PCDC

INSTALLATION

Prestressed Concrete Design Consultants Pty Ltd A.C.N 003 351 504

5 Cameron St Beenleigh Qld 4207 Australia Tel +61 7 3807 8022 Fax +61 7 3807 8422

gil@raptsoftware.com

RAPT V5.50 Manual Amendment

This document explains the modifications made to RAPT for the V5.3, V5.4 and V5.5 releases of RAPT and serves as an amendment to version 9 of the manual released with version 5.20 of the software.

This version of RAPT has a completely new Windows installation program and is delivered on CD. Included on the CD are 1. RAPT installation executable. 2. RAPT manual in PDF format. 3. RAPT 5.5 manual amendment in PDF format. 4. Dongle Driver installer 5. Network Hlserver installer 4. DOS Graphics Driver Files for RAPT on Win95/98 5. Adobe Acrobat Reader v4.05 The installation steps are 1. Welcome Screen 2. License Screen 3. Installation type. In the case of an upgrade, RAPT will prompt the user with a destination path of the first copy of RAPT found on the system. The user can use the browse option to select another RAPT installation to over-write. 4. Default Data File Directory 5. Installation procedure for Configuration files. The user will be prompted with specific options depending on the presence or lack thereof of the current RAPTCON Environment Variable settings on the computer. Separate configuration file storage locations are only needed in 2 instances. - If the user wishes to install RAPT onto a server and run across the network (not recommended for speed reasons) then use of the separate configuration directory will allow each user to keep a personal set of configuration files. - If the user wishes to be able to run to a personal configuration setting from any computer on a network, then use of a separate configuration directory will allow each user to keep a personal set of configuration files which can be organized to be available from any computer on the network. In all other cases, the user should request not to install these Environment Variables. If multiple versions of RAPT are being run on a computer, then use of separate configuration files will require that the environment variables be reset for each RAPT version as it is used. 6. Designers Name. This will default to the Windows Logon Name for that computer. It can be a maximum of 3 words and 30 characters including spaces. 7. Default Country and Design Code. 8. Start Menu Programs Group. 9. Setup of Printer (only select if not already set on this computer) 10. Setup of Graphics printer drivers (only select if not already working on this computer) 11. Printer Type and Paper Size (if 9 or 10 is selected). 12. Installation of Hardlock drivers and/or Hardlock Server files 13. Installation of User Manual in PDF format. 14. Installation of Adobe Acrobat Reader v4.05. If an earlier version of Adobe Acrobat Reader is already on the computer, it must be uninstalled from Windows before you proceed with this installation option. They cannot co-exist and the old version cannot be uninstalled after the new version is installed unless the new version installation is repeated afterwards. 15. Install all selected components. This installation program will attempt to perform all installation options automatically for the program files, Hardlock Drivers, Hardlock Network Drivers and DOS graphics drivers. This includes the resetting of graphics.com version numbers on Win95/98 systems (if graphics.com is not loaded at the time of installation), necessary modifications to config.sys and autoexec.bat files and creation of a windows shortcut. Depending on options chosen, the installer may prompt for rebooting of the computer more than once (for set up of graphics drivers).

RAPT - In the economical design of concrete

There are 3 changes that the user needs to make to the PIF properties for a newly created Windows Shortcut for RAPT to make the Workspace Icon/Start Menu Item more friendly (Note: the 2 access types, Workspace Icon and Start Menu Item, have different Properties sets and must be modified separately if both are to be used). To do this, Right Click with the mouse on the RAPT Icon/Start Menu Item and select Properties. The three changes are 1. On the Screen TAB select Full Screen. 2. On the Misc TAB, Untick the PrtSc box (to allow graphics printing). 3. On the Program TAB, check the Close on Exit Box. Two useful hints when running RAPT on the full screen setting are the use of 1 Alt Enter to toggle the RAPT Window from full screen to a window. This allows the user access to the Windows Desktop, the Windows Start Menu and the Windows Task Bar and access to any other programs on the computer. Pressing the same key combination again will return RAPT to full screen mode. 2 Alt TAB will give a list of running programs and allow the user to transfer control to any running program from the list.

Large Run Memory Requirements Excessive memory requirements are sometimes causing problems in the Detail Flexural Reinforcement design option. To alleviate these problems, and, at the same time, allow users to have the fastest possible version of RAPT for normal design operations, we have provided 3 copies of the .exe file used for this part of the design, strain.exe. The copy installed in the main RAPT directory by default will provide the fastest run time but allows the smallest runs. It is still possible to model and design 10 span runs with this .exe file with more than one tendon profile so it will handle most design situations. For larger runs, we have provided a large file version which runs slower and an xlarge file version which runs much slower but allows very large and complex runs. Copies of these 3 versions of strain.exe are provided on the CD and copied onto your harddisk in 3 separate sub-directories in the main RAPT directory. These directories are called \normalrun\ strain.exe \largerun\ strain.exe \xlargerun\ strain.exe To change the version of the file to be used for a run, simply copy the version of the file from its sub-directory and paste it in the main RAPT directory, over the top of the existing copy of the file in that directory. Several changes have been made to increase the available run size in RAPT in this version. Improvements in memory handling in the prestress processing, analysis and design sections will allow much larger runs to be attempted than in previous versions.

FILE MANAGEMENT
Changes have been made to the file management to allow the use of longer overall path names for RAPT files when copying a file to a new file name. RAPT now checks the length of the copy command (unofficially limited by DOS to 124 characters) and, if it is too long, will not add the response redirect to the command which can reduce the length used considerably. If the command is still too long then RAPT will give a warning that the copy cannot be completed. This will alleivate the problems some users have had while copying files with long path names and provide a warning if there is still a problem.

INPUT
Concrete Strength
AS3600-2001 now allows concrete strengths up to 65Mpa. This release of RAPT has incorporated this amendment. Because designers are using strengths greater than 65Mpa and as high as 110MPa, especially for columns, we have included the NZ Standard NZS 3101 rules for concrete strengths above 65Mpa. These rules result in reduced values of the and which define the rectangular stress block for higher strength concretes. The factor is also used in the calculation of the direct axial strength of compression members using the parabolic-rectangular stress block. A discontinuity will be noticed at the 65Mpa strength due to the different rules being used.

Concrete Shrinkage
AS3600-2001 now defines the default basic shrinkage as .00085 instead of the previous value of .0007. It is then up to designers in specific geographical areas to determine the actual basic shrinkage values that can be achieved by concrete suppliers in their area and design for this as appropriate or use the default code value. RAPT 5.50 now defaults the basic shrinkage to this new value of .00085 for all AS3600 code implementations for all new runs. This can be modified, to vary the default value for all future runs, in option N Variable Defaults on the RAPT master menu for each defined code if the concrete in the designers area has different properties. The value for an existing run can be modified in the F1 screen.

Manual Page 4.3-1 CODE

This version includes the modifications made in the 2001 release of the Australian concrete design code AS3600. An extra Design Code option has been added to incorporate the new Singapore Standard for the Structural Use of Concrete, CP 65 - 1999. This will appear as SINGAPORE CP65 - 1999

in the list of design codes and can be set as the default design code in the Variable Defaults option on the Master Menu.

Manual Page 4.3-3 ONE-WAY ACTION / TWO-WAY ACTION

Two extra alternatives have been added to this option. For reinforced concrete slabs, the 3 options now available are ONE-WAY STRIP ONE-WAY PANEL TWO-WAY ACTION

The new ONE-WAY PANEL option does not require the user to define a design width in the F2 spans screen. The design width at any cross-section is the panel width at that cross-section. The addition of this option allows designers to add horizontal steps to one-way slabs, without going to elaborate fudges to allow this to be done as was required previously. Where large horizontal steps are defined, it is the designers responsibility to ensure that the flow of stress can occur in the slab as they have defined it. RAPT is only carrying out a 2D analysis and cannot determine the degree of continuity through the joint that actually exists at a step in the concrete section. This applies to all concrete steps defined in RAPT. For prestressed slabs, the 3 options now available are ONE-WAY STRIP TWO-WAY AVERAGE TWO-WAY ACTION

The TWO-WAY AVERAGE option can be used in 2 different ways. - For One-Way slabs it is as defined above for the One-Way Panel option for reinforced concrete slabs. Prestressed one-way slabs can be designed based on the Panel Width as defined in the F2 Spans screen or as modified in the F5 Steps screen rather than a constant design width in each span. 3

For Two-Way slabs, the slab is designed based on the total load applied to the total panel width. In this case, RAPT makes no attempt to divide moments between column and middle strips for design. It is a simplified design method which makes no attempt to allow for the transverse distribution of moments in a two-way prestressed flat slab. This design approach is commonly used in designs to ACI-318 provided certain limitations are applied and has been included for design to that code and other codes which may accept it. It is not an acceptable design method for use with AS3600 or Eurocode 2 for two-way slabs. In all cases, it should be used only within the limitations which have been applied to its use in the relevant design standards. For ACI-318 design, averaged working stresses should be limited as defined in Clause 18.4.2 and the designer needs to understand that these are hypothetical tensile stresses which will be significantly less than the actual stresses in the concrete in some areas of the slab. Care should be exercised in using this method with slabs supporting large random concentrated loads such as transfer and raft slabs, partially prestressed slabs, heavily loaded slabs, slabs experiencing significant restraint to shortening or for flat slabs with localized section changes such as drop panels or where accurate deflection calculations are required.

Manual Page 4.3-9 Moment Redistribution

This option is now functioning. The user defines a % of moment to be redistributed. RAPT will then redistribute the ultimate moment envelope and the associated shear envelope for Ultimate strength calculations. Serviceability load combinations remain unaffected. Where the Ultimate moment at a design point is of a different sign to the service moment, RAPT will apply a factored Ultimate Moment of the same sign as the service moment equal to 1.2 x Mservice to ensure that there is sufficient strength on any face that will be tensile through any of the loading stages of the member. If Moment redistribution is requested, RAPT will automatically apply all limitations to the design for ductility as defined in the different design codes. It will over-ride any user defined setting for depth of neutral axis limit in the F9 screen in doing this. Designers should be aware that the use of large amounts of redistribution of the moments in a member introduces severe limitations to the ductility requirements of a member due to the reliance in the strength calculations on increased rotations at plastic hinges and also could introduce a requirement for extra reinforcement under service load conditions to control crack widths. The resulting design could be less economical than a design without or with lesser redistribution of moments. RAPT does not redistribute moments at end columns. To redistribute moment from an end column, a user should use the option to modify the Izz of a column in the F3 Columns screen. RAPT will limit the % redistribution defined in the input to the maximum allowed by the relevant design standard. It will allow both positive (reducing support moments) and negative (increasing support moments) values of the redistribution %.

Manual Page 4.4-3 Beam Flange Width/Slab Design Width

This dimension in Input Screen F2 is still limited to a maximum value of the Panel Width for data input in the F2 input screen. However, once steps are added in the F5 input screen, the limitation is no longer applied. Horizontal steps in the effective width of a beam will allow the effective width to be wider than the slab panel width, thus recognizing that layers of concrete other than the slab layer may control the design width of the member. RAPT will determine which parts of each layer of concrete are within this Effective Width and calculate the properties for this overall effective shape. This will allow the definition of more complex beam shapes such as Z beams, with effective flanges at both the top and bottom of the beam, as would be found at a fold in a slab. To model a Z shaped beam, 2 options are available depending on the beam shape. In both cases the designer should define the beam as External. This will force RAPT to put the slab flange on only one side of the member. Then 1. if the bottom of the slab on the high flange side is above the top of the slab on the low flange side - define the beam depth as the depth to the top of the lower slab - add a layer at the bottom to represent the complete bottom flange 2. if the flange depths overlap -add an element to represent the part of the lower flange outside the web width Then, in both cases, place a horizontal step in the effective flange width at the left end of the member to encompass the portion of the new lower flange which is to be effective. This step will widen the effective flange for the full width of the member. It can be stepped back at any point along the member if the effective width changes.

Manual Page 4.6-1 Drop Panel Data

The treatment of drop panels has been modified. RAPT is now defining 2 types of drop panel which are treated very differently in design. RAPT internally differentiates between these 2 types of drop panel based on; 1 Drop Panel - dimensions in both longitudinal and transverse directions are greater than L/8 from the column centreline. These are treated as a drop panel for prestress effects, analysis, flexural design, beam shear design and punching shear design. Drop Cap - dimension in at least one longitudinal or transverse direction is less than L/8 from the column centreline but greater than the length of a column capital (45 degree line from the underside of the drop cap at the face of the column to the underside of the slab). These are treated as a drop panel for analysis and punching shear design only. They are assumed to not exist for the calculations for prestress effects, flexural design and beam shear design.

Drop panels are used by some designers to model unusual shapes in their concrete members, such as isolated beams in a single span, steps etc. This approach used to be necessary with older versions of RAPT but, since the introduction of layers and steps to allow the definition of more complex concrete shapes, should no longer be necessary for this purpose. Because drop panels are a specific structural shape and certain inherent functions of drop panels are treated automatically by RAPT, they should be used only to model the specific shapes which they are meant to represent. The more general shape types such as layers, steps and elements should be used by designers to create more complex structural members. This version of RAPT still allows the definition of a continuous drop panel in a span as would be needed where a short span between 2 much larger spans would logically require the drop panels at the columns at each end of the short span to meet.

Manual Page 4.7-18 Elements

Horizontal penetrations:- Previous versions of RAPT have not allowed elements to extend full width of the concrete section. This has been limited to ensure that there is always a minimum width of concrete for shear calculations. This version of RAPT will now allow elements to extend full width of the section, thus modelling a horizontal penetration across the web of a beam. The results for flexure and deflections will be logically correct for this case. The results for shear will be correct at all points in the member where penetrations do not occur. In areas where full width penetrations occur, RAPT will nominate a shear capacity of zero and a shear reinforcement spacing of zero and will generate a warning. It is up to the designer to design these sections around the penetration for beam shear based on whatever methodology is appropriate.

Manual Page 4.8-11 Parabola Type

This option is now available. The user has the option of selecting SINGLE DOUBLE

Previously, the only option was SINGLE which provided a single skewed parabola in each span between a pair of high points at the ends of the parabola. The new DOUBLE parabola option provides 2 half parabolas to a user defined low point. The default horizontal location of this low point is at mid-point between the end high points. The selection of DOUBLE applies to all spans for a tendon profile: the designer needs to set value in all spans. For a normal internal span this would have no effect as the real low point of the single parabola would be at this same point. For spans in which the parabola is skewed, i.e. the two end points are at different heights and the lowest point of the parabola is not mid-way between the end high points as would happen in an end span, the effect will not be the same. In these end span cases, the structurally optimal position of the low point is at the maximum moment point which is at approximately .4 of the span from the outside support and is also approximately the position of the low point of a skewed single parabola. To place this point half way between the end points in a case like this will result in a significantly lower balanced load over the length of the parabola with the lower high point and a significantly higher balanced load over the other part, an arrangement which does not match the applied loads and will often produce higher deflections. The user should adjust this location in the loc/rad screen in F7 if necessary to suit the practice in his country. In cases where a tendon stops short of the end of a member to allow stressing access, this feature can be used to force the low point of the tendons to remain where they would be for a full length tendon, at the logical maximum moment point, while the SINGLE parabola option would move the low point further into the span and away from the maximum moment point. This can also happen where profile heights in a span are skewed to achieve cover through a step in the concrete and the low point should be forced to be at mid-drape.

Manual Page 4.9-3 Drape Locations

To allow the user to define the location along a span of the low point for the DOUBLE parabola option discussed above, an extra column of data is now required in the F7 Loc/Rad screen when this option is selected. This is called Low Point of Parabola in Span and defaults to a point midway between the high points at the ends of the parabola. The tendon slope is assumed to be zero at this point. The user can adjust this location to be any point between the high points but must ensure that too steep a profile is not created to allow reverse curves to be calculated for the profile. RAPT will check for this when calculating the profile shapes and warn the user if a problem exists.

UBC Minimum Reinforcement in One-Way Unbonded Members

UBC requires a special ultimate strength calculation for these members based on a reduced loading and ignoring any unbonded tendons in the member. This calculation requires the use of the Un-reduced Live Load for the calculations. To allow RAPT to apply this rule, it is necessary for designers to nominate the Live Load Reduction factor that has been used in the live loads defined for this design. This is done in the Building Type option in the F8 Loads input screen. The user must select User Defined and modify the factor to suit. The default factor is 1, which means no Live Load reduction has been used.

Manual Page 4.11-1 Design Parameters Menu

Four new data items have been added for specific design codes. These are Prestress Losses This field allows the user to define the calculation method to be used for prestress losses calculations. The options available are Program Default AS3600 Eurocode2 ACI-209 Zia et al The default value in the field is Program Default which will cause RAPT to use the internal default basis for each design code. This is AS3600 AS3600 method ACI318 ACI-209 method Eurocode2 Eurocode2 method BS8110 AS3600 method with adjusted creep and shrinkage values to suit local conditions SABS0100 AS3600 method with adjusted creep and shrinkage values to suit local conditions CP 65 AS3600 method with adjusted creep and shrinkage values to suit local conditions A method which is acceptable in a designers local design community and which is consistent with the concrete manufactured in that area should be used. Unbonded Min Rein This field allows the user to define the calculation method to be used for minimum reinforcement calculations for unbonded prestressed members. The options available are Program default (UBC) UBC ACI-318 Crackwidth Calcs This field allows a designer to nominate whether or not crack with calculations are to be performed for a member and allows a user-defined crack width limitation to be defined for designs to BS8110. If the value is left at 0, DEFAULT, RAPT will use the BS8110 default values of Reinforced concrete members .3mm Prestressed concrete members .2mm for designs to BS8110, SABS0100 and CP 65. For all other design standards, crack width calculations will be done based on limiting bar sizes and spacing as appropriate. Selection of actual crack widths for Design Codes other than BS8110, SABS0100 and CP 65 will have the same effect as selecting DEFAULT, as the other codes base their crack width calculations on stresses in the reinforcement rather than on actual crack widths. Some codes allow the designer to ignore crack width calculations in some circumstances, eg AS3600 clause 8.6.1 and 9.4.1. RAPT will always default to carrying out crack width calculations. If the designer considers that they are not necessary for a member, then this option can be used to force RAPT to ignore crack width calculations. 6

Shear Enhancement (BS8110, SABS-0100, CP 65 and AS3600) This field allows users to nominate whether shear enhancement near supports (3 term in the beam shear equation) is to be used for AS3600 designs. The default is NO. Shear Enhancement is now always used for BS8110, SABS-0100 and CP 65 (2d/a term in shear design).

Manual Page 4.11-2 Detailing Parameters Menu

Ast Value used in Shear Calculations This field allows users to nominate the basis on which RAPT will determine the area of flexural reinforcement that will be used in the shear strength calculations at each point along the frame. Previous versions of RAPT have always used the maximum area of reinforcement in a moment zone at all points in that moment zone for flexural shear strength calculations. This latest version defaults to use the area of reinforcement at each point that has been calculated for strength at that point. The user can then modify this default behavior by using this input field to tell RAPT to use the maximum value, as was the previous practice. It is then the users responsibility to ensure that the reinforcement is detailed so as to provide this reinforcement at all points as has been assumed by RAPT. The area of reinforcement used in the calculations is now defined in the Beam Shear text output at each point. This reinforcement represents only that provided by RAPT in its flexural strength calculations. It does not include user-defined reinforcement which is also taken into account in the flexural and shear calculations wherever appropriate depending on bar locations, development lengths etc. The third option, which has always been available, is for the user to define the actual reinforcement pattern which is to be adopted for this member and RAPT will then check shear capacity, as well as strength and deflections based on this reinforcement pattern. AS3600 Shear Fitment Hooks Located at AS3600 has added a requirement in cl 8.2.12.4 for reduction in shear tie spacings (including maximum spacings) depending on the location of the hooks on shear ties. If the hooks are placed in a tension zone, the required shear tie spacing must be multiplied by .8 or other measures need to be taken to develop the ties. RAPT has given 4 options for this option. These are treated as follows 1. Hooks at top of Fitment RAPT will multiply the required spacing of ties by .8 and divide the area of shear reinforcement by .8 for shear calculations for loading conditions which result in a tension moment in the top of the member at that cross-section. This is the default option. 2. Hooks at bottom of fitment RAPT will multiply the required spacing of ties by .8 and divide the area of shear reinforcement by .8 for shear calculations for loading conditions which result in a tension moment in the bottom of the member at that cross-section. 3. Hooks in Compression Zone RAPT will not check for location of tension zones and will NOT adjust the shear tie spacing or area from the normal calculated values. The designer must ensure that all ties along the member are placed so that hooks are in compression zones or take other precautions to ensure that the development requirements of this clause are met. 4. Hooks in Tension Zone RAPT will not check for location of tension zones and will adjust the shear tie spacing and area from the normal calculated values for all calculations independent of location of hooks. RAPT applies this factor in both beam shear and punching shear calculations AS3600 Shrinkage and Temperature Rebar New in V5.50 This option replaces Crack Control Secondary Direction from earlier versions of RAPT. The options available are 0. No Check 1. Minor Control 3. Moderate Control 4. Strong Control and are described in AS3600 Clause 9.4.3. The amount of reinforcement required for each of these options is dependent on the % restraint for the slab. See the Design explanation later in this document to see how this is applied in Detailing Reinforcement. Restraint for Shrinkage and Temperature New in V5.50 This option allows the designer to define a percentage restraint for the slab for calculation of minimum shrinkage and temperature reinforcement. See the Design explanation later in this document to see how this is applied in Detailing Reinforcement.

Stagger Support Bars in Detailing New in V5.50 This option allows the designer to nominate if half of the Support reinforcing bars are to be terminated within a tension zone (staggered) or all bars are to extend to the end of the tension zone and be terminated at the same location. See the Design explanation later in this document to see how this is applied in Detailing Reinforcement. Stagger Span Bars in Detailing New in V5.50 This option allows the designer to nominate if half of the Span reinforcing bars are to be terminated within a tension zone (staggered) or all bars are to extend to the end of the span and be terminated at the same location at the columns at each end of the span. See the Design explanation later in this document to see how this is applied in Detailing Reinforcement. Moment Diagram Offset for Flexure calcs New in V5.50 Most design codes require the reinforcement to be extended a distance, normally D, past the point where it is needed by design. This is normally treated as a detailing requirement and not part of the design of the reinforcement requirements at each crosssection. AS3600 clauses 8.1.8.1 and 8.1.8.9 and Eurocode clause 9.2.1.3 require more than this in some circumstances and the best way to achieve these requirements is to offset the bending moment diagram by the required distance before carrying out the design, rather than at detailing stage. This may also be a logical requirement for other codes but is not mentioned by them. The options available for this are -1. No Offset 0. Code Default 1. D offset 2. Eurocode Offset (.45D) 3. d offset Both the Support and Span ultimate moment diagrams are offset by the required distance in the direction of their respective decreasing moment. The respective code defaults are AS3600 D offset Eurocode 2 Eurocode Offset ACI318 No Offset BS8110 No Offset SABS0100 No Offset CP65 No Offset For the codes with no offset, reinforcement is offset according to their code rules at the detailing stage.

Manual Page 4.11-5 Reinforcement Menu

New in V5.50

The Alt menu that controls the input of reinforcing bars has been modified. An extra option Add ..Result has been added to allow the designer to automatically define a reinforcing pattern that matches the results from the last run using this data file. Every attempt will be made by RAPT to allow for all respective code reinforcement development and detailing rules in calculating this reinforcing bar pattern. Deemed-to-Comply bar termination rules in codes have NOT been used. This will sometimes result in longer bars than deemed-to-comply rules would require, but this is a code error in the determination of the deemed-to-comply rules relative to their minimum detailing rules rather than a RAPT error. The reinforcing bar pattern defined will include any reinforcement previously defined by the designer as separate bars. No attempt is make to merge the previously defined reinforcement into the result reinforcement pattern, the two sets of bars are listed separately. The Result reinforcement will include reinforcement required for Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement by AS3600 clause 9.4.3 (see input requirements above) for slabs and, for beams, will include a minimum amount of reinforcement, in all areas where no reinforcement is required by design, as support reinforcement. This reinforcement will be based on 16mm bars at 500mm centres (#5 @ 20) rounded to the next higher whole number of bars. Once the reinforcing bar pattern is loaded into the input, the designer is free to modify it as desired before running again to determine the effects of the reinforcing bar pattern. Remember that this pattern is the minimum required by the code design and detailing rules so any modifications which will effectively reduce the effective area of reinforcement at a cross-section will probably result in a requirement for more reinforcement to be added when run again. There may be some situations where the reinforcing bar pattern defined by RAPT will require still more reinforcement be added when run again or will have too much reinforcement. This will normally be because the combination of reinforcement in the two faces has resulted in a different condition than was found in the previous run without the reinforcing bar pattern defined. A good example of this could be compression reinforcement for ductility which is highly dependent on the reinforcing bar pattern. Extra reinforcement added for Shrinkage and Temperature could cause worse ductility conditions or alternately, 8

extended reinforcement to satisfy normal detailing rules could reduce or remove ductility problems or even shift the location of the plastic hinge in a moment zone.

DESIGN
Manual Section 5.5 Detailed Flexural Reinforcement
Several changes have been made to the way calculations are performed in this area. - Minimum Reinforcement Logic. In some instances where code defined amounts of reinforcement are required (e.g. AS3600 ductility, ACI unbonded members, etc), RAPT previously added the reinforcement independent of user defined reinforcement at that location. This has now been modified and RAPT checks for any reinforcement whose depth is within D/20 either side of the design reinforcement layer before deciding how much reinforcement to add. This is a general rule for all such cases and will avoid the situation encountered previously where this reinforcement was added automatically, independent of user-defined reinforcement, thus doubling up on the amount of reinforcement in the member. - Minimum Reinforcement in Unbonded Prestressed Members. The rules have been modified for the latest version of ACI-318 99 clauses 18.8.3 and 18.9.3.3 and also for UBC variations to these rules. The user can nominate which code option to use in the F9 input screen. - UBC Minimum Reinforcement Rule for Unbonded One-Way Members. UBC requires that oneway unbonded members have sufficient ultimate strength to support slab/beam dead load plus 25% of the un-reduced live load by some means another than the primary unbonded post-tensioned tendons (cl 1918.9.2.2) using a load factor of 1 and a capacity reduction factor of 1. This has been implemented in this version of RAPT and the resulting reinforcement is included in the ultimate reinforcement for report purposes. - Transfer. Calculations at transfer now include a cracked section analysis and reinforcement will be added to control cracking to the limits defined by the user in the input (maximum stress in reinforcement). If the tension stresses are above the maximum code limits, RAPT will automatically add a small area of reinforcement at the tension face as a minimum starting amount if none exists and will add extra reinforcement to control stresses in the reinforcement if necessary. For ACI318 designs, the default reinforcement will be that defined in cl 18.4.1. - Graphics. An extra set of data is now plotted on the Reinforcement plot. This is for Minimum Reinforcement and shows the area of minimum reinforcement required by Clause 18.9 of ACI 318-99 and the Ast.min reinforcement for Eurocode and AS3600. It is not necessary to add this reinforcement to the total reinforcement required; the plot is simply showing what area of reinforcement was required by the rule. This has then been compared to other reinforcement added by RAPT and/or defined by the user to give a Total Area of reinforcement required.

Crack Control- maximum reinforcement bar spacing/bar size Calculation Logic

The crack control calculations in RAPT have been extended to include the limitations in design codes on maximum spacing of reinforcement (all codes) and, in Eurocode 2 and AS3600, on maximum bar size. These limitations are often extensive and very different so we will cover them separately for the different code approaches. RAPT will not automatically add reinforcement to limit the stresses for crack control for reinforced concrete members. It will simply calculate the stresses and the corresponding bar size and cover limits. The designer can define a limit for the service stresses in F9 Max Reinf Stress Change Reinf Sections. If a value other than zero is defined here by a designer, RAPT will add reinforcement to limit service rebar stresses to this value. This can be useful in cases of concrete exposed to corrosive atmosphere or water retaining structures. - AS3600 - 2001 For reinforced concrete members the new AS3600-2001 design rules place limits on either bar size or bar spacing. These limits are dependent on the stress in the bar under service loads assuming that the concrete can carry no tensile stress. An upper limit on bar spacing of 2D or 300mm is applied. These rules also require a calculation for a minimum area of reinforcement Ast.min to ensure that more than one crack forms. The total amount of this reinforcement is reported in the RAPT reinforcement graphics view as Minimum Reinforcement and the net amount required (above user defined and ultimate capacity reinforcement) is reported as serviceability reinforcement and is added to the cross-section before the reinforcement stresses are calculated. The net amount of reinforcement is also included in the Total Reinforcement required. This reinforcement requirement is dependent on the bar sizes used in the cross-section. At each design cross-section RAPT will check which bar sizes are used and calculate Ast.min based on this. For program calculated reinforcement, if there is any, RAPT will use the Preferred Bar Size nominated in input Screen F9 Design Parameters. As the designer may decide to use another bar size or different reinforcing bar sizes in various areas of a member, it may be necessary to iterate the design, either 1. modifying the preferred bar size in the F9 screen if the same bar size is to be used everywhere in the member, 2. adding user defined reinforcement in the F9 screen to define the bar sizes and quantities to be used in each area of the member. AS3600 limits the types of structure exposure for which crack control calculations are required provided the designer is willing to accept the presence of cracks wider than .3mm. The designer can nominate in the F9 input screen to ignore crack width checks in this case. Allowing cracks of this size is not advisable for surfaces of floors exposed to view or covered with brittle finishes, where the cracks will be visible and may be unsightly, and may not be acceptable to a designers client in any case, but is left to the discretion of the designer by the AS3600 rules. 10

For prestressed concrete members, RAPT will automatically add reinforcement to keep the stress change in the reinforcement below the code limits for different member types. The only change to this methodology for crack control is to report the maximum bar spacing which is 2D or 500mm for slabs and 200mm for beams. If the elastic stress (uncracked) under service loads is less than the limits in cl 8.6.2 (a) for beams or cl 9.4.2 (a) for slabs then no reinforcing spacing limit is applied (set to 0), otherwise the limit is set. No limit is placed on bar size. - Eurocode 2 For all concrete members with a depth greater than 200mm, Eurocode 2 places limits on either bar size or bar spacing. These limits are dependent on the stress in the bar under service loads assuming that the concrete can carry no tensile stress. An upper limit on bar spacing of 350mm or 1.5h is applied for all members. These rules also require a calculation for a minimum area of reinforcement to ensure that more than one crack forms. The total amount of this reinforcement is reported in the RAPT reinforcement graphics view as Minimum Reinforcement and the net amount required (above user defined and ultimate capacity reinforcement) is reported as serviceability reinforcement and is added to the cross-section before the reinforcement stresses are calculated. The net amount of reinforcement is also included in the Total Reinforcement required. . The amount reported here is the total needed in the Ast.min formula, not necessarily the amount that needs to be added to this member. The Total Reinforcement is still the amount of extra reinforcement that needs to be added to the member. ACI 318-99 For reinforced concrete members, cl 10.6.4 provides a reinforcement spacing limit for crack control based on the stress in the reinforcement and the cover to the bar. The maximum limit for this spacing is also dependent on the reinforcement stress. ACI-318 suggest that this stress can be assumed to be 60% of the yield strength which is reasonable in normal situations but, where moment redistribution has been used or reinforcement exceeding that required for strength is supplied, the value will be incorrect. RAPT calculates the actual stress in the reinforcement under the service loading for this calculation. For prestressed concrete members, the proposed amendments to ACI318 also use this rule for crack control with a couple of amendments. These are: No spacing limit is applied if the stress in the reinforcement is less than 20ksi and the limit is reduced if bonded tendons are included in the reinforcement being used to calculate the spacing. RAPT assumes that the spacing is being calculated based on the un-tensioned reinforcement only and therefore uses the full value of the spacing. If bonded tendons only are being used for crack control purposes then the maximum spacing produced should be reduced to 2/3 of the RAPT figure. If a combination of bonded tendons and un-tensioned reinforcement are being used to determine the actual spacing then the maximum spacing produced should be reduced to 5/6 of the RAPT figure. - BS8110, CP 65 and SABS-0100 For all concrete members, RAPT uses the crack width formula in Part 2 cl 3.8 equation 12. Strains in the reinforcement are calculated from RAPTs moment/curvature analysis of a cross-section rather than equation 13. RAPT uses a special case of the service load cross-section analysis, allowing for tensioning stiffening as per Part 2 of the code, to calculate these strains. The crack width used in the calculation is that defined in the F9 input screen. The cmin used by RAPT is the depth to the calculation reinforcement layer defined by the user in input screen F1 or F9. RAPT will attempt to calculate a value of acr and thus maximum bar spacing directly from a re-arranged version of this equation. Unfortunately, this is not always possible, depending on the strain in the reinforcement and the section dimensions, and can lead to misleading negative results. In those cases, RAPT will iterate in 25mm increments from a maximum spacing as defined in the Input Defaults for the code downwards until the normal form of this equation results in a crack width less than the requested value. From the acr and cmin terms in this equation, RAPT calculates an allowable bar spacing. If the value of acr from this calculation is less than the cover, a negative value of the allowable spacing will result meaning that the crack control formula provides no solution and the designer will have to investigate other solutions to the design as discussed below. For prestressed cross-sections, if the elastic stress (uncracked) under service loads is less than the class 2 limit as defined in the code then no spacing limits will be applied by RAPT

Application of Crack Control Rules to Results

The bar spacings/maximum bar sizes determined by RAPT are based on any reinforcement defined by the designer plus any reinforcement added by RAPT for strength etc at each design cross-section all of which will affect the strains in the concrete and reinforcement and, thus, the crack widths in the member. The final results for a member may vary away from the critical strength cross-sections, as the design amount of reinforcement at these locations will be less than the final reinforcement supplied by the designer when the reinforcement is detailed. In some cases the spacing requirements may initially be worse at a point away from the critical strength cross-section but will not be critical once the final detailed reinforcing bar pattern is analysed. By iterating the design and defining the final reinforcing pattern in the input the designer will get a better picture of the final pattern and also the effects of this reinforcement pattern can have a significant effect on the shear and deflection calculations. In the detailing of reinforcement, RAPT applies these crack control methods in the following way at the cross-section in a moment zone which has the critical amount of reinforcement 11

For design rules which limit either bar size or bar spacing (eg AS3600-2001 (reinforced concrete only) and Eurocode 2) The procedure used by RAPT to estimate the suggested bar size/spacing for a moment zone uses the following logic steps, 1. RAPT first checks spacings based on the Maximum Bar Size from the code rules when the maximum bar size is within the bar size range defined by the user in input screen F9 Detailing Parameters and is less than or equal to the Preferred Bar Size as defined in Input Screen F9 Design Parameters. If this bar size produces a bar spacing within the limits defined in Input Screen F9 Detailing Parameters and also within the overall Design Code maximum and minimum spacings (not the maximum spacing based on the stress level in the bar), RAPT will accept this bar size and continue on to determine the bar numbers and spacings at any point within this moment zone using this bar size and ignore steps 2 and 3. otherwise 2. RAPT then checks spacings based on the Preferred Bar Size as defined in Input Screen F9 Design Parameters if the Maximum Bar Size is larger than the Preferred Bar Size. If this bar size produces a bar spacing within the limits defined in Input Screen F9 Detailing Parameters and also within the overall Design Code maximum and minimum spacings (not the maximum spacing based on the stress level in the bar), RAPT will accept this bar size and continue on to determine the bar numbers and spacings at any point within this moment zone and ignore step 3. otherwise 3. RAPT then checks spacings based on the Maximum Bar Spacing and RAPT will step through the range of bar sizes as defined in Input Screen F9 Detailing Parameters from the Maximum Bar Size to the Minimum bar Size. If a trial bar size is larger than the Crack Control Maximum Bar Size then the Maximum Bar Spacing is used as the upper limit to the reinforcement spacing, otherwise the user defined limit in input screen F9 Detailing Parameters is used as the upper limit. When RAPT is attempting to determine a bar size that will fit within the maximum and minimum bar spacing range in a design zone, it will determine a sub-range of bar sizes which fit within the spacing limits. If the Preferred Bar Size defined in Input Screen F9 Design Parameters is within this sub-range of bar sizes, RAPT will adopt this bar size as the solution, otherwise RAPT will determine the bar size within this sub-range of bar sizes which provides the smallest total area of reinforcement using a whole number of bars and present this as the proposed solution for that design zone. Otherwise 4. New In V5.50 If no solution is found within the Range of Bar Sizes defined in Input Screen F9 Detailing Parameters, RAPT then will then check spacings based on the Maximum Bar Spacing either from the Largest Bar Size available for the bar type to the Maximum Bar Size or from the Minimum bar Size to the Smallest Bar Size available in the bar type to try to find a solution. If a trial bar size is larger than the Crack Control Maximum Bar Size then the Maximum Bar Spacing is used as the upper limit to the reinforcement spacing, otherwise the user defined limit in input screen F9 Detailing Parameters is used as the upper limit. When RAPT is attempting to determine a bar size that will fit within the bar spacing range in a design zone, it will determine a sub-range of bar sizes which fit within the spacing limits. RAPT will determine the bar size within this sub-range of bar sizes which provides the smallest total area of reinforcement using a whole number of bars and present this as the proposed solution for that design zone Remember, RAPT is only giving one solution out of a range of possible combinations of bar size and bar spacing for a moment zone. Other solutions may work and may be adopted for a design. For some designs, it may be necessary to modify the maximum and minimum reinforcement spacings defined in F9 Detailing Parameters to achieve an acceptable result. The default values for these spacing and bar size ranges are defined for normal design situations and will not necessarily suit all designs. RAPT will give warnings if it cannot find a solution to the reinforcement detailing for a moment zone. These warnings will try to indicate the types of changes that may be necessary to the input to achieve a result. Normally, in a case where a solution could not be found and warnings are given, the minimum bar size nominated in the range to be considered will be adopted. It is up to the designer to ensure that the final reinforcement arrangement fits within the design parameters and that any modifications made to the reinforcement requirements calculated by RAPT will result in the same design solution. Adding extra reinforcement without checking its effect on the design can be as bad as adding less reinforcement than RAPT has calculated, in terms of minimum reinforcement requirements (Ast.min for AS3600 see calculation logic above), ductility and deflection. For this reason, it is recommended that the final reinforcement pattern be entered into RAPT as user-defined reinforcement in Input Screen F9 and the effects of this pattern of reinforcement be checked for compliance with the relevant code rules. For design rules which limit only Bar spacing (eg AS3600 (prestressed members only), BS8110, ACI-318, CP65, SABS0100) if the maximum bar spacing is less than the user defined maximum bar spacing in Input Screen F9 Detailing Parameters then it is used as the upper limit to the reinforcement spacing, otherwise the user defined limit in Input Screen F9 Detailing Parameters is used as the upper limit. Required bar spacing for all bar sizes in the range defined in Input Screen F9 Detailing Parameters are investigated. When RAPT is attempting to determine a bar size that will fit within the max and min bar spacing range in a design zone, it will determine a sub-range of bar sizes which fit within the spacing limits. If the Preferred Bar Size defined in Input Screen F9 Design Parameters is within this sub-range of bar sizes, RAPT will adopt this bar size as the solution, otherwise RAPT will determine the bar size within this sub-range of bar sizes which provides the smallest total area of reinforcement using a whole number of bars and present this as the proposed solution for that design zone 12

New In V5.50 If no solution is found within the bar size range defined in F9, RAPT will then investigate bar sizes either from the Largest Bar Size available for the bar type to the Maximum Bar Size or from the Minimum bar Size to the Smallest Bar Size available in the bar type to try to find a solution. Beam Flanges Remember that, in the reinforcement layer at the flange face of a beam, the reinforcement can be spread across the effective flange width to reduce congestion and improve crack control in the flange outstand. In all cases, it is necessary to provide crack control in the flange so at least minimum crack control reinforcement should be placed in the flange outstand and be detailed with full tension laps. RAPT allows the designer to specify that a portion of the reinforcement is to be placed in the flange outstand in the detailing Parameters Screen in Input Screen F9. This will result in less congestion in the beam shear cage in these areas but will reduce the shear capacity of the member in these areas and could result in more shear reinforcement. RAPT will still nominate the total number of bars needed at all sections in these zones but the nominated spacing will require that reinforcement be placed outside the beam shear cage. . Warning messages If RAPT cannot find a bar size which fits within the bar size limits and/or bar spacing limits in a moment zone, a warning will be added to the warning report file and it will be up to the user to decide on the approach to be taken to solve the problem. In this case, using the concrete shape as defined and the bar size and bar spacing parameters defined by the user in the input and using the maximum bar sizes and spacings determined by calculation, there is no solution. Adding Reinforcement to Control Service stresses For reinforced concrete cross-sections RAPT will not automatically add reinforcement to limit the stress in the reinforcement and thus increase the allowable limits on bar size and bar spacing. If the only solution to a design is to limit these stresses, then the designer can set a maximum limit for reinforcement stress in the F9 Design Parameters Menu and RAPT will add reinforcement where necessary to limit the reinforcement stresses as requested. This should be a last resort in a normal design as extra reinforcement is being added above that required for strength design and could lead to a less economical design. All other options should be investigated first. Some design situations (e.g. slabs exposed to corrosive atmosphere) may require stronger limits on crack control than those provided in the normal code rules (.3 - .4mm crack width) and this feature can be used to limit the stress in the reinforcement in these cases. For prestressed members, RAPT will always limit the stress in the reinforcement by default. Designers can over-ride this default behaviour by modifying the stress limit for prestressed sections in Input Screen F9. Setting this value to 0 will result in no stress limitation being applied; otherwise any desired limit can be set.

Presentation of bar size and spacing limits

To view the values of maximum bar spacing and maximum bar size at each design cross-section, use the Shift , Shift keys while the Serviceability Graphics is showing on the screen. In the text on the right hand side of the screen RAPT will show the maximum bar spacing and maximum bar size where applicable for that cross-section. These values are based on the reinforcement required at that cross-section and are independent of reinforcement requirements at other cross-sections in the span/member. To force RAPT to give results based on a specific reinforcement layout, the designer will need to define that reinforcement pattern in the input in the F9 screen. As discussed above, the spacing/bar size results are applied in determining the reinforcement bar sizes and spacings shown in the reinforcement summary. The maximum bar spacing and maximum bar size are listed at each cross-section along with the required area of reinforcement and the suggested bar size and spacings for both top and bottom reinforcement. Reinforcement required to satisfy AS3600 Shrinkage and Temperature requirements for slabs according to clause 9.4.3 is not included in this reinforcement summary. A value of maximum bar spacing of zero means one of 2 things 1. There was no tensile stress on this face at service so there was no need for a crack control check 2. For prestressed members, in accordance to the following specific code rules crack control checks have not been carried out, - AS3600, the gross concrete stress at that face is less than the limits in cl 8.6.2 (a) for beams or cl 9.4.2 (a) for slabs - ACI318, the stress in the reinforcement is less than 20ksi - BS8110, the member is class 1 or class 2 at that cross-section

Detailing Reinforcement New in V5.50

RAPT will determine a reinforcing bar pattern to match the reinforcement requirements for a run and the relative code development and detailing rules using the bar sizes and spacings determined above to suit the crack control requirements of the 13

code. This reinforcing bar pattern can be viewed in text form in the output screens and can be automatically added to the run as user-defined reinforcement in Input Screen F9. The reinforcing pattern includes all reinforcement calculated by RAPT as being need to satisfy code design requirements for 1. strength and ductility 2. minimum strength 3. crack control 4. AS3600 Shrinkage and Temperature requirements for slabs In calculating termination locations for bars, RAPT will attempt to ensure that each bar will develop adequate capacity at each design location along its length to provide the strength required at that point. As well, RAPT will apply the relevant clauses in each code AS3600 8.1.8 (except 8.1.8.6) , 8.1.9 and 9.1.3.1, where relevant ACI318 12.10 Eurocode 2 5.4 BS8110, SABS 0100, CP65 3.12.9 and 3.12.10 Support reinforcing bars will normally be terminated at a point past the point of contraflexure sufficient to develop the bar where required. If staggering of bars is requested in the input and if appropriate, 50% of bars (lesser whole number if odd number of bars) will be terminated where possible in the tension zone. If reinforcement is required past this point for some reason, RAPT will either add intermediate bars (Astmain > .3 Astmid) or extend the main support bars to lap at mid-span (100% development) with some stopping past the point of contraflexure. If more reinforcement is required at mid-span than at the supports, RAPT will lap the support bars at mid-span and add extra bars at mid-span. Span reinforcing bars will normally be continued to the support and terminated at the centre of the support. A development percentage will be assigned at each end sufficient to satisfy development requirements along the bars. If staggering of span bars is requested in the input and if appropriate, 50% of bars (lesser whole number if odd number of bars) will be terminated where possible in the tension zone at each end of the span. If a greater area is required at an end than at mid-span, the full number of bars required at mid-span will be continued to the support and fully developed and extra bars will be added at the support. Remember, this reinforcement pattern is determined from the design results and detailing requirements and is an attempt to provide a logical reinforcement layout for the design. It is not the only possible reinforcement layout and may result in more reinforcement than is shown in the design calculations. The design results, strength, serviceability, shear and deflections, will not reflect the actual areas of reinforcement shown here. To achieve final design results that reflect this reinforcement pattern, go back into Input Screen F9 and add this reinforcing pattern to the user defined reinforcement.

Manual Section 5.6 Deflections

Deflections are now also calculated at prestress transfer and reported as an extra deflection case. For reinforced concrete members, this calculation is still carried out (with no prestress loading) based on the time of loading, thus giving a self-weight deflection case which can be useful in determining precamber requirements for members. The calculation methodology for the average deflection case for two-way slabs has been modified. For prestressed slabs, the calculation was giving illogical answers if the levels of prestress in the 2 strips were inconsistent (overbalanced in one and under-balanced in the other) or where the shrinkage warping deflection was in the opposite direction to the load deflection. The column strip deflection is now being reported as the main deflection case on the deflection graphic. The average and middle strip deflections are still available on the graphics view by using Shift , Shift to move the cursor to the relevant cross-section and on the text output. We have been unable to get formal guidance from AS3600 committee on the twoway slab deflection issue for AS3600 and there seems to be some disagreement as to the interpretation of the code. In our opinion, the column strip deflection is the more critical one, especially where brick or brittle partitions are to be placed on the slab. Designers should also look at the overall deflection of a slab panel by summing the column strip and middle strip deflections for the two directions of a two-way slab and comparing this with the diagonal span length. New V5.50 Manual Amendment For design to AS3600 a new term, fcs, has been added to the equation for cracking moment for deflection calculations. This term allows for tension induced in the concrete member due to shrinkage restraint caused by embedded reinforcement. Though this is really an induced stress and therefore a loading effect, the code reduces the tensile strength of the section by this amount rather than increasing the applied load stress. The nett effect on the results should be the same. RAPT V5.41 and later now applies this effect for all design codes except for reinforced concrete sections to BS8110, SABS0100 and CP65 which already apply a mich more severe condition on tensile strength of the concrete. The effect of this term in reducing the cracking moment is noticed most in members which are only lightly loaded so that they are on the 14

point of cracking or slightly cracked. For these members, deflections could increase significantly due to the application of this term and the addition of extra tension reinforcement in such members could actually increase deflections. Very little effect should be noticeable in relatively heavily cracked members. This fcs term was included in V5.41 of RAPT but discussion of it was missing from the manual amendment.

Manual Section 5.7 Shear Beam Shear

Shear Enhancement near Supports The beam shear calculations now include the 3 term for AS3600 (if requested by the user in Input Screen F9) and the 2d/a term for BS8110, CP 65 and SABS-0100. When this option is selected for AS3600, the first calculation is done at the face of the support (column or column capital), not at d from the face of the support as is normally the case. BS8110, CP 65 and SABS0100 calculations now also start at the face of the support (column or column capital), thus providing the maximum shear check at the correct place. This has been an inconsistency in RAPTs treatment of BS8110 and SABS-0100 beam shear rules in the past. Flexural Reinforcement used in Shear Design While all user-defined reinforcement is still used in shear design calculations as appropriate, by default the area of program calculated reinforcement used at each calculation point is now based on the actual calculated amount of reinforcement at that point unless specifically requested by the designer. In Input Screen F9, Detailing Parameters Menu, the designer can specify that the calculations are to be based on the maximum area of reinforcement in a moment zone rather than the calculated area which is now the default. Alternatively, the designer can define a pattern of reinforcement in the F9 input screen, which matches the reinforcement detail for the member and RAPT will use this pattern of reinforcement in all Flexure, Shear and Deflection calculations. Effective Width The calculation of bv for unbonded tendons for beam shear calculations has been modified to the following - if there is more than 1 strand and the duct diameter is less than 22mm (.87) then the tendon is treated as individual strands so effective width = no of strands * no of tendons * duct diameter - Otherwise it is treated as a tendon with that number of strands and that duct diameter so effective width = no of tendons * duct diameter Thus - 1 strand unbonded tendons will use the duct diameter specified - multistrand unbonded tendons with a diameter less than 22mm (.85) will be treated as a straight line of strands i.e. like a group of individual strands - multistrand unbonded tendons with diameter greater than 22mm (.85) will be treated like multistrand tendons. AS3600 Clause 8.2.12.4, Shear Fitment Detailing The shear calculations in RAPT have been modified to take into account the anchorage condition of the fitments. Item (d) in this clause requires the shear reinforcement spacing to be adjusted (multiplied by .8) if the fitment hook is located in the tension zone of a member and other methods are not used to improve the development. In some cases, different load combinations may put either the top or the bottom face in tension at the same cross-section so there may be no clear-cut compression face. RAPT allows for this by treating each load case individually before comparing tie reinforcement requirements to determine the controlling load condition and shear result. If designers choose option 3, they will need to consider all possible load combinations in determining the compression face and may have situations where there is no compression face. In this case, they will need to manually adjust the shear tie requirements calculated by RAPT. RAPT has given 4 options for this as discussed in the input section. These are treated as follows 1. Hooks at top of Fitment RAPT will multiply the required spacing of ties by .8 and divide the area of shear reinforcement by .8 for shear calculations for loading conditions which result in a tension moment in the top of the member at that cross-section. 2. Hooks at bottom of fitment RAPT will multiply the required spacing of ties by .8 and divide the area of shear reinforcement by .8 for shear calculations for loading conditions which result in a tension moment in the bottom of the member at that cross-section. 3. Hooks in Compression Zone RAPT will not check for location of tension zones and will NOT adjust the shear tie spacing or area from the normal calculated values. The designer must ensure that all ties along the member are placed so that hooks are in compression zones or take other precautions to ensure that the development requirements of this clause are met. 15

4.

Hooks in Tension Zone RAPT will not check for location of tension zones and will adjust the shear tie spacing and area from the normal calculated values for all calculations independent of location of hooks.

The Detailed Report in the Shear Design Option on the Master Menu shows the value of the factor used for each load combination at each design cross-section. The Shear Output Options simply state which Fitment Hook location option has been used for the for the determination of the factor for the shear detailing.

Punching Shear
If a drop panel or a drop cap is present at a column, RAPT will carry out a second punching shear check at the face of the drop panel/drop cap. Both results will be reported separately. For AS3600 designs, RAPT also applies the AS3600 Shear Fitment Detailing rules, Clause 8.2.12.4, to punching shear reinforcement requirements. To stop the tie spacings from being reduced, select option 3 Hooks at the Compression Face, and the designer must detail the reinforcement to provide proper development. RAPT determines the tension /compression faces for punching shear based on the sign of the column reaction. If the reaction is 1. upwards (nett downward loads applied) then the top surface is taken as the tension face. 2. downwards (nett upward loads applied) then the bottom surface is taken as the tension face

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