline of international relations and discuss
their validity in evaluating the progress within it. The aim is to show that
the rst two concepts are not relevant to the science that investigates such a
complex eld such as international relations, and that the third can be used to
monitor progress in the theories themselves (research programmes), but not
at the level of the entire discipline. Our view is that the scientic revolutions
in international relations are unsustainable, harmful and do not bring a benet
to the discipline of international relations which has a very compound subject
of research.