Fundamentals of Flight

Submitted in partial Requirement for the Third Year In COMPUTER ENGINEERING By Sandesh Gharal Tejas Gujrati Ankita Chaudhari

Seminar Guide (Mrs. Rachna Patil)

Department of Computer Engineering

Jawahar Education Society's

A. C. Patil College of Engineering, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai University of Mumbai 2012-2013

Jawahar Education Society's

A. C. Patil College of Engineering, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai. CERTIFICATE Seminar entitled: Fundamentals Of Flight Submitted by: Sandesh Gharal Tejas Gujrati Ankita Chaudhari

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This is to certify that the above mentioned students have successfully completed the Seminar in third year (SEM-VI) of Computer Engineering from Mumbai University during the academic year 2012-2013.

______________ Seminar Guide (Mrs. Rachna Patil)

______________ Head of Department (Prof. N. P. Chawande)

_____________ Principal (Dr. D. G. Borse)

________________ (Internal Examiner) Date:

________________ (External Examiner) Date:

ABSTRACT
Fundamentals of flight is the our seminar topic.In this topic we covered how aircrafts are discovered.It was first invented by Wright Brothers i.e( Orville and Wilbur).On 17th December 1903.To make the aircraft balanced in the four forces are required they are as follows: Lift Weight Thrust Drag 1. Lift To overcome the weight force, airplanes generate an opposing force called lift. Lift is generated by the motion of the airplane through the air and is an aerodynamic force. "Aero" stands for the air, and "dynamic" denotes motion. Lift is directed perpendicular to the flight direction. 2. Weight is a force that is always directed toward the center of the earth. The magnitude of the weight depends on the mass of all the airplane parts, plus the amount of fuel, plus any payload on board (people, baggage, freight, etc.). The weight is distributed throughout the airplane. But we can often think of it as collected and acting through a single point called the center of gravity. In flight, the airplane rotates about the center of gravity. 3. Drag As the airplane moves through the air, there is another aerodynamic force present. The air resists the motion of the aircraft and the resistance force is called drag. Drag is directed along and opposed to the flight direction. 4. Thrust To overcome drag, airplanes use a propulsion system to generate a force called thrust. The direction of the thrust force depends on how the engines are attached to the aircraft. These were the 4 important forces that are useful to balance the aircraft in air each force is having its specific purpose which are thoroughly mentioned in the project. There is thorough use of newtons second and third law of motion . Bernoullis Principle: Air moving over the wing moves faster than the air below. Faster-moving air above exerts less pressure on the wing than the slower-moving air below. The result is an upward push on the winglift. Shapes of Wings: All planes have wings. The wings are shaped with smooth surfaces. There is a curve to the wings which helps push the air over the top more quickly than it goes under the wing. As the wing moves, the air flowing over the top has farther to go and it moves faster than the air underneath the wing. So the air pressure above the wing is less than below it. This produces the upward lift. The shape of the wings determines how fast and high the plane can fly. Wings are called airfoils. Conclusion: Thus we have learned that how a aircraft is made basically forces acting on plane in air why a wings of plane is having a specific shape .To make a aircraft fly in air for a long time.

Acknowledgement
We owe deep sense of gratitude to our project guide Mrs.Rachna Patil for stimulating our interest in the subject. Her involvement right from

conceptualization of the study through its execution and meticulous perusal of the manuscript ensured its timely completion. I would also like to thank our internal guide and Head of Department Prof. N.P.Chawande for his thought provoking comments, valuable suggestions constant motivation encouragement and support. I would like to thank all our teachers for contributing to our overall training. Heartfelt thanks to our family for their unconditional support and last but not the least our friends and colleagues for their help and co-operation.

Table of Contents
Chapter
1

Name of Topic
History
1.1 Antecedents 1.2 Early powered flights 1.3 Development of jet aircraft

Page No. 1
1 2 2

Forces acting on Aircraft

2.1 Lift 2.2 Weight 2.3 Thrust 2.4 Drag

3
4 7 8 11

Wings of Flight 3.1 The aerodynamics of wings

3.2 Devices to change the shape of a wing 3.3 A common misconception 3.4 Folding wing

13
13 13 14 15

Propeller (aircraft)
4.1 History of propellers 4.2 Theory and design of aircraft propeller 4.3 Forces acting on a propeller

16
16 17 18

5 6

Uses of Aircraft Conclusion

21 23

List of Figures
Figure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Name Le Bris and his glider, Albatros II, photographed by Nadar, 1868 Otto Lilienthal in mid-flight, c. 1895 Lift Weight Thrust Drag Image showing lift Airstreams around an airfoil in a wind tunnel Variation of the pressure around an airfoil as obtained by a solution of the Euler equations. Page No. 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 5 6

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Airflow around an airfoil. The angle is 6 the angle of attack Image showing weight 7 Aircraft imparting weight 7 Two aircraft tied to a tree 9 The engine turns the propeller The force moving the aircraft forward is called Thrust Fight imparting drag Effect of air on different shapes Image Showing airfoils Blackburn Buccaneer ATR 72 propeller in flight The three-bladed propeller of a light aircraft: the Vans RV-7A Contra-rotating propellers of a modifiedNorth American P51.Mustang fitted with aRolls-Royce Griffon 10 10 11 11 14 15 16 17 20