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Volume 2, Issue 2 (February 2012)

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ADVANCEMENTS IN MICROWAVE BREAST IMAGING TECHNIQUES

Aman Setia * S. Kishore Reddy *

ABSTRACT
This paper outlines the applicability of microwave radiations for breast cancer detection. Due to high contrast in dielectric properties between normal and cancerous tissues this technique has received a significant attention from the researchers. This paper outlines the ongoing research going on in the field of microwave breast imaging techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of various techniques are discussed. The fundamental tradeoff is indicated between various requirements to be fulfilled in the hardware architecture of an imaging system for breast cancer detection. Keywords: Component, Microwave Breast Imaging , Breast Cancer.

* Research Scholar Electronics, JJT University, Rajasthan, India. International Journal of Research in Engineering & Applied Sciences http://www.euroasiapub.org 1679

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I. INTRODUCTION
Microwave Imaging Technique is a one of category of medical imaging techniques. It can be defined as seeing the internal structure of an object by illuminating the object with low power electromagnetic fields at microwave frequencies that is between 300 MHz 300 GHz. The basic fundamental for microwave breast imaging is the high contrast between the permittivity and conductivity of normal and malignant breast tissue. Several studies in the literature suggest that a large electrical contrast exists between normal breast tissue and malignant tumor. The graphs shows conductivity and relative permittivity of normal and malignant breast tissue over the frequency range of 50 MHz-1 GHz [1].There is a significant increase in research area of microwave based systems for detection of breast cancer from the last decade [2]-[12]. This technique is safer and comfortable because of non-ionization, non invasive, and breast compression is avoided. Evaluating SAR for specific systems with computer models ensure and compliance with standards so it poses no health risk. It is expected to be less expensive, costs a fraction of the equipment needed Gold standard equipment , anticipated to be very rapid , sensitive (detect most tumors in breast ) and specific (detect only cancerous tumors)[13]. The recent interest in this technique is caused by the wide availability of low cost microwave devices, rapid increase in computational power for calculation o f complex electromagnetic problems, improved performance, advancements in human modal and increased number of reported electromagnetic proper-ties of human tissue. The disadvantages of this technique includes there is a complex field distribution in the body as breast is heterogeneous. Many researches have been done towards suppression of cluster due artifacts from breast skin, chest wall, nipple etc. At microwave frequency normal breast tissue is very lossy and in case of early breast cancer detection tumor is very small. There is a trade-off created between penetration depth and spatial resolution due to lossy breast tissue. Employing higher frequencies to obtain better resolution and to allow the use of small antenna elements results in lower electromagnetic field penetration inside the lossy biological tissue. Large computational time is required to reconstruct the image due to higher resolution that enlarges the size of the corresponding electromagnetic problem.

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Figure 1. Conductivity of human breast tissue (red curve: malignant tissue; blue curve: normal tissue). Microwave imaging system for breast cancer diagnosis can be categorized into Active &Passive Microwave Breast Imaging In active microwave breast imaging technique the sensing is done by probing the biological object with self generated energy. In passive microwave breast imaging the energy is generated by the object. Active microwave imaging, in turn, can be divided into microwave tomography and ultrawideband (UWB) radar techniques, microwave microscopy and hybrid modalities.

II. PASSIVE IMAGING

A. Microwave Radiometry The basic principal of operation of Microwave Radiometry refers to measurement through radiometric ways of breast temperature and compares the thermal images for the two breasts obtained on microwave frequency. The identification of malignant tissue is made through spotlight of one high temperature given the normal tissue and the appearance of one asymmetry between two images.

Where I is the spectral radiance of electromagnetic radiation for a medium with permeability and permittivity , f is the frequency. T is the temperature of the black body. h = 6.63 10-34 J.s, k= 1.38
-23

J/K and e = 2.71

From above equation it is concluded that the radiation distribution is dependent on temperature and frequency. Infrared thermography uses wavelength of 10m typical whereas microwave thermography makes use of much longer wavelength typically 1-20cm In

microwave Radiometry the electromagnetic field spontaneously emitted by warm bodies International Journal of Research in Engineering & Applied Sciences http://www.euroasiapub.org 1681

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according to plank s law is measured. As the detection of malignant tumor is based on temperature so the microwave radiometry is also called thermography. A microwave receiver of high precision and low noise to detect electromagnetic radiation from microwave spectrum is used. Microwave has a greater wave length as compared with the infrared radiation and is less observed by tissue [10]. There are several contributing factors are there for temperature increase related to tumor present, malignant cells have more metabolically active and produce more heat ,they have reduced thermoregulatory capacity, it is also recognized that localized increase in blood volume can be associated with early tumor growth[15]. In paired organs such as the breast, thermal symmetry may be useful to improve the sensitivity of temperature measurements. For example, temperatures in a given quadrant of the left breast would be compared to temperatures at the corresponding locations on the right breast to determine temperature differences. The thermal noise power measured by the radiometer is related to the local temperature distribution in the breast, allowing for its reconstruction from data collected from various antenna positions. The power radiated in this band is directly proportional to brightness TB on the absolute scale. Microwave Radiometry can be used to detect cancer in men that is not possible with mammography. The power radiated by the tumor is very low that is in the range of (10 -13 -10-16 ) W.A solution to this problem can be done by using cooling systems to reduce the temperature of microwave detector [14]. The other difficulty is the estimation of spatial temperature distribution inside the body. The average temperature of a certain area is measured by the single frequency radiometer. It is very difficult to differentiate between a hot target located deep in the breast and a cool target close to skin. Even if the two targets are totally different but the measured brightness temperature in two cases is same. This technical problem can be solved by using different frequencies for microwave radiometry [16]. At higher frequencies the intensity of thermal radiation increases and at the same time the penetration depth into biological tissue decreases, this is called the dispersive properties of the tissue. The estimation of the depth and size of heat source can be done by analysis of the measured radiometric data at several frequencies.

III. ACTIVE IMAGING

A. Microwave Tomography The word tomography comes from the Greek words to slice (tomos) and to write (graphien). The image of the internal structures of the body is represented slice by slice. Microwave tomography is also named as X-Ray computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance tomography. In tomographic systems; the object to be imaged is immersed in International Journal of Research in Engineering & Applied Sciences http://www.euroasiapub.org 1682

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water, weak saline solution or an intralipid solution, depending on the liquid availability and suitability of electrical properties for minimizing contrast with the body.Antennas are scanned over planer or cylindrical surfaces and waves transmitted through the object and received by numerous antennas are used to construct the object function. Today the application of active microwave imaging methods to visualize the internal structure of the body is also referred to as microwave tomography in spite of their ability to directly acquire three dimensional (3D) images. The basic principal of tomographic frequency domain systems is the inverse scattering techniques in that technique microwave transmitter illuminates the breast area and scattered fields at various locations are obtained from measurements by subtracting the incident field. Based on this information electromagnetic properties of the body are reconstructed. In bistatic configuration two transmitters and two receivers are used for doing measurement, mechanical scanning[8], [17],[18] and array of antennas are scanned electronically [2], [3], [19], [18]. Scattered signal data is obtained from a given location, data processor is used to store the results and antenna is moved to new position. The same measurement procedure is repeated for number of locations. In bistatic configuration, the mechanical scanning system has data acquisition time upto several hours, to reduce this long acquisition time very accurate positioning of antenna and stability of system is required. The patients respiration cycle should be equal or less than the optimal acquisition time an imaging system. By electronically scanning the antenna array optimal acquisition time with in the limits can be achieved. In electronic scanning configuration each antenna operates either in transmit or receive mode in order to maximize the amount of measurement data that can be recorded. Comparison to mechanical scanning system

electronic scanning system has reduced measurement time, have minima l discomfort, so the procedure is acceptable to the patient. For the measurement of the scattered field component a highly sensitive receiving system is required. Superhetrodyne receiver architecture with careful filtering of detected signal can be used to achieve the high sensitivity. The dynamic range of the reported imaging systems is more than 120dB [2]. As it in many other microwave tomographs in order to avoid strong reflections between the air/skin interface a coupling medium is introduced between the antennas and the body. The electrical properties of the medium are chosen close to the properties of the body in order to enhance the coupling of electromagnetic energy into the breast. The electrical properties are of the medium depends on the temperature so unpredictable local temperature gradients and any temperature drifts affects the measurement accuracy of the system. One of the International Journal of Research in Engineering & Applied Sciences http://www.euroasiapub.org 1683

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microwaves imaging system consists of 32 measurement channel. Each channel can operate in receive and transmit mode, working one antenna in transmitting mode at a time and all the other antennas are used to measure the scatter fields as receivers. The transmitter and receiver antennas are dipped in a glycerin and water coupling liquid tank to mimics the electrical parameters of the breast. Modulated scattering is alternative technique to measure the scattered field from breast area. Two large horn antennas are used in which area under investigation is illuminated by transmitting antenna[21]-[23]. The probe array of imaging system, which is placed in front of collected aperture, is used to measure the scattered field. The dipole array is used as probe array[21]. Each array element is loaded with a diode. Modulation of the diodes results in a signal at the output of the collector aperture. The measured signal is proportional to the field at the position of the selected dipole. The ultra wide band radar technique is also called time domain techniques. In this technique radiated low power pulses are received at various locations with a probe antenna or by array of antennas. The information about the scattered signal is obtained by measuring the time delay between radiated and received pulses. Similar to the case of frequency domain systems monostatic , bistatic and multistate are three major system in time domain system. The transmitter is also used as receiver and is mechanically moved across the breast to form a synthetic aperture in monostatic configuration. In bistatic configuration, a pair of one receiving and one transmitting antennas are used and moved across the breast to form a synthetic aperture. Data collection in multistate configuration is obtained by using array of antennas. There are various advantages of using ultra wide band radar techniques that includes a simple approach is used to locate strong scattering in the breast area thus avoiding the full wave electromagnetic analysis. There is a formidable change in this technique [10] due to the presence of dispersion and therefore for simplicity the frequency dependence of all breast tissue or frequency dependent radiation patterns of the antennas are usually ignored [24]-[25]. Strong scattering from breast skin is compensated by aligning signals with respect to the skin reflection and subsequently subtracting the avera ged calibration signal from each measured signal. The confocal microwave imaging, space-time beamforming or time reverse wave focusing signal enhancement techniques can be used in order to enhance the detection process. The key requirements for achieving a good quality of image are a high dynamic range and measurement accuracy to achieve that all USB radar imaging systems relies on frequency domain measurements using continuous wave systems. An inverse Fourier transform is used to achieve the time domain representation [26]-[32]. The reconstruction of high resolution images with a low computational cost can be achieved with the combination International Journal of Research in Engineering & Applied Sciences http://www.euroasiapub.org 1684

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of the two previously described frequency and time domain techniques. The combined approach has emerged with the purpose of overcoming the specific disadvantages of both included techniques and was proposed recently without reference to measurement procedure[33].The overall power radiated for such system is much less than that from a typical cell-phone transmitter aiming to reduce exposure to electromagnetic radiation as much as possible. The spatial resolution of microwave tomography cannot compete with spatial resolution of CT because of large difference in wavelength. The high dielectric contrast at microwave frequencies microwave frequency makes these instruments very sensitive to the presence of malignant tissue. To solve the full wave 3D inverse scattering problem in an exact manner results in high computational cost. B. Microwave Microscopy The microwave microscopy is based on the basic principal that in a open-ended microwave cavity resonator the change in the resonant frequency results from the interaction of objects poisoned under the skin such as breast tumors and the electromagnetic field of the resonator [34]. This technique is based on the near field wave tissue interaction which is not limited by the diffraction limit so it provides a high spatial resolution. Surface characterization of biological tissues with reported spatial resolution has been successfully used for in the range of /50 to /1000with the help of near field microwave microscopy recently, this technique was proposed for breast cancer diagnosis [35]. The maximum reported effective detection depth is few centimeters. For deeply situated tumors the system unfortunately looses its subwavelength focusing ability. There are various advantages of Microwave Microscopy for breast cancer detection that are there is no need of complex inverse scattering algorithms and special processing of skin tissues, this technique operates in a very narrow frequency range, thus there is no need of complex dispersive dielectric models of the breast tissue, the detection of breast tumor is critically not based on the dielectric properties of tumor, For detection of breast tumor in this method can also used. C Hybrid Methods Microwave Induced Thermal Acoustic Imaging: The basic principal of microwave induced thermal acoustic imaging combines the advantages of high contrast in the conductivity of malignant tissue at microwave frequencies and the high spatial resolution of ultrasound imaging. The breast is irradiated by a microwave pulse generator [36]. The microwave power Pv absorbed per unit absorbed per unit volume of tissue is proportional to its electric conductivity . This absorption stimulates thermoelastic expansion of tissue and induces thermo-acoustic waves, which can be directed by an acoustic sensor array poisoned outside International Journal of Research in Engineering & Applied Sciences http://www.euroasiapub.org 1685

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the breast. The measured excess pressure is a function of the microwave pulse width and fractional energy absorption per unit volume of tissue at certain position. The acoustic waves generated in this manner carry the information about the microwave energy absorption properties of the tissues under irradiation. The microwave energy absorbed by tumor and normal breast tissue will be significantly different and a stronger acoustic wave will be produced by the tumor. Increased level of electromagnetic radiation is the main concern about the clinical implementation of this technique. The microwave power of pulse required for the modality is from one to several tens of kilo watts which even in an average is much higher than used by other microwave imaging systems discussed above[36]-[38]. Homogeneity of the breast tissue is major challenge faced by microwave induced thermal acoustic imaging system. This lead to a strong interference from skin and chest wall, non uniform microwave energy distribution and consequently to complicated image

reconstruction algorithms. In a uniform manner the biological tissue should be heated by microwave otherwise images will be difficult to interpret if thermal acoustic signals will be induced by a non uniform microwave energy distribution. A non uniform energy distribution in the breast tissue results from the excitation of undesirable high order electromagnetic field modes. Tumor absorb the microwave energy because of the breast skin, breast tissue, chest wall and convert the energy to heat , all of them produce thermal acoustic signals. Responses from the tumor as well as from other healthy breast tissue are obtained from measured thermal acoustic waveform. The thermal acoustic signals generated by the skin are much stronger than those of small tumor because of high conductivity of the skin and the acoustic sensors being very close to the skin. The arrival time of the acoustic pulse generated at a location cannot be determined accurately because of non uniform sound speed in biological tissues. All these factors make it difficult to approximate the back propagation properties of thermal acoustic signals inside the breast. The skin response is usually compensated by averaging in a similar to radar technique. The clutter can also be reduced using dispersive properties the tissue and multi frequency operation, like is the in radiometry for example the information collected from multi- frequency stimulation can help to mitigate the challenge mentioned above. Ultrasound Guided Microwave Imaging: Microwave image reconstruction is guided by ultrasonography in ultrasound guided microwave imaging is such a combination of two modalities, where. The ultrasound imaging is used to collect a priority information about breast structure and geometry of embedded objects[39]. This helps to generate a optimal mesh with well refined target region for effective numerical analysis of the electromagnetic International Journal of Research in Engineering & Applied Sciences http://www.euroasiapub.org 1686

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problem. Consequently the spatial resolution of microwave imaging can be enhanced resulting in more accurate electromagnetic problem consequently; the spatial resolution of microwave imaging can be enhanced resulting in more accurate imaging of tumors.

IV CONCLUSIONS
In microwave Breast Imaging due to high contrast in tissue dielectric properties at microwave frequencies has a high potential. A number of promising strategies foe microwave imagining have appeared recently trying to exploit this potential. Some of microwave imaging systems has actually reached clinical trails.

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