Energy Storage in Telecom Applications Asian Development Bank

April 4, 2013 Alan Kneisz, Business Development Director Asia Pacific and Oceania

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Hydrogenics Lines of Business

Onsite Generation
Water Electrolyzers

Power Systems
Power Modules

Industrial hydrogen

Hydrogen fueling

Stand-by power

Mobility power

Energy Storage
Water Electrolysers and/or Power Modules

Load Control, Smart Grid, Remote Communities and Power-to-Gas

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Critical Power

Mat. Handling

Backup Power

Energy Storage
Urban Transit

Hydrogen

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Communication Systems and Development

Telecom Systems are often in off-grid or poor-grid areas with high outages Telecom sites are a key to development of remote communities empowering them They are centrally located in small villages or towns to ensure best coverage

Energy Storage is critical to keep Telecom sites up and running

BTS Power Consumption (W)

Recent Developments Telecom system power is being dramatically reduced with 3G

1995 to 2012

technology - 35% for WCDMA But many sites continue to operate older 2G which increase s needs of power z Theft and energy stability is changing the type or energy storage needed on telecom sites Green technologies have become comparable in CAPEX and lower in OPEX toward Diesel Generators

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Energy Storage Options for Telecoms

Batteries (metal hydride ) Batteries (lithium) Diesel Generators Charge/Discharge (CDC) Solar/Battery Fuel Cells (hydrogen) Extensive replacement (3 years) Longer life but more expensive Polluting, noisy, unreliable, theft Better option but similar concerns Greener but expensive and high replacement Long life, best storage density

Hydrogen Fuel Cells have distinct advantages: No loss of fuel over time No loss of charge No overcharging Unlimited refills Highest reliability (99.95%) and lifetime

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Fuel Cells combine the advantages of batteries and gensets

Energy Storage Energy Density vs. Power Density
100000

Super Li-ion Capacitors Very high 10000 power

Specific Power, W/kg

Lead acid Spirally wound

1000

Li-ion High power

A123, 5kWhr Pack

Li-ion High energy

A123

EEStor Claim

100

Toshiba, SCiB Standard Module, TBP Series

Thundersky -LFP

ZEBRA

12kW HD FCPM, 350 bar H2, 270F Ultracap

10

Ni-Cd Lead acid

1

Ni-MH

Ni-NiCQ LiM-Polymer

0 0

20 20

40 40

60 60

80 0 80

100 20 100

120 12040

140 60 160 160 80 180 180 100 200 140 200

300 120

400 140

500 160

600 180

700 200

Specific Energy, Wh/kg

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Technology Comparison
Self Discharge Per Month:
Diesel Generators: 5-10% Batteries (lead acid): +30% Batteries (lithium): 5 10% Fuel Cells: 0%

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Option 1: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

Methanol
Fuel Hydrogen Processor

Mains

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Rectifier and Battery

Distribution

Telecom Site
Hydrogenics Electrolyzer

Solar, Wind or Hydro

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Hydrogen Storage and Generation

Trailers : Self contained mobile refueling system,
which can be towed with a standard pick-up truck
Can refill close to 20 cylinders

Hydrogen Cylinders:
Steel - most common, many sizes Aluminum 1/3 weight Carbon Fiber - lightest

Hydrogen can be generated on-site and stored when needed using an Electrolyser or Methanol Reformer

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Option 2: Charge Discharge Cycling

Using batteries as the primary energy source in a continuous chargedischarge-cycling (CDC) operating mode
Fuel costs and emissions can be substantially reduced and overall system efficiency dramatically improved. Batteries have become more heat tolerant and last longer
Battery Type Cost $ per Wh Wh/kg Joules/kg Wh/liter

Lead-acid

$0.17

41

146,000

100

Alkaline long-life

$0.19

110

400,000

320

Carbon-zinc

$0.31

36

130,000

92

NiMH

$0.99

95

340,000

300

NiCad

$1.50

39

140,000

140

Lithium-ion

$0.47

128

460,000

230

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Fuel Cells in Telecom Applications

Indonesia has almost 1000 sites using Fuel Cells for Telecoms Globally extensive expansion in many countries , fully commercial for the last 10 years Other countries are looking at major deployments like India and Philippines Hydrogen access challenging in some areas but if addressed, mass adoption is possible

India

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Green Power in Telecoms as Energy Storage

Increased Reliability and Reduced Servicing of remote Telecom sites
Energy storage means greater uptime

Greater expansion of power to remote and developing communities = greater productivity Extensive reduction in Operating expenses for Telecom companies by using Green power Access - Telecom sites are deployed in many locations without power
This creates community power stations for the local populace

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Energy Storage Summary

Current storage is primarily lead acid batteries and diesel generators Developing solutions are:
CDC Charge Discharge Cycling Solar and Battery New battery technologies Lithium Fuel Cells

Fuel Cells offer the most economical and greater storage and power density of all solutions
Reduction of fuel subsidies and vehicle launches will make Fuel Cell and Hydrogen mainstream

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Hydrogenics Power Modules in Mobile Applications

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